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Wani SN, Grewal AK, Khan H, Singh TG. Elucidating the molecular symphony: unweaving the transcriptional & epigenetic pathways underlying neuroplasticity in opioid dependence and withdrawal. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1955-1981. [PMID: 39254835 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The persistent use of opioids leads to profound changes in neuroplasticity of the brain, contributing to the emergence and persistence of addiction. However, chronic opioid use disrupts the delicate balance of the reward system in the brain, leading to neuroadaptations that underlie addiction. Chronic cocaine usage leads to synchronized alterations in gene expression, causing modifications in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), a vital part of the reward system of the brain. These modifications assist in the development of maladaptive behaviors that resemble addiction. Neuroplasticity in the context of addiction involves changes in synaptic connectivity, neuronal morphology, and molecular signaling pathways. Drug-evoked neuroplasticity in opioid addiction and withdrawal represents a complicated interaction between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Identifying specific transcriptional and epigenetic targets that can be modulated to restore normal neuroplasticity without disrupting essential physiological processes is a critical consideration. The discussion in this article focuses on the transcriptional aspects of drug-evoked neuroplasticity, emphasizing the role of key transcription factors, including cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), ΔFosB, NF-kB, Myocyte-enhancing factor 2 (MEF2), Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), E2F3a, and FOXO3a. These factors regulate gene expression and lead to the neuroadaptive changes observed in addiction and withdrawal. Epigenetic regulation, which involves modifying gene accessibility by controlling these structures, has been identified as a critical component of addiction development. By unraveling these complex molecular processes, this study provides valuable insights that may pave the way for future therapeutic interventions targeting the mechanisms underlying addiction and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Nazir Wani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
- Aman Pharmacy College, Dholakhera, Udaipurwati, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, 333307, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
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2
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Ren J, Wang J, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Wei P, Wang M, Zhang Y, Li M, Yuan C, Gong H, Jiang J, Wang Z. Structural basis of DNA recognition by BEN domain proteins reveals a role for oligomerization in unmethylated DNA selection by BANP. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae762. [PMID: 39225042 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The BEN domain is a newly discovered type of DNA-binding domain that exists in a variety of species. There are nine BEN domain-containing proteins in humans, and most have been shown to have chromatin-related functions. NACC1 preferentially binds to CATG motif-containing sequences and functions primarily as a transcriptional coregulator. BANP and BEND3 preferentially bind DNA bearing unmethylated CpG motifs, and they function as CpG island-binding proteins. To date, the DNA recognition mechanism of quite a few of these proteins remains to be determined. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of the BEN domains of NACC1 and BANP in complex with their cognate DNA substrates. We revealed the details of DNA binding by these BEN domain proteins and unexpectedly revealed that oligomerization is required for BANP to select unmethylated CGCG motif-containing DNA substrates. Our study clarifies the controversies surrounding DNA recognition by BANP and demonstrates a new mechanism by which BANP selects unmethylated CpG motifs and functions as a CpG island-binding protein. This understanding will facilitate further exploration of the physiological functions of the BEN domain proteins in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junmeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanpeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengshuai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yimeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haipeng Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China
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3
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Deehan MA, Kothuis JM, Sapp E, Chase K, Ke Y, Seeley C, Iuliano M, Kim E, Kennington L, Miller R, Boudi A, Shing K, Li X, Pfister E, Anaclet C, Brodsky M, Kegel-Gleason K, Aronin N, DiFiglia M. Nacc1 Mutation in Mice Models Rare Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Underlying Synaptic Dysfunction. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1610232024. [PMID: 38388424 PMCID: PMC10993038 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1610-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A missense mutation in the transcription repressor Nucleus accumbens-associated 1 (NACC1) gene at c.892C>T (p.Arg298Trp) on chromosome 19 causes severe neurodevelopmental delay ( Schoch et al., 2017). To model this disorder, we engineered the first mouse model with the homologous mutation (Nacc1+/R284W ) and examined mice from E17.5 to 8 months. Both genders had delayed weight gain, epileptiform discharges and altered power spectral distribution in cortical electroencephalogram, behavioral seizures, and marked hindlimb clasping; females displayed thigmotaxis in an open field. In the cortex, NACC1 long isoform, which harbors the mutation, increased from 3 to 6 months, whereas the short isoform, which is not present in humans and lacks aaR284 in mice, rose steadily from postnatal day (P) 7. Nuclear NACC1 immunoreactivity increased in cortical pyramidal neurons and parvalbumin containing interneurons but not in nuclei of astrocytes or oligodendroglia. Glial fibrillary acidic protein staining in astrocytic processes was diminished. RNA-seq of P14 mutant mice cortex revealed over 1,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Glial transcripts were downregulated and synaptic genes upregulated. Top gene ontology terms from upregulated DEGs relate to postsynapse and ion channel function, while downregulated DEGs enriched for terms relating to metabolic function, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Levels of synaptic proteins were changed, but number and length of synaptic contacts were unaltered at 3 months. Homozygosity worsened some phenotypes including postnatal survival, weight gain delay, and increase in nuclear NACC1. This mouse model simulates a rare form of autism and will be indispensable for assessing pathophysiology and targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Deehan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Josine M Kothuis
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Ellen Sapp
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Kathryn Chase
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Yuting Ke
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Connor Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Maria Iuliano
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Emily Kim
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Lori Kennington
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Rachael Miller
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Adel Boudi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Kai Shing
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Xueyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Edith Pfister
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Christelle Anaclet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95817
| | - Michael Brodsky
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Kimberly Kegel-Gleason
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
| | - Neil Aronin
- Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Marian DiFiglia
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
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4
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Xie Q, Tong C, Xiong X. An overview of the co-transcription factor NACC1: Beyond its pro-tumor effects. Life Sci 2024; 336:122314. [PMID: 38030057 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1 (NACC1) is a member of the broad complex, tramtrack, bric-a-brac/poxvirus and zinc finger (BTB/POZ) protein families, mainly exerting its biological functions as a transcription co-regulator. NACC1 forms homo- or hetero-dimers through the BTB/POZ or BANP, E5R, and NACC1 (BEN) domain with other transcriptional regulators to regulate downstream signals. Recently, the overexpression of NACC1 has been observed in various tumors and is positively associated with tumor progression, high recurrence rate, indicating poor prognosis. NACC1 also regulates biological processes such as embryonic development, stem cell pluripotency, innate immunity, and related diseases. Our review combines recent research to summarize advancements in the structure, biological functions, and relative molecular mechanisms of NACC1. The future development of NACC1 clinical appliances is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Chang Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China; Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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5
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da Silva-Buttkus P, Spielmann N, Klein-Rodewald T, Schütt C, Aguilar-Pimentel A, Amarie OV, Becker L, Calzada-Wack J, Garrett L, Gerlini R, Kraiger M, Leuchtenberger S, Östereicher MA, Rathkolb B, Sanz-Moreno A, Stöger C, Hölter SM, Seisenberger C, Marschall S, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M. Knockout mouse models as a resource for the study of rare diseases. Mamm Genome 2023; 34:244-261. [PMID: 37160609 PMCID: PMC10290595 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-09986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rare diseases (RDs) are a challenge for medicine due to their heterogeneous clinical manifestations and low prevalence. There is a lack of specific treatments and only a few hundred of the approximately 7,000 RDs have an approved regime. Rapid technological development in genome sequencing enables the mass identification of potential candidates that in their mutated form could trigger diseases but are often not confirmed to be causal. Knockout (KO) mouse models are essential to understand the causality of genes by allowing highly standardized research into the pathogenesis of diseases. The German Mouse Clinic (GMC) is one of the pioneers in mouse research and successfully uses (preclinical) data obtained from single-gene KO mutants for research into monogenic RDs. As part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) and INFRAFRONTIER, the pan-European consortium for modeling human diseases, the GMC expands these preclinical data toward global collaborative approaches with researchers, clinicians, and patient groups.Here, we highlight proprietary genes that when deleted mimic clinical phenotypes associated with known RD targets (Nacc1, Bach2, Klotho alpha). We focus on recognized RD genes with no pre-existing KO mouse models (Kansl1l, Acsf3, Pcdhgb2, Rabgap1, Cox7a2) which highlight novel phenotypes capable of optimizing clinical diagnosis. In addition, we present genes with intriguing phenotypic data (Zdhhc5, Wsb2) that are not presently associated with known human RDs.This report provides comprehensive evidence for genes that when deleted cause differences in the KO mouse across multiple organs, providing a huge translational potential for further understanding monogenic RDs and their clinical spectrum. Genetic KO studies in mice are valuable to further explore the underlying physiological mechanisms and their overall therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia da Silva-Buttkus
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Spielmann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Klein-Rodewald
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Schütt
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Applied Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oana V Amarie
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Raffaele Gerlini
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kraiger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Leuchtenberger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Manuela A Östereicher
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Applied Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Stöger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Seisenberger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susan Marschall
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Wen D, Hu M, Guo W, Wu J, Wu Y. Multi-SUMOylation of NAC1 is essential for the growth of prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 641:148-154. [PMID: 36527749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nucleus accumbens-associated 1 (NAC1) is a member of pox virus and zinc finger/bric-a-brac tramtrack broad complex (BTB/POZ) gene family. Overexpression of NAC1 is implicated in cancer development, recurrence and chemotherapy resistance. In our previous study, we found NAC1 was a potential small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) substrate in prostate cancer cells. However, there was still lack of evidences to further support and validate the result. In this work, we found that NAC1 is a multi-SUMO-sites acceptor. The SUMO acceptor lysines were K167, K318, K368, K483 and K498. SUMOylation didn't alter the localization of NAC1, but facilitated the formation of NAC1 nuclear bodies. Compared with NAC1 wild type (NAC1 WT), the SUMO-sites mutant of NAC1 (NAC1 SM) suppressed cell proliferation and tumor growth in cellular and animal levels. This work uncovered the function of SUMOylation of NAC1 in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China.
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Wenzheng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Yingli Wu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital / Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit 2019RU043, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 200025, China.
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7
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Xia Z, Xu G, Nie L, Liu L, Peng N, He Q, Zuo Q, Zhou Y, Cao Z, Liu S, Zhu Y. NAC1 Potentiates Cellular Antiviral Signaling by Bridging MAVS and TBK1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1001-1011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Targeting oncogenic transcriptional corepressor Nac1 POZ domain with conformationally constrained peptides by cyclization and stapling. Bioorg Chem 2018; 80:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Ruan Y, He J, Wu W, He P, Tian Y, Xiao L, Liu G, Wang J, Cheng Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Xiong J, Zhao K, Wan Y, Huang H, Zhang J, Jian R. Nac1 promotes self-renewal of embryonic stem cells through direct transcriptional regulation of c-Myc. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47607-47618. [PMID: 28548937 PMCID: PMC5564591 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is composed of distinct functional units including the core and Myc units. It is hoped that dissection of the cellular functions and interconnections of network factors will aid our understanding of ESC and cancer biology. Proteomic and genomic approaches have identified Nac1 as a member of the core pluripotency network. However, previous studies have predominantly focused on the role of Nac1 in psychomotor stimulant response and cancer pathogenesis. In this study, we report that Nac1 is a self-renewal promoting factor, but is not required for maintaining pluripotency of ESCs. Loss of function of Nac1 in ESCs results in a reduced proliferation rate and an enhanced differentiation propensity. Nac1 overexpression promotes ESC proliferation and delays ESC differentiation in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Furthermore, we demonstrated that Nac1 directly binds to the c-Myc promoter and regulates c-Myc transcription. The study also revealed that the function of Nac1 in promoting ESC self-renewal appears to be partially mediated by c-Myc. These findings establish a functional link between the core and c-Myc-centered networks and provide new insights into mechanisms of stemness regulation in ESCs and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ruan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianrong He
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yanping Tian
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gaoke Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuda Cheng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiaxiang Xiong
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Rui Jian
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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10
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Faiola F, Yin N, Fidalgo M, Huang X, Saunders A, Ding J, Guallar D, Dang B, Wang J. NAC1 Regulates Somatic Cell Reprogramming by Controlling Zeb1 and E-cadherin Expression. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:913-926. [PMID: 28781078 PMCID: PMC5599184 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a long and inefficient process. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying reprogramming is paramount for efficient generation and safe application of iPSCs in medicine. While intensive efforts have been devoted to identifying reprogramming facilitators and barriers, a full repertoire of such factors, as well as their mechanistic actions, is poorly defined. Here, we report that NAC1, a pluripotency-associated factor and NANOG partner, is required for establishment of pluripotency during reprogramming. Mechanistically, NAC1 is essential for proper expression of E-cadherin by a dual regulatory mechanism: it facilitates NANOG binding to the E-cadherin promoter and fine-tunes its expression; most importantly, it downregulates the E-cadherin repressor ZEB1 directly via transcriptional repression and indirectly via post-transcriptional activation of the miR-200 miRNAs. Our study thus uncovers a previously unappreciated role for the pluripotency regulator NAC1 in promoting efficient somatic cell reprogramming. NAC1 is critical for efficient iPSC generation NAC1 facilitates NANOG binding to E-cadherin promoter NAC1 binds to Zeb1 promoter and represses its expression NAC1 binds to the miR-200 loci and indirectly activates E-cadherin expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Faiola
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miguel Fidalgo
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Arven Saunders
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Junjun Ding
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Diana Guallar
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Baoyen Dang
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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11
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Malleshaiah M, Padi M, Rué P, Quackenbush J, Martinez-Arias A, Gunawardena J. Nac1 Coordinates a Sub-network of Pluripotency Factors to Regulate Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1181-1194. [PMID: 26832399 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent cells give rise to distinct cell types during development and are regulated by often self-reinforcing molecular networks. How such networks allow cells to differentiate is less well understood. Here, we use integrative methods to show that external signals induce reorganization of the mouse embryonic stem cell pluripotency network and that a sub-network of four factors, Nac1, Oct4, Tcf3, and Sox2, regulates their differentiation into the alternative mesendodermal and neuroectodermal fates. In the mesendodermal fate, Nac1 and Oct4 were constrained within quantitative windows, whereas Sox2 and Tcf3 were repressed. In contrast, in the neuroectodermal fate, Sox2 and Tcf3 were constrained while Nac1 and Oct4 were repressed. In addition, we show that Nac1 coordinates differentiation by activating Oct4 and inhibiting both Sox2 and Tcf3. Reorganization of progenitor cell networks around shared factors might be a common differentiation strategy and our integrative approach provides a general methodology for delineating such networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Malleshaiah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Megha Padi
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pau Rué
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - John Quackenbush
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Gunawardena
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Ruffle JK. Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 40:428-37. [PMID: 25083822 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.933840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor ΔFosB is upregulated in numerous brain regions following repeated drug exposure. This induction is likely to, at least in part, be responsible for the mechanisms underlying addiction, a disorder in which the regulation of gene expression is thought to be essential. In this review, we describe and discuss the proposed role of ΔFosB as well as the implications of recent findings. The expression of ΔFosB displays variability dependent on the administered substance, showing region-specificity for different drug stimuli. This transcription factor is understood to act via interaction with Jun family proteins and the formation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) complexes. Once AP-1 complexes are formed, a multitude of molecular pathways are initiated, causing genetic, molecular and structural alterations. Many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure. In addition, ΔFosB induction is being considered as a biomarker for the evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Ruffle
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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13
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Abstract
Nac1 (nucleus accumbens 1) is a POZ (poxvirus and zinc finger)-domain transcriptional repressor that is expressed at high levels in ovarian serous carcinoma. Here we identify Nac1 as a novel interacting partner of the POZ-domain transcriptional activator, Miz1 (Myc-interacting zinc-finger protein 1), and using chemical crosslinking we show that this association is mediated by a heterodimeric interaction of the Nac1 and Miz1 POZ domains. Nac1 is found in discrete bodies within the nucleus of mammalian cells, and we demonstrate the relocalization of Miz1 to these structures in transfected HeLa cells. We show that siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated knockdown of Nac1 in ovarian cancer cells results in increased levels of the Miz1 target gene product, p21Cip1. The interaction of Nac1 with Miz1 may thus be relevant to its mechanism of tumourigenesis in ovarian cancer. Nac1 is a transcriptional repressor that has been implicated in ovarian serous carcinoma. Here we show that Nac1 interacts with the transcription factor Miz1, and suggest that this interaction may contribute to tumourigenesis.
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Korutla L, Furlong HA, Mackler SA. NAC1, A POZ/BTB protein interacts with Parkin and may contribute to Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2013; 257:86-95. [PMID: 24231739 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function in the Parkin protein is thought to play a part in causing neuronal cell death in patients with Parkinson's disease. This study explores the effect of Parkin degradation, via the overexpression of nucleus accumbens 1 (NAC1), on cell viability. It was found that NAC1 and Parkin are co-localized within the cell and interact with one another, leading to a decrease in Parkin levels. Moreover, NAC1 down-regulates Parkin by presenting it for ubiquitin-dependent proteasome degradation, which causes a decrease in proteasomal activity in neuronal cells. Consequently, this decrease in proteasomal activity leads to an increase in the cells' susceptibility to proteasome inhibition-induced toxicity. It was also found that Parkin and NAC1 are key proteins found to be present mainly in the cytoplasm and are co-localized in neurons of Parkinson's disease patients. Interestingly, mutation in the POZ/BTB domain (Q23L) of NAC1 disrupts the co-localization and interaction of NAC1 with Parkin and it further abrogates the proteasome inhibition-induced toxicity. We further observed that co-transfection of the mutant form of NAC1 with Parkin reversed the proteasome activity and 20S proteasome protein levels. These results indicate a novel interaction between NAC1 and Parkin that leads to neuronal cell death, a main characteristic in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Korutla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - H A Furlong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - S A Mackler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Zheng M, Zhu H, Gong Y, Wang D, Xie Q, Tang H, Yang Z, Lu B, Chen X, Wang X. Involvement of GMRP1, a novel mediator of Akt pathway, in brain damage after intracerebral hemorrhage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:224-229. [PMID: 23330007 PMCID: PMC3544232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
GMRP1, also known as BTBD10, has been reported to inhibit apoptosis of neuronal and islet beta cells via Akt pathway. The present study attempted to investigate whether GMRP1 and its mediated Akt pathway were involved in brain injury of rats after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Rat models of ICH had been established successfully. Western blotting was used to investigate the levels of GMRP1 protein in caudate nuclei tissues of hemorrhagic and contralateral sides at 6 h, day 1, day 3, day 5, day 7 after ICH. Phosphorylation of Akt was determined in caudate nuclei mentioned above. TUNEL assay was used to measure the cell apoptosis. GMRP1 protein levels, as well as phosphorylations of Akt, significantly decreased in caudate nuclei of hemorrhagic side, compared with those of contralateral side at day 1, day 3 after ICH. Enhanced cell apoptosis was observed in hemorrhagic side by TUNEL assay. We presented here evidence that decreased GMRP1-mediated Akt pathway contributed to cell apoptosis in hemorrhagic side, suggesting that GMRP1 played an important role in brain damage after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hongda Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Daijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiancheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xuanchun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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16
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Wang X, Gong Y, Zheng M, Xie Q, Tang H, Wang D, Chen X. Early changes in GMRP1 after intracerebral hemorrhage: involvement in brain damage and cell apoptosis. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2013; 118:163-7. [PMID: 23564125 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1434-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism-related protein 1 (GMRP1), also known as BTBD10, has been reported to inhibit apoptosis of neuronal and islet beta cells via the Akt pathway. The present study attempted to investigate whether GMRP1 and its mediated Akt pathway were involved in brain injury of rats after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Rat models of ICH had been established successfully. Western blotting was used to investigate the levels of GMRP1 protein in the caudate nuclei tissues of the hemorrhagic and contralateral sides at 6 h, day 1, day 3, day 5, and day 7 after ICH. Phosphorylations of Akt was determined in caudate nuclei mentioned above. TUNEL assay was used to measure the cell apoptosis. GMRP1 protein levels, as well as phosphorylations of Akt, significantly decreased in caudate nuclei of the hemorrhagic side, compared with those of the contralateral side on day 1 and day 3 after ICH. Enhanced cell apoptosis was observed on the hemorrhagic side using TUNEL assay. We presented here evidence that a decreased GMRP1-mediated Akt pathway contributed to cell apoptosis on the hemorrhagic side, suggesting that GMRP1 plays an important role in brain damage after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanchun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Aoki T, Sarkeshik A, Yates J, Schedl P. Elba, a novel developmentally regulated chromatin boundary factor is a hetero-tripartite DNA binding complex. eLife 2012; 1:e00171. [PMID: 23240086 PMCID: PMC3510454 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin boundaries subdivide eukaryotic chromosomes into functionally autonomous domains of genetic activity. This subdivision insulates genes and/or regulatory elements within a domain from promiscuous interactions with nearby domains. While it was previously assumed that the chromosomal domain landscape is fixed, there is now growing evidence that the landscape may be subject to tissue and stage specific regulation. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a novel developmentally restricted boundary factor, Elba. We show that Elba is an unusual hetero-tripartite protein complex that requires all three proteins for DNA binding and insulator activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00171.001 If all of the DNA in a human cell was stretched out, it would be about 2 m long. The nucleus of a human cell, on the other hand, has a diameter of just 6 μm, so the DNA molecules that carry all the genetic information in the cell need to be carefully folded to fit inside the nucleus. Cells meet this challenge by combining their DNA molecules with proteins to form a compact and highly organized structure called chromatin. Packaging DNA into chromatin also reduces damage to it. But what happens when the cell needs to express the genes carried by the DNA as proteins or other gene products? The answer is that the compact structure of chromatin relaxes and opens up, which allows the DNA to be transcribed into messenger RNA. Indeed, packing DNA into chromatin makes this process more reliable, thus ensuring that the cell only produces proteins and other gene products when it needs them. However, because cross-talk between neighboring genes could potentially disrupt or change gene expression patterns, cells evolved special elements called boundaries or insulators to stop this from happening. These elements subdivide eukaryotic chromosomes into functionally autonomous chromatin domains. Since the protein factors implicated in boundary function seemed to be active in all tissues and cell types, it was assumed for many years that these boundaries and the resulting chromatin domains were fixed. However, a number of recent studies have shown that boundary activity can be subject to regulation, and thus chromatin domains are dynamic structures that can be defined and redefined during development to alter patterns of gene expression. Aoki et al. report the isolation and characterization of a new fruit fly boundary factor that, unlike previously characterized factors, is active only during a specific stage of development. The Elba factor is also unusual in that it is made of three different proteins, known as Elba1, Elba2, and Elba3, and all three must be present for it to bind to DNA. While Elba2 is present during most stages of development, the other two Elba proteins are only present during early embryonic development, so the boundary factor is only active in early embryos. In addition to revealing a new mechanism for controlling boundary activity as an organism develops, the studies of Aoki et al. provide further evidence that chromatin domains can be dynamic. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00171.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Aoki
- Department of Molecular Biology , Princeton University , Princeton , United States
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18
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Wang Q, Tan YX, Ren YB, Dong LW, Xie ZF, Tang L, Cao D, Zhang WP, Hu HP, Wang HY. Zinc finger protein ZBTB20 expression is increased in hepatocellular carcinoma and associated with poor prognosis. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:271. [PMID: 21702992 PMCID: PMC3145616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous studies showed that ZBTB20, a new BTB/POZ-domain gene, could negatively regulate α feto-protein and other liver-specific genes, concerning such as bio-transformation, glucose metabolism and the regulation of the somatotropic hormonal axis. The aim of this study is to determine the potential clinical implications of ZBTB20 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to detect expression levels of ZBTB20 in 50 paired HCC tumorous and nontumorous tissues and in 20 normal liver tissues. Moreover, expression of ZBTB20 was assessed by immunohistochemistry of paired tumor and peritumoral liver tissue from 102 patients who had undergone hepatectomy for histologically proven HCC. And its relationship with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was investigated. Results Both messenger RNA and protein expression levels of ZBTB20 were elevated significantly in HCC tissues compared with the paired non-tumor tissues and normal liver tissues. Overexpressed ZBTB20 protein in HCC was significantly associated with vein invasion (P = 0.016). Importantly, the recurrence or metastasis rates of HCCs with higher ZBTB20 expression were markedly greater than those of HCCs with lower expression (P = 0.003, P = 0.00015, respectively). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that ZBTB20 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for HCC. The disease-free survival period and over-all survival period in patients with overexpressed ZBTB20 in HCC was significantly reduced. Conclusions The expression of ZBTB20 is increased in HCC and associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC, implicating ZBTB20 as a candidate prognostic marker in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, the Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
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19
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Yakovleva T, Bazov I, Watanabe H, Hauser KF, Bakalkin G. Transcriptional control of maladaptive and protective responses in alcoholics: a role of the NF-κB system. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25 Suppl 1:S29-38. [PMID: 21195164 PMCID: PMC3588165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence and associated cognitive impairment appear to result from maladaptive neuroplasticity in response to chronic alcohol consumption, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The inherent stability of behavioral alterations associated with the addicted state suggests that transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms are operative. NF-κB transcription factors are regulators of synaptic plasticity and inflammation, and responsive to a variety of stimuli including alcohol. These factors are abundant in the brain where they have diverse functions that depend on the composition of the NF-κB complex and cellular context. In neuron cell bodies, NF-κB is constitutively active, and involved in neuronal injury and neuroprotection. However, at the synapse, NF-κB is present in a latent form and upon activation is transported to the cell nucleus. In glia, NF-κB is inducible and regulates inflammatory processes that exacerbate alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Animal studies demonstrate that acute alcohol exposure transiently activates NF-κB, which induces neuroinflammatory responses and neurodegeneration. Postmortem studies of brains of human alcoholics suggest that repeated cycles of alcohol consumption and withdrawal cause adaptive changes in the NF-κB system that may permit the system to better tolerate excessive stimulation. This type of tolerance, ensuring a low degree of responsiveness to applied stimuli, apparently differs from that in the immune system, and may represent a compensatory response that protects brain cells against alcohol neurotoxicity. This view is supported by findings showing preferential downregulation of pro-apoptotic gene expression in the affected brain areas in human alcoholics. Although further verification is needed, we speculate that NF-κB-driven neuroinflammation and disruption to neuroplasticity play a significant role in regulating alcohol dependence and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Yakovleva
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Igor Bazov
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,To whom correspondence may be addressed: Georgy Bakalkin, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden, , Phone: (+46) 18 471 5050, Fax: (+046) 18-50 19 20
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20
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Shih IM, Davidson B. Pathogenesis of ovarian cancer: clues from selected overexpressed genes. Future Oncol 2010; 5:1641-57. [PMID: 20001801 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most malignant gynecologic neoplasm. Although new chemotherapeutic agents have improved patients' 5-year survival rate, the overall mortality of ovarian cancer has remained largely unchanged in the past several decades. The main reason for the lack of success in effectively treating ovarian cancer is our limited understanding of its etiology and the very few molecular diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets known so far. Identification and characterization of ovarian cancer-associated genes are fundamental for unveiling the pathogenesis of its initiation and progression, especially the development of recurrent diseases. As there are a vast number of genes for which molecular genetic changes and aberrant gene expression have been reported in ovarian cancer, this review will only focus on summarizing those exemplified genes that have been demonstrated to have biological functions in promoting ovarian cancer development and potential clinical significance. The genes to be discussed include nuclear proteins (Notch3, HBXAP [Rsf-1], NAC1 and NFkappaB), cytoplasmic proteins (fatty acid synthase and apolipoprotein E) and cell surface/secretory proteins (mucin-4, mesothelin, claudin, HLA-G, kallikrein and folate receptor and osteopontin). Since the study of ovarian cancer-associated genes is complicated by several factors unique to ovarian cancer, we will also present our views on the limitations and challenges of current ovarian cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ie-Ming Shih
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21212, USA.
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Chandrasekar V, Dreyer JL. The brain-specific Neural Zinc Finger transcription factor 2b (NZF-2b/7ZFMyt1) causes suppression of cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:86-98. [PMID: 19786102 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cocaine induces high expression of the brain-specific Neural-Zinc-Finger transcription factor-2b (NZF-2b/7ZFMyt1), particularly in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, resulting in a 11-fold increase in NZF-2b/7ZFMyt1 expression in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc). Overexpression of this gene in the NAc with a NZF-2b/7ZFMyt1-expressing lentivirus resulted in >55% decrease in locomotor activity upon chronic cocaine administration, compared to control animals. In contrast knocking-down the gene in the NAc with lentiviruses expressing shRNAs against NZF-2b/7ZFMyt1 induced strong hyperlocomotor activity upon cocaine. Strong inhibition of BDNF is observed upon NZF-2b/7ZFMyt1 expression, concomitant with strong induction of transcription factors REST1 (RE silencing transcription factor-1) and NAC1, probably leading to regulation of gene expression by interaction with histone deacetylases. These changes lead to decreased responsiveness of the animal to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine, indicating that NZF-2b/7ZFMyt1 expression plays an important role in phenotypic changes induced by the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Chandrasekar
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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22
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Jinawath N, Vasoontara C, Yap KL, Thiaville MM, Nakayama K, Wang TL, Shih IM. NAC-1, a potential stem cell pluripotency factor, contributes to paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer through inactivating Gadd45 pathway. Oncogene 2009; 28:1941-8. [PMID: 19305429 PMCID: PMC2679096 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleus accumbens-1 (Nac1 or NAC-1) belongs to the BTB/POZ (Pox virus and Zinc finger/Bric-a-brac Tramtrack Broad complex) transcription factor family and is a novel protein that potentially participates in self-renewal and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. In human cancer, NAC-1 is upregulated in several types of neoplasms, but particularly in recurrent chemoresistant ovarian carcinomas, suggesting a biological role for NAC-1 in the development of drug resistance in ovarian cancer. We have assessed this possibility and shown a correlation between NAC-1 expression and ex vivo paclitaxel resistance in ovarian serous carcinoma tissues and cell lines. We found that expression of Gadd45-gamma-interacting protein 1 (Gadd45gip1), a downstream target negatively regulated by NAC-1, was reduced in paclitaxel-resistant cells. Ectopic expression of NAC-1 or knockdown of Gadd45gip1 conferred paclitaxel resistance, whereas NAC-1 knockdown or ectopic expression of Gadd45gip1 increased paclitaxel sensitivity. Furthermore, silencing NAC-1 expression or disrupting NAC-1 homodimerization by a dominant negative NAC-1 protein that contained only the BTB/POZ domain induced the expression of Gadd45gamma, which interacted with Gadd45gip1. Reducing Gadd45gamma expression by small hairpin RNAs partially enhanced paclitaxel resistance. Thus, this study provides new evidence that NAC-1 upregulation and homodimerization contribute to tumor recurrence by equipping ovarian cancer cells with the paclitaxel-resistant phenotype through negative regulation of the Gadd45 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natini Jinawath
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Chanont Vasoontara
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Kai-Lee Yap
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Michelle M. Thiaville
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Kentaro Nakayama
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shimane University, Izumo, 6930024, Japan
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology, and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
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Ma T, Wang Z, Guo Y, Pei D. The C-terminal pentapeptide of Nanog tryptophan repeat domain interacts with Nac1 and regulates stem cell proliferation but not pluripotency. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16071-16081. [PMID: 19366700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Nanog in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells has been shown to abrogate the requirement of leukemia inhibitory factor for self-renewal in culture. Little is known about the molecular mechanism of Nanog function. Here we describe the role of the tryptophan repeat (WR) domain, one of the two transactivators at its C terminus, in regulating stem cell proliferation as well as pluripotency. We first created a supertransactivator, W2W3x10, by duplicating repeats W2W3 10 times and discovered that it can functionally substitute for wild type WR at sustaining pluripotency, albeit with a significantly slower cell cycle, phenocopying Nanog(9W) with the C-terminal pentapeptide (WNAAP) of WR deleted. ES cells carrying both W2W3x10 and Nanog(9W) have a longer G1 phase, a shorter S phase in cell cycle distribution and progression analysis, and a lower level of pAkt(Ser473) compared with wild type Nanog, suggesting that both mutants impact the cell cycle machinery via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Both mutants remain competent in dimerizing with Nanog but cannot form a complex with Nac1 efficiently, suggesting that WNAAP may be involved in Nac1 binding. By tagging Gal4DBD with WNAAP, we demonstrated that this pentapeptide is sufficient to confer Nac1 binding. Furthermore, we can rescue W2W3x10 by placing WNAAP at the corresponding locations. Finally, we found that Nanog and Nac1 synergistically up-regulate ERas expression and promote the proliferation of ES cells. These results suggest that Nanog interacts with Nac1 through WNAAP to regulate the cell cycle of ES cells via the ERas/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, but not pluripotency, thus decoupling cell cycle control from pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Ma
- From the Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institutes of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Group, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- From the Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institutes of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Group, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yunqian Guo
- From the Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institutes of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Group, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Group, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510663, China.
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24
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NAC1, a POZ/BTB protein that functions as a corepressor. Neurochem Int 2008; 54:245-52. [PMID: 19121354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We now demonstrate that NAC1 acts as a corepressor for other POZ/BTB proteins. NAC1 is a POZ/BTB motif containing transcriptional repressor protein. In a mammalian two hybrid assay in neuronal (N2A) cells and non-neuronal (HEK 293T) cells, VP16 activation domain tagged NAC1 resulted in significant reversal of transcriptional inhibition with the Gal4-ZID, Gal4-BCL6, Gal4-ZF5, and kelch proteins Gal4-MAYVEN and Gal4-NRP/B fusion proteins. We also observed similar results with another corepressor, BCoR Gal4 fusion protein. NAC1 potentiated ZF5 mediated repression in Gal4-DBD fusion transient assays. GST pulldown assays further confirmed protein-protein interactions between these proteins and NAC1. Both the NAC1 isoforms demonstrated selective interaction through the POZ/BTB domain but not with the non-POZ/BTB region. Endogenous NAC1 and BCL6 physically associated in CNS regions. Strikingly, NAC1 did not interact with the pro-myelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF), another POZ/BTB protein that is not found in the adult brain. Therefore, we conclude that NAC1 functions as a corepressor for POZ/BTB proteins expressed in the mature CNS.
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25
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Nestler EJ. Review. Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: role of DeltaFosB. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:3245-55. [PMID: 18640924 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is considered a plausible mechanism of drug addiction, given the stability of behavioural abnormalities that define an addicted state. Among many transcription factors known to influence the addiction process, one of the best characterized is DeltaFosB, which is induced in the brain's reward regions by chronic exposure to virtually all drugs of abuse and mediates sensitized responses to drug exposure. Since DeltaFosB is a highly stable protein, it represents a mechanism by which drugs produce lasting changes in gene expression long after the cessation of drug use. Studies are underway to explore the detailed molecular mechanisms by which DeltaFosB regulates target genes and produces its behavioural effects. We are approaching this question using DNA expression arrays coupled with the analysis of chromatin remodelling--changes in the posttranslational modifications of histones at drug-regulated gene promoters--to identify genes that are regulated by drugs of abuse via the induction of DeltaFosB and to gain insight into the detailed molecular mechanisms involved. Our findings establish chromatin remodelling as an important regulatory mechanism underlying drug-induced behavioural plasticity, and promise to reveal fundamentally new insight into how DeltaFosB contributes to addiction by regulating the expression of specific target genes in brain reward pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Nestler
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Using addictive drugs can evolve from controlled social use into the compulsive relapsing disorder that characterizes addiction. This transition to addiction results from genetic, developmental, and sociological vulnerabilities, combined with pharmacologically induced plasticity in brain circuitry that strengthens learned drug-associated behaviors at the expense of adaptive responding for natural rewards. Advances over the last decade have identified the brain circuits most vulnerable to drug-induced changes, as well as many associated molecular and morphological underpinnings. This growing knowledge has contributed to an expanded understanding of how drugs usurp normal learning circuitry to create the pathology of addiction, as evidenced by involuntary activation of reward circuits in response to drug-associated cues and simultaneous reports of drug craving. This new understanding provides unprecedented potential opportunities for novel pharmacotherapeutic targets in treating addiction. There appears to be plasticity associated with the addiction phenomenon in general as well as changes produced by addiction to a specific class of addicting drugs. These findings also provide the basis for the current understanding of addiction as a chronic, relapsing disease of the brain with changes that persist long after the last use of the drug. Here, we describe the neuroplasticity in brain circuits and cell function induced by addictive drugs that is thought to underlie the compulsions to resume drug-taking, and discuss how this knowledge is impelling exploration and testing of novel addiction therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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27
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Nakayama K, Nakayama N, Wang TL, Shih IM. NAC-1 controls cell growth and survival by repressing transcription of Gadd45GIP1, a candidate tumor suppressor. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8058-64. [PMID: 17804717 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer mortality and morbidity are primarily related to recurrent tumors, and characterization of recurrence-associated genes should illuminate fundamental properties of tumor progression and provide new therapeutic targets. We have previously identified NAC-1, a member of the BTB/POZ gene family and a transcription repressor, as a gene associated with recurrent ovarian carcinomas after chemotherapy. We further showed that homodimerization of NAC-1 proteins is essential for tumor growth and survival. In this study, we applied serial analysis of gene expression and identified growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45-gamma interacting protein (Gadd45GIP1) as one of the downstream genes negatively regulated by NAC-1. NAC-1 knockdown in both SKOV3 and HeLa cells that expressed abundant endogenous NAC-1 induced Gadd45GIP1 expression transcriptionally; on the other hand, engineered expression of NAC-1 in NAC-1-negative RK3E and HEK293 cells suppressed endogenous Gadd45GIP1 expression. In NAC-1-expressing tumor cells, induction of dominant negative NAC-1 conferred a growth-inhibitory effect that can be partially reversed by Gadd45GIP1 knockdown. Induced Gadd45GIP1 expression resulted in growth arrest in SKOV3 and HeLa cells both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, NAC-1 contributes to tumor growth and survival by at least inhibiting Gadd45GIP1 expression, which has a tumor suppressor effect in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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28
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Mackler S, Pacchioni A, Degnan R, Homan Y, Conti AC, Kalivas P, Blendy JA. Requirement for the POZ/BTB protein NAC1 in acute but not chronic psychomotor stimulant response. Behav Brain Res 2007; 187:48-55. [PMID: 17945361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NAC1 is a novel member of the POZ/BTB (Pox virus and Zinc finger/Bric-a-bracTramtrack Broad complex) but varies from other proteins of this class in that it lacks the characteristic DNA-binding motif, suggesting a novel role. We have employed constitutive gene deletion to elucidate the role of NAC1 in vivo. Nac1 mutant mice are viable with no obvious developmental or physiological impairments. Previous studies suggest a role for NAC1 in cocaine-mediated behaviors. Therefore, we evaluated a variety of behaviors associated with psychomotor stimulant effects in Nac1 mutant mice. Acute locomotor activating effects of cocaine or amphetamine are absent in Nac1 mutant mice, however longer exposure to these psychomotor stimulants result in the development of behavioral sensitization. Acute rewarding properties of cocaine and amphetamine are also blunted in mutant mice, yet repeated exposure resulted in conditioned place preference similar to that observed in wild-type mice. Lastly, increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, which accompany acute cocaine administration, are blunted in mutant mice, but following chronic cocaine extracellular dopamine levels are increased to the same extent as in wild-type mice. Together these data indicate involvement of NAC1 in the acute behavioral and neurochemical responses to psychomotor stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Mackler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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29
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Abstract
In this report, CoREST was identified as a protein that interacts with NAC1. NAC1 is a cocaine-regulated Pox virus and Zinc finger/Bric-a-brac Tramtrack Broad complex (POZ/BTB) repressor protein, which mediates interactions among several other transcriptional regulators. In the present study, an interaction between NAC1 and CoREST was detected in neuro-2A cells and HEK293T cells. We found that the POZ/BTB domain is necessary and sufficient for interaction with CoREST. Surprisingly, only one of five mutations in the POZ/BTB domain that disrupts homodimer assembly interfered with NAC1 and CoREST interactions. These results indicate that POZ/BTB homodimer formation is not required for NAC1-CoREST interaction. CoREST demonstrated protein-protein interactions with both isoforms of NAC1, sNAC1, and lNAC1. Coimmunoprecipitation studies show that NAC1 and CoREST are physically bound together. To further support the results, a direct interaction was demonstrated in glutathione-S-transferase pull down assays. siRNA directed against NAC1 mRNA significantly reduced NAC1 protein expression and resulted in reversal of CoREST-mediated repression in cells. This interaction between NAC1 and CoREST was not found for other POZ/BTB proteins tested. Endogenous interaction was demonstrated in lysates from rat brain samples. This is the first report to demonstrate that a POZ/BTB protein interacts with CoREST. Taken together, the results indicate that CoREST may be part of the NAC1 repressor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxminarayana Korutla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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30
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31
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Nakayama K, Nakayama N, Davidson B, Sheu JJC, Jinawath N, Santillan A, Salani R, Bristow RE, Morin PJ, Kurman RJ, Wang TL, Shih IM. A BTB/POZ protein, NAC-1, is related to tumor recurrence and is essential for tumor growth and survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18739-44. [PMID: 17130457 PMCID: PMC1693732 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604083103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested an oncogenic role of the BTB/POZ-domain genes in hematopoietic malignancy. The aim of this study is to identify and characterize BTB/POZ-domain genes in the development of human epithelial cancers, i.e., carcinomas. In this study, we focused on ovarian carcinoma and analyzed gene expression levels using the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) data in all 130 deduced BTB/POZ genes. Our analysis reveals that NAC-1 is significantly overexpressed in ovarian serous carcinomas and several other types of carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry studies in ovarian serous carcinomas demonstrate that NAC-1 is localized in discrete nuclear bodies (tentatively named NAC-1 bodies), and the levels of NAC-1 expression correlate with tumor recurrence. Furthermore, intense NAC-1 immunoreactivity in primary tumors predicts early recurrence in ovarian cancer. Both coimmunoprecipitation and double immunofluorescence staining demonstrate that NAC-1 molecules homooligomerize through the BTB/POZ domain. Induced expression of the NAC-1 mutant containing only the BTB/POZ domain disrupts NAC-1 bodies, prevents tumor formation, and promotes tumor cell apoptosis in established tumors in a mouse xenograft model. Overexpression of full-length NAC-1 enhanced tumorigenicity of ovarian surface epithelial cells and NIH 3T3 cells in athymic nu/nu mice. In summary, NAC-1 is a tumor recurrence-associated gene with oncogenic potential, and the interaction between BTB/POZ domains of NAC-1 proteins is critical to form the discrete NAC-1 nuclear bodies and essential for tumor cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ben Davidson
- Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; and
| | | | | | - Antonio Santillan
- Oncology, and
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Ritu Salani
- Oncology, and
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Robert E. Bristow
- Oncology, and
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Patrice J. Morin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Robert J. Kurman
- Departments of *Pathology
- Oncology, and
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Oncology, and
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Departments of *Pathology
- Oncology, and
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Johns Hopkins Hospital, CRB II, Room 305, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231. E-mail:
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32
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Wang J, Rao S, Chu J, Shen X, Levasseur DN, Theunissen TW, Orkin SH. A protein interaction network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Nature 2006; 444:364-8. [PMID: 17093407 DOI: 10.1038/nature05284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent and of therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine. Understanding pluripotency at the molecular level should illuminate fundamental properties of stem cells and the process of cellular reprogramming. Through cell fusion the embryonic cell phenotype can be imposed on somatic cells, a process promoted by the homeodomain protein Nanog, which is central to the maintenance of ES cell pluripotency. Nanog is thought to function in concert with other factors such as Oct4 (ref. 8) and Sox2 (ref. 9) to establish ES cell identity. Here we explore the protein network in which Nanog operates in mouse ES cells. Using affinity purification of Nanog under native conditions followed by mass spectrometry, we have identified physically associated proteins. In an iterative fashion we also identified partners of several Nanog-associated proteins (including Oct4), validated the functional relevance of selected newly identified components and constructed a protein interaction network. The network is highly enriched for nuclear factors that are individually critical for maintenance of the ES cell state and co-regulated on differentiation. The network is linked to multiple co-repressor pathways and is composed of numerous proteins whose encoding genes are putative direct transcriptional targets of its members. This tight protein network seems to function as a cellular module dedicated to pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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33
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Kelly KF, Daniel JM. POZ for effect--POZ-ZF transcription factors in cancer and development. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 16:578-87. [PMID: 16996269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The BTB/POZ-ZF [Broad complex, Tramtrack, Bric à brac (BTB) or poxvirus and zinc finger (POZ)-zinc finger] protein family comprises a diverse group of transcription factors. POZ-ZF proteins have been implicated in many biological processes, including B cell fate determination, DNA damage responses, cell cycle progression and a multitude of developmental events, including gastrulation, limb formation and hematopoietic stem cell fate determination. Consequently, dysfunction of vertebrate POZ-ZF proteins, such as promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC-1), Kaiso, ZBTB7 and Fanconi anemia zinc finger (FAZF), has been linked directly or indirectly to tumorigenesis and developmental disorders. Here, we discuss recent advances in the POZ-ZF field and the implications for the design of future studies to elucidate the biological roles of these unique transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F Kelly
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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34
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Liu J, Suzuki T, Seki T, Namba T, Tanimura A, Arai H. Effects of repeated phencyclidine administration on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat. Synapse 2006; 60:56-68. [PMID: 16596623 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional maturation of neural networks, particularly hippocampus-prefrontal networks, may be of particular interest in determining the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Phencyclidine (PCP)-induced symptoms in humans appear to offer a more complete model of schizophrenia than do amphetamine-induced symptoms. This study investigated the effects of intermittent i.p. injections of PCP (7.5 mg/kg) on cell proliferation and survival of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the rat brain using quantitative immunohistochemical techniques for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells. After repeated PCP injection for 14 days, mean scores for stereotyped behavior increased with the number of injections, while scores for ataxia and backpedaling as serotonergic behaviors gradually decreased. The number of BrdU-positive cells decreased by 23% in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus by 24 h after repeated injections. However, decreased levels of BrdU-positive cells returned to control levels within 1 week. Differentiation of newly formed cells was not influenced. Repeated PCP administration after BrdU injection did not exert any effects on survival of newly generated cells. These findings suggest that transient disturbances of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus occur under PCP-related behavioral abnormalities. Whether disturbed cell proliferation would thus be closely implicated in the development of behavioral sensitization induced by PCP administration is unclear, but this would possibly result from adaptation to new pharmacological conditions under behavioral sensitization or stressful conditions of PCP-related abnormal behaviors. Further studies are required to elucidate the biological significance of hippocampal neurogenesis in the mechanisms underlying the development of cognitive dysfunctions and the psychosis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Yamaguchi M, Suzuki T, Seki T, Namba T, Liu J, Arai H, Hori T, Shiga T. Decreased cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of rats after repeated administration of cocaine. Synapse 2006; 58:63-71. [PMID: 16088949 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus was assessed using in vivo labeling with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in adult rats that were administered cocaine (20 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. Rats showed increased stereotypy at a challenge dose of cocaine after 1 week of withdrawal, suggesting the acquisition of behavioral sensitization. Twenty-four hours after final injection of repetitive cocaine administration, a 26% decrease in BrdU-positive cells was observed, compared with control rats. However, this returned to control level within 1 week. No differences were observed in rats that received a single injection of cocaine. Differentiation of newly formed cells was not influenced. These data imply that the regulation of hippocampal cell proliferation by cocaine may be involved in the development of certain symptoms of addiction, such as cognitive impairment and acquisition of behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Although many drug-induced neural changes are known, progress has been slow in identifying the ones that actually mediate addiction. Identifying changes that are specific to particular elements of the transition from initial to habitual to relapsing drug use may be a fruitful strategy for pinpointing which forms of drug-induced plasticity are critical for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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37
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Korutla L, Champtiaux N, Shen HW, Klugmann M, Klugman M, Kalivas PW, Mackler SA. Activity-dependent subcellular localization of NAC1. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:397-403. [PMID: 16045493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the transcriptional regulator NAC1 is increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats withdrawn from cocaine self-administration, and in vivo studies indicate that the up-regulation is a compensatory mechanism opposing the acute effects of cocaine. Both mammalian two-hybrid assay and punctate localization largely in the nucleus suggest NAC1 is a transcriptional regulator. However, in this report it is shown that in differentiated PC12 and Neuro2A cells, as well as in primary cortical neurons, NAC1 is diffusely expressed not only in the cell nucleus but also in cytoplasm. Blockade of spontaneous electrical activity by tetrodotoxin prevented the diffuse expression of NAC1, and depolarization with high potassium concentrations induced diffuse cellular localization in non-differentiating cells. The use of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and activator, as well as the systematic mutation of potential PKC phosphorylation sites in NAC1, demonstrated that phosphorylation of residue S245 by PKC is a necessary event inducing diffuse NAC1 expression outside of the nucleus. These observations indicate a potential non-transcriptional role for NAC1 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxman Korutla
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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38
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Korutla L, Wang PJ, Mackler SA. The POZ/BTB protein NAC1 interacts with two different histone deacetylases in neuronal-like cultures. J Neurochem 2005; 94:786-93. [PMID: 16033423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
NAC1 is a cocaine-regulated POZ/BTB (Pox virus and Zinc finger/Bric-a-brac Tramtrack Broad complex) protein. NAC1 is increased by cocaine selectively in the nucleus accumbens, a CNS region important for drug addiction. NAC1's role in the cell, however, is not known. Each of the two NAC1 isoforms, sNAC1 (short NAC1) and lNAC1 (long NAC1), may serve as corepressors for other POZ/BTB proteins. This study investigated whether sNAC1 and lNAC1 demonstrated protein-protein interactions with other corepressors. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition reversed sNAC1 and lNAC1 repression of Gal4 luciferase, but only in neuronal-like cultures. Because these inhibitors do not distinguish among histone deacetylases, two histone deacetylases were selected for further study. HDAC 3 and 4 both demonstrated protein-protein interactions with sNAC1 and lNAC1. This was shown using coimmunoprecipitations, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pulldowns and mammalian two-hybrids. Importantly, either the POZ domain or NAC1 without the POZ domain can bind these two HDACs. Other corepressors, specifically NCoR (nuclear receptor corepressor), SMRT (silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor) and mSin3a, do not exhibit protein-protein interactions with sNAC1 and lNAC1. None showed protein-protein interactions in GST pulldowns or mammalian two-hybrids. Taken together, the results of these experiments indicate sNAC1 and lNAC1 recruit histone deacetylases for transcriptional repression, further enhancing POZ/BTB protein mediated repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Korutla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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39
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Kiefer H, Chatail-Hermitte F, Ravassard P, Bayard E, Brunet I, Mallet J. ZENON, a novel POZ Kruppel-like DNA binding protein associated with differentiation and/or survival of late postmitotic neurons. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:1713-29. [PMID: 15713629 PMCID: PMC549352 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.5.1713-1729.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter contains an E-box/dyad motif and an octameric and heptameric element that may be recognized by classes of transcription factors highly expressed during nervous system development. In a one-hybrid genetic screen, we used these sites as targets to isolate cDNAs encoding new transcription factors present in the brain. We identified ZENON, a novel rat POZ protein that contains two clusters of Kruppel-like zinc fingers and that presents several features of a transcription factor. ZENON is found in nuclei following transient transfection with the cDNA. The N-terminal zinc finger cluster contains a DNA binding domain that interacts with the E box. Cotranfection experiments revealed that ZENON induces tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity. Unlike other POZ proteins, the ZENON POZ domain is not required for either activation of transcription or self-association. In the embryonic neural tube, ZENON expression is restricted to neurons that have already achieved mitosis and are engaged in late stages of neuronal differentiation (late postmitotic neurons). ZENON neuronal expression persists in the adult brain; therefore, ZENON can be considered a marker of mature neurons. We propose that ZENON is involved in the maintenance of panneuronal features and/or in the survival of mature neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Kiefer
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire de la Neurotransmission et des Processus Neurodégénératifs, CNRS UMR 7091, BAtiment CERVI, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83, Blvd. de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Reeves N, Posakony JW. Genetic Programs Activated by Proneural Proteins in the Developing Drosophila PNS. Dev Cell 2005; 8:413-25. [PMID: 15737936 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis depends on a family of proneural transcriptional activator proteins, but the "proneural" function of these factors is poorly understood, in part because the ensemble of genes they activate, directly or indirectly, has not been identified systematically. We have taken a direct approach to this problem in Drosophila. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to recover a purified population of the cells that comprise the "proneural clusters" from which sensory organ precursors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) arise. Whole-genome microarray analysis and in situ hybridization was then used to identify and verify a set of genes that are preferentially expressed in proneural cluster cells. Genes in this set encode proteins with a diverse array of implied functions, and loss-of-function analysis of two candidate genes shows that they are indeed required for normal PNS development. Bioinformatic and reporter gene studies further illuminate the cis-regulatory codes that direct expression in proneural clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Reeves
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0349, USA
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41
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Jacobs EH, Smit AB, de Vries TJ, Schoffelmeer ANM. Long-term gene expression in the nucleus accumbens following heroin administration is subregion-specific and depends on the nature of drug administration. Addict Biol 2005; 10:91-100. [PMID: 15849023 DOI: 10.1080/13556210412331284748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to addictive drugs results in long-lasting neuroadaptations in the brain, especially in the mesocorticolimbic system. Within this system, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a major integrative role. As such, the NAc has been shown to be a target of short- and long-lasting drug-induced neuroadaptations at the levels of neurotransmission and cellular morphology. The long-lasting neuroadaptations might depend critically on alterations in gene expression. Recently, we obtained a set of transcripts by means of subtractive hybridization, of which the expression was decreased in the rat NAc shell after long-term extinction of intravenous heroin self-administration. Interestingly, the majority of these transcripts were also down-regulated upon long-term extinction of cocaine self-administration. Using the yoked-control operant paradigm, it was shown that non-contingent administration of these drugs resulted in a totally different gene expression profile. However, in the rat NAc core, both self-administration and non-contingent heroin administration induced a qualitatively similar expression profile. Hence, cognitive processes associated with drug self-administration seem to direct the long-term genomic responses in the NAc shell, whereas the NAc core might primarily mediate the persistent pharmacological effects of addictive drugs (including Pavlovian conditioning).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin H Jacobs
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Research Institute Neurosciences, VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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42
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Abstract
Addiction can be viewed as a form of drug-induced neural plasticity. One of the best-established molecular mechanisms of addiction is upregulation of the cAMP second messenger pathway, which occurs in many neuronal cell types in response to chronic administration of opiates or other drugs of abuse. This upregulation and the resulting activation of the transcription factor CREB appear to mediate aspects of tolerance and dependence. In contrast, induction of another transcription factor, termed DeltaFosB, exerts the opposite effect and may contribute to sensitized responses to drug exposure. Knowledge of these mechanisms could lead to more effective treatments for addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chao
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, The University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA
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Spijker S, Houtzager SWJ, De Gunst MCM, De Boer WPH, Schoffelmeer ANM, Smit AB. Morphine exposure and abstinence define specific stages of gene expression in the rat nucleus accumbens. FASEB J 2004; 18:848-50. [PMID: 15033927 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0612fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent exposure to addictive drugs causes long-lasting changes in responsiveness to these substances due to persistent molecular and cellular alterations within the meso-corticolimbic system. In this report, we studied the expression profiles of 159 genes in the rat nucleus accumbens during morphine exposure (14 days, 10 mg/kg s.c.) and drug-abstinence (3 weeks). We used real-time quantitative PCR to monitor gene expression after establishing its sensitivity and resolution to resolve small changes in expression for genes in various abundance classes. Morphine-exposure (5 time points) and subsequent abstinence (6 time points) induced phase-specific temporal gene expression of distinct functional groups of genes, for example, short-term homeostatic responses. Opiate withdrawal appeared to be a new stimulus in terms of gene expression and mediates a marked wave of gene repression. Prolonged abstinence resulted in persistently changed expression levels of genes involved in neuronal outgrowth and re-wiring. Our findings substantiate the hypothesis that this new gene program, initiated upon morphine-withdrawal, may subserve long-term neuronal plasticity involved in the persistent behavioral consequences of repeated drug-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Research Institute Neurosciences,Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mackler SA, Homan YX, Korutla L, Conti AC, Blendy JA. The mouse nac1 gene, encoding a cocaine-regulated bric-a-brac tramtrac broad complex/pox virus and zinc finger protein, is regulated by ap1. Neuroscience 2003; 121:355-61. [PMID: 14521994 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
NAC1 cDNA was identified as a novel transcript induced in the nucleus accumbens from rats chronically treated with cocaine. NAC1 is a member of the Bric-a-brac Tramtrac Broad complex/Pox virus and Zinc finger family of transcription factors and has been shown by overexpression studies to prevent the development of behavioral sensitization resulting from repeated cocaine treatment. This paper reports the cloning and characterization of the corresponding gene. The mouse Nac1 gene consist of six exons, with exon 2 containing an alternative splice donor, providing a molecular explanation of the splice variants observed in mouse and rat. Transcripts of Nac1 were ubiquitously detected in different mouse tissues with prominent expression in the brain. The mouse Nac1 gene was localized to chromosome 8, suggesting a highly plausible candidate gene to explain differences in cocaine-induced behaviors between C57BL6/J and DBA/2J mice that had previously been mapped to the area. In addition, a functional AP1 binding site has been identified in an intron 1 enhancer of the Nac1 gene that plays an essential role in the activation of the gene in differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Co-transfection with c-jun and c-fos expression plasmids, which encode the two subunits of AP1, activated the wild type Nac1 intron 1 enhancer two-fold over basal, nearly at the level of NAC1 enhancer activity seen in differentiated N2A cells. Mutation of the AP1 site completely abrogated all activation of the NAC1 enhancer in differentiated N2A cells. Activation of immediate early genes such as c-fos and c-jun following chronic drug treatments has been well characterized. The present data describe one potential regulatory cascade involving these transcription factors and activation of NAC1. Identification of drug induced alterations in gene expression is key to understanding the types of molecular adaptations underlying addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mackler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA
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Fujiyama K, Kajii Y, Hiraoka S, Nishikawa T. Differential regulation by stimulants of neocortical expression of mrt1, arc, and homer1a mRNA in the rats treated with repeated methamphetamine. Synapse 2003; 49:143-9. [PMID: 12774298 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present work was conducted to obtain clues for the possible roles of a novel stimulant-inducible gene mrt1 (methamphetamine-responsive transcript 1) encoding a PDZ-PX protein in stimulant-induced behavioral sensitization. In the young adult rats, repeated daily treatment with methamphetamine (4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once a day) for 5 days caused an enhanced behavioral response to methamphetamine: behavioral sensitization. The 5-day intermittent administration of MAP upregulated the basal expression of mrt1 transcripts and eliminated the increasing effects of a challenge dose of MAP (1.6 mg/kg, i.p.) or cocaine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) on mrt1 expression on day 14 of withdrawal in the neocortex that has been considered to be composed of a neuron circuit implicated in the sensitization phenomenon. In contrast, the basal expression of other stimulant-inducible and plasticity-related genes arc and homer1a and the ability of MAP or cocaine challenge to augment the amounts of their transcripts were not affected by the repeated MAP regimen in the cortical area. These findings suggest the differential regulation by stimulant of neocortical mrt1, arc, and homer1a expression in the behaviorally sensitized animals and supports the view that stimulant induction of mrt1 may be involved in the early molecular signalings for stimulant sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujiyama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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46
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Kajii Y, Muraoka S, Hiraoka S, Fujiyama K, Umino A, Nishikawa T. A developmentally regulated and psychostimulant-inducible novel rat gene mrt1 encoding PDZ-PX proteins isolated in the neocortex. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:434-44. [PMID: 12740601 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Single or repeated exposure to psychostimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine after postnatal week 3 leads to an enduring enhancement in the psychotomimetic responses elicited by a subsequent challenge of a stimulant in rodents. This behavioral sensitization phenomenon has been considered to be the neural consequences of stimulant-induced alterations in gene expression in the brain after a critical period of postnatal development. Using a differential cloning technique, RNA arbitrarily primed PCR, we have now identified from the rat neocortex a novel and developmentally regulated methamphetamine (MAP)-inducible gene mrt1 (MAP responsive transcript 1). mrt1 encodes two major types of PDZ- and PX-domains containing proteins of approximately 62 kDa in size with different carboxy termini, Mrt1a and Mrt1b. The mrt1 mRNAs for Mrt1a, mrt1a, and for Mrt1b, mrt1b, are predominantly expressed in various brain regions and the testes, respectively. Acute MAP injection upregulated mrt1b expression in the neocortex after postnatal week 3 in a D1 receptor antagonist-sensitive manner without affecting mrt1a expression. This upregulation was mimicked by another stimulant, cocaine, whereas pentobarbital and D1 antagonist failed to change the mrt1b transcript levels. Moreover, repeated daily treatment of MAP, but not MAP plus D1 antagonist, for 5 days caused an augmentation of the basal expression of mrt1b 2 and 3 weeks after the drug discontinuation. These late-developing, cocaine-crossreactive, D1 antagonist-sensitive and long-term regulations of mrt1b by MAP are similar to the pharmacological profiles of stimulant-induced behavioral sensitization, and therefore may be associated with the initiation and/or maintenance of the long-term neuronal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kajii
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Wang PJ, Stromberg M, Replenski S, Snyder-Mackler A, Mackler SA. The relationship between cocaine-induced increases in NAC1 and behavioral sensitization. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 75:49-54. [PMID: 12759112 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to cocaine can cause long-term behavioral changes in mammals, including an augmented locomotor response known as behavioral sensitization. A major goal of research is the identification of molecules associated with these behaviors. NAC1, a member of the POZ/BTB transcription factor family, exhibited increased mRNA levels in the nucleus accumbens of the rat weeks after cocaine use. NAC1 exists as two isoforms, each demonstrating the ability to inhibit transcription, but to different extents. The present experiments examined the time course for both NAC1 isoforms after five consecutive days of systemic cocaine administration in male rats. Tissues were collected from several central nervous system regions and underwent Western blot analysis. There was significantly greater expression of the long isoform, lNAC1 (cocaine 1.341+/-0.641; saline 1+/-0.321; P=.044), and the short isoform, sNAC1 (cocaine 3.038+/-2.816; saline 1+/-0.720; P=.001), in the nucleus accumbens of cocaine-treated rats. The olfactory tubercle also showed a significant increase, but only in sNAC1 expression and at only one time period. No other significant differences were observed for either isoform of NAC1 in any other brain region. The expression of lNAC1 exhibited an inverse relationship with behavioral sensitization in rats 1-3 months following repeated cocaine injections predicting approximately 40% of the variance in the behavior variables (R(2)=.387; and P=.031 for distance and P=.025 for ambulatory count). These results indicate that NAC1 expression is increased for a period of several months after chronic cocaine exposure. Furthermore, these data suggest that NAC1 may function as an endogenous inhibitor of behavioral sensitization. NAC1 represents a target for future studies examining cocaine-induced behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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48
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Korutla L, Wang PJ, Lewis DM, Neustadter JH, Stromberg MF, Mackler SA. Differences in expression, actions and cocaine regulation of two isoforms for the brain transcriptional regulator NAC1. Neuroscience 2002; 110:421-9. [PMID: 11906783 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BTB/POZ proteins can influence the cell cycle and contribute to oncogenesis. Many family members are present in the mammalian CNS. Previous work demonstrated elevated NAC1 mRNA levels in the rat nucleus accumbens in response to cocaine. NAC1 acts like other BTB/POZ proteins that regulate transcription but is unusual because of the absence of identifiable DNA binding domains. cDNAs were isolated encoding two NAC1 isoforms differing by only 27 amino acids (the longer isoform contains 514 amino acids). The mRNAs for both isoforms were simultaneously expressed throughout the rat brain and peripheral tissues. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the mRNA of the longer isoform was more abundant than the mRNA of the shorter isoform. Western blot analysis demonstrated a similar unequal distribution between the isoforms in the CNS. The longer isoform was the more abundant of the two NAC1 proteins and the ratio between them differed throughout the rat brain. The shorter isoform was not detected in most of the examined peripheral tissues, suggesting differences from the CNS in post-transcriptional processing. Both isoforms repressed transcription in H293T cells using a Gal4-luciferase reporter system. However, the shorter isoform did not repress transcription as effectively as the longer isoform. Transfection of different ratios for both isoforms, in order to replicate the relative amounts observed throughout the CNS, supported an interaction between the isoforms. The net effect on transcriptional repression was determined by the ratio of the two NAC1 isoforms. Each isoform exhibited the subnuclear localization that is characteristic of many BTB/POZ proteins. A rapid and transient increase in the level of the shorter isoform occurred in the nucleus accumbens 2 h following a single i.p. cocaine injection. We conclude that the two isoforms of NAC1 may differentially affect neuronal functions, including the regulation of cocaine-induced locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Korutla
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Medical Research Service, Philadelphia VAMC, PA 19104, USA
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49
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Crews FT. Summary Report of a Symposium: Genes and Gene Delivery for Diseases of Alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Ang E, Chen J, Zagouras P, Magna H, Holland J, Schaeffer E, Nestler EJ. Induction of nuclear factor-kappaB in nucleus accumbens by chronic cocaine administration. J Neurochem 2001; 79:221-4. [PMID: 11595774 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DeltaFosB is a Fos family transcription factor that is induced by chronic exposure to cocaine and other drugs of abuse in the nucleus accumbens and related striatal regions, brain regions that are important for the behavioral effects of these drugs. To better understand the mechanisms by which DeltaFosB contributes to the effects of chronic drug treatment, we used DNA microarray analysis to identify genes that are regulated in the nucleus accumbens upon DeltaFosB expression in inducible bitransgenic mice. One of the most highly regulated genes was that encoding a subunit of another transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Subsequent experiments confirmed the induction of NF-kappaB in the nucleus accumbens of mice overexpressing DeltaFosB as well as in wild-type mice treated chronically, but not acutely, with cocaine. These results establish NF-kappaB as a putative target for DeltaFosB and implicate NF-kappaB signaling pathways in the long-term adaptations of nucleus accumbens neurons to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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