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Imai N. Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology of Circadian and Circannual Rhythms in Migraine: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10092. [PMID: 37373239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine-a primary headache-has circadian and circannual rhythms in the onset of attacks. The circadian and circannual rhythms involve the hypothalamus, which is strongly associated with pain processing in migraines. Moreover, the role of melatonin in circadian rhythms has been implied in the pathophysiology of migraines. However, the prophylactic effect of melatonin in migraines is controversial. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has recently attracted attention in the pathophysiology and treatment of migraines. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)-a neuropeptide identical to CGRP-is a potential therapeutic target after CGRP. PACAP is involved in the regulation of circadian entrainment to light. This review provides an overview of circadian and circannual rhythms in the hypothalamus and describes the relationship between migraines and the molecular and cellular neurobiology of circadian and circannual rhythms. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications of PACAP are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Imai
- Department of Neurology and Headache Center, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka 420-0853, Japan
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2
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Foilb AR, Taylor-Yeremeeva EM, Fritsch EL, Ravichandran C, Lezak KR, Missig G, McCullough KM, Carlezon WA. Differential effects of the stress peptides PACAP and CRF on sleep architecture in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.22.533872. [PMID: 36993188 PMCID: PMC10055371 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.22.533872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Stress produces profound effects on behavior, including persistent alterations in sleep patterns. Here we examined the effects of two prototypical stress peptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), on sleep architecture and other translationally-relevant endpoints. Male and female mice were implanted with subcutaneous transmitters enabling continuous measurement of electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG), as well as body temperature and locomotor activity, without tethering that restricts free movement, body posture, or head orientation during sleep. At baseline, females spent more time awake (AW) and less time in slow wave sleep (SWS) than males. Mice then received intracerebral infusions of PACAP or CRF at doses producing equivalent increases in anxiety-like behavior. The effects of PACAP on sleep architecture were similar in both sexes and resembled those reported in male mice after chronic stress exposure. Compared to vehicle infusions, PACAP infusions decreased time in AW, increased time in SWS, and increased rapid eye movement sleep (REM) time and bouts on the day following treatment. In addition, PACAP effects on REM time remained detectable a week after treatment. PACAP infusions also reduced body temperature and locomotor activity. Under the same experimental conditions, CRF infusions had minimal effects on sleep architecture in either sex, causing only transient increases in SWS during the dark phase, with no effects on temperature or activity. These findings suggest that PACAP and CRF have fundamentally different effects on sleep-related metrics, and provide new insights into the mechanisms by which stress disrupts sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Foilb
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elisa M Taylor-Yeremeeva
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Emma L Fritsch
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Ravichandran
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly R Lezak
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Galen Missig
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth M McCullough
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Basic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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3
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Yamaguchi Y, Murai I, Takeda M, Doi S, Seta T, Hanada R, Kangawa K, Okamura H, Miyake T, Doi M. <i>Nmu</i>/<i>Nms</i>/<i>Gpr176</i> Triple-Deficient Mice Show Enhanced Light-Resetting of Circadian Locomotor Activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1172-1179. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Iori Murai
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Momoko Takeda
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Shotaro Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Takehito Seta
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Reiko Hanada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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5
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Hannibal J. Comparative Neurology of Circadian Photoreception: The Retinohypothalamic Tract (RHT) in Sighted and Naturally Blind Mammals. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:640113. [PMID: 34054403 PMCID: PMC8160255 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.640113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian eye contains two systems for light perception: an image detecting system constituted primarily of the classical photoreceptors, rods and cones, and a non-image forming system (NIF) constituted of a small group of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells driven by melanopsin (mRGCs). The mRGCs receive input from the outer retina and NIF mediates light entrainment of circadian rhythms, masking behavior, light induced inhibition of nocturnal melatonin secretion, pupillary reflex (PLR), and affect the sleep/wake cycle. This review focuses on the mammalian NIF and its anatomy in the eye as well as its neuronal projection to the brain. This pathway is known as the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). The development and functions of the NIF as well as the knowledge gained from studying gene modified mice is highlighted. Furthermore, the similarities of the NIF between sighted (nocturnal and diurnal rodent species, monkeys, humans) and naturally blind mammals (blind mole rats Spalax ehrenbergi and the Iberian mole, Talpa occidentalis) are discussed in relation to a changing world where increasing exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) is becoming a challenge for humans and animals in the modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Winters SJ, Moore JP. PACAP: A regulator of mammalian reproductive function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110912. [PMID: 32561449 PMCID: PMC7606562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an ancestral molecule that was isolated from sheep hypothalamic extracts based on its action to stimulate cAMP production by pituitary cell cultures. PACAP is one of a number of ligands that coordinate with GnRH to control reproduction. While initially viewed as a hypothalamic releasing factor, PACAP and its receptors are widely distributed, and there is growing evidence that PACAP functions as a paracrine/autocrine regulator in the CNS, pituitary, gonads and placenta, among other tissues. This review will summarize current knowledge concerning the expression and function of PACAP in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with special emphasis on its role in pituitary function in the fetus and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Winters
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Joseph P Moore
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Riedel CS, Georg B, Fahrenkrug J, Hannibal J. Altered light induced EGR1 expression in the SCN of PACAP deficient mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232748. [PMID: 32379800 PMCID: PMC7205239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain’s biological clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and generates circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior. The circadian clock needs daily adjustment by light to stay synchronized (entrained) with the astronomical 24 h light/dark cycle. Light entrainment occurs via melanopsin expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) and two neurotransmitters of the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), PACAP and glutamate, which transmit light information to the SCN neurons. In SCN neurons, light signaling involves the immediate-early genes Fos, Egr1 and the clock genes Per1 and Per2. In this study, we used PACAP deficient mice to evaluate PACAP’s role in light induced gene expression of EGR1 in SCN neurons during early (ZT17) and late (ZT23) subjective night at high (300 lux) and low (10 lux) white light exposure. We found significantly lower levels of both EGR1 mRNA and protein in the SCN in PACAP deficient mice compared to wild type mice at early subjective night (ZT17) exposed to low but not high light intensity. No difference was found between the two genotypes at late night (ZT23) at neither light intensities. In conclusion, light mediated EGR1 induction in SCN neurons at early night at low light intensities is dependent of PACAP signaling. A role of PACAP in shaping synaptic plasticity during light stimulation at night is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Schwartz Riedel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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8
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A potential antigenic mimicry between viral and human proteins linking Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) with autoimmunity: The case of HPV immunization. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Sugiyama M, Nishijima I, Miyazaki S, Nakamura TJ. Secretin receptor-deficient mice exhibit altered circadian rhythm in wheel-running activity. Neurosci Lett 2020; 722:134814. [PMID: 32027952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the timing of behavior and physiological activity is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus. Incidentally, secretin is a peptide hormone that promotes digestive activities and regulates water reabsorption. In recent studies, exogenous administration of secretin has been reported to induce secretion of oxytocin in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and modulate social behavior. These results indicate that secretin is involved in the neural network that controls social behavior and plays important roles in the central nervous system. In the present study, we investigated the effects of secretin on circadian rhythms, by assessing circadian rhythms during wheel-running behavior in secretin receptor-deficient (Sctr-/-) mice. Male adult wild-type (WT) and Sctr-/- mice were housed in separate cages containing a wheel. Every minute of the wheel-running activity was monitored during the normal light-dark (LD) cycle (12:12 h) and in constant darkness (DD). Significant differences were observed in the free-running period between the WT and Sctr-/- mice. However, no significant differences were observed in the daily wheel-running revolutions between WT and Sctr-/- mice, in the LD and DD conditions. Moreover, the ratio of the daily activity phase to the rest phase (α/ρ) was significantly smaller in Sctr-/- than that in WT mice in the DD condition. Secretin receptors were expressed in the SCN cells. These findings suggest that secretin receptors are involved in the central circadian clock in the SCN and the circadian system in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ichiko Nishijima
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Shota Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takahiro J Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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10
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Lindberg PT, Mitchell JW, Burgoon PW, Beaulé C, Weihe E, Schäfer MKH, Eiden LE, Jiang SZ, Gillette MU. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP)-Glutamate Co-transmission Drives Circadian Phase-Advancing Responses to Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Projections by Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1281. [PMID: 31866806 PMCID: PMC6909886 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from a variety of sources indicate a role for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in light/glutamate-induced phase resetting of the circadian clock mediated by the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Attempts to block or remove PACAP’s contribution to clock-resetting have generated phenotypes that differ in their responses to light or glutamate. For example, previous studies of circadian behaviors found that period-maintenance and early-night phase delays are intact in PACAP-null mice, yet there is a consistent deficit in behavioral phase-resetting to light stimulation in the late night. Here we report rodent stimulus–response characteristics of PACAP release from the RHT, and map these to responses of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in intact and PACAP-deficient mouse hypothalamus with regard to phase-resetting. SCN of PACAP-null mice exhibit normal circadian rhythms in neuronal activity, but are “blind” to glutamate stimulating phase-advance responses in late night, although not in early night, consistent with previously reported selective lack of late-night light behavioral responsiveness of these mice. Induction of CREB phosphorylation, a hallmark of the light/glutamate response of the SCN, also is absent in SCN-containing ex vivo slices from PACAP-deficient mouse hypothalamus. PACAP replacement to the SCN of PACAP-null mice restored wild-type phase-shifting of firing-rate patterns in response to glutamate applied to the SCN in late night. Likewise, ex vivo SCN of wild-type mice post-orbital enucleation are unresponsive to glutamate unless PACAP also is restored. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the period of efficacy of PACAP at SCN nerve terminals corresponds to waxing of PACAP mRNA expression in ipRGCs during the night, and waning during the day. These results validate the use of PACAP-deficient mice in defining the role and specificity of PACAP as a co-transmitter with glutamate in ipRGC-RHT projections to SCN in phase advancing the SCN circadian rhythm in late night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder T Lindberg
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer W Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Penny W Burgoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Christian Beaulé
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin K-H Schäfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sunny Z Jiang
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martha U Gillette
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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11
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Farnham MMJ, Tallapragada VJ, O'Connor ET, Nedoboy PE, Dempsey B, Mohammed S, Fong AY, Lung MSY, Derakhshan F, Wilson RJA, Pilowsky PM. PACAP-PAC1 Receptor Activation Is Necessary for the Sympathetic Response to Acute Intermittent Hypoxia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:881. [PMID: 31496933 PMCID: PMC6712064 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive hypoxia is a key feature of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), a condition characterized by intermittent airways obstruction. Patients with OSA present with persistent increases in sympathetic activity and commonly develop hypertension. The objectives of this study were to determine if the persistent increases in sympathetic nerve activity, known to be induced by acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH), are mediated through activation of the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) signaling system. Here, we show that the excitatory neuropeptide PACAP, acting in the spinal cord, is important for generating the sympathetic response seen following AIH. Using PACAP receptor knockout mice, and pharmacological agents in Sprague Dawley rats, we measured blood pressure, heart rate, pH, PaCO2, and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, under anaesthesia, to demonstrate that the sympathetic response to AIH is mediated via the PAC1 receptor, in a cAMP-dependent manner. We also report that both intermittent microinjection of glutamate into the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and intermittent infusion of a sub-threshold dose of PACAP into the subarachnoid space can mimic the sympathetic response to AIH. All the sympathetic responses are independent of blood pressure, pH or PaCO2 changes. Our results show that in AIH, PACAP signaling in the spinal cord helps drive persistent increases in sympathetic nerve activity. This mechanism may be a precursor to the development of hypertension in conditions of chronic intermittent hypoxia, such as OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M J Farnham
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Edward T O'Connor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Polina E Nedoboy
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bowen Dempsey
- Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Suja Mohammed
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angelina Y Fong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mandy S Y Lung
- Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Derakhshan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard J A Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul M Pilowsky
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Hannibal J, Norn THB, Georg B, Fahrenkrug J. Spatiotemporal expression pattern of PERIOD 1 and PERIOD 2 in the mouse SCN is dependent on VIP receptor 2 signaling. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3115-3132. [PMID: 31211910 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurons of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) express clock genes, which regulate their own transcription and generate daily output signals driving circadian rhythmic behavior and physiology. The neuropeptide VIP and its specific receptor, the VPAC2 receptor, are important for synchronization of clock neurons. In the present study, we characterized PER1 and PER2 expressing neurons in wild-type and VPAC2-deficient mice. We found evidence for distinct spatiotemporal circadian oscillation in the expression of the PER genes in two separate clusters of SCN neurons. In wild-type mice corresponding to the SCN shell and ventral core, high expression of PER was found at lights-off most likely representing an evening clock (E-clock). In another smaller cluster of neurons located in the central core of the SCN, PER expression peaks in antiphase at lights-on and could represent a morning clock (M-clock). BMAL1 immunoreactivity was found to be expressed in antiphase to PER in M and E neurons, respectively. PER was found in 98% of neurons expressing vasopressin (AVP) and in 92% of VIP neurons. The chemotype of M neurons was not identified. M but not E cells were responsive to long but not short photoperiods. The expression of the VPAC2 receptor was found in both M and E cells, and VPAC2-deficient mice displayed markedly blunted PER expression in both cell clusters of the SCN. Conclusion: These observations support the existence of M and E clocks involved in circadian and seasonal adaptation, which seem dependent on intact VIP/VPAC2 signaling in the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tania H B Norn
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092363. [PMID: 31086044 PMCID: PMC6540063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central pacemakers of circadian timekeeping systems are highly robust yet adaptable, providing the temporal coordination of rhythms in behavior and physiological processes in accordance with the demands imposed by environmental cycles. These features of the central pacemaker are achieved by a multi-oscillator network in which individual cellular oscillators are tightly coupled to the environmental day-night cycle, and to one another via intercellular coupling. In this review, we will summarize the roles of various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the regulation of circadian entrainment and synchrony within the mammalian and Drosophila central pacemakers. We will also describe the diverse functions of protein kinases in the relay of input signals to the core oscillator or the direct regulation of the molecular clock machinery.
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14
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Evans MC, Anderson GM. Integration of Circadian and Metabolic Control of Reproductive Function. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3661-3673. [PMID: 30304391 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optimal fertility in humans and animals relies on the availability of sufficient metabolic fuels, information about which is communicated to the brain via levels of the hormones leptin and insulin. The circadian clock system is also critical; this input is especially evident in the precise timing of the female-specific surge of GnRH and LH secretion that triggers ovulation the next day. Chronodisruption and metabolic imbalance can both impair reproductive activity, and these two disruptions exacerbate each other, such that they often occur simultaneously. Kisspeptin neurons located in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus are able to integrate both circadian and metabolic afferent inputs and use this information to modulate the timing and magnitude of the preovulatory GnRH/LH surge. In an environment in which exposure to high caloric diets and chronodisruptors such as artificial night lighting, shift work, and transmeridian travel have become the norm, the implications of these factors for couples struggling to conceive deserve closer attention and more public education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie C Evans
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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A-to-I RNA editing enzyme ADAR2 regulates light-induced circadian phase-shift. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14848. [PMID: 30287844 PMCID: PMC6172258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the central circadian clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and it orchestrates peripheral clocks in the whole body to organize physiological and behavioral rhythms. Light-induced phase-shift of the SCN clock enables synchronization of the circadian clock system with 24-h environmental light/dark cycle. We previously found that adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (Adar2), an A-to-I RNA editing enzyme catalyzing rhythmic A-to-I RNA editing, governs a wide range of mRNA rhythms in the mouse liver and regulates the circadian behavior. In brain, ADAR2-mediated A-to-I RNA editing was reported to occur in various transcripts encoding ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, which could influence neuronal function of the SCN. Here we show that ADAR2 plays a crucial role for light-induced phase-shift of the circadian clock. Intriguingly, exposure of Adar2-knockout mice to a light pulse at late night caused an aberrant phase-advance of the locomotor rhythms. By monitoring the bioluminescence rhythms of the mutant SCN slices, we found that a phase-advance induced by treatment with pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was markedly attenuated. The present study suggests that A-to-I RNA editing in the SCN regulates a proper phase response to light in the mouse circadian system.
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Rubio-Beltrán E, Correnti E, Deen M, Kamm K, Kelderman T, Papetti L, Vigneri S, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Edvinsson L. PACAP38 and PAC 1 receptor blockade: a new target for headache? J Headache Pain 2018; 19:64. [PMID: 30088106 PMCID: PMC6081277 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) is a widely distributed neuropeptide involved in neuroprotection, neurodevelopment, nociception and inflammation. Moreover, PACAP38 is a potent inducer of migraine-like attacks, but the mechanism behind this has not been fully elucidated. Migraine is a neurovascular disorder, recognized as the second most disabling disease. Nevertheless, the antibodies targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor are the only prophylactic treatment developed specifically for migraine. These antibodies have displayed positive results in clinical trials, but are not effective for all patients; therefore, new pharmacological targets need to be identified. Due to the ability of PACAP38 to induce migraine-like attacks, its location in structures previously associated with migraine pathophysiology and the 100-fold selectivity for the PAC1 receptor when compared to VIP, new attention has been drawn to this pathway and its potential role as a novel target for migraine treatment. In accordance with this, antibodies against PACAP38 (ALD 1910) and PAC1 receptor (AMG 301) are being developed, with AMG 301 already in Phase II clinical trials. No results have been published so far, but in preclinical studies, AMG 301 has shown responses comparable to those observed with triptans. If these antibodies prove to be effective for the treatment of migraine, several considerations should be addressed, for instance, the potential side effects of long-term blockade of the PACAP (receptor) pathway. Moreover, it is important to investigate whether these antibodies will indeed represent a therapeutic advantage for the patients that do not respond the CGRP (receptor)-antibodies. In conclusion, the data presented in this review indicate that PACAP38 and PAC1 receptor blockade are promising antimigraine therapies, but results from clinical trials are needed in order to confirm their efficacy and side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Rubio-Beltrán
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Edvige Correnti
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marie Deen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Katharina Kamm
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Kelderman
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Papetti
- Headache Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Vigneri
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo; Pain Medicine Unit, Santa Maria Maddalena Hospital, Occhiobello, Italy
| | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Holland PR, Barloese M, Fahrenkrug J. PACAP in hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythm: importance for headache. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:20. [PMID: 29508090 PMCID: PMC5838029 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between sleep and primary headaches has gained considerable interest due to their strong, bidirectional, clinical relationship. Several primary headaches demonstrate either a circadian/circannual rhythmicity in attack onset or are directly associated with sleep itself. Migraine and cluster headache both show distinct attack patterns and while the underlying mechanisms of this circadian variation in attack onset remain to be fully explored, recent evidence points to clear physiological, anatomical and genetic points of convergence. The hypothalamus has emerged as a key brain area in several headache disorders including migraine and cluster headache. It is involved in homeostatic regulation, including pain processing and sleep regulation, enabling appropriate physiological responses to diverse stimuli. It is also a key integrator of circadian entrainment to light, in part regulated by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). With its established role in experimental headache research the peptide has been extensively studied in relation to headache in both humans and animals, however, there are only few studies investigating its effect on sleep in humans. Given its prominent role in circadian entrainment, established in preclinical research, and the ability of exogenous PACAP to trigger attacks experimentally, further research is very much warranted. The current review will focus on the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of sleep-wake and circadian rhythms and provide suggestions for the future direction of such research, with a particular focus on PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Holland
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Headache Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Mads Barloese
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, 70590 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Riedel CS, Georg B, Jørgensen HL, Hannibal J, Fahrenkrug J. Mice Lacking EGR1 Have Impaired Clock Gene (BMAL1) Oscillation, Locomotor Activity, and Body Temperature. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:9-19. [PMID: 29138967 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Early growth response transcription factor 1 (EGR1) is expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) after light stimulation. We used EGR1-deficient mice to address the role of EGR1 in the clock function and light-induced resetting of the clock. The diurnal rhythms of expression of the clock genes BMAL1 and PER1 in the SCN were evaluated by semi-quantitative in situ hybridization. We found no difference in the expression of PER1 mRNA between wildtype and EGR1-deficient mice; however, the daily rhythm of BMAL1 mRNA was completely abolished in the EGR1-deficient mice. In addition, we evaluated the circadian running wheel activity, telemetric locomotor activity, and core body temperature of the mice. Loss of EGR1 neither altered light-induced phase shifts at subjective night nor affected negative masking. Overall, circadian light entrainment was found in EGR1-deficient mice but they displayed a reduced locomotor activity and an altered temperature regulation compared to wild type mice. When placed in running wheels, a subpopulation of EGR1-deficient mice displayed a more disrupted activity rhythm with no measurable endogenous period length (tau). In conclusion, the present study provides the first evidence that the circadian clock in the SCN is disturbed in mice deficient of EGR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Schwartz Riedel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Henrik L Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
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Hannibal J, Georg B, Fahrenkrug J. PAC1- and VPAC2 receptors in light regulated behavior and physiology: Studies in single and double mutant mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188166. [PMID: 29155851 PMCID: PMC5695784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The two sister peptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and their receptors, the PAC1 -and the VPAC2 receptors, are involved in regulation of the circadian timing system. PACAP as a neurotransmitter in the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and VIP as a neurotransmitter, involved in synchronization of SCN neurons. Behavior and physiology in VPAC2 deficient mice are strongly regulated by light most likely as a result of masking. Consequently, we used VPAC2 and PAC1/VPAC2 double mutant mice in comparison with PAC1 receptor deficient mice to further elucidate the role of PACAP in the light mediated regulation of behavior and physiology of the circadian system. We compared circadian rhythms in mice equipped with running wheels or implanted radio-transmitter measuring core body temperature kept in a full photoperiod ((FPP)(12:12 h light dark-cycles (LD)) and skeleton photo periods (SPP) at high and low light intensity. Furthermore, we examined the expression of PAC1- and VPAC2 receptors in the SCN of the different genotypes in combination with visualization of PACAP and VIP and determined whether compensatory changes in peptide and/or receptor expression in the reciprocal knockouts (KO) (PAC1 and VPAC2) had occurred. Our data demonstrate that in although being closely related at both ligand and receptor structure/sequence, PACAP/PAC1 receptor signaling are independent of VIP/VPAC2 receptor signaling and vice versa. Furthermore, lack of either of the receptors does not result in compensatory changes at neither the physiological or anatomical level. PACAP/PAC1 signaling is important for light regulated behavior, VIP/VPAC2signaling for stable clock function and both signaling pathways may play a role in shaping diurnality versus nocturnality.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Body Temperature/physiology
- Circadian Rhythm/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Light
- Light Signal Transduction
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Photoperiod
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/genetics
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/deficiency
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Running
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lee HA, Lee HJ, Moon JH, Lee T, Kim MG, In H, Cho CH, Kim L. Comparison of Wearable Activity Tracker with Actigraphy for Sleep Evaluation and Circadian Rest-Activity Rhythm Measurement in Healthy Young Adults. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:179-185. [PMID: 28326116 PMCID: PMC5355016 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of data obtained from a wearable activity tracker (Fitbit Charge HR) to medical research. This was performed by comparing the wearable activity tracker (Fitbit Charge HR) with actigraphy (Actiwatch 2) for sleep evaluation and circadian rest-activity rhythm measurement. METHODS Sixteen healthy young adults (female participants, 62.5%; mean age, 22.8 years) wore the Fitbit Charge HR and the Actiwatch 2 on the same wrist; a sleep log was recorded over a 14-day period. We compared the sleep variables and circadian rest-activity rhythm measures with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Spearman's correlations. RESULTS The periods and acrophases of the circadian rest-activity rhythms and the sleep start times did not differ and correlated significantly between the Fitbit Charge HR and the Actiwatch 2. The Fitbit Charge HR tended to overestimate the sleep durations compared with the Actiwatch 2. However, the sleep durations showed high correlation between the two devices for all days. CONCLUSION We found that the Fitbit Charge HR showed high accuracy in sleep evaluation and circadian rest-activity rhythm measurement when compared with actigraphy for healthy young adults. The results suggest that the Fitbit Charge HR could be applicable on medical research as an alternative tool to actigraphy for sleep evaluation and measurement of the circadian rest-activity rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ah Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Computer Science, Korea University College of Information and Communications, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gwan Kim
- Department of Computer Science, Korea University College of Information and Communications, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoh In
- Department of Computer Science, Korea University College of Information and Communications, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Leen Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Datta S, Samanta D, Sinha P, Chakrabarti N. Gender features and estrous cycle variations of nocturnal behavior of mice after a single exposure to light at night. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Maduna T, Lelievre V. Neuropeptides shaping the central nervous system development: Spatiotemporal actions of VIP and PACAP through complementary signaling pathways. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1472-1487. [PMID: 27717098 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are neuropeptides with wide, complementary, and overlapping distributions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they exert important regulatory roles in many physiological processes. VIP and PACAP display a large range of biological cellular targets and functions in the adult nervous system including regulation of neurotransmission and neuroendocrine secretion and neuroprotective and neuroimmune responses. As the main focus of the present review, VIP and PACAP also have been long implicated in nervous system development and maturation through their interaction with the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors, PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2, initiating multiple signaling pathways. Compared with PAC1, which solely binds PACAP with very high affinity, VPACs exhibit high affinities for both VIP and PACAP but differ from each other because of their pharmacological profile for both natural accessory peptides and synthetic or chimeric molecules, with agonistic and antagonistic properties. Complementary to initial pharmacological studies, transgenic animals lacking these neuropeptides or their receptors have been used to further characterize the neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral roles of PACAP and VIP in the developing central nervous system. In this review, we recapitulate the critical steps and processes guiding/driving neurodevelopment in vertebrates and superimposing the potential contribution of PACAP and VIP receptors on the given timeline. We also describe how alterations in VIP/PACAP signaling may contribute to both (neuro)developmental and adult pathologies and suggest that tuning of VIP/PACAP signaling in a spatiotemporal manner may represent a novel avenue for preventive therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tando Maduna
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Lelievre
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Christiansen SL, Bouzinova EV, Fahrenkrug J, Wiborg O. Altered Expression Pattern of Clock Genes in a Rat Model of Depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw061. [PMID: 27365111 PMCID: PMC5137278 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in circadian rhythms may be causal factors in development of major depressive disorder. The biology underlying a causal relationship between circadian rhythm disturbances and depression is slowly being unraveled. Although there is no direct evidence of dysregulation of clock gene expression in depressive patients, many studies have reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms in clock genes in these patients. METHODS In the present study we investigated whether a depression-like state in rats is associated with alternations of the diurnal expression of clock genes. The validated chronic mild stress (CMS) animal model of depression was used to investigate rhythmic expression of three clock genes: period genes 1 and 2 (Per1 and Per2) and Bmal1. Brain and liver tissue was collected from 96 animals after 3.5 weeks of CMS (48 control and 48 depression-like rats) at a 4h sampling interval within 24h. We quantified expression of clock genes on brain sections in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, pineal gland, suprachiasmatic nucleus, substantia nigra, amygdala, ventral tegmental area, subfields of the hippocampus, and the lateral habenula using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Expression of clock genes in the liver was monitored by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS We found that the effect of CMS on clock gene expression was selective and region specific. Per1 exhibits a robust diurnal rhythm in most regions of interest, whereas Bmal1 and in particular Per2 were susceptible to CMS. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that altered expression of investigated clock genes is likely associated with the induction of a depression-like state in the CMS model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - O Wiborg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Bouzinova, and Wiborg); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Dr Fahrenkrug).
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Gpr176 is a Gz-linked orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that sets the pace of circadian behaviour. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10583. [PMID: 26882873 PMCID: PMC4757782 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) participate in a broad range of physiological functions. A priority for fundamental and clinical research, therefore, is to decipher the function of over 140 remaining orphan GPCRs. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain's circadian pacemaker, governs daily rhythms in behaviour and physiology. Here we launch the SCN orphan GPCR project to (i) search for murine orphan GPCRs with enriched expression in the SCN, (ii) generate mutant animals deficient in candidate GPCRs, and (iii) analyse the impact on circadian rhythms. We thereby identify Gpr176 as an SCN-enriched orphan GPCR that sets the pace of circadian behaviour. Gpr176 is expressed in a circadian manner by SCN neurons, and molecular characterization reveals that it represses cAMP signalling in an agonist-independent manner. Gpr176 acts independently of, and in parallel to, the Vipr2 GPCR, not through the canonical Gi, but via the unique G-protein subclass Gz. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central regulator of circadian rhythms. Here the authors identify mouse Gpr176 as a pace modulator of this circadian clock and characterize its mode of action as coupling to Gz rather than Gi subunits.
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25
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Hannibal J, Georg B, Fahrenkrug J. Altered Circadian Food Anticipatory Activity Rhythms in PACAP Receptor 1 (PAC1) Deficient Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146981. [PMID: 26757053 PMCID: PMC4710526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Light signals from intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) entrain the circadian clock and regulate negative masking. Two neurotransmitters, glutamate and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP), found in the ipRGCs transmit light signals to the brain via glutamate receptors and the specific PACAP type 1 (PAC1) receptor. Light entrainment occurs during the twilight zones and has little effect on clock phase during daytime. When nocturnal animals have access to food only for a few hours during the resting phase at daytime, they adapt behavior to the restricted feeding (RF) paradigm and show food anticipatory activity (FAA). A recent study in mice and rats demonstrating that light regulates FAA prompted us to investigate the role of PACAP/PAC1 signaling in the light mediated regulation of FAA. PAC1 receptor knock out (PAC1-/-) and wild type (PAC1+/+) mice placed in running wheels were examined in a full photoperiod (FPP) of 12:12 h light/dark (LD) and a skeleton photoperiod (SPP) 1:11:1:11 h L:DD:L:DD at 300 and 10 lux light intensity. Both PAC1-/- mice and PAC1+/+ littermates entrained to FPP and SPP at both light intensities. However, when placed in RF with access to food for 4–5 h during the subjective day, a significant change in behavior was observed in PAC1-/- mice compared to PAC1+/+ mice. While PAC1-/- mice showed similar FAA as PAC1+/+ animals in FPP at 300 lux, PAC1-/- mice demonstrated an advanced onset of FAA with a nearly 3-fold increase in amplitude compared to PAC1+/+ mice when placed in SPP at 300 lux. The same pattern of FAA was observed at 10 lux during both FPP and SPP. The present study indicates a role of PACAP/PAC1 signaling during light regulated FAA. Most likely, PACAP found in ipRGCs mediating non-image forming light information to the brain is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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PACAP Modulates Distinct Neuronal Components to Induce Cell-Specific Plasticity at Central and Autonomic Synapses. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Kunst M, Tso MCF, Ghosh DD, Herzog ED, Nitabach MN. Rhythmic control of activity and sleep by class B1 GPCRs. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 50:18-30. [PMID: 25410535 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.985815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the class B1 family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) whose ligands are neuropeptides have been implicated in regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep in diverse metazoan clades. This review discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which class B1 GPCRs, especially the mammalian VPAC2 receptor and its functional homologue PDFR in Drosophila and C. elegans, regulate arousal and daily rhythms of sleep and wake. There are remarkable parallels in the cellular and molecular roles played by class B1 intercellular signaling pathways in coordinating arousal and circadian timekeeping across multiple cells and tissues in these very different genetic model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kunst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA and
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29
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Griesauer I, Diao W, Ronovsky M, Elbau I, Sartori S, Singewald N, Pollak DD. Circadian abnormalities in a mouse model of high trait anxiety and depression. Ann Med 2014; 46:148-54. [PMID: 24405329 PMCID: PMC4025598 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.866440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysregulation of circadian rhythms is a key symptom of mood disorders, including anxiety disorders and depression. Whether the circadian abnormalities observed in depressed patients are cause or consequence of the disease remains elusive. Here we aimed to explore potential disturbances of circadian rhythms in a validated genetic animal model of high trait anxiety and co-morbid depression and examine its molecular correlates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice selectively bred for high (HAB) and normal (NAB) anxiety- and co-segregating depression-like behavior were subjected to analysis of circadian wheel-running activity to determine light-entrained (LD) and free-running circadian (DD) rhythms and a light-induced phase shift. Clock gene expression in HAB/NAB hippocampal tissue was analyzed by qRT-PCR and verified by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared to NABs, HAB mice were found to present with altered DD length of daily cycle, fragmented ultradiem rhythms, and a blunted phase shift response. Clock gene expression analysis revealed a selective reduction of Cry2 expression in hippocampal tissue of HAB mice. DISCUSSION We provide first evidence for a dysregulation of circadian rhythms in a mouse model of anxiety and co-morbid depression which suggests an association between depression and altered circadian rhythms at the genetic level and points towards a role for Cry2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Griesauer
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Weifei Diao
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne Ronovsky
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Immanuel Elbau
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Sartori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela D. Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Shen S, Gehlert DR, Collier DA. PACAP and PAC1 receptor in brain development and behavior. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:421-30. [PMID: 24220567 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) act through three class B G-protein coupled receptors, PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2, initiating multiple signaling pathways. In addition to natural peptides ligands, a number of synthetic peptides and a small molecular antagonist have been generated. Genetically modified animals have been produced for the neuropeptides and receptors. Neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, behavioral and pharmacological characterization of the mutants and transgenic mice uncovered diverse roles of PACAP-PAC1-VAPC2 signaling in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system. Human genetic studies suggest that the PACAP-PAC1-VPAC2 signaling can be associated with psychiatric illness via mechanisms of not only loss-of-function, but also gain-of-function. For example, a duplication of chromosome 7q36.3 (encoding the VPAC2 receptor) was shown to be associated with schizophrenia, and high levels of PACAP-PAC1 signaling are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Whereas knockout animals are appropriate to address loss-of-function of human genetics, transgenic mice overexpressing human transgenes in native environment using artificial chromosomes are particularly valuable and essential to address the consequences of gain-of-function. This review focuses on role of PACAP and PAC1 receptor in brain development, behavior of animals and potential implication in human neurodevelopmental disorders. It also encourages keeping an open mind that alterations of VIP/PACAP signaling may associate with psychiatric illness without overt neuroanatomic changes, and that tuning of VIP/PACAP signaling may represent a novel avenue for the treatment of the psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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Kanasaki H, Mijiddorj T, Sukhbaatar U, Oride A, Miyazaki K. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) increases expression of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor in GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells overexpressing PACAP type I receptor. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 193:95-102. [PMID: 23899713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the action of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neuronal cells, GT1-7. Because we found the expression levels of PACAP type 1 receptor (PAC1R) to be low in these cells, we transfected them with PAC1R expression vector and observed the outcome. PACAP increased the activity of the serum response element (Sre) promoter, a target of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), as well as the cAMP response element (Cre) promoter in GT1-7 cells overexpressing PAC1R. We also observed ERK phosphorylation and cAMP accumulation upon PACAP stimulation. PACAP stimulated the promoter activity of GnRH receptor (GnRHR) with increasing levels of GnRHR proteins. Notably, the increase in GnRHR promoter activity from kisspeptin was potentiated in the presence of PACAP. A similar increasing effect of PACAP on the action of kisspeptin was observed for Cre promoter activity. On the other hand, the Sre promoter activated by kisspeptin was inhibited by co-treatment with kisspeptin and PACAP. Likewise, kisspeptin-increased GnRHR promoter activity and Cre promoter activity were both potentiated in the presence of cAMP, whereas the Sre promoter activated by kisspeptin was inhibited in the presence of cAMP. Our observations show that PACAP increases GnRHR expression and stimulates kisspeptin's effect on GnRHR expression in association with the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in GT1-7 cells overexpressing PAC1R. In addition, PACAP was shown to have an inhibitory effect on ERK-mediated kisspeptin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Kanasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University, School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.
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NMDA and PACAP receptor signaling interact to mediate retinal-induced scn cellular rhythmicity in the absence of light. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76365. [PMID: 24098484 PMCID: PMC3788112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The "core" region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a central clock responsible for coordinating circadian rhythms, shows a daily rhythm in phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (pERK). This cellular rhythm persists under constant darkness and, despite the absence of light, is dependent upon inputs from the eye. The neural signals driving this rhythmicity remain unknown and here the roles of glutamate and PACAP are examined. First, rhythmic phosphorylation of the NR1 NMDA receptor subunit (pNR1, a marker for receptor activation) was shown to coincide with SCN core pERK, with a peak at circadian time (CT) 16. Enucleation and intraocular TTX administration attenuated the peak in the pERK and pNR1 rhythms, demonstrating that activation of the NMDA receptor and ERK in the SCN core at CT16 are dependent on retinal inputs. In contrast, ERK and NR1 phosphorylation in the SCN shell region were unaffected by these treatments. Intraventricular administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 also attenuated the peak in SCN core pERK, indicating that ERK phosphorylation in this region requires NMDA receptor activation. As PACAP is implicated in photic entrainment and is known to modulate glutamate signaling, the effects of a PAC1 receptor antagonist (PACAP 6-38) on SCN core pERK and pNR1 also were examined. PACAP 6-38 administration attenuated SCN core pERK and pNR1, suggesting that PACAP induces pERK directly, and indirectly via a modulation of NMDA receptor signaling. Together, these data indicate that, in the absence of light, retinal-mediated NMDA and PAC1 receptor activation interact to induce cellular rhythms in the SCN core. These results highlight a novel function for glutamate and PACAP release in the hamster SCN apart from their well-known roles in the induction of photic circadian clock resetting.
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Meyer FRL, Grausgruber H, Binter C, Mair GE, Guelly C, Vogl C, Steinborn R. Cross-platform microarray meta-analysis for the mouse jejunum selects novel reference genes with highly uniform levels of expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63125. [PMID: 23671661 PMCID: PMC3650031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference genes (RGs) with uniform expression are used for normalization of reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) data. Their optimization for a specific biological context, e.g. a specific tissue, has been increasingly considered. In this article, we compare RGs identified by expression data meta-analysis restricted to the context tissue, the jejunum of Mus musculus domesticus, i) to traditional RGs, ii) to expressed interspersed repeated DNA elements, and iii) to RGs identified by meta-analysis of expression data from diverse tissues and conditions. To select the set of candidate RGs, we developed a novel protocol for the cross-platform meta-analysis of microarray data. The expression stability of twenty-four putative RGs was analysed by RT-qPCR in at least 14 jejunum samples of the mouse strains C57Bl/6N, CD1, and OF1. Across strains, the levels of expression of the novel RGs Plekha7, Zfx, and Ube2v1 as well as of Oaz1 varied less than two-fold irrespective of genotype, sex or their combination. The gene set consisting of Plekha7 and Oaz1 showed superior expression stability analysed with the tool RefFinder. The novel RGs are functionally diverse. This facilitates expression studies over a wide range of conditions. The highly uniform expression of the optimized RGs in the jejunum points towards their involvement in tightly regulated pathways in this tissue. We also applied our novel protocol of cross-microarray platform meta-analysis to the identification of RGs in the duodenum, the ileum and the entire small intestine. The selection of RGs with improved expression stability in a specific biological context can reduce the number of RGs for the normalization step of RT-qPCR expression analysis, thus reducing the number of samples and experimental costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian R. L. Meyer
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Claudia Binter
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg E. Mair
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Guelly
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Harmar AJ, Fahrenkrug J, Gozes I, Laburthe M, May V, Pisegna JR, Vaudry D, Vaudry H, Waschek JA, Said SI. Pharmacology and functions of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: IUPHAR review 1. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:4-17. [PMID: 22289055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are members of a superfamily of structurally related peptide hormones that includes glucagon, glucagon-like peptides, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). VIP and PACAP exert their actions through three GPCRs - PAC(1) , VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) - belonging to class B (also referred to as class II, or secretin receptor-like GPCRs). This family comprises receptors for all peptides structurally related to VIP and PACAP, and also receptors for parathyroid hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, calcitonin and related peptides. PAC(1) receptors are selective for PACAP, whereas VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) respond to both VIP and PACAP with high affinity. VIP and PACAP play diverse and important roles in the CNS, with functions in the control of circadian rhythms, learning and memory, anxiety and responses to stress and brain injury. Recent genetic studies also implicate the VPAC(2) receptor in susceptibility to schizophrenia and the PAC(1) receptor in post-traumatic stress disorder. In the periphery, VIP and PACAP play important roles in the control of immunity and inflammation, the control of pancreatic insulin secretion, the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and as co-transmitters in autonomic and sensory neurons. This article, written by members of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR) subcommittee on receptors for VIP and PACAP, confirms the existing nomenclature for these receptors and reviews our current understanding of their structure, pharmacology and functions and their likely physiological roles in health and disease. More detailed information has been incorporated into newly revised pages in the IUPHAR database (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyMenuForward?familyId=67).
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Circadian rhythms and food anticipatory behavior in Wfs1-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:717-23. [PMID: 22800759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) has been proposed as a candidate for the neural substrate of a food-entrainable oscillator. The existence of a food-entrainable oscillator in the mammalian nervous system was inferred previously from restricted feeding-induced behavioral rhythmicity in rodents with suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions. In the present study, we have characterized the circadian rhythmicity of behavior in Wfs1-deficient mice during ad libitum and restricted feeding. Based on the expression of Wfs1 protein in the DMH it was hypothesized that Wfs1-deficient mice will display reduced or otherwise altered food anticipatory activity. Wfs1 immunoreactivity in DMH was found almost exclusively in the compact part. Restricted feeding induced c-Fos immunoreactivity primarily in the ventral and lateral aspects of DMH and it was similar in both genotypes. Wfs1-deficiency resulted in significantly lower body weight and reduced wheel-running activity. Circadian rhythmicity of behavior was normal in Wfs1-deficient mice under ad libitum feeding apart from elongated free-running period in constant light. The amount of food anticipatory activity induced by restricted feeding was not significantly different between the genotypes. Present results indicate that the effects of Wfs1-deficiency on behavioral rhythmicity are subtle suggesting that Wfs1 is not a major player in the neural networks responsible for circadian rhythmicity of behavior.
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Engelund A, Fahrenkrug J, Harrison A, Luuk H, Hannibal J. Altered pupillary light reflex in PACAP receptor 1-deficient mice. Brain Res 2012; 1453:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hundahl CA, Fahrenkrug J, Hay-Schmidt A, Georg B, Faltoft B, Hannibal J. Circadian behaviour in neuroglobin deficient mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34462. [PMID: 22496809 PMCID: PMC3320642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglobin (Ngb), a neuron-specific oxygen-binding globin with an unknown function, has been proposed to play a key role in neuronal survival. We have previously shown Ngb to be highly expressed in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The present study addresses the effect of Ngb deficiency on circadian behavior. Ngb-deficient and wild-type (wt) mice were placed in running wheels and their activity rhythms, endogenous period and response to light stimuli were investigated. The effect of Ngb deficiency on the expression of Period1 (Per1) and the immediate early gene Fos was determined after light stimulation at night and the neurochemical phenotype of Ngb expressing neurons in wt mice was characterized. Loss of Ngb function had no effect on overall circadian entrainment, but resulted in a significantly larger phase delay of circadian rhythm upon light stimulation at early night. A light-induced increase in Per1, but not Fos, gene expression was observed in Ngb-deficient mice. Ngb expressing neurons which co-stored Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP) and were innervated from the eye and the geniculo-hypothalamic tract expressed FOS after light stimulation. No PER1 expression was observed in Ngb-positive neurons. The present study demonstrates for the first time that the genetic elimination of Ngb does not affect core clock function but evokes an increased behavioural response to light concomitant with increased Per1 gene expression in the SCN at early night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Hundahl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Hay-Schmidt
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Georg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Faltoft
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: .
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Karatsoreos IN, Butler MP, Lesauter J, Silver R. Androgens modulate structure and function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus brain clock. Endocrinology 2011; 152:1970-8. [PMID: 21363939 PMCID: PMC3075936 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal hormones can modulate circadian rhythms in rodents and humans, and androgen receptors are highly localized within the core region of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) brain clock. Although androgens are known to modulate neural plasticity in other CNS compartments, the role of androgens and their receptors on plasticity in the SCN is unexplored. In the present study, we ask whether androgens influence the structure and function of the mouse SCN by examining the effects of gonadectomy (GDX) on the structure of the SCN circuit and its responses to light, including induction of clock genes and behavioral phase shifting. We found that after GDX, glial fibrillary acidic protein increased with concomitant decreases in the expression of the synaptic proteins synaptophysin and postsynaptic density 95. We also found that GDX exerts effects on the molecular and behavioral responses to light that are phase dependent. In late night [circadian time (CT)21], GDX increased light-induced mPer1 but not mPer2 expression compared with intact (INT) controls. In contrast, in early night (CT13.5), GDX decreased light induced mPer2 but had no effect on mPer1. At CT13.5, GDX animals also showed larger phase delays than did INT. Treatment of GDX animals with the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone restored glial fibrillary acidic protein, postsynaptic density 95, and synaptophysin in the SCN and reinstated the INT pattern of molecular and behavioral responses to light. Together, the results reveal a role for androgens in regulating circuitry in the mouse SCN, with functional consequences for clock gene expression and behavioral responses to photic phase resetting stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia N Karatsoreos
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Hannibal J, Hsiung HM, Fahrenkrug J. Temporal phasing of locomotor activity, heart rate rhythmicity, and core body temperature is disrupted in VIP receptor 2-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R519-30. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00599.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurons of the brain's biological clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generate circadian rhythms of physiology (core body temperature, hormone secretion, locomotor activity, sleep/wake, and heart rate) with distinct temporal phasing when entrained by the light/dark (LD) cycle. The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypetide (VIP) and its receptor (VPAC2) are highly expressed in the SCN. Recent studies indicate that VIPergic signaling plays an essential role in the maintenance of ongoing circadian rhythmicity by synchronizing SCN cells and by maintaining rhythmicity within individual neurons. To further increase the understanding of the role of VPAC2 signaling in circadian regulation, we implanted telemetric devices and simultaneously measured core body temperature, spontaneous activity, and heart rate in a strain of VPAC2-deficient mice and compared these observations with observations made from mice examined by wheel-running activity. The study demonstrates that VPAC2 signaling is necessary for a functional circadian clock driving locomotor activity, core body temperature, and heart rate rhythmicity, since VPAC2-deficient mice lose the rhythms in all three parameters when placed under constant conditions (of either light or darkness). Furthermore, although 24-h rhythms for three parameters are retained in VPAC2-deficient mice during the LD cycle, the temperature rhythm displays markedly altered time course and profile, rising earlier and peaking ∼4–6 h prior to that of wild-type mice. The use of telemetric devices to measure circadian locomotor activity, temperature, and heart rate, together with the classical determination of circadian rhythms of wheel-running activity, raises questions about how representative wheel-running activity may be of other behavioral parameters, especially when animals have altered circadian phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; and
| | - Hansen M. Hsiung
- Division of Endocrine Research, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen; and
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Hatori M, Panda S. The emerging roles of melanopsin in behavioral adaptation to light. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:435-46. [PMID: 20810319 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation of behavior and physiology to changes in the ambient light level is of crucial importance to life. These adaptations include the light modulation of neuroendocrine function and temporal alignment of physiology and behavior to the day:night cycle by the circadian clock. These non-image-forming (NIF) responses can function independent of rod and cone photoreceptors but depend on ocular light reception, suggesting the participation of novel photoreceptors in the eye. The discovery of melanopsin in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and genetic proof for its important role in major NIF responses have offered an exciting entry point to comprehend how mammals adapt to the light environment. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the emerging roles of melanopsin and ipRGCs. These findings now offer new avenues to understand the role of ambient light in sleep, alertness, dependent physiologies and potential pharmacological intervention as well as lifestyle modifications to improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hatori
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Hannibal J, Hundahl C, Fahrenkrug J, Rehfeld JF, Friis-Hansen L. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: innervation, light responsiveness and entrainment in CCK-deficient mice. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1006-17. [PMID: 20731710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the principal pacemaker driving circadian rhythms of physiology and behaviour. Neurons within the SCN express both classical and neuropeptide transmitters which regulate clock functions. Cholecyctokinin (CCK) is a potent neurotransmitter expressed in neurons of the mammalian SCN, but its role in circadian timing is not known. In the present study, CCK was demonstrated in a distinct population of neurons located in the shell region of the SCN and in a few cells in the core region. The CCK neurons did not express vasopressin or vasoactive intestinal peptide. However, CCK-containing processes make synaptic contacts with both groups of neurons and some CCK cell bodies were innervated by VIPergic neurons. The CCK neurons received no direct input from the three major pathways to the SCN, and the CCK neurons were not light-responsive as evaluated by induction of cFOS, and did not express the core clock protein PER1. Accordingly, CCK-deficient mice showed normal entrainment and had similar τ, light-induced phase shift and negative masking behaviour as wild-type animals. In conclusion, CCK signalling seems not to be involved directly in light-induced resetting of the clock or in regulating core clock function. The expression of CCK in a subpopulation of neurons, which do not belonging to either the VIP or AVP cells but which have synaptic contacts to both cell types and reverse innervation of CCK neurons from VIP neurons, suggests that the CCK neurons may act in non-photic regulation within the clock and/or, via CCK projections, mediate clock information to hypothalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hannibal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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The role of PACAP in central cardiorespiratory regulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 174:65-75. [PMID: 20470908 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) plays a role in almost every biological process from reproduction to hippocampal function. One area where a role for PACAP is not clearly delineated is central cardiorespiratory regulation. PACAP and its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2) are present in cardiovascular areas of the ventral medulla and spinal cord and in the periphery. Central administration of PACAP generally increases arterial pressure. Knowledge about the role of PACAP in central cardiovascular regulation is growing, but even less is known about PACAP in central respiratory regulation. No specific data is currently available regarding the presence of PACAP or receptors in key respiratory centers, although it is known that neonatal PACAP knock-out mice die suddenly in a manner similar to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Future studies in mature preparations investigating the role of PACAP in the physiology and integration of central cardiorespiratory reflexes are clearly essential for a full understanding of this important neuropeptide in breathing.
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Kawaguchi C, Isojima Y, Shintani N, Hatanaka M, Guo X, Okumura N, Nagai K, Hashimoto H, Baba A. PACAP-deficient mice exhibit light parameter-dependent abnormalities on nonvisual photoreception and early activity onset. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9286. [PMID: 20174586 PMCID: PMC2823792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The photopigment melanopsin has been suggested to act as a dominant photoreceptor in nonvisual photoreception including resetting of the circadian clock (entrainment), direct tuning or masking of vital status (activity, sleep/wake cycles, etc.), and the pupillary light reflex (PLR). Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is exclusively coexpressed with melanopsin in a small subset of retinal ganglion cells and is predicted to be involved extensively in these responses; however, there were inconsistencies in the previous reports, and its functional role has not been well understood. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that PACAP-deficient mice exhibited severe dysfunctions of entrainment in a time-dependent manner. The abnormalities in the mutant mice were intensity-dependent in phase delay and duration-dependent in phase advance. The knockout mice also displayed blunted masking, which was dependent on lighting conditions, but not completely lost. The dysfunctions of masking in the mutant mice were recovered by infusion of PACAP-38. By contrast, these mutant mice show a normal PLR. We examined the retinal morphology and innervations in the mutant mice, and no apparent changes were observed in melanopsin-immunoreactive cells. These data suggest that the dysfunctions of entrainment and masking were caused by the loss of PACAP, not by the loss of light input itself. Moreover, PACAP-deficient mice express an unusually early onset of activities, from approximately four hours before the dark period, without influencing the phase of the endogenous circadian clock. Conclusions/Significance Although some groups including us reported the abnormalities in photic entrainments in PACAP- and PAC1-knockout mice, there were inconsistencies in their results [1], [2], [3], [4]. The time-dependent dysfunctions of photic entrainment in the PACAP-knockout mice described in this paper can integrate the incompatible data in previous reports. The recovery of impaired masking by infusion of PACAP-38 in the mutant mice is the first direct evidence of the relationship between PACAP and masking. These results indicate that PACAP regulates particular nonvisual light responses by conveying parametric light information—that is, intensity and duration. The “early-bird” phenotype in the mutant mice originally reported in this paper supposed that PACAP also has a critical role in daily behavioral patterns, especially during the light-to-dark transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Isojima
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Genomic Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Norihito Shintani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Xiaohong Guo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Okumura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nagai
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- The Osaka-Hamamatsu Joint Research Center for Child Mental Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, and Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akemichi Baba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Dragich JM, Loh DH, Wang LM, Vosko AM, Kudo T, Nakamura TJ, Odom IH, Tateyama S, Hagopian A, Waschek JA, Colwell CS. The role of the neuropeptides PACAP and VIP in the photic regulation of gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:864-75. [PMID: 20180841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that mice deficient in either vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exhibit specific deficits in the behavioral response of their circadian system to light. In this study, we investigated how the photic regulation of the molecular clock within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is altered by the loss of these closely-related peptides. During the subjective night, the magnitude of the light-induction of FOS and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-MAPK) immunoreactive cells within the SCN was significantly reduced in both VIP- and PACAP-deficient mice when compared with wild-type mice. The photic induction of the clock gene Period1 (Per1) in the SCN was reduced in the VIP- but not in the PACAP-deficient mice. Baselines levels of FOS, p-MAPK or Per1 in the night were not altered by the loss of these peptides. In contrast, during the subjective day, light exposure increased the levels of FOS, p-MAPK and Per1 in the SCN of VIP-deficient mice, but not in the other genotypes. During this phase, baseline levels of these markers were reduced in the VIP-deficient mice compared with untreated controls. Finally, the loss of either neuropeptide reduced the magnitude of the light-evoked increase in Per1 levels in the adrenals in the subjective night without any change in baseline levels. In summary, our results indicate that both VIP and PACAP regulate the responsiveness of cells within the SCN to the effects of light. Furthermore, VIP, but not PACAP, is required for the appropriate temporal gating of light-induced gene expression within the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Dragich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California - Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024 1759, USA
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Morioka N, Sugimoto T, Tokuhara M, Dohi T, Nakata Y. Noradrenaline Induces Clock Gene Per1 mRNA Expression in C6 Glioma Cells Through β2-Adrenergic Receptor Coupled With Protein Kinase A – cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (PKA–CREB) and Src-Tyrosine Kinase – Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (Src–GSK-3β). J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 113:234-45. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10031fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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GABAergic amacrine cells and visual function are reduced in PAC1 transgenic mice. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:215-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Falktoft B, Georg B, Fahrenkrug J. Signaling pathways in PACAP regulation of VIP gene expression in human neuroblastoma cells. Neuropeptides 2009; 43:387-96. [PMID: 19712974 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ganglia expressing the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) innervate vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) containing neurons suggesting a role of PACAP in regulating VIP expression. Human NB-1 neuroblastoma cells were applied to study PACAP regulated VIP gene expression aiming to identify the receptor and the signaling proteins involved. The PACAP receptor subtype PAC1 induced VIP gene expression as (i) PACAP and the PAC1 receptor agonist maxadilan were equally efficient and approximately 200-fold more potent than VIP, and (ii) PACAP6-38 and PG99-465, antagonists of PAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, respectively, abolished and did not affect the PACAP-induced VIP mRNA expression, respectively. A pivotal role of PKA was implicated in addition to partial involvement of PKC and ERK1/2 in PACAP-induced VIP gene expression as H-89, Bisindolylmaleimide I (BIS), Gö6976 and U0126 attenuated the VIP mRNA expression by 93%, 58%, 58% and 40%, respectively. PACAP modulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and CREB/ATF-1 (pCREB/ATF-1) concomitant with a translocation of PKA to the nucleus. Inhibition of conventional PKC isoforms and MEK1/2 completely abolished pERK1/2 without affecting PACAP induced pCREB/ATF-1. In contrast, inhibiting PKA attenuated PACAP induced pCREB/ATF-1. PACAP also enhanced the FOS gene expression and individual presence of H-89, BIS, Gö6976 and U0126 partially attenuated the PACAP induced FOS mRNA expression. Combining the kinase inhibitors completely suppressed the PACAP induced FOS mRNA expression. Immunoblotting confirmed expression of FOS protein upon addition of PACAP, which was diminished by impairment of PKC, ERK1/2 and PKA activities. The resemblance of the signaling pathways involving concomitant activities of PKC, ERK1/2 and PKA in PACAP regulation of the FOS and VIP gene expressions suggest for the first time a role of FOS in PACAP-induced VIP gene expression in human NB-1 neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Falktoft
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Functional neuroanatomy of sleep and circadian rhythms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 61:281-306. [PMID: 19695288 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The daily sleep-wake cycle is perhaps the most dramatic overt manifestation of the circadian timing system, and this is especially true for the monophasic sleep-wake cycle of humans. Considerable recent progress has been made in elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sleep and arousal, and more generally, of circadian rhythmicity in behavioral and physiological systems. This paper broadly reviews these mechanisms from a functional neuroanatomical and neurochemical perspective, highlighting both historical and recent advances. In particular, I focus on the neural pathways underlying reciprocal interactions between the sleep-regulatory and circadian timing systems, and the functional implications of these interactions. While these two regulatory systems have often been considered in isolation, sleep-wake and circadian regulation are closely intertwined processes controlled by extensively integrated neurobiological mechanisms.
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Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was originally isolated from ovine hypothalamus based on its ability to stimulate cAMP production in pituitary cell cultures. The peptide exists in two forms, both of which are derived from the same precursor. PACAP38 and the C-terminal truncated PACAP27 can interact with three subtypes of receptors activating adenylate cyclase and/or phospholipase C. Since its discovery, numerous studies have provided evidence that PACAP is a pleiotropic substance having a broad spectrum of biological functions; the peptide can act as a hormone, neurohormone, autocrine/paracrine substance, neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, neurotrophic factor, and immunomodulator. Two examples of the functional role of PACAP on the biological timing system are presented: 1) the transient expression of PACAP during the periovulatory period in ovarian cells, in which PACAP functions as an autocrine/paracrine inducer of progesterone secretion and subsequent luteinization; and 2) the role of PACAP as a neurotransmitter in the retinohypothalamic tract mediating photic regulation of the brain's biological clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.
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