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Huang JS, Kunkhyen T, Rangel AN, Brechbill TR, Gregory JD, Winson-Bushby ED, Liu B, Avon JT, Muggleton RJ, Cheetham CEJ. Immature olfactory sensory neurons provide behaviourally relevant sensory input to the olfactory bulb. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6194. [PMID: 36261441 PMCID: PMC9582225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal neurogenesis provides an opportunity to understand how newborn neurons integrate into circuits to restore function. Newborn olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) wire into highly organized olfactory bulb (OB) circuits throughout life, enabling lifelong plasticity and regeneration. Immature OSNs form functional synapses capable of evoking firing in OB projection neurons but what contribution, if any, they make to odor processing is unknown. Here, we show that immature OSNs provide odor input to the mouse OB, where they form monosynaptic connections with excitatory neurons. Importantly, immature OSNs respond as selectively to odorants as mature OSNs and exhibit graded responses across a wider range of odorant concentrations than mature OSNs, suggesting that immature and mature OSNs provide distinct odor input streams. Furthermore, mice can successfully perform odor detection and discrimination tasks using sensory input from immature OSNs alone. Together, our findings suggest that immature OSNs play a previously unappreciated role in olfactory-guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Tenzin Kunkhyen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Alexander N Rangel
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Taryn R Brechbill
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Jordan D Gregory
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Emily D Winson-Bushby
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Beichen Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan T Avon
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Ryan J Muggleton
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Claire E J Cheetham
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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2
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Ostrom KF, LaVigne JE, Brust TF, Seifert R, Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS. Physiological roles of mammalian transmembrane adenylyl cyclase isoforms. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:815-857. [PMID: 34698552 PMCID: PMC8759965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1-9, that serve as major effector enzymes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The transmembrane ACs display varying expression patterns across tissues, giving the potential for them to have a wide array of physiological roles. Cells express multiple AC isoforms, implying that ACs have redundant functions. Furthermore, all transmembrane ACs are activated by Gαs, so it was long assumed that all ACs are activated by Gαs-coupled GPCRs. AC isoforms partition to different microdomains of the plasma membrane and form prearranged signaling complexes with specific GPCRs that contribute to cAMP signaling compartments. This compartmentation allows for a diversity of cellular and physiological responses by enabling unique signaling events to be triggered by different pools of cAMP. Isoform-specific pharmacological activators or inhibitors are lacking for most ACs, making knockdown and overexpression the primary tools for examining the physiological roles of a given isoform. Much progress has been made in understanding the physiological effects mediated through individual transmembrane ACs. GPCR-AC-cAMP signaling pathways play significant roles in regulating functions of every cell and tissue, so understanding each AC isoform's role holds potential for uncovering new approaches for treating a vast array of pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin E LaVigne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California
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3
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Caprini D, Schwartz S, Lanza E, Milanetti E, Lucente V, Ferrarese G, Chiodo L, Nicoletti M, Folli V. A Shearless Microfluidic Device Detects a Role in Mechanosensitivity for AWC ON Neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100927. [PMID: 34423577 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AWC olfactory neurons are fundamental for chemotaxis toward volatile attractants in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, it is shown that AWCON responds not only to chemicals but also to mechanical stimuli caused by fluid flow changes in a microfluidic device. The dynamics of calcium events are correlated with the stimulus amplitude. It is further shown that the mechanosensitivity of AWCON neurons has an intrinsic nature rather than a synaptic origin, and the calcium transient response is mediated by TAX-4 cGMP-gated cation channel, suggesting the involvement of one or more "odorant" receptors in AWCON mechano-transduction. In many cases, the responses show plateau properties resembling bistable calcium dynamics where neurons can switch from one stable state to the other. To investigate the unprecedentedly observed mechanosensitivity of AWCON neurons, a novel microfluidic device is designed to minimize the fluid shear flow in the arena hosting the nematodes. Animals in this device show reduced neuronal activation of AWCON neurons. The results observed indicate that the tangential component of the mechanical stress is the main contributor to the mechanosensitivity of AWCON . Furthermore, the microfluidic platform, integrating shearless perfusion and calcium imaging, provides a novel and more controlled solution for in vivo analysis both in micro-organisms and cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Caprini
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Silvia Schwartz
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Enrico Lanza
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy.,Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucente
- CREST OPTICS S.p.A., Via di Torre Rossa 66, Rome, 00165, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrarese
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy.,Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Letizia Chiodo
- Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Martina Nicoletti
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy.,Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Viola Folli
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
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4
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Widespread Inhibition, Antagonism, and Synergy in Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons In Vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107814. [PMID: 32610120 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory information is selectively or non-selectively enhanced and inhibited in the brain, but it remains unclear whether and how this occurs at the most peripheral level. Using in vivo calcium imaging of mouse olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium in wild-type and mutant animals, we show that odors produce not only excitatory but also inhibitory responses in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Heterologous assays indicate that odorants can act as agonists to some but inverse agonists to other odorant receptors. We also demonstrate that responses to odor mixtures are extensively suppressed or enhanced in OSNs. When high concentrations of odors are mixed, widespread antagonism suppresses the overall response amplitudes and density. In contrast, a mixture of low concentrations of odors often produces synergistic effects and boosts the faint odor inputs. Thus, odor responses are extensively tuned by inhibition, antagonism, and synergy at the most peripheral level, contributing to robust sensory representations.
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5
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Boccaccio A, Menini A, Pifferi S. The cyclic AMP signaling pathway in the rodent main olfactory system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:429-443. [PMID: 33447881 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Odor perception begins with the detection of odorant molecules by the main olfactory epithelium located in the nasal cavity. Odorant molecules bind to and activate a large family of G-protein-coupled odorant receptors and trigger a cAMP-mediated transduction cascade that converts the chemical stimulus into an electrical signal transmitted to the brain. Morever, odorant receptors and cAMP signaling plays a relevant role in olfactory sensory neuron development and axonal targeting to the olfactory bulb. This review will first explore the physiological response of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants and then analyze the different components of cAMP signaling and their different roles in odorant detection and olfactory sensory neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Boccaccio
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Genova, Italy.
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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6
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Nakashima N, Nakashima K, Nakashima A, Takano M. Olfactory marker protein interacts with adenosine nucleotide derivatives. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100887. [PMID: 33490644 PMCID: PMC7806522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is a genetic signature for mature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Recently, it has been proposed that OMP directly captures odour-induced cAMP to swiftly terminate the olfactory signal transduction to maintain neuronal sensitivity. In the present study, we show that OMP can also interact with other adenosine nucleotides as ATP, ADP and AMP with different affinities. We performed bioluminescent resonant energy transfer (BRET) assay to measure the binding actions of the adenosine nucleotide derivatives in competition to cAMP. Amongst all, ATP showed the bell-shape affinity to OMP in the presence of cAMP; ADP and AMP showed fewer affinities to OMP than ATP. In the absence of cAMP analogues, ATP alone bound to OMP in a dose dependent manner with a lower affinity than to cAMP. Thus, OMP possessed different affinities to ATP in the presence or absence of cAMP. OMP may interact differentially with ATP and cAMP depending on its supply and demand along the cAMP-associated signalling in the limited spaces of cilia of ORNs. Olfactory marker protein (OMP) contains cAMP-binding sites. The affinity of OMP towards adenosine nucleotide derivatives was studied. OMP showed sigmoid-shaped affinity towards ATP. OMP showed U-shaped affinity towards ATP in competition with cAMP. OMP dose-dependently and differentially captured ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Nakashima
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kie Nakashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Hon-machi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakashima
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Takano
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
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7
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Nakashima A, Nakagawa T, Takano M, Nakashima N. Olfactory marker protein contributes to the evaluation of odour values by olfactory glomerular processing. Neurosci Lett 2020; 739:135445. [PMID: 33148443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction starts from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that express olfactory marker protein (OMP). OMP deficit results in various behavioural phenotypes indicating olfactory dysfunction due to the impaired responses of ORNs. Recently, OMP was demonstrated to maintain strong olfaction by buffering olfactory cAMP signalling. However, the impact of OMP on olfaction behaviours, the assessment of which requires time to evaluate odour values, remains largely unexplained. Here, we examined the behaviour of heterozygous OMP+/GFP (HET) mice vs. homologous GFP-knock-in OMP-deficient OMP GFP/ GFP (KI) mice during the olfactory investigation of odours with different values. When a swab containing an organic odour was presented, both HET and KI mice swiftly approached and investigated the swab with gradual habituation over test sessions. However, when another similar odour was presented, KI mice investigated the new swab much less intensively than HET mice. Next, mice were placed in a chamber with an aversive odour source in one corner of a test chamber. KI mice more frequently approached the compartment containing the aversive odour source than HET mice. Finally, we trained mice to associate two odours with solutions by utilizing reward-penalty values. HET mice stayed close to the reward-associated odour, while KI mice initially approached the reward-associated odour, occasionally turned towards the penalty-associated odour source and eventually stayed in the reward-odour compartment. Histologically, c-Fos-expressing juxtaglomerular cells were fewer and more broadly distributed around glomeruli in KI mice than HET mice. In conclusion, OMP contributes to the evaluation of odour values by glomerular processing during an olfactory investigation task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakashima
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Taku Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan; Department of Anaesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Takano
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakashima
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan.
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8
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Acid-Sensing Ion Channels Contribute to Type III Adenylyl Cyclase-Independent Acid Sensing of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3042-3056. [PMID: 32458389 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Acids can disturb the ecosystem of wild animals through altering their olfaction and olfaction-related survival behaviors. It is known that the main olfactory epithelia (MOE) of mammals rely on odorant receptors and type III adenylyl cyclase (AC3) to detect general odorants. However, it is unknown how the olfactory system sense protons or acidic odorants. Here, we show that while the MOE of AC3 knockout (KO) mice failed to respond to an odor mix in electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings, it retained a small fraction of acid-evoked EOG responses. The acetic acid-induced EOG responses in wild-type (WT) MOE can be dissected into two components: the big component dependent on the AC3-mediated cAMP pathway and the much smaller component not. The small acid-evoked EOG response of the AC3 KOs was blocked by diminazene, an inhibitor of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), but not by forskolin/IBMX that desensitize the cAMP pathway. AC3 KO mice lost their sensitivity to detect pungent odorants but maintained sniffing behavior to acetic acid. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that ASIC1 proteins were highly expressed in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), mostly enriched in the knobs, dendrites, and somata, but not in olfactory cilia. Real-time polymerase chain reaction further detected the mRNA expression of ASIC1a, ASIC2b, and ASIC3 in the MOE. Additionally, mice exhibited reduced preference to attractive objects when placed in an environment with acidic volatiles. Together, we conclude that the mouse olfactory system has a non-conventional, likely ASIC-mediated ionotropic mechanism for acid sensing.
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9
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Nakashima N, Nakashima K, Taura A, Takaku-Nakashima A, Ohmori H, Takano M. Olfactory marker protein directly buffers cAMP to avoid depolarization-induced silencing of olfactory receptor neurons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2188. [PMID: 32366818 PMCID: PMC7198493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) use odour-induced intracellular cAMP surge to gate cyclic nucleotide-gated nonselective cation (CNG) channels in cilia. Prolonged exposure to cAMP causes calmodulin-dependent feedback-adaptation of CNG channels and attenuates neural responses. On the other hand, the odour-source searching behaviour requires ORNs to be sensitive to odours when approaching targets. How ORNs accommodate these conflicting aspects of cAMP responses remains unknown. Here, we discover that olfactory marker protein (OMP) is a major cAMP buffer that maintains the sensitivity of ORNs. Upon the application of sensory stimuli, OMP directly captured and swiftly reduced freely available cAMP, which transiently uncoupled downstream CNG channel activity and prevented persistent depolarization. Under repetitive stimulation, OMP-/- ORNs were immediately silenced after burst firing due to sustained depolarization and inactivated firing machinery. Consequently, OMP-/- mice showed serious impairment in odour-source searching tasks. Therefore, cAMP buffering by OMP maintains the resilient firing of ORNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Nakashima
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan. .,Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kie Nakashima
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Hon-machi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Taura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaracho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Medical Engineering, Faculty of Health Science, Aino University, 4-5-4 Higashioda, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0012, Japan
| | - Akiko Takaku-Nakashima
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan.,Post Graduate Training Program, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Harunori Ohmori
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Makoto Takano
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
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10
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Sterpka A, Yang J, Strobel M, Zhou Y, Pauplis C, Chen X. Diverged morphology changes of astrocytic and neuronal primary cilia under reactive insults. Mol Brain 2020; 13:28. [PMID: 32122360 PMCID: PMC7053156 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are centriole-derived sensory organelles that are present in most mammalian cells, including astrocytes and neurons. Evidence is emerging that astrocyte and neuronal primary cilia demonstrate a dichotomy in the mature mouse brain. However, it is unknown how astrocytic and neuronal primary cilia change their morphology and ciliary proteins when exposed to reactive insults including epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. We used a double transgenic mouse strain (Arl13b-mCherry; Centrin2-GFP), in which we found spontaneous seizures, and a cortical injury model to examine the morphological changes of astrocytic and neuronal primary cilia under reactive conditions. Transgenic overexpression of Arl13b drastically increases the length of astrocytic and neuronal primary cilia in the hippocampus, as well as the cilia lengths of cultured astrocytes and neurons. Spontaneous seizures shorten Arl13b-positive astrocytic cilia and AC3-positive neuronal cilia in the hippocampus. In a cortical injury model, Arl13b is not detectable in primary cilia, but Arl13b protein relocates to the cell body and has robust expression in the proximity of injured tissues. In contrast, the number of AC3-positive cilia near injured tissues remains unchanged, but their lengths become shorter. These results on astrocytic cilia implicate Arl13b in regulating astrocyte proliferation and tissue regeneration, while the shortening of AC3-positive cilia suggests adaptive changes of neuronal primary cilia under excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sterpka
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Matthew Strobel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Connor Pauplis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 389 Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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11
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Zhou Y, Qiu L, Sterpka A, Wang H, Chu F, Chen X. Comparative Phosphoproteomic Profiling of Type III Adenylyl Cyclase Knockout and Control, Male, and Female Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:34. [PMID: 30814930 PMCID: PMC6381875 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III adenylyl cyclase (AC3, ADCY3) is predominantly enriched in neuronal primary cilia throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Genome-wide association studies in humans have associated ADCY3 with major depressive disorder and autistic spectrum disorder, both of which exhibit sexual dimorphism. To date, it is unclear how AC3 affects protein phosphorylation and signal networks in central neurons, and what causes the sexual dimorphism of autism. We employed a mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomic approach to quantitatively profile differences in phosphorylation between inducible AC3 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT), male and female mice. In total, we identified 4,655 phosphopeptides from 1,756 proteins, among which 565 phosphopeptides from 322 proteins were repetitively detected in all samples. Over 46% phosphopeptides were identified in at least three out of eight biological replicas. Comparison of AC3 KO and WT datasets revealed that phosphopeptides with motifs matching proline-directed kinases' recognition sites had a lower abundance in the KO dataset than in WTs. We detected 14 phosphopeptides restricted to WT dataset (i.e., Rabl6, Spast and Ppp1r14a) and 35 exclusively in KOs (i.e., Sptan1, Arhgap20, Arhgap44, and Pde1b). Moreover, 95 phosphopeptides (out of 90 proteins) were identified only in female dataset and 26 only in males. Label-free MS spectrum quantification using Skyline further identified phosphopeptides that had higher abundance in each sample group. In total, 204 proteins had sex-biased phosphorylation and 167 of them had increased expression in females relative to males. Interestingly, among the 204 gender-biased phosphoproteins, 31% were found to be associated with autism, including Dlg1, Dlgap2, Syn1, Syngap1, Ctnna1, Ctnnd1, Ctnnd2, Pkp4, and Arvcf. Therefore, this study also provides the first phosphoproteomics evidence suggesting that gender-biased post-translational phosphorylation may be implicated in the sexual dimorphism of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Liyan Qiu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Ashley Sterpka
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Feixia Chu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
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12
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Sterpka A, Chen X. Neuronal and astrocytic primary cilia in the mature brain. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:114-121. [PMID: 30291873 PMCID: PMC6410375 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are tiny microtubule-based signaling devices that regulate a variety of physiological functions, including metabolism and cell division. Defects in primary cilia lead to a myriad of diseases in humans such as obesity and cancers. In the mature brain, both neurons and astrocytes contain a single primary cilium. Although neuronal primary cilia are not directly involved in synaptic communication, their pathophysiological impacts on obesity and mental disorders are well recognized. In contrast, research on astrocytic primary cilia lags far behind. Currently, little is known about their functions and molecular pathways in the mature brain. Unlike neurons, postnatal astrocytes retain the capacity of cell division and can become reactive and proliferate in response to various brain insults such as epilepsy, ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative β-amyloid plaques. Since primary cilia derive from the mother centrioles, astrocyte proliferation must occur in coordination with the dismantling and ciliogenesis of astrocyte cilia. In this regard, the functions, signal pathways, and structural dynamics of neuronal and astrocytic primary cilia are fundamentally different. Here we discuss and compare the current understanding of neuronal and astrocytic primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sterpka
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, United States
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, United States.
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Ben Khemis I, Mechi N, Ben Lamine A. Stereochemical study of mouse muscone receptor MOR215-1 and vibrational theory based on statistical physics formalism. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 136:54-60. [PMID: 29438653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the biosensor system, olfactory receptor sites could be activated by odorant molecules and then the biological interactions are converted into electrical signals by a signal transduction cascade that leads the toopening of ion channels, generating a current that leads into the cilia and depolarizes the membrane. The aim of this paper is to present a new investigation that allows determining the olfactory band using a monolayer adsorption with identical sites modeling which may also describe the static and the dynamic sensitivities through the expression of the olfactory response. Moreover, knowing the size of receptor site in olfactory sensory neurons provides valuable information about the relationship between molecular structure and biological activity. The determination of microreceptors and mesoreceptors is mostly carried out via physical adsorption and the radius is calculated using the Kelvin equation. The mean values of radius obtained from the maximum of the receptor size distributions peaks are 4 nm for ℓ-muscone and 6 nm for d-muscone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismahene Ben Khemis
- Laboratory of Quantum Physics UR 11 ES 54, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Environnement Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Nesrine Mechi
- Laboratory of Quantum Physics UR 11 ES 54, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Environnement Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdelmottaleb Ben Lamine
- Laboratory of Quantum Physics UR 11 ES 54, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Environnement Street, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
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14
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Iwata R, Kiyonari H, Imai T. Mechanosensory-Based Phase Coding of Odor Identity in the Olfactory Bulb. Neuron 2017; 96:1139-1152.e7. [PMID: 29216451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitral and tufted (M/T) cells in the olfactory bulb produce rich temporal patterns of activity in response to different odors. However, it remains unknown how these temporal patterns are generated and how they are utilized in olfaction. Here we show that temporal patterning effectively discriminates between the two sensory modalities detected by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs): odor and airflow-driven mechanical signals. Sniff-induced mechanosensation generates glomerulus-specific oscillatory activity in M/T cells, whose phase was invariant across airflow speed. In contrast, odor stimulation caused phase shifts (phase coding). We also found that odor-evoked phase shifts are concentration invariant and stable across multiple sniff cycles, contrary to the labile nature of rate coding. The loss of oscillatory mechanosensation impaired the precision and stability of phase coding, demonstrating its role in olfaction. We propose that phase, not rate, coding is a robust encoding strategy of odor identity and is ensured by airflow-induced mechanosensation in OSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Iwata
- Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imai
- Laboratory for Sensory Circuit Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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15
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Francois A, Bombail V, Jarriault D, Acquistapace A, Grebert D, Grosmaitre X, Meunier N. Daily oscillation of odorant detection in rat olfactory epithelium. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1613-1622. [PMID: 28452078 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most of biological variables follow a daily rhythm. It holds true as well for sensory capacities as two decades of research have demonstrated that the odorant induced activity in the olfactory bulbs oscillates during the day. Olfactory bulbs are the first central nervous system structures, which receive inputs from the olfactory neurons located in the nose olfactory epithelium in vertebrates. So far, data on variation in odorant detection in the olfactory epithelium throughout the day are missing. Using electroolfactogram recordings in rats housed under daily light and dark cycles, we found that the olfactory epithelium responsiveness varies during the day with a maximum in the beginning of the light phase. This fluctuation was consistent with cycling of transduction pathway gene expression in the olfactory epithelium examined by qPCR. It was also consistent with the levels of two transduction pathway proteins (olfactory-type G protein and adenylyl cyclase III) examined by western blot. Daily variations were also observed at the level of olfactory sensory neurons responses recorded by patch-clamp. To rule out a potential effect of the feeding status of the animal, we examined the variation in odorant response in starved animals during the day. We observed a similar pattern to ad libidum fed animals. Taken together, our results reveal that the olfactory epithelium sensitivity varies during the day in part due to modulation of the very first step of odorant detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Francois
- INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,NBO, UVSQ, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Bombail
- INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David Jarriault
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Denise Grebert
- INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Xavier Grosmaitre
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,NBO, UVSQ, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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16
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Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS, Conti M, Dove S, Seifert R. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CI. Structures and Small Molecule Modulators of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:93-139. [PMID: 28255005 PMCID: PMC5394921 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Mammalian cells express nine transmembrane AC (mAC) isoforms (AC1-9) and a soluble AC (sAC, also referred to as AC10). This review will largely focus on mACs. mACs are activated by the G-protein Gαs and regulated by multiple mechanisms. mACs are differentially expressed in tissues and regulate numerous and diverse cell functions. mACs localize in distinct membrane compartments and form signaling complexes. sAC is activated by bicarbonate with physiologic roles first described in testis. Crystal structures of the catalytic core of a hybrid mAC and sAC are available. These structures provide detailed insights into the catalytic mechanism and constitute the basis for the development of isoform-selective activators and inhibitors. Although potent competitive and noncompetitive mAC inhibitors are available, it is challenging to obtain compounds with high isoform selectivity due to the conservation of the catalytic core. Accordingly, caution must be exerted with the interpretation of intact-cell studies. The development of isoform-selective activators, the plant diterpene forskolin being the starting compound, has been equally challenging. There is no known endogenous ligand for the forskolin binding site. Recently, development of selective sAC inhibitors was reported. An emerging field is the association of AC gene polymorphisms with human diseases. For example, mutations in the AC5 gene (ADCY5) cause hyperkinetic extrapyramidal motor disorders. Overall, in contrast to the guanylyl cyclase field, our understanding of the (patho)physiology of AC isoforms and the development of clinically useful drugs targeting ACs is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Marco Conti
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Stefan Dove
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Roland Seifert
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
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Adenylate Cyclase Type III Is Not a Ubiquitous Marker for All Primary Cilia during Development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170756. [PMID: 28122017 PMCID: PMC5266283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase type III (AC3) is localized in plasma membrane of neuronal primary cilium and can be used as a marker of this cilium. AC3 has also been detected in some other primary cilia such as those of fibroblasts, synoviocytes or astrocytes. Despite the presence of a cilium in almost all cell types, we show that AC3 is not a common marker of all primary cilia of different human and mouse tissues during development. In peripheral organs, AC3 is present mainly in primary cilia in cells of the mesenchymal lineage (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts-osteocytes, odontoblasts, muscle cells and endothelial cells). In epithelia, the apical cilium of renal and pancreatic tubules and of ductal plate in liver is AC3-negative whereas the cilium of basal cells of stratified epithelia is AC3-positive. Using fibroblasts cell culture, we show that AC3 appears at the plasma membrane of the primary cilium as soon as this organelle develops. The functional significance of AC3 localization at the cilium membrane in some cells but not others has to be investigated in relationship with cell physiology and expression at the cilium plasma membrane of specific upstream receptors.
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18
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Ablation of Type III Adenylyl Cyclase in Mice Causes Reduced Neuronal Activity, Altered Sleep Pattern, and Depression-like Phenotypes. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:836-848. [PMID: 26868444 PMCID: PMC5972377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although major depressive disorder (MDD) has low heritability, a genome-wide association study in humans has recently implicated type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3; ADCY3) in MDD. Moreover, the expression level of AC3 in blood has been considered as a MDD biomarker in humans. Nevertheless, there is a lack of supporting evidence from animal studies. METHODS We employed multiple approaches to experimentally evaluate if AC3 is a contributing factor for major depression using mouse models lacking the Adcy3 gene. RESULTS We found that conventional AC3 knockout (KO) mice exhibited phenotypes associated with MDD in behavioral assays. Electroencephalography/electromyography recordings indicated that AC3 KO mice have altered sleep patterns characterized by increased percentage of rapid eye movement sleep. AC3 KO mice also exhibit neuronal atrophy. Furthermore, synaptic activity at cornu ammonis 3-cornu ammonis 1 synapses was significantly lower in AC3 KO mice, and they also exhibited attenuated long-term potentiation as well as deficits in spatial navigation. To confirm that these defects are not secondary responses to anosmia or developmental defects, we generated a conditional AC3 floxed mouse strain. This enabled us to inactivate AC3 function selectively in the forebrain and to inducibly ablate it in adult mice. Both AC3 forebrain-specific and AC3 inducible knockout mice exhibited prodepression phenotypes without anosmia. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that loss of AC3 in mice leads to decreased neuronal activity, altered sleep pattern, and depression-like behaviors, providing strong evidence supporting AC3 as a contributing factor for MDD.
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Qiu L, LeBel RP, Storm DR, Chen X. Type 3 adenylyl cyclase: a key enzyme mediating the cAMP signaling in neuronal cilia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 8:95-108. [PMID: 27785336 PMCID: PMC5078481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are rigid, centriole-derived, microtubule-based organelles present in a majority of vertebrate cells including neurons. They are considered the cellular "antennae" attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical forces. The ciliary microenvironment is distinct from most actin-based subcellular structures such as microvilli or synapses. In the nervous system, there is no evidence that neuronal cilia process any synaptic structure. Apparently, the structural features of neuronal cilia do not allow them to harbor any synaptic connections. Nevertheless, a large number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including odorant receptors, rhodopsin, Smoothened, and type 6 serotonin receptor are found in cilia, suggesting that these tiny processes largely depend on metabotropic receptors and their tuned signals to impact neuronal functions. The type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3), widely known as a cilia marker, is highly and predominantly expressed in olfactory sensory cilia and primary cilia throughout the brain. We discovered that ablation of AC3 in mice leads to pleiotropic phenotypes including anosmia, failure to detect mechanical stimulation of airflow, cognitive deficit, obesity, and depression-like behaviors. Multiple lines of human genetic evidence also demonstrate that AC3 is associated with obesity, major depressive disorder (MDD), sarcoidosis, and infertility, underscoring its functional importance. Here we review recent progress on AC3, a key enzyme mediating the cAMP signaling in neuronal cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Qiu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science and Agriculture, University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Robert P LeBel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science and Agriculture, University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Daniel R Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, 98195-7750, USA
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science and Agriculture, University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824, USA
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20
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Genetic Ablation of Type III Adenylyl Cyclase Exerts Region-Specific Effects on Cilia Architecture in the Mouse Nose. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150638. [PMID: 26942602 PMCID: PMC4778765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that olfactory sensory neurons in the dorsal zone of the mouse olfactory epithelium exhibit drastic location-dependent differences in cilia length. Furthermore, genetic ablation of type III adenylyl cyclase (ACIII), a key olfactory signaling protein and ubiquitous marker for primary cilia, disrupts the cilia length pattern and results in considerably shorter cilia, independent of odor-induced activity. Given the significant impact of ACIII on cilia length in the dorsal zone, we sought to further investigate the relationship between cilia length and ACIII level in various regions throughout the mouse olfactory epithelium. We employed whole-mount immunohistochemical staining to examine olfactory cilia morphology in phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1C-/-;PDE4A-/- (simplified as PDEs-/- hereafter) and ACIII-/- mice in which ACIII levels are reduced and ablated, respectively. As expected, PDEs-/- animals exhibit dramatically shorter cilia in the dorsal zone (i.e., where the cilia pattern is found), similar to our previous observation in ACIII-/- mice. Remarkably, in a region not included in our previous study, ACIII-/- animals (but not PDEs-/- mice) have dramatically elongated, comet-shaped cilia, as opposed to characteristic star-shaped olfactory cilia. Here, we reveal that genetic ablation of ACIII has drastic, location-dependent effects on cilia architecture in the mouse nose. These results add a new dimension to our current understanding of olfactory cilia structure and regional organization of the olfactory epithelium. Together, these findings have significant implications for both cilia and sensory biology.
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22
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Makin L, Gluenz E. cAMP signalling in trypanosomatids: role in pathogenesis and as a drug target. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:373-9. [PMID: 26004537 PMCID: PMC4534343 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei adenylate cyclases are implicated in modulation of host immune response and social motility. First effectors downstream of cAMP signalling were identified in Trypanosoma cruzi and T. brucei. Crystal structures reveal a unique pocket in trypanosomatid phosphodiesterases. Trypanosomatid phosphodiesterase inhibitors are promising drug candidates.
Despite recent research linking cAMP signalling to virulence in trypanosomatids and detailed studies of trypanosomatid adenylyl cyclases (ACs) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) since their discoveries 40 years ago, downstream components of the pathway and their biological functions have remained remarkably elusive. However, in recent years, significant discoveries have been made: a role for parasite ACs has been proposed in cytokinesis, evasion of the host immune response, and social motility. cAMP phosphodiesterases PDEB1 and PDEB2 were found to be essential for survival and virulence of Trypanosoma brucei and, in Trypanosoma cruzi, PDEC2 was shown to be required for normal osmoregulation. As we discuss here, these breakthroughs have led to an ongoing surge in the development of PDE inhibitors as lead compounds for trypanocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Makin
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Eva Gluenz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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23
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Luo J, Chen X, Pan YW, Lu S, Xia Z, Storm DR. The type 3 adenylyl cyclase is required for the survival and maturation of newly generated granule cells in the olfactory bulb. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122057. [PMID: 25807252 PMCID: PMC4373939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3) is localized to olfactory cilia in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and primary cilia in the adult mouse brain. Although AC3 has been strongly implicated in odor perception and olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) targeting, its role in granule cells (GCs), the most abundant interneurons in the main olfactory bulb (MOB), remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the deletion of AC3 leads to a significant reduction in the size of the MOB as well as the level of adult neurogenesis. The cell proliferation and cell cycle in the subventricular zone (SVZ), however, are not suppressed in AC3-/- mice. Furthermore, AC3 deletion elevates the apoptosis of GCs and disrupts the maturation of newly formed GCs. Collectively, our results identify a fundamental role for AC3 in the development of adult-born GCs in the MOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yung-Wei Pan
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Song Lu
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Toxicology Program in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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G protein-coupled odorant receptors underlie mechanosensitivity in mammalian olfactory sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:590-5. [PMID: 25550517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418515112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive cells are essential for organisms to sense the external and internal environments, and a variety of molecules have been implicated as mechanical sensors. Here we report that odorant receptors (ORs), a large family of G protein-coupled receptors, underlie the responses to both chemical and mechanical stimuli in mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Genetic ablation of key signaling proteins in odor transduction or disruption of OR-G protein coupling eliminates mechanical responses. Curiously, OSNs expressing different OR types display significantly different responses to mechanical stimuli. Genetic swap of putatively mechanosensitive ORs abolishes or reduces mechanical responses of OSNs. Furthermore, ectopic expression of an OR restores mechanosensitivity in loss-of-function OSNs. Lastly, heterologous expression of an OR confers mechanosensitivity to its host cells. These results indicate that certain ORs are both necessary and sufficient to cause mechanical responses, revealing a previously unidentified mechanism for mechanotransduction.
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Login H, Butowt R, Bohm S. Activity-dependent and graded BACE1 expression in the olfactory epithelium is mediated by the retinoic acid metabolizing enzyme CYP26B1. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2143-57. [PMID: 24797530 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that environmental influences play a key role in sculpting neuronal connectivity in the brain. One example is the olfactory sensory map of topographic axonal connectivity. While intrinsic odorant receptor signaling in olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) determines anterior-posterior counter gradients of the axonal guidance receptors Neuropilin-1 and Plexin-A1, little is known about stimulus-dependent gradients of protein expression, which correlates with the functional organization of the olfactory sensory map along its dorsomedial (DM)-ventrolateral (VL) axis. Deficiency of the Alzheimer's β-secretase BACE1, which is expressed in a DM(low)-VL(high) gradient, results in OSN axon targeting errors in a DM > VL and gene dose-dependent manner. We show that expression of BACE1 and the all-trans retinoic acid (RA)-degrading enzyme Cyp26B1 form DM-VL counter gradients in the olfactory epithelium. Analyses of mRNA and protein levels in OSNs after naris occlusion, in mice deficient in the olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel and in relation to onset of respiration, show that BACE1 and Cyp26B1 expression in OSNs inversely depend on neuronal activity. Overexpression of a Cyp26B1 or presence of a dominant negative RA receptor transgene selectively in OSNs, inhibit BACE1 expression while leaving the DM(low)-VL(high) gradient of the axonal guidance protein Neuropilin-2 intact. We conclude that stimulus-dependent neuronal activity can control the expression of the RA catabolic enzyme Cyp26B1 and downstream genes such as BACE1. This result is pertinent to an understanding of the mechanisms by which a topographic pattern of connectivity is achieved and modified as a consequence of graded gene expression and sensory experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Login
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Chen X, Xia Z, Storm DR. Electroolfactogram (EOG) Recording in the Mouse Main Olfactory Epithelium. Bio Protoc 2013; 3:e789. [PMID: 27430002 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) are responsible for detecting odorants and EOG recording is a reliable approach to analyze the peripheral olfactory function. However, recently we revealed that rodent MOE can also detect the air pressure caused by airflow. The sensation of airflow pressure and odorants may function in synergy to facilitate odorant perception during sniffing. We have reported that the pressure-sensitive response in the MOE can also be assayed by EOG recording. Here we describe procedures for pressure-sensitive as well as odorant-stimulated EOG measurement in the mouse MOE. The major difference between the pressure-sensitive EOG response and the odorant-stimulated response was whether to use pure air puff or use an odorized air puff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Daniel R Storm
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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