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Benwell CJ, Johnson RT, Taylor JAGE, Lambert J, Robinson SD. A proteomics approach to isolating neuropilin-dependent α5 integrin trafficking pathways: neuropilin 1 and 2 co-traffic α5 integrin through endosomal p120RasGAP to promote polarised fibronectin fibrillogenesis in endothelial cells. Commun Biol 2024; 7:629. [PMID: 38789481 PMCID: PMC11126613 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrin trafficking to and from membrane adhesions is a crucial mechanism that dictates many aspects of a cell's behaviour, including motility, polarisation, and invasion. In endothelial cells (ECs), the intracellular traffic of α5 integrin is regulated by both neuropilin 1 (NRP1) and neuropilin 2 (NRP2), yet the redundancies in function between these co-receptors remain unclear. Moreover, the endocytic complexes that participate in NRP-directed traffic remain poorly annotated. Here we identify an important role for the GTPase-activating protein p120RasGAP in ECs, promoting the recycling of α5 integrin from early endosomes. Mechanistically, p120RasGAP enables transit of endocytosed α5 integrin-NRP1-NRP2 complexes to Rab11+ recycling endosomes, promoting cell polarisation and fibronectin (FN) fibrillogenesis. Silencing of both NRP receptors, or p120RasGAP, resulted in the accumulation of α5 integrin in early endosomes, a loss of α5 integrin from surface adhesions, and attenuated EC polarisation. Endothelial-specific deletion of both NRP1 and NRP2 in the postnatal retina recapitulated our in vitro findings, severely impairing FN fibrillogenesis and polarised sprouting. Our data assign an essential role for p120RasGAP during integrin traffic in ECs and support a hypothesis that NRP receptors co-traffic internalised cargoes. Importantly, we utilise comparative proteomics analyses to isolate a comprehensive map of NRP1-dependent and NRP2-dependent α5 integrin interactions in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Benwell
- Food Microbiome and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Robert T Johnson
- Food Microbiome and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - James A G E Taylor
- Food Microbiome and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jordi Lambert
- Food Microbiome and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Section of Cardiorespiratory Medicine, University of Cambridge, VPD Heart & Lung Research Institute, Papworth Road, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen D Robinson
- Food Microbiome and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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2
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Vosbeck K, Förster S, Mayr T, Sahu A, Haddouti EM, Al-Adilee O, Körber RM, Bisht S, Muders MH, Nesic S, Buness A, Kristiansen G, Schildberg FA, Gütgemann I. Neuropilin2 in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a Potential Novel Therapeutic Target in Myelofibrosis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1924. [PMID: 38792002 PMCID: PMC11119673 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow fibrosis in myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), MPN/MDS overlap syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with poor prognosis and early treatment failure. Myelofibrosis (MF) is accompanied by reprogramming of multipotent bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) into osteoid and fiber-producing stromal cells. We demonstrate NRP2 and osteolineage marker NCAM1 (neural cell adhesion molecule 1) expression within the endosteal niche in normal bone marrow and aberrantly in MPN, MDS MPN/MDS overlap syndromes and AML (n = 99), as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Increased and diffuse expression in mesenchymal stromal cells and osteoblasts correlates with high MF grade in MPN (p < 0.05 for NRP2 and NCAM1). Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) re-analysis demonstrated NRP2 expression in endothelial cells and partial co-expression of NRP2 and NCAM1 in normal MSC and osteoblasts. Potential ligands included transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1) from osteoblasts and megakaryocytes. Murine ThPO and JAK2V617F myelofibrosis models showed co-expression of Nrp2 and Ncam1 in osteolineage cells, while fibrosis-promoting MSC only express Nrp2. In vitro experiments with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and analysis of Nrp2-/- mouse femurs suggest that Nrp2 is functionally involved in osteogenesis. In summary, NRP2 represents a potential novel druggable target in patients with myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vosbeck
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany (T.M.); (O.A.-A.); (M.H.M.); (G.K.)
| | - Sarah Förster
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany (T.M.); (O.A.-A.); (M.H.M.); (G.K.)
| | - Thomas Mayr
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany (T.M.); (O.A.-A.); (M.H.M.); (G.K.)
| | - Anshupa Sahu
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - El-Mustapha Haddouti
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (E.-M.H.)
| | - Osamah Al-Adilee
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany (T.M.); (O.A.-A.); (M.H.M.); (G.K.)
| | - Ruth-Miriam Körber
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (R.-M.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Savita Bisht
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (R.-M.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Michael H. Muders
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany (T.M.); (O.A.-A.); (M.H.M.); (G.K.)
| | - Svetozar Nesic
- Core Unit for Bioinformatics Data Analysis, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Andreas Buness
- Core Unit for Bioinformatics Data Analysis, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Glen Kristiansen
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany (T.M.); (O.A.-A.); (M.H.M.); (G.K.)
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (E.-M.H.)
| | - Ines Gütgemann
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany (T.M.); (O.A.-A.); (M.H.M.); (G.K.)
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3
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Santhakumar V, Subramanian D, Eisenberg C, Huang A, Baek J, Naveed H, Komatireddy S, Shiflett M, Tran T. Dysregulation of Neuropilin-2 Expression in Inhibitory Neurons Impairs Hippocampal Circuit Development Leading to Autism-Epilepsy Phenotype. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3922129. [PMID: 38405865 PMCID: PMC10889061 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3922129/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of development, migration, and function of interneurons, collectively termed interneuronopathies, have been proposed as a shared mechanism for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and childhood epilepsy. Neuropilin-2 (Nrp2), a candidate ASD gene, is a critical regulator of interneuron migration from the median ganglionic eminence (MGE) to the pallium, including the hippocampus. While clinical studies have identified Nrp2 polymorphisms in patients with ASD, whether dysregulation of Nrp2-dependent interneuron migration contributes to pathogenesis of ASD and epilepsy has not been tested. We tested the hypothesis that the lack of Nrp2 in MGE-derived interneuron precursors disrupts the excitation/inhibition balance in hippocampal circuits, thus predisposing the network to seizures and behavioral patterns associated with ASD. Embryonic deletion of Nrp2 during the developmental period for migration of MGE derived interneuron precursors (iCKO) significantly reduced parvalbumin, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1. Consequently, when compared to controls, the frequency of inhibitory synaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal cells was reduced while frequency of excitatory synaptic currents was increased in iCKO mice. Although passive and active membrane properties of CA1 pyramidal cells were unchanged, iCKO mice showed enhanced susceptibility to chemically evoked seizures. Moreover, iCKO mice exhibited selective behavioral deficits in both preference for social novelty and goal-directed learning, which are consistent with ASD-like phenotype. Together, our findings show that disruption of developmental Nrp2 regulation of interneuron circuit establishment, produces ASD-like behaviors and enhanced risk for epilepsy. These results support the developmental interneuronopathy hypothesis of ASD epilepsy comorbidity.
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Subramanian D, Eisenberg C, Huang A, Baek J, Naveed H, Komatireddy S, Shiflett MW, Tran TS, Santhakumar V. Dysregulation of Neuropilin-2 Expression in Inhibitory Neurons Impairs Hippocampal Circuit Development Leading to Autism-Epilepsy Phenotype. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.578976. [PMID: 38370800 PMCID: PMC10871171 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.578976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulation of development, migration, and function of interneurons, collectively termed interneuronopathies, have been proposed as a shared mechanism for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and childhood epilepsy. Neuropilin-2 (Nrp2), a candidate ASD gene, is a critical regulator of interneuron migration from the median ganglionic eminence (MGE) to the pallium, including the hippocampus. While clinical studies have identified Nrp2 polymorphisms in patients with ASD, whether dysregulation of Nrp2-dependent interneuron migration contributes to pathogenesis of ASD and epilepsy has not been tested. We tested the hypothesis that the lack of Nrp2 in MGE-derived interneuron precursors disrupts the excitation/inhibition balance in hippocampal circuits, thus predisposing the network to seizures and behavioral patterns associated with ASD. Embryonic deletion of Nrp2 during the developmental period for migration of MGE derived interneuron precursors (iCKO) significantly reduced parvalbumin, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1. Consequently, when compared to controls, the frequency of inhibitory synaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal cells was reduced while frequency of excitatory synaptic currents was increased in iCKO mice. Although passive and active membrane properties of CA1 pyramidal cells were unchanged, iCKO mice showed enhanced susceptibility to chemically evoked seizures. Moreover, iCKO mice exhibited selective behavioral deficits in both preference for social novelty and goal-directed learning, which are consistent with ASD-like phenotype. Together, our findings show that disruption of developmental Nrp2 regulation of interneuron circuit establishment, produces ASD-like behaviors and enhanced risk for epilepsy. These results support the developmental interneuronopathy hypothesis of ASD epilepsy comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Subramanian
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Carol Eisenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Andrew Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Jiyeon Baek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Haniya Naveed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Samiksha Komatireddy
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | | | - Tracy S. Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Vijayalakshmi Santhakumar
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
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5
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Förster S, Chong YE, Siefker D, Becker Y, Bao R, Escobedo E, Qing Y, Rauch K, Burman L, Burkart C, Kainz P, Cubitt A, Muders M, Nangle LA. Development and Characterization of a Novel Neuropilin-2 Antibody for Immunohistochemical Staining of Cancer and Sarcoidosis Tissue Samples. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:157-165. [PMID: 37902990 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is a cell surface receptor that plays key roles in lymphangiogenesis, but also in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer and inflammation. NRP2 targeting by efzofitimod, a novel immunomodulatory molecule, is currently being tested for the treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis. To date, no anti-NRP2 antibodies are available for companion diagnostics. Here we describe the development and characterization of a novel NRP2 antibody. Using a variety of research techniques, that is, enzyme-linked immunoassay, Western blot, biolayer interferometry, and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that our antibody detects all major NRP2 isoforms and does not cross-react with NRP1. Using this antibody, we show high NRP2 expression in granulomas from sarcoidosis patient skin and lung biopsies. Our novel anti-NRP2 antibody could prove to be a useful clinical tool for sarcoidosis and other indications where NRP2 has been implicated. Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT05415137.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Förster
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Yvonne Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ruizhi Bao
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Yang Qing
- aTyr Pharma, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- MVZ Pathologie Bethesda GmbH, Duisburg, Germany
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6
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Verlinden L, Doms S, Janssens I, Meyer MB, Pike JW, Carmeliet G, Verstuyf A. Neuropilin 2 in osteoblasts regulates trabecular bone mass in male mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1223021. [PMID: 37600714 PMCID: PMC10436209 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1223021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuropilin 2 (NRP2) mediates the effects of class 3 semaphorins and vascular endothelial growth factor and is implicated in axonal guidance and angiogenesis. Moreover, NRP2 expression is suggested to be involved in the regulation of bone homeostasis. Indeed, osteoblasts and osteoclasts express NRP2 and male and female global Nrp2 knockout mice have a reduced bone mass accompanied by reduced osteoblast and increased osteoclast counts. Methods We first examined the in vitro effect of the calciotropic hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] on Nrp2 transcription in osteoblasts. We next generated mice with a conditional deletion of Nrp2 in the osteoblast cell lineage under control of the paired related homeobox 1 promoter and mice with a conditional Nrp2 knockdown in osteoclasts under control of the Lysozyme promoter. Mice were examined under basal conditions or after treatment with either the bone anabolic vitamin D3 analog WY 1048 or with 1,25(OH)2D3. Results and discussion We show that Nrp2 expression is induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 in osteoblasts and is associated with enrichment of the vitamin D receptor in an intronic region of the Nrp2 gene. In male mice, conditional deletion of Nrp2 in osteoblast precursors and mature osteoblasts recapitulated the bone phenotype of global Nrp2 knockout mice, with a reduced cortical cross-sectional tissue area and lower trabecular bone content. However, female mice with reduced osteoblastic Nrp2 expression display a reduced cross-sectional tissue area but have a normal trabecular bone mass. Treatment with the vitamin D3 analog WY 1048 (0.4 μg/kg/d, 14 days, ip) resulted in a similar increase in bone mass in both genotypes and genders. Deleting Nrp2 from the osteoclast lineage did not result in a bone phenotype, even though in vitro osteoclastogenesis of hematopoietic cells derived from mutant mice was significantly increased. Moreover, treatment with a high dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.5 μg/kg/d, 6 days, ip), to induce osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, resulted in a similar reduction in trabecular and cortical bone mass. In conclusion, osteoblastic Nrp2 expression is suggested to regulate bone homeostasis in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Verlinden
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Doms
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iris Janssens
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark B. Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madision, Madison, WI, United States
| | - J. Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madision, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Dang P, Barnes DT, Cheng RP, Xu A, Moon YJ, Kodukula SS, Raper JA. Netrins and Netrin Receptors are Essential for Normal Targeting of Sensory Axons in the Zebrafish Olfactory Bulb. Neuroscience 2023; 508:19-29. [PMID: 35940453 PMCID: PMC9839495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons that express related odorant receptors specifically target large identifiable neuropils called protoglomeruli when they first reach the olfactory bulb in the zebrafish. This crude odorant receptor-related mapping is further refined as odorant receptor-specific glomeruli segregate from protoglomeruli later in development. Netrins are a prominent class of axon guidance molecules whose contribution to olfactory circuit formation is poorly studied. Morpholino knock down experiments have suggested that Netrin/Dcc signaling is involved in normal protoglomerular targeting. Here we extend these findings with more detailed characterization and modeling of netrin expression, and by examining protoglomerular targeting in mutant lines fornetrin1a (ntn1a), netrin1b (ntn1b), and their receptorsunc5b,dcc, andneo1a. We confirm thatntn1a,ntn1b, anddccare required for normal protoglomerular guidance of a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that are labeled with the Tg(or111-7:IRES:Gal4) transgene. We also observe errors in the targeting of these axons inunc5bmutants, but not inneo1a mutants. Our findings are consistent with ntn1a andntn1bacting primarily as attractants for olfactory sensory neurons targeting the central zone protoglomerulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Dang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel T Barnes
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan P Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alison Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoon Ji Moon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sai Sripad Kodukula
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Raper
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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8
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Benwell CJ, Johnson RT, Taylor JA, Price CA, Robinson SD. Endothelial VEGFR Coreceptors Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2 Are Essential for Tumor Angiogenesis. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1626-1640. [PMID: 36970722 PMCID: PMC10036134 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin (NRP) expression is highly correlated with poor outcome in multiple cancer subtypes. As known coreceptors for VEGFRs, core drivers of angiogenesis, past investigations have alluded to their functional roles in facilitating tumorigenesis by promoting invasive vessel growth. Despite this, it remains unclear as to whether NRP1 and NRP2 act in a synergistic manner to enhance pathologic angiogenesis. Here we demonstrate, using NRP1 ECKO , NRP2 ECKO , and NRP1/NRP2 ECKO mouse models, that maximum inhibition of primary tumor development and angiogenesis is achieved when both endothelial NRP1 and NRP2 are targeted simultaneously. Metastasis and secondary site angiogenesis were also significantly inhibited in NRP1/NRP2 ECKO animals. Mechanistic studies revealed that codepleting NRP1 and NRP2 in mouse-microvascular endothelial cells stimulates rapid shuttling of VEGFR-2 to Rab7+ endosomes for proteosomal degradation. Our results highlight the importance of targeting both NRP1 and NRP2 to modulate tumor angiogenesis. Significance The findings presented in this study demonstrate that tumor angiogenesis and growth can be arrested completely by cotargeting endothelial NRP1 and NRP2. We provide new insight into the mechanisms of action regulating NRP-dependent tumor angiogenesis and signpost a novel approach to halt tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Benwell
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Robert T. Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - James A.G.E. Taylor
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Price
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Robinson
- Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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9
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Lambrinos G, Cristofaro V, Pelton K, Bigger-Allen A, Doyle C, Vasquez E, Bielenberg DR, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. Neuropilin 2 Is a Novel Regulator of Distal Colon Contractility. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1592-1603. [PMID: 35985479 PMCID: PMC9667714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate coordination of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation is essential for normal colonic motility. The impact of perturbed motility ranges from moderate, in conditions such as colitis, to potentially fatal in the case of pseudo-obstruction. The mechanisms underlying aberrant motility and the extent to which they can be targeted pharmacologically are incompletely understood. This study identified colonic smooth muscle as a major site of expression of neuropilin 2 (Nrp2) in mice and humans. Mice with inducible smooth muscle-specific knockout of Nrp2 had an increase in evoked contraction of colonic rings in response to carbachol at 1 and 4 weeks following initiation of deletion. KCl-induced contractions were also increased at 4 weeks. Colonic motility was similarly enhanced, as evidenced by faster bead expulsion in Nrp2-deleted mice versus Nrp2-intact controls. In length-tension analysis of the distal colon, passive tension was similar in Nrp2-deficient and Nrp2-intact mice, but at low strains, active stiffness was greater in Nrp2-deficient animals. Consistent with the findings in conditional Nrp2 mice, Nrp2-null mice showed increased contractility in response to carbachol and KCl. Evaluation of selected proteins implicated in smooth muscle contraction revealed no significant differences in the level of α-smooth muscle actin, myosin light chain, calponin, or RhoA. Together, these findings identify Nrp2 as a novel regulator of colonic contractility that may be targetable in conditions characterized by dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lambrinos
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristine Pelton
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander Bigger-Allen
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claire Doyle
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evalynn Vasquez
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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10
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Lin JM, Mitchell TA, Rothstein M, Pehl A, Taroc EZM, Katreddi RR, Parra KE, Zuloaga DG, Simoes-Costa M, Forni PE. Sociosexual behavior requires both activating and repressive roles of Tfap2e/AP-2ε in vomeronasal sensory neurons. eLife 2022; 11:e77259. [PMID: 36111787 PMCID: PMC9525060 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal identity dictates the position in an epithelium, and the ability to detect, process, and transmit specific signals to specified targets. Transcription factors (TFs) determine cellular identity via direct modulation of genetic transcription and recruiting chromatin modifiers. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that define neuronal identity and their magnitude remain a critical barrier to elucidate the etiology of congenital and neurodegenerative disorders. The rodent vomeronasal organ provides a unique system to examine in detail the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation and maturation of chemosensory neurons. Here, we demonstrated that the identity of postmitotic/maturing vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs), and vomeronasal-dependent behaviors can be reprogrammed through the rescue of Tfap2e/AP-2ε expression in the Tfap2eNull mice, and partially reprogrammed by inducing ectopic Tfap2e expression in mature apical VSNs. We suggest that the TF Tfap2e can reprogram VSNs bypassing cellular plasticity restrictions, and that it directly controls the expression of batteries of vomeronasal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New YorkAlbanyUnited States
- The RNA Institute, University at AlbanyAlbanyUnited States
| | - Tyler A Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New YorkAlbanyUnited States
- The RNA Institute, University at AlbanyAlbanyUnited States
| | - Megan Rothstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Alison Pehl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New YorkAlbanyUnited States
- The RNA Institute, University at AlbanyAlbanyUnited States
| | - Ed Zandro M Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New YorkAlbanyUnited States
- The RNA Institute, University at AlbanyAlbanyUnited States
| | - Raghu R Katreddi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New YorkAlbanyUnited States
- The RNA Institute, University at AlbanyAlbanyUnited States
| | - Katherine E Parra
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New YorkAlbanyUnited States
| | - Damian G Zuloaga
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New YorkAlbanyUnited States
| | - Marcos Simoes-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Paolo Emanuele Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New YorkAlbanyUnited States
- The RNA Institute, University at AlbanyAlbanyUnited States
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11
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Dorrego-Rivas A, Grubb MS. Developing and maintaining a nose-to-brain map of odorant identity. Open Biol 2022; 12:220053. [PMID: 35765817 PMCID: PMC9240688 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium of the nose transduce chemical odorant stimuli into electrical signals. These signals are then sent to the OSNs' target structure in the brain, the main olfactory bulb (OB), which performs the initial stages of sensory processing in olfaction. The projection of OSNs to the OB is highly organized in a chemospatial map, whereby axon terminals from OSNs expressing the same odorant receptor (OR) coalesce into individual spherical structures known as glomeruli. This nose-to-brain map of odorant identity is built from late embryonic development to early postnatal life, through a complex combination of genetically encoded, OR-dependent and activity-dependent mechanisms. It must then be actively maintained throughout adulthood as OSNs experience turnover due to external insult and ongoing neurogenesis. Our review describes and discusses these two distinct and crucial processes in olfaction, focusing on the known mechanisms that first establish and then maintain chemospatial order in the mammalian OSN-to-OB projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dorrego-Rivas
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Matthew S. Grubb
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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12
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Francia S, Lodovichi C. The role of the odorant receptors in the formation of the sensory map. BMC Biol 2021; 19:174. [PMID: 34452614 PMCID: PMC8394594 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the olfactory system, odorant receptors (ORs) expressed at the cell membrane of olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and direct sensory axons toward precise target locations in the brain, reflected in the presence of olfactory sensory maps. This dual role of ORs is corroborated by their subcellular expression both in cilia, where they bind odorants, and at axon terminals, a location suitable for axon guidance cues. Here, we provide an overview and discuss previous work on the role of ORs in establishing the topographic organization of the olfactory system and recent findings on the mechanisms of activation and function of axonal ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Francia
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy. .,Neuroscience Institute CNR, Via Orus 2, 35129, Padua, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,Padova Neuroscience Center, Padua, Italy.
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13
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Katreddi RR, Forni PE. Mechanisms underlying pre- and postnatal development of the vomeronasal organ. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5069-5082. [PMID: 33871676 PMCID: PMC8254721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is sensory organ located in the ventral region of the nasal cavity in rodents. The VNO develops from the olfactory placode during the secondary invagination of olfactory pit. The embryonic vomeronasal structure appears as a neurogenic area where migratory neuronal populations like endocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons form. Even though embryonic vomeronasal structures are conserved across most vertebrate species, many species including humans do not have a functional VNO after birth. The vomeronasal epithelium (VNE) of rodents is composed of two major types of vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs): (1) VSNs distributed in the apical VNE regions that express vomeronasal type-1 receptors (V1Rs) and the G protein subunit Gαi2, and (2) VSNs in the basal territories of the VNE that express vomeronasal type-2 receptors (V2Rs) and the G subunit Gαo. Recent studies identified a third subclass of Gαi2 and Gαo VSNs that express the formyl peptide receptor family. VSNs expressing V1Rs or V2Rs send their axons to distinct regions of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Together, VNO and AOB form the accessory olfactory system (AOS), an olfactory subsystem that coordinates the social and sexual behaviors of many vertebrate species. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie VNO development. We also discuss open questions for study, which we suggest will further enhance our understanding of VNO morphogenesis at embryonic and postnatal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Ram Katreddi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Research, The RNA Institute, University At Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Neuroscience Research, The RNA Institute, University At Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
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14
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Lodovichi C. Topographic organization in the olfactory bulb. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:457-472. [PMID: 33404841 PMCID: PMC7873094 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03348-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the olfactory system to detect and discriminate a broad spectrum of odor molecules with extraordinary sensitivity relies on a wide range of odorant receptors and on the distinct architecture of neuronal circuits in olfactory brain areas. More than 1000 odorant receptors, distributed almost randomly in the olfactory epithelium, are plotted out in two mirror-symmetric maps of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, the first relay station of the olfactory system. How does such a precise spatial arrangement of glomeruli emerge from a random distribution of receptor neurons? Remarkably, the identity of odorant receptors defines not only the molecular receptive range of sensory neurons but also their glomerular target. Despite their key role, odorant receptors are not the only determinant, since the specificity of neuronal connections emerges from a complex interplay between several molecular cues and electrical activity. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying olfactory circuit formation. In particular, recent findings on the role of odorant receptors in regulating axon targeting and of spontaneous activity in the development and maintenance of synaptic connections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lodovichi
- Neuroscience Institute CNR, Department of Biomedical Science, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova Neuroscience Center, Padova, Italy.
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15
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Abstract
In mammals, odor information detected by olfactory sensory neurons is converted to a topographic map of activated glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Mitral cells and tufted cells transmit signals sequentially to the olfactory cortex for behavioral outputs. To elicit innate behavioral responses, odor signals are directly transmitted by distinct subsets of mitral cells from particular functional domains in the olfactory bulb to specific amygdala nuclei. As for the learned decisions, input signals are conveyed by tufted cells as well as by mitral cells to the olfactory cortex. Behavioral scene cells link the odor information to the valence cells in the amygdala to elicit memory-based behavioral responses. Olfactory decision and perception take place in relation to the respiratory cycle. How is the sensory quality imposed on the olfactory inputs for behavioral outputs? How are the two types of odor signals, innate and learned, processed during respiration? Here, we review recent progress on the study of neural circuits involved in decision making in the mouse olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Mori
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Hitoshi Sakano
- Department of Brain Function, School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui 910-1197, Japan;
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16
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Suter TACS, Blagburn SV, Fisher SE, Anderson-Keightly HM, D'Elia KP, Jaworski A. TAG-1 Multifunctionality Coordinates Neuronal Migration, Axon Guidance, and Fasciculation. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1164-1177.e7. [PMID: 31995756 PMCID: PMC7049094 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration, axon fasciculation, and axon guidance need to be closely coordinated for neural circuit assembly. Spinal motor neurons (MNs) face unique challenges during development because their cell bodies reside within the central nervous system (CNS) and their axons project to various targets in the body periphery. The molecular mechanisms that contain MN somata within the spinal cord while allowing their axons to exit the CNS and navigate to their final destinations remain incompletely understood. We find that the MN cell surface protein TAG-1 anchors MN cell bodies in the spinal cord to prevent their emigration, mediates motor axon fasciculation during CNS exit, and guides motor axons past dorsal root ganglia. TAG-1 executes these varied functions in MN development independently of one another. Our results identify TAG-1 as a key multifunctional regulator of MN wiring that coordinates neuronal migration, axon fasciculation, and axon guidance. Suter et al. demonstrate that the motor neuron cell surface molecule TAG-1 confines motor neurons to the central nervous system, promotes motor axon fasciculation, and steers motor axons past inappropriate targets. This study highlights how a single cell adhesion molecule coordinates multiple steps in neuronal wiring through partially divergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A C S Suter
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Sara V Blagburn
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Sophie E Fisher
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Kristen P D'Elia
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, USA
| | - Alexander Jaworski
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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17
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Axonal Odorant Receptors Mediate Axon Targeting. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4334-4348.e7. [PMID: 31875544 PMCID: PMC6941231 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, odorant receptors not only detect odors but also define the target in the olfactory bulb, where sensory neurons project to give rise to the sensory map. The odorant receptor is expressed at the cilia, where it binds odorants, and at the axon terminal. The mechanism of activation and function of the odorant receptor at the axon terminal is, however, still unknown. Here, we identify phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 as a putative ligand that activates the odorant receptor at the axon terminal and affects the turning behavior of sensory axons. Genetic ablation of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 in mice results in a strongly disturbed olfactory sensory map. Our data suggest that the odorant receptor at the axon terminal of olfactory neurons acts as an axon guidance cue that responds to molecules originating in the olfactory bulb. The dual function of the odorant receptor links specificity of odor perception and axon targeting. Axonal odorant receptors respond to cues elaborated in the olfactory bulb PEBP1, expressed in the olfactory bulb, is a putative ligand of axonal receptors Genetic ablation of PEBP1 results in disrupted olfactory map in vivo Axonal odorant receptors modulate axon targeting in the sensory map formation
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18
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Bufe B, Teuchert Y, Schmid A, Pyrski M, Pérez-Gómez A, Eisenbeis J, Timm T, Ishii T, Lochnit G, Bischoff M, Mombaerts P, Leinders-Zufall T, Zufall F. Bacterial MgrB peptide activates chemoreceptor Fpr3 in mouse accessory olfactory system and drives avoidance behaviour. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4889. [PMID: 31653840 PMCID: PMC6814738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune chemoreceptors of the formyl peptide receptor (Fpr) family are expressed by vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) in the accessory olfactory system. Their biological function and coding mechanisms remain unknown. We show that mouse Fpr3 (Fpr-rs1) recognizes the core peptide motif f-MKKFRW that is predominantly present in the signal sequence of the bacterial protein MgrB, a highly conserved regulator of virulence and antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. MgrB peptide can be produced and secreted by bacteria, and is selectively recognized by a subset of VSNs. Exposure to the peptide also stimulates VSNs in freely behaving mice and drives innate avoidance. Our data shows that Fpr3 is required for neuronal detection and avoidance of peptides derived from a conserved master virulence regulator of enteric bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Bufe
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, 66424, Homburg, Germany.,Molecular Immunology Section, Faculty of Computer Science and Microsystems Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Yannick Teuchert
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Martina Pyrski
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anabel Pérez-Gómez
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, 66424, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Janina Eisenbeis
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Timm
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Peter Mombaerts
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 4, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Trese Leinders-Zufall
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, 66424, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Zufall
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, 66424, Homburg, Germany.
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19
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Vaddadi N, Iversen K, Raja R, Phen A, Brignall A, Dumontier E, Cloutier JF. Kirrel2 is differentially required in populations of olfactory sensory neurons for the targeting of axons in the olfactory bulb. Development 2019; 146:dev.173310. [PMID: 31142543 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of olfactory maps in the olfactory bulb (OB) is crucial for the control of innate and learned mouse behaviors. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing a specific odorant receptor project axons into spatially conserved glomeruli within the OB and synapse onto mitral cell dendrites. Combinatorial expression of members of the Kirrel family of cell adhesion molecules has been proposed to regulate OSN axonal coalescence; however, loss-of-function experiments have yet to establish their requirement in this process. We examined projections of several OSN populations in mice that lacked either Kirrel2 alone, or both Kirrel2 and Kirrel3. Our results show that Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 are dispensable for the coalescence of MOR1-3-expressing OSN axons to the most dorsal region (DI) of the OB. In contrast, loss of Kirrel2 caused MOR174-9- and M72-expressing OSN axons, projecting to the DII region, to target ectopic glomeruli. Our loss-of-function approach demonstrates that Kirrel2 is required for axonal coalescence in subsets of OSNs that project axons to the DII region and reveals that Kirrel2/3-independent mechanisms also control OSN axonal coalescence in certain regions of the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Vaddadi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Katrine Iversen
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Reesha Raja
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alina Phen
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Brignall
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Emilie Dumontier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
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20
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van der Klaauw AA, Croizier S, Mendes de Oliveira E, Stadler LKJ, Park S, Kong Y, Banton MC, Tandon P, Hendricks AE, Keogh JM, Riley SE, Papadia S, Henning E, Bounds R, Bochukova EG, Mistry V, O'Rahilly S, Simerly RB, Minchin JEN, Barroso I, Jones EY, Bouret SG, Farooqi IS. Human Semaphorin 3 Variants Link Melanocortin Circuit Development and Energy Balance. Cell 2019; 176:729-742.e18. [PMID: 30661757 PMCID: PMC6370916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic melanocortin neurons play a pivotal role in weight regulation. Here, we examined the contribution of Semaphorin 3 (SEMA3) signaling to the development of these circuits. In genetic studies, we found 40 rare variants in SEMA3A-G and their receptors (PLXNA1-4; NRP1-2) in 573 severely obese individuals; variants disrupted secretion and/or signaling through multiple molecular mechanisms. Rare variants in this set of genes were significantly enriched in 982 severely obese cases compared to 4,449 controls. In a zebrafish mutagenesis screen, deletion of 7 genes in this pathway led to increased somatic growth and/or adiposity demonstrating that disruption of Semaphorin 3 signaling perturbs energy homeostasis. In mice, deletion of the Neuropilin-2 receptor in Pro-opiomelanocortin neurons disrupted their projections from the arcuate to the paraventricular nucleus, reduced energy expenditure, and caused weight gain. Cumulatively, these studies demonstrate that SEMA3-mediated signaling drives the development of hypothalamic melanocortin circuits involved in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha A van der Klaauw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Croizier
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lukas K J Stadler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soyoung Park
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Youxin Kong
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Pathogenesis of Vascular Infections Unit, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Banton
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Panna Tandon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Audrey E Hendricks
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Julia M Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanna E Riley
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sofia Papadia
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Bounds
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena G Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Vanisha Mistry
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard B Simerly
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, TN 37232-0615, USA
| | - James E N Minchin
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; INSERM U1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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21
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Roy S, Bag AK, Dutta S, Polavaram NS, Islam R, Schellenburg S, Banwait J, Guda C, Ran S, Hollingsworth MA, Singh RK, Talmadge JE, Muders MH, Batra SK, Datta K. Macrophage-Derived Neuropilin-2 Exhibits Novel Tumor-Promoting Functions. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5600-5617. [PMID: 30111533 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are causally associated with tumorigenesis as well as regulation of antitumor immune responses and have emerged as potential immunotherapeutic targets. Recent evidence suggests TAM phagocytose apoptotic tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment through efferocytosis in an immunologically silent manner, thus maintaining an immunosuppressed microenvironment. The signal transduction pathways coupling efferocytosis and immunosuppression are not well known. Neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is a member of the membrane-associated neuropilin family and has been reported in different immune cells but is poorly characterized. In this study, we show that NRP2 is expressed during macrophage differentiation, is induced by tumor cells, and regulates phagocytosis in macrophages. Furthermore, NRP2 in TAM promoted efferocytosis and facilitated tumor growth. Deletion of NRP2 from TAM impaired the clearance of apoptotic tumor cells and increased secondary necrosis within tumors. This resulted in a break in the immune tolerance and reinitiated antitumor immune responses, characterized by robust infiltration of CD8+ T and natural killer cells. This result suggests NRP2 may act as a molecular mediator that connects efferocytosis and immune suppression. Deletion of NRP2 in TAM downregulated several immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting genes and upregulated immunostimulatory genes in the myeloid compartment. Taken together, our study demonstrates that TAM-derived NRP2 plays a crucial role in tumor promotion through efferocytosis, opening the enticing option for the development of effective immunotherapy targeting TAM.Significance: Neuropilin-2 in macrophages promotes tumor growth by regulating efferocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells and orchestrating immune suppression.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/19/5600/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(19); 5600-17. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Arup K Bag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Samikshan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Navatha Shree Polavaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ridwan Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Samuel Schellenburg
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jasjit Banwait
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michael H Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
- Rudolf Becker Laboratory for Prostate Cancer Research, Center of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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22
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Semaphorin 3A as an inhibitive factor for migration of olfactory ensheathing cells through cofilin activation is involved in formation of olfactory nerve layer. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 92:27-39. [PMID: 29940213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) migrate from olfactory epithelium towards olfactory bulb (OB), contributing to formation of the presumptive olfactory nerve layer during development. However, it remains unclear that molecular mechanism of regulation of OEC migration in OB. In the present study, we found that OECs highly expressed the receptors of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) in vitro and in vivo, whereas Sema3A displayed a gradient expression pattern with higher in inner layer of OB and lower in outer layer of OB. Furthermore, the collapse assays, Boyden chamber migration assays and single-cell migration assays showed that Sema3A induced the collapse of leading front of OECs and inhibited OEC migration. Thirdly, the leading front of OECs exhibited adaptation in a protein synthesis-independent manner, and endocytosis-dependent manner during Sema3A-induced OEC migration. Finally, Sema3A-induced collapse of leading front was required the decrease of focal adhesion and a retrograde F-actin flow in a cofilin activation-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Sema3A as an inhibitive migratory factor for OEC migration through cofilin activation is involved in the formation of olfactory nerve layer.
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23
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Lin JM, Taroc EZM, Frias JA, Prasad A, Catizone AN, Sammons MA, Forni PE. The transcription factor Tfap2e/AP-2ε plays a pivotal role in maintaining the identity of basal vomeronasal sensory neurons. Dev Biol 2018; 441:67-82. [PMID: 29928868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identity of individual neuronal cell types is defined and maintained by the expression of specific combinations of transcriptional regulators that control cell type-specific genetic programs. The epithelium of the vomeronasal organ of mice contains two major types of vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs): 1) the apical VSNs which express vomeronasal 1 receptors (V1r) and the G-protein subunit Gαi2 and; 2) the basal VSNs which express vomeronasal 2 receptors (V2r) and the G-protein subunit Gαo. Both cell types originate from a common pool of progenitors and eventually acquire apical or basal identity through largely unknown mechanisms. The transcription factor AP-2ε, encoded by the Tfap2e gene, plays a role in controlling the development of GABAergic interneurons in the main and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), moreover AP-2ε has been previously described to be expressed in the basal VSNs. Here we show that AP-2ε is expressed in post-mitotic VSNs after they commit to the basal differentiation program. Loss of AP-2ε function resulted in reduced number of basal VSNs and in an increased number of neurons expressing markers of the apical lineage. Our work suggests that AP-2ε, which is expressed in late phases of differentiation, is not needed to initiate the apical-basal differentiation dichotomy but for maintaining the basal VSNs' identity. In AP-2ε mutants we observed a large number of cells that entered the basal program can express apical genes, our data suggest that differentiated VSNs of mice retain a notable level of plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Ed Zandro M Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Jesus A Frias
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Aparna Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Allison N Catizone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Morgan A Sammons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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24
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Gu Z, Kalambogias J, Yoshioka S, Han W, Li Z, Kawasawa YI, Pochareddy S, Li Z, Liu F, Xu X, Wijeratne HRS, Ueno M, Blatz E, Salomone J, Kumanogoh A, Rasin MR, Gebelein B, Weirauch MT, Sestan N, Martin JH, Yoshida Y. Control of species-dependent cortico-motoneuronal connections underlying manual dexterity. Science 2018; 357:400-404. [PMID: 28751609 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Superior manual dexterity in higher primates emerged together with the appearance of cortico-motoneuronal (CM) connections during the evolution of the mammalian corticospinal (CS) system. Previously thought to be specific to higher primates, we identified transient CM connections in early postnatal mice, which are eventually eliminated by Sema6D-PlexA1 signaling. PlexA1 mutant mice maintain CM connections into adulthood and exhibit superior manual dexterity as compared with that of controls. Last, differing PlexA1 expression in layer 5 of the motor cortex, which is strong in wild-type mice but weak in humans, may be explained by FEZF2-mediated cis-regulatory elements that are found only in higher primates. Thus, species-dependent regulation of PlexA1 expression may have been crucial in the evolution of mammalian CS systems that improved fine motor control in higher primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Gu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - John Kalambogias
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA.,Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Shin Yoshioka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Wenqi Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Basic Medical School of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Institute for Personalized Medicine, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sirisha Pochareddy
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fuchen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xuming Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - H. R. Sagara Wijeratne
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Emily Blatz
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joseph Salomone
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mladen-Roko Rasin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Brian Gebelein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics, and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - John H Martin
- Department of Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA. .,Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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25
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Taroc EZM, Prasad A, Lin JM, Forni PE. The terminal nerve plays a prominent role in GnRH-1 neuronal migration independent from proper olfactory and vomeronasal connections to the olfactory bulbs. Biol Open 2017; 6:1552-1568. [PMID: 28970231 PMCID: PMC5665474 DOI: 10.1242/bio.029074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons (GnRH-1 ns) migrate from the developing olfactory pit into the hypothalamus during embryonic development. Migration of the GnRH-1 neurons is required for mammalian reproduction as these cells control release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland. Disturbances in GnRH-1 ns migration, GnRH-1 synthesis, secretion or signaling lead to varying degrees of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), which impairs pubertal onset and fertility. HH associated with congenital olfactory defects is clinically defined as Kallmann Syndrome (KS). The association of olfactory defects with HH in KS suggested a potential direct relationship between defective olfactory axonal routing, lack of olfactory bulbs (OBs) and aberrant GnRH-1 ns migration. However, it has never been experimentally proven that the formation of axonal connections of the olfactory/vomeronasal neurons to their functional targets are necessary for the migration of GnRH-1 ns to the hypothalamus. Loss-of-function of the Arx-1 homeobox gene leads to the lack of proper formation of the OBs with abnormal axonal termination of olfactory sensory neurons (
Yoshihara et al., 2005). Our data prove that correct development of the OBs and axonal connection of the olfactory/vomeronasal sensory neurons to the forebrain are not required for GnRH-1 ns migration, and suggest that the terminal nerve, which forms the GnRH-1 migratory scaffold, follows different guidance cues and differs in gene expression from olfactory/vomeronasal sensory neurons. Summary: Our work reveals that correct olfactory bulb development is not required for GnRH-1 neuronal migration. This study challenges the idea that GnRH-1 neuronal migration to the hypothalamus relies on correct routing of the olfactory and vomeronasal neurons and supports the existence of the TN in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Zandro M Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Aparna Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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26
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Pauerstein PT, Tellez K, Willmarth KB, Park KM, Hsueh B, Efsun Arda H, Gu X, Aghajanian H, Deisseroth K, Epstein JA, Kim SK. A radial axis defined by semaphorin-to-neuropilin signaling controls pancreatic islet morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:3744-3754. [PMID: 28893946 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans are endocrine organs characteristically dispersed throughout the pancreas. During development, endocrine progenitors delaminate, migrate radially and cluster to form islets. Despite the distinctive distribution of islets, spatially localized signals that control islet morphogenesis have not been discovered. Here, we identify a radial signaling axis that instructs developing islet cells to disperse throughout the pancreas. A screen of pancreatic extracellular signals identified factors that stimulated islet cell development. These included semaphorin 3a, a guidance cue in neural development without known functions in the pancreas. In the fetal pancreas, peripheral mesenchymal cells expressed Sema3a, while central nascent islet cells produced the semaphorin receptor neuropilin 2 (Nrp2). Nrp2 mutant islet cells developed in proper numbers, but had defects in migration and were unresponsive to purified Sema3a. Mutant Nrp2 islets aggregated centrally and failed to disperse radially. Thus, Sema3a-Nrp2 signaling along an unrecognized pancreatic developmental axis constitutes a chemoattractant system essential for generating the hallmark morphogenetic properties of pancreatic islets. Unexpectedly, Sema3a- and Nrp2-mediated control of islet morphogenesis is strikingly homologous to mechanisms that regulate radial neuronal migration and cortical lamination in the developing mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Pauerstein
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Krissie Tellez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kirk B Willmarth
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Keon Min Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian Hsueh
- Departments of Bioengineering and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H Efsun Arda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Haig Aghajanian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Departments of Bioengineering and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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27
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Loss of Kirrel family members alters glomerular structure and synapse numbers in the accessory olfactory bulb. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:307-319. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Inokuchi K, Imamura F, Takeuchi H, Kim R, Okuno H, Nishizumi H, Bito H, Kikusui T, Sakano H. Nrp2 is sufficient to instruct circuit formation of mitral-cells to mediate odour-induced attractive social responses. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15977. [PMID: 28731029 PMCID: PMC5525001 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Odour information induces various innate responses that are critical to the survival of the individual and for the species. An axon guidance molecule, Neuropilin 2 (Nrp2), is known to mediate targeting of olfactory sensory neurons (primary neurons), to the posteroventral main olfactory bulb (PV MOB) in mice. Here we report that Nrp2-positive (Nrp2+) mitral cells (MCs, second-order neurons) play crucial roles in transmitting attractive social signals from the PV MOB to the anterior part of medial amygdala (MeA). Semaphorin 3F, a repulsive ligand to Nrp2, regulates both migration of Nrp2+ MCs to the PV MOB and their axonal projection to the anterior MeA. In the MC-specific Nrp2 knockout mice, circuit formation of Nrp2+ MCs and odour-induced attractive social responses are impaired. In utero, electroporation demonstrates that activation of the Nrp2 gene in MCs is sufficient to instruct their circuit formation from the PV MOB to the anterior MeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Inokuchi
- Department of Brain Function, School of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.,Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Department of Brain Function, School of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Ryang Kim
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okuno
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nishizumi
- Department of Brain Function, School of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.,Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakano
- Department of Brain Function, School of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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29
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Marcos S, Monnier C, Rovira X, Fouveaut C, Pitteloud N, Ango F, Dodé C, Hardelin JP. Defective signaling through plexin-A1 compromises the development of the peripheral olfactory system and neuroendocrine reproductive axis in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2006-2017. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Eerdunfu, Ihara N, Ligao B, Ikegaya Y, Takeuchi H. Differential timing of neurogenesis underlies dorsal-ventral topographic projection of olfactory sensory neurons. Neural Dev 2017; 12:2. [PMID: 28193234 PMCID: PMC5307877 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian primary olfactory system has a spatially-ordered projection in which olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the dorsomedial (DM) and ventrolateral (VL) region of the olfactory epithelium (OE) send their axons to the dorsal and ventral region of the olfactory bulb (OB), respectively. We previously found that OSN axonal projections occur sequentially, from the DM to the VL region of the OE. The differential timing of axonal projections is important for olfactory map formation because early-arriving OSN axons secrete guidance cues at the OB to help navigate late-arriving OSN axons. We hypothesized that the differential timing of axonal projections is regulated by the timing of OSN neurogenesis. To test this idea, we investigated spatiotemporal patterns of OSN neurogenesis during olfactory development. Methods and results To determine the time of OSN origin, we used two thymidine analogs, BrdU and EdU, which can be incorporated into cells in the S-phase of the cell-cycle. We injected these two analogs at different developmental time points and analyzed distribution patterns of labeled OSNs. We found that OSNs with different dates of origin were differentially distributed in the OE. The majority of OSNs generated at the early stage of development were located in the DM region of the OE, whereas OSNs generated at the later stage of development were preferentially located in the VL region of the OE. Conclusions These results indicate that the number of OSNs is sequentially increased from the DM to the VL axis of the OE. Moreover, the temporal sequence of OSN proliferation correlates with that of axonal extension and emergence of glomerular structures in the OB. Thus, we propose that the timing of OSN neurogenesis regulates that of OSN axonal projection and thereby helps preserve the topographic order of the olfactory glomerular map along the dorsal–ventral axis of the OB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-017-0079-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eerdunfu
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Naoki Ihara
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Bao Ligao
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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31
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Vasquez E, Cristofaro V, Lukianov S, Burkhard FC, Gheinani AH, Monastyrskaya K, Bielenberg DR, Sullivan MP, Adam RM. Deletion of neuropilin 2 enhances detrusor contractility following bladder outlet obstruction. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90617. [PMID: 28194441 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic urethral obstruction and the ensuing bladder wall remodeling can lead to diminished bladder smooth muscle (BSM) contractility and debilitating lower urinary tract symptoms. No effective pharmacotherapy exists to restore BSM contractile function. Neuropilin 2 (Nrp2) is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in BSM. Nrp2 deletion in mice leads to increased BSM contraction. We determined whether genetic ablation of Nrp2 could restore BSM contractility following obstruction. Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) was created by urethral occlusion in mice with either constitutive and ubiquitous, or inducible smooth muscle-specific deletion of Nrp2, and Nrp2-intact littermates. Mice without obstruction served as additional controls. Contractility was measured by isometric tension testing. Nrp2 deletion prior to pBOO increased force generation in BSM 4 weeks following surgery. Deletion of Nrp2 in mice already subjected to pBOO for 4 weeks showed increased contractility of tissues tested 6 weeks after surgery compared with nondeleted controls. Assessment of tissues from patients with urodynamically defined bladder outlet obstruction revealed reduced NRP2 levels in obstructed bladders with compensated compared with decompensated function, relative to asymptomatic controls. We conclude that downregulation of Nrp2 promotes BSM force generation. Neuropilin 2 may represent a novel target to restore contractility following obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalynn Vasquez
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefan Lukianov
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Fiona C Burkhard
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ali Hashemi Gheinani
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katia Monastyrskaya
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School.,Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
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32
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Mucka P, Levonyak N, Geretti E, Zwaans BMM, Li X, Adini I, Klagsbrun M, Adam RM, Bielenberg DR. Inflammation and Lymphedema Are Exacerbated and Prolonged by Neuropilin 2 Deficiency. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2803-2812. [PMID: 27751443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature influences the progression and resolution of tissue inflammation. Capillaries express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, including neuropilins (NRPs), which regulate interstitial fluid flow. NRP2, a receptor of VEGFA and semaphorin (SEMA) 3F ligands, is expressed in the vascular and lymphatic endothelia. Previous studies have demonstrated that blocking VEGF receptor 2 attenuates VEGFA-induced vascular permeability. The inhibition of NRP2 was hypothesized to decrease vascular permeability as well. Unexpectedly, massive tissue swelling and edema were observed in Nrp2-/- mice compared with wild-type littermates after delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Vascular permeability was twofold greater in inflamed blood vessels in Nrp2-deficient mice compared to those in Nrp2-intact littermates. The addition of exogenous SEMA3F protein inhibited vascular permeability in Balb/cJ mice, suggesting that the loss of endogenous Sema3F activity in the Nrp2-deficient mice was responsible for the enhanced vessel leakage. Functional lymphatic capillaries are necessary for draining excess fluid after inflammation; however, Nrp2-mutant mice lacked superficial lymphatic capillaries, leading to 2.5-fold greater fluid retention and severe lymphedema after inflammation. In conclusion, Nrp2 deficiency increased blood vessel permeability and decreased lymphatic vessel drainage during inflammation, highlighting the importance of the NRP2/SEMA3F pathway in the modulation of tissue swelling and resolution of postinflammatory edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mucka
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Levonyak
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elena Geretti
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Xiaoran Li
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Irit Adini
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Klagsbrun
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Verlinden L, Vanderschueren D, Verstuyf A. Semaphorin signaling in bone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 432:66-74. [PMID: 26365296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin molecules regulate cell adhesion and motility in a wide variety of cell types and are therefore involved in numerous processes including axon guidance, angiogenesis, cardiogenesis, tumor growth, and immune response. Increasing evidence points to a role of transmembrane, membrane-associated and soluble semaphorins during bone development as well as in the control of normal bone homeostasis. Within bone, semaphorins are implicated in the communication between different cell types by relaying signals in an autocrine or paracrine way. Semaphorins are not only involved in bone resorption but also in bone formation. Therefore, targeting semaphorin-induced signaling in bone may constitute an interesting new therapeutic strategy in osteoporosis. However, all the pioneering research on semaphorins is performed in mice and it remains to be established to what extent semaphorin signaling pathways are conserved between mice and men. In addition, knowledge of semaphorin signaling in bone mostly arises from loss/gain of function studies of one single semaphorin and/or receptor. However, different semaphorin molecules are co-expressed in bone and their signaling pathways are likely to interact in a complex and coherent way that needs proper understanding before targeting semaphorin signaling can be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Kiermaier E, Moussion C, Veldkamp CT, Gerardy-Schahn R, de Vries I, Williams LG, Chaffee GR, Phillips AJ, Freiberger F, Imre R, Taleski D, Payne RJ, Braun A, Förster R, Mechtler K, Mühlenhoff M, Volkman BF, Sixt M. Polysialylation controls dendritic cell trafficking by regulating chemokine recognition. Science 2015; 351:186-90. [PMID: 26657283 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The addition of polysialic acid to N- and/or O-linked glycans, referred to as polysialylation, is a rare posttranslational modification that is mainly known to control the developmental plasticity of the nervous system. Here we show that CCR7, the central chemokine receptor controlling immune cell trafficking to secondary lymphatic organs, carries polysialic acid. This modification is essential for the recognition of the CCR7 ligand CCL21. As a consequence, dendritic cell trafficking is abrogated in polysialyltransferase-deficient mice, manifesting as disturbed lymph node homeostasis and unresponsiveness to inflammatory stimuli. Structure-function analysis of chemokine-receptor interactions reveals that CCL21 adopts an autoinhibited conformation, which is released upon interaction with polysialic acid. Thus, we describe a glycosylation-mediated immune cell trafficking disorder and its mechanistic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiermaier
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christine Moussion
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christopher T Veldkamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA. Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School [Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH)], Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingrid de Vries
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Larry G Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Gary R Chaffee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Andrew J Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Friedrich Freiberger
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School [Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH)], Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard Imre
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Deni Taleski
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Asolina Braun
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School [Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH)], Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Brignall AC, Cloutier JF. Neural map formation and sensory coding in the vomeronasal system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4697-709. [PMID: 26329476 PMCID: PMC11113928 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sensory systems enable us to encode a clear representation of our environment in the nervous system by spatially organizing sensory stimuli being received. The organization of neural circuitry to form a map of sensory activation is critical for the interpretation of these sensory stimuli. In rodents, social communication relies strongly on the detection of chemosignals by the vomeronasal system, which regulates a wide array of behaviours, including mate recognition, reproduction, and aggression. The binding of these chemosignals to receptors on vomeronasal sensory neurons leads to activation of second-order neurons within glomeruli of the accessory olfactory bulb. Here, vomeronasal receptor activation by a stimulus is organized into maps of glomerular activation that represent phenotypic qualities of the stimuli detected. Genetic, electrophysiological and imaging studies have shed light on the principles underlying cell connectivity and sensory map formation in the vomeronasal system, and have revealed important differences in sensory coding between the vomeronasal and main olfactory system. In this review, we summarize the key factors and mechanisms that dictate circuit formation and sensory coding logic in the vomeronasal system, emphasizing differences with the main olfactory system. Furthermore, we discuss how detection of chemosignals by the vomeronasal system regulates social behaviour in mice, specifically aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Brignall
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Room MP105, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Room MP105, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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36
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Li X, Parker MW, Vander Kooi CW. Control of cellular motility by neuropilin-mediated physical interactions. Biomol Concepts 2015; 5:157-66. [PMID: 25018786 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropilin (Nrp) family consists of multifunctional cell surface receptors with critical roles in a number of different cell and tissue types. A core aspect of Nrp function is in ligand-dependent cellular migration, where it controls the multistep process of cellular motility through integration of ligand binding and receptor signaling. At a molecular level, the role of Nrp in migration is intimately connected to the control of adhesive interactions and cytoskeletal reorganization. Here, we review the physiological role of Nrp in cellular adhesion and motility in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. We also discuss the emerging pathological role of Nrp in tumor cell migration and metastasis, providing motivation for continued efforts toward developing Nrp inhibitors.
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Uchida Y, James JM, Suto F, Mukouyama YS. Class 3 semaphorins negatively regulate dermal lymphatic network formation. Biol Open 2015; 4:1194-205. [PMID: 26319580 PMCID: PMC4582121 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a patterned lymphatic vascular network is essential for proper lymphatic functions during organ development and homeostasis. Here we report that class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3s), SEMA3F and SEMA3G negatively regulate lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) growth and sprouting to control dermal lymphatic network formation. Neuropilin2 (NRP2) functions as a receptor for SEMA3F and SEMA3G, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC). In culture, Both SEMA3F and SEMA3G inhibit VEGFC-mediated sprouting and proliferation of human dermal LECs. In the developing mouse skin, Sema3f is expressed in the epidermis and Sema3g expression is restricted to arteries, whereas their receptor Nrp2 is preferentially expressed by lymphatic vessels. Both Sema3f;Sema3g double mutants and Nrp2 mutants exhibit increased LEC growth in the skin. In contrast, Sema3f;Sema3g double mutants display increased lymphatic branching, while Nrp2 mutants exhibit reduced lymphatic branching. A targeted mutation in PlexinA1 or PlexinA2, signal transducers forming a receptor complex with NRP2 for SEMA3s, exhibits an increase in LEC growth and lymphatic branching as observed in Sema3f;Sema3g double mutants. Our results provide the first evidence that SEMA3F and SEMA3G function as a negative regulator for dermal lymphangiogenesis in vivo. The reciprocal phenotype in lymphatic branching between Sema3f;Sema3g double mutants and Nrp2 mutants suggest a complex NRP2 function that regulates LEC behavior both positively and negatively, through a binding with VEGFC or SEMA3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Uchida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/6C103, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer M James
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/6C103, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fumikazu Suto
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yoh-Suke Mukouyama
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10/6C103, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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38
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The COUP-TFII/Neuropilin-2 is a molecular switch steering diencephalon-derived GABAergic neurons in the developing mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4985-94. [PMID: 26305926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420701112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The preoptic area (POa) of the rostral diencephalon supplies the neocortex and the amygdala with GABAergic neurons in the developing mouse brain. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine the pathway and destinations of POa-derived neurons have not yet been identified. Here we show that Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII)-induced expression of Neuropilin-2 (Nrp2) and its down-regulation control the destination of POa-derived GABAergic neurons. Initially, a majority of the POa-derived migrating neurons express COUP-TFII and form a caudal migratory stream toward the caudal subpallium. When a subpopulation of cells steers toward the neocortex, they exhibit decreased expression of COUP-TFII and Nrp2. The present findings show that suppression of COUP-TFII/Nrp2 changed the destination of the cells into the neocortex, whereas overexpression of COUP-TFII/Nrp2 caused cells to end up in the medial part of the amygdala. Taken together, these results reveal that COUP-TFII/Nrp2 is a molecular switch determining the pathway and destination of migrating GABAergic neurons born in the POa.
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Nazareth L, Lineburg KE, Chuah MI, Tello Velasquez J, Chehrehasa F, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Olfactory ensheathing cells are the main phagocytic cells that remove axon debris during early development of the olfactory system. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:479-94. [PMID: 25312022 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During development of the primary olfactory system, axon targeting is inaccurate and axons inappropriately project within the target layer or overproject into the deeper layers of the olfactory bulb. As a consequence there is considerable apoptosis of primary olfactory neurons during embryonic and postnatal development and axons of the degraded neurons need to be removed. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are the glia of the primary olfactory nerve and are known to phagocytose axon debris in the adult and postnatal animal. However, it is unclear when phagocytosis by OECs first commences. We investigated the onset of phagocytosis by OECs in the developing mouse olfactory system by utilizing two transgenic reporter lines: OMP-ZsGreen mice which express bright green fluorescent protein in primary olfactory neurons, and S100β-DsRed mice which express red fluorescent protein in OECs. In crosses of these mice, the fate of the degraded axon debris is easily visualized. We found evidence of axon degradation at embryonic day (E)13.5. Phagocytosis of the primary olfactory axon debris by OECs was first detected at E14.5. Phagocytosis of axon debris continued into the postnatal animal during the period when there was extensive mistargeting of olfactory axons. Macrophages were often present in close proximity to OECs but they contributed only a minor role to clearing the axon debris, even after widespread degeneration of olfactory neurons by unilateral bulbectomy and methimazole treatment. These results demonstrate that from early in embryonic development OECs are the primary phagocytic cells of the primary olfactory nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnmaria Nazareth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1)/Flt-1 is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor (PlGF). VEGFR-1 is an enigmatic molecule whose precise role in postnatal angiogenesis remains controversial. Although many postnatal and adult studies have been performed by manipulating VEGFR-1 ligands, including competitive binding by truncated VEGFR-1 protein, neutralization by antibodies, or specific ligand overexpression or knockout, much less is known at the level of the receptor per se, especially in vivo. Perplexingly, while VEGFR-1 negatively regulates endothelial cell differentiation during development, it has been implied in promoting angiogenesis under certain conditions in adult tissues, especially in tumors and ischemic tissues. Additionally, it is unclear how VEGFR-1 is involved in vascular maturation and maintenance of vascular quiescence in adult tissues. To facilitate further investigation, we generated a conditional knockout mouse line for VEGFR-1 and characterized angiogenesis in postnatal and adult mice, including angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium. These methods are briefly outlined in this chapter. We also discuss these findings in the context of the interplay between VEGF family members and their receptors, and summarize various mouse models in the VEGF pathway.
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Rolen SH, Salcedo E, Restrepo D, Finger TE. Differential localization of NT-3 and TrpM5 in glomeruli of the olfactory bulb of mice. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1929-40. [PMID: 24288162 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons that express transient receptor potential channel M5 (TrpM5) or neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) project to defined clusters of glomeruli situated ventrally in the main olfactory bulb. Using genetically labeled mice, we investigated whether expression of NT-3-driven βgal and TrpM5-driven GFP marked overlapping sets of glomeruli and whether expression of these markers was coordinated. Our results indicate that these markers largely characterize independent sets of olfactory sensory neuron axons and glomeruli. Further, in glomeruli in which both TrpM5-GFP and NT-3-βgal labeled axons occur, they are expressed independently. The nature of staining for these two markers also differs within glomeruli. Within each labeled TrpM5-positive glomerulus, the level of TrpM5-GFP expression was similar throughout the glomerular neuropil. In contrast, NT-3-driven βgal expression levels are heterogeneous even within heavily labeled glomeruli. In addition, a population of very small TrpM5-GFP positive glomeruli is apparent while no similar populations of NT-3-βgal glomeruli are evident. Taken together, these data suggest that TrpM5 and NT-3 characterize two largely independent receptor populations both conveying odorant information to the ventral olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Rolen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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42
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Locatelli FF, Rela L. Mosaic activity patterns and their relation to perceptual similarity: open discussions on the molecular basis and circuitry of odor recognition. J Neurochem 2014; 131:546-53. [PMID: 25123415 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enormous advances have been made in the recent years in regard to the mechanisms and neural circuits by which odors are sensed and perceived. Part of this understanding has been gained from parallel studies in insects and rodents that show striking similarity in the mechanisms they use to sense, encode, and perceive odors. In this review, we provide a short introduction to the functioning of olfactory systems from transduction of odorant stimuli into electrical signals in sensory neurons to the anatomical and functional organization of the networks involved in neural representation of odors in the central nervous system. We make emphasis on the functional and anatomical architecture of the first synaptic relay of the olfactory circuit, the olfactory bulb in vertebrates and the antennal lobe in insects. We discuss how the exquisite and conserved architecture of this structure is established and how different odors are encoded in mosaic activity patterns. Finally, we discuss the validity of methods used to compare activation patterns in relation to perceptual similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Locatelli
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIByNE-CONICET, Argentina
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43
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Persson L, Witt RM, Galligan M, Greer PL, Eisner A, Pazyra-Murphy MF, Datta SR, Segal RA. Shh-proteoglycan interactions regulate maturation of olfactory glomerular circuitry. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:1255-67. [PMID: 24913191 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system relies on precise circuitry connecting olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and appropriate relay and processing neurons of the olfactory bulb (OB). In mammals, the exact correspondence between specific olfactory receptor types and individual glomeruli enables a spatially precise map of glomerular activation that corresponds to distinct odors. However, the mechanisms that govern the establishment and maintenance of the glomerular circuitry are largely unknown. Here we show that high levels of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling at multiple sites enable refinement and maintenance of olfactory glomerular circuitry. Mice expressing a mutant version of Shh (Shh(Ala/Ala)), with impaired binding to proteoglycan co-receptors, exhibit disproportionately small olfactory bulbs containing fewer glomeruli. Notably, in mutant animals the correspondence between individual glomeruli and specific olfactory receptors is lost, as olfactory sensory neurons expressing different olfactory receptors converge on the same glomeruli. These deficits arise at late stages in post-natal development and continue into adulthood, indicating impaired pruning of erroneous connections within the olfactory bulb. In addition, mature Shh(Ala/Ala) mice exhibit decreased proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ), with particular reduction in neurogenesis of calbindin-expressing periglomerular cells. Thus, Shh interactions with proteoglycan co-receptors function at multiple locations to regulate neurogenesis and precise olfactory connectivity, thereby promoting functional neuronal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Persson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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44
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Neural map formation in the mouse olfactory system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3049-57. [PMID: 24638094 PMCID: PMC4111858 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse olfactory system, odorants are detected by ~1,000 different odorant receptors (ORs) produced by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Each OSN expresses only one functional OR species, which is referred to as the “one neuron–one receptor” rule. Furthermore, OSN axons bearing the same OR converge to a specific projection site in the olfactory bulb (OB) forming a glomerular structure, i.e., the “one glomerulus–one receptor” rule. Based on these basic rules, binding signals of odorants detected by OSNs are converted to topographic information of activated glomeruli in the OB. During development, the glomerular map is formed by the combination of two genetically programmed processes: one is OR-independent projection along the dorsal–ventral axis, and the other is OR-dependent projection along the anterior-posterior axis. The map is further refined in an activity-dependent manner during the neonatal period. Here, we summarize recent progress of neural map formation in the mouse olfactory system.
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45
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Sun LO, Jiang Z, Rivlin-Etzion M, Hand R, Brady CM, Matsuoka RL, Yau KW, Feller MB, Kolodkin AL. On and off retinal circuit assembly by divergent molecular mechanisms. Science 2013; 342:1241974. [PMID: 24179230 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Direction-selective responses to motion can be to the onset (On) or cessation (Off) of illumination. Here, we show that the transmembrane protein semaphorin 6A and its receptor plexin A2 are critical for achieving radially symmetric arborization of On starburst amacrine cell (SAC) dendrites and normal SAC stratification in the mouse retina. Plexin A2 is expressed in both On and Off SACs; however, semaphorin 6A is expressed in On SACs. Specific On-Off bistratified direction-selective ganglion cells in semaphorin 6A(-/-) mutants exhibit decreased tuning of On directional motion responses. These results correlate the elaboration of symmetric SAC dendritic morphology and asymmetric responses to motion, shedding light on the development of visual pathways that use the same cell types for divergent outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu O Sun
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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46
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Aoki M, Takeuchi H, Nakashima A, Nishizumi H, Sakano H. Possible roles of Robo1+ ensheathing cells in guiding dorsal-zone olfactory sensory neurons in mouse. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:828-40. [PMID: 23821580 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse olfactory system, the anatomical locations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) correlate with their axonal projection sites along the dorsoventral axis of the olfactory bulb (OB). We have previously reported that Neuropilin-2 expressed by ventral-zone OSNs contributes to the segregation of dorsal and ventral OSN axons, and that Slit is acting as a negative land mark to restrict the projection of Robo2+, early-arriving OSN axons to the embryonic OB. Here, we report that another guidance receptor, Robo1, also plays an important role in guiding OSN axons. Knockout mice for Robo1 demonstrated defects in targeting of OSN axons to the OB. Although Robo1 is colocalized with dorsal-zone OSN axons, it is not produced by OSNs, but instead by olfactory ensheathing cells. These findings indicate a novel strategy of axon guidance in the mouse olfactory system during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aoki
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
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Verlinden L, Kriebitzsch C, Beullens I, Tan BK, Carmeliet G, Verstuyf A. Nrp2 deficiency leads to trabecular bone loss and is accompanied by enhanced osteoclast and reduced osteoblast numbers. Bone 2013; 55:465-75. [PMID: 23598046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) and Nrp2 are transmembrane receptors that can bind class 3 semaphorins (Sema3A-G) in addition to VEGF family members to play important roles in axonal guidance, vascularization and angiogenesis, as well as immune responses. Moreover, recent evidence implicates Sema3A/Nrp-mediated signaling in bone regulation. However, to date the expression of Nrp2 in bone has not been investigated and a possible role for Nrp2 in the maintenance of bone homeostasis in vivo remains unexplored. Here we show that Nrp2, together with its possible coreceptors (Plexin A family members and Plexin D1) and class 3 semaphorin ligands, were expressed during in vitro osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Moreover, Nrp2 transcript and protein levels were highly induced in hematopoietic bone marrow cell-derived osteoclast cultures. Osteoblastic as well as osteoclastic Nrp2 expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of the long bones of mice. Interestingly, Nrp2 knockout mice were characterized by a low bone mass phenotype which was accompanied by an increased number of osteoclasts and a decreased osteoblast count. Collectively, these data point to a physiological role for Nrp2 in bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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48
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Prince JEA, Brignall AC, Cutforth T, Shen K, Cloutier JF. Kirrel3 is required for the coalescence of vomeronasal sensory neuron axons into glomeruli and for male-male aggression. Development 2013; 140:2398-408. [PMID: 23637329 DOI: 10.1242/dev.087262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The accessory olfactory system controls social and sexual interactions in mice that are crucial for survival. Vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) form synapses with dendrites of second order neurons in glomeruli of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Axons of VSNs expressing the same vomeronasal receptor coalesce into multiple glomeruli within spatially conserved regions of the AOB. Here we examine the role of the Kirrel family of transmembrane proteins in the coalescence of VSN axons within the AOB. We find that Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 are differentially expressed in subpopulations of VSNs and that their expression is regulated by activity. Although Kirrel3 expression is not required for early axonal guidance events, such as fasciculation of the vomeronasal tract and segregation of apical and basal VSN axons in the AOB, it is necessary for proper coalescence of axons into glomeruli. Ablation of Kirrel3 expression results in disorganization of the glomerular layer of the posterior AOB and formation of fewer, larger glomeruli. Furthermore, Kirrel3(-/-) mice display a loss of male-male aggression in a resident-intruder assay. Taken together, our results indicate that differential expression of Kirrels on vomeronasal axons generates a molecular code that dictates their proper coalescence into glomeruli within the AOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E A Prince
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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49
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Dishevelled proteins are associated with olfactory sensory neuron presynaptic terminals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56561. [PMID: 23437169 PMCID: PMC3577874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) project their axons from the olfactory epithelium toward the olfactory bulb (OB) in a heterogeneous and unsorted arrangement. However, as the axons approach the glomerular layer of the OB, axons from OSNs expressing the same odorant receptor (OR) sort and converge to form molecularly homogeneous glomeruli. Axon guidance cues, cell adhesion molecules, and OR induced activity have been implicated in the final targeting of OSN axons to specific glomeruli. Less understood, and often controversial, are the mechanisms used by OSN axons to initially navigate from the OE toward the OB. We previously demonstrated a role for Wnt and Frizzled (Fz) molecules in OSN axon extension and organization within the olfactory nerve. Building on that we now turned our attention to the downstream signaling cascades from Wnt-Fz interactions. Dishevelled (Dvl) is a key molecule downstream of Fz receptors. Three isoforms of Dvl with specific as well as overlapping functions are found in mammals. Here, we show that Dvl-1 expression is restricted to OSNs in the dorsal recess of the nasal cavity, and labels a unique subpopulation of glomeruli. Dvl-2 and Dvl-3 have a widespread distribution in both the OE and OB. Both Dvl-1 and Dvl-2 are associated with intra-glomerular pre-synaptic OSN terminals, suggesting a role in synapse formation/stabilization. Moreover, because Dvl proteins were observed in all OSN axons, we hypothesize that they are important determinants of OSN cell differentiation and axon extension.
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Lodovichi C, Belluscio L. Odorant receptors in the formation of the olfactory bulb circuitry. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:200-12. [PMID: 22875451 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00015.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, smell is mediated by odorant receptors expressed by sensory neurons in the nose. These specialized receptors are found both on olfactory sensory neurons' cilia and axon terminals. Although the primary function of ciliary odorant receptors is to detect odorants, their axonal role remains unclear but is thought to involve axon guidance. This review discusses findings that show axonal odorant receptors are indeed functional and capable of modulating neural connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lodovichi
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Institute of Neuroscience-CNR, Padua, Italy
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