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Bolívar S, Sanz E, Ovelleiro D, Zochodne DW, Udina E. Neuron-specific RNA-sequencing reveals different responses in peripheral neurons after nerve injury. eLife 2024; 12:RP91316. [PMID: 38742628 PMCID: PMC11093584 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neurons are heterogeneous and functionally diverse, but all share the capability to switch to a pro-regenerative state after nerve injury. Despite the assumption that the injury response is similar among neuronal subtypes, functional recovery may differ. Understanding the distinct intrinsic regenerative properties between neurons may help to improve the quality of regeneration, prioritizing the growth of axon subpopulations to their targets. Here, we present a comparative analysis of regeneration across four key peripheral neuron populations: motoneurons, proprioceptors, cutaneous mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors. Using Cre/Ai9 mice that allow fluorescent labeling of neuronal subtypes, we found that nociceptors showed the greater regeneration after a sciatic crush, followed by motoneurons, mechanoreceptors, and, finally, proprioceptors. By breeding these Cre mice with Ribotag mice, we isolated specific translatomes and defined the regenerative response of these neuronal subtypes after axotomy. Only 20% of the regulated genes were common, revealing a diverse response to injury among neurons, which was also supported by the differential influence of neurotrophins among neuron subtypes. Among differentially regulated genes, we proposed MED12 as a specific regulator of the regeneration of proprioceptors. Altogether, we demonstrate that the intrinsic regenerative capacity differs between peripheral neuron subtypes, opening the door to selectively modulate these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bolívar
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Elisenda Sanz
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
| | - David Ovelleiro
- Peripheral Nervous System, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital CampusBarcelonaSpain
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Esther Udina
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Jiang S, Li W, Song M, Liang J, Liu G, Du Q, Wang L, Meng H, Tang L, Yang Y, Zhang B. CXCL1-CXCR2 axis mediates inflammatory response after sciatic nerve injury by regulating macrophage infiltration. Mol Immunol 2024; 169:50-65. [PMID: 38493581 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in the inflammatory response following sciatic nerve injury. Studies have demonstrated that C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL) 1 recruit macrophages by binding to C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR) 2 and participates in the inflammatory response of various diseases. Based on these findings, we aimed to explore the role of the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis in the repair process after peripheral nerve injury. Initially, we simulated sciatic nerve injury and observed an increased expression of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in the nerves of the injury group. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that the heightened CXCL1 expression occurs in Schwann cells and is secreted, while the elevated CXCR2 is expressed by recruited macrophages. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the binding of CXCL1 to CXCR2 can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and promote the production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in macrophages. However, after mice were subjected to sciatic nerve injury, the number of macrophages and the expression of inflammatory factors in the sciatic nerve were reduced following treatment with the CXCR2 inhibitor SB225002. Simultaneously, we evaluated the sciatic nerve function index, the expression of p75 neurotrophic factor receptor (p75NTR), and myelin proteins, and all of these results were improved with the use of SB225002. Thus, our results suggest that after sciatic nerve injury, the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis mediates the inflammatory response by promoting the recruitment and activation of macrophages, which is detrimental to the repair of the injured nerves. In contrast, treatment with SB225002 promotes the repair of injured sciatic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meiying Song
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guixian Liu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiaochu Du
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Luoyang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haining Meng
- School of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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Nishijima T, Okuyama K, Shibata S, Kimura H, Shinozaki M, Ouchi T, Mabuchi Y, Ohno T, Nakayama J, Hayatsu M, Uchiyama K, Shindo T, Niiyama E, Toita S, Kawada J, Iwamoto T, Nakamura M, Okano H, Nagoshi N. Novel artificial nerve transplantation of human iPSC-derived neurite bundles enhanced nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:6. [PMID: 38347645 PMCID: PMC10863150 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe peripheral nerve damage always requires surgical treatment. Autologous nerve transplantation is a standard treatment, but it is not sufficient due to length limitations and extended surgical time. Even with the available artificial nerves, there is still large room for improvement in their therapeutic effects. Novel treatments for peripheral nerve injury are greatly expected. METHODS Using a specialized microfluidic device, we generated artificial neurite bundles from human iPSC-derived motor and sensory nerve organoids. We developed a new technology to isolate cell-free neurite bundles from spheroids. Transplantation therapy was carried out for large nerve defects in rat sciatic nerve with novel artificial nerve conduit filled with lineally assembled sets of human neurite bundles. Quantitative comparisons were performed over time to search for the artificial nerve with the therapeutic effect, evaluating the recovery of motor and sensory functions and histological regeneration. In addition, a multidimensional unbiased gene expression profiling was carried out by using next-generation sequencing. RESULT After transplantation, the neurite bundle-derived artificial nerves exerted significant therapeutic effects, both functionally and histologically. Remarkably, therapeutic efficacy was achieved without immunosuppression, even in xenotransplantation. Transplanted neurite bundles fully dissolved after several weeks, with no tumor formation or cell proliferation, confirming their biosafety. Posttransplant gene expression analysis highlighted the immune system's role in recovery. CONCLUSION The combination of newly developed microfluidic devices and iPSC technology enables the preparation of artificial nerves from organoid-derived neurite bundles in advance for future treatment of peripheral nerve injury patients. A promising, safe, and effective peripheral nerve treatment is now ready for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nishijima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okuyama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hiroo Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato Institute Hospital, 9-1, Shirokane 5-Chome, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shinozaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takehito Ouchi
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda-Misaki-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Medical Innovation Center, Fujita Health University, Floor 4, Haneda Innovation City Zone A, 1-1-4, Hanedakuko, Ota-Ku, Tokyo, 144-0041, Japan
| | - Tatsukuni Ohno
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18 Kanda-Misaki-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan
| | - Junpei Nakayama
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Manabu Hayatsu
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Keiko Uchiyama
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shindo
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eri Niiyama
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
- Jiksak Bioengineering, Inc, Cybernics Medical Innovation Base-A Room 322, 3-25-16 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Sayaka Toita
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
- Jiksak Bioengineering, Inc, Cybernics Medical Innovation Base-A Room 322, 3-25-16 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
- Present address: Faculty of Materials for Energy, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Jiro Kawada
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
- Jiksak Bioengineering, Inc, Cybernics Medical Innovation Base-A Room 322, 3-25-16 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Takuji Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Zhao Q, Jiang C, Zhao L, Dai X, Yi S. Unleashing Axonal Regeneration Capacities: Neuronal and Non-neuronal Changes After Injuries to Dorsal Root Ganglion Neuron Central and Peripheral Axonal Branches. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:423-433. [PMID: 37620687 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves obtain remarkable regenerative capacity while central nerves can hardly regenerate following nerve injury. Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are widely used to decipher the dissimilarity between central and peripheral axonal regeneration as axons of DRG neurons bifurcate into the regeneration-incompetent central projections and the regeneration-competent peripheral projections. A conditioning peripheral branch injury facilitates central axonal regeneration and enables the growth and elongation of central axons. Peripheral axonal injury stimulates neuronal calcium influx, alters the start-point chromatin states, increases chromatin accessibility, upregulates the expressions of regeneration-promoting genes and the synthesis of proteins, and supports axonal regeneration. Following central axonal injury, the responses of DRG neurons are modest, resulting in poor intrinsic growth ability. Some non-neuronal cells in DRGs, for instance satellite glial cells, also exhibit diminished injury responses to central axon injury as compared with peripheral axon injury. Moreover, DRG central and peripheral axonal branches are respectively surrounded by inhibitory glial scars generated by central glial cells and a permissive microenvironment generated by Schwann cells and macrophages. The aim of this review is to look at changes of DRG neurons and non-neuronal cells after peripheral and central axon injuries and summarize the contributing roles of both neuronal intrinsic regenerative capacities and surrounding microenvironments in axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Yuan W, Liu W, Zhan X, Zhou Y, Ma R, Liang S, Wang T, Ge Z. Inhibition of miR-221-3p promotes axonal regeneration and repair of primary sensory neurons via regulating p27 expression. Neuroreport 2023; 34:471-484. [PMID: 37161985 PMCID: PMC10292576 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the key microRNA (miRNA) playing a vital role in axonal regeneration with a hostile microenvironment after spinal cord injury. Based on the theory that sciatic nerve conditioning injury (SNCI) could promote the repair of the injured dorsal column. Differentially expressed miRNAs were screened according to the microarray, revealing that 47 known miRNAs were differentially expressed after injury and perhaps involved in nerve regeneration. Among the 47 miRNAs, the expression of miR-221-3p decreased sharply in the SNCI group compared with the simple dorsal column lesion (SDCL) group. Subsequently, it was confirmed that p27 was the target gene of miR-221-3p from luciferase reporter assay. Further, we found that inhibition of miR-221-3p expression could specifically target p27 to upregulate the expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), α-tubulin acetyltransferase (α-TAT1) together with α-tubulin, and advance the regeneration of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal axons. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the main components of glial scar, which can hinder the extension and growth of damaged neuronal axons. After CSPGs were used in this study, the results demonstrated that restrained miR-221-3p expression also via p27 promoted the upregulation of GAP-43, α-TAT1, and α-tubulin and enhanced the axonal growth of DRG neurons. Hence, miR-221-3p could contribute significantly to the regeneration of DRG neurons by specifically regulating p27 in the p27/CDK2/GAP-43 and p27/α-TAT1/α-tubulin pathways even in the inhibitory environment with CSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
| | - Xuehua Zhan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
| | - Yueyong Zhou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
| | - Simin Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, 981st Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Chengde, China
| | - Zhaohui Ge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Peripheral nerve injury is a common injury disease. Understanding of the mechanisms of periphery nerve repair and regeneration after injury is an essential prerequisite for treating related diseases. Although the biological mechanisms of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration have been studied comprehensively, the clinical treatment methods are still limited. The bottlenecks of the treatments are the shortage of donor nerves and the limited surgical precision. Apart from the knowledge regarding the fundamental characteristics and physical processes of peripheral nerve injury, numerous studies have found that Schwann cells, growth factors, and extracellular matrix are main factors affecting the repair and regeneration process of injured nerves. At present, the therapeutical methods of the disease include microsurgery, autologous nerve transplantation, allograft nerve transplantation and tissue engineering technology. Tissue engineering technology, which combines seed cells, neurotrophic factors, and scaffold materials together, is promising for treating the patients with long-gapped and large nerve damage. With the development of neuron science and technology, the treatment of peripheral nerve injury diseases will continue being improved.
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Xu S, Ito A, Wang T, Kawai H, Aoyama T, Kuroki H. Ultrasound Therapy of Injury Site Modulates Gene and Protein Expressions in the Dorsal Root Ganglion in a Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Rat Model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:2502-2511. [PMID: 36180311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effects of ultrasound on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons at the injury site in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury. We evaluated the mRNA expression of neurotrophic and pro-inflammatory factors by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction 7 and 14 d post-injury. We also evaluated the protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 7 and 14 d post-injury. Axon regeneration and motor function analyses were performed 21 days after injury to confirm the facilitative effect of ultrasound on nerve regeneration. In the ultrasound group, BDNF and interleukin-6 mRNA expression of the DRG was significantly reduced 7 d post-injury. Compared with the sham group, the BDNF protein expression of the DRG in the ultrasound group remained at a higher level 14 d post-injury. Motor function, myelinated fiber density and myelin sheath thickness were significantly higher in the ultrasound group than in the sham group 21 d post-injury. These results indicate that ultrasound therapy at the injury site promotes nerve regeneration and modulates gene and protein expression in the DRG of a rat model of a sciatic nerve crush injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Xu
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tianshu Wang
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Kawai
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aoyama
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kwon MJ, Seo Y, Cho H, Kim HS, Oh YJ, Genişcan S, Kim M, Park HH, Joe EH, Kwon MH, Kang HC, Kim BG. Nanogel-mediated delivery of oncomodulin secreted from regeneration-associated macrophages promotes sensory axon regeneration in the spinal cord. Theranostics 2022; 12:5856-5876. [PMID: 35966584 PMCID: PMC9373827 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning nerve injury enhances axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in part by driving pro-regenerative perineuronal macrophage activation. How these macrophages influence the neuronal capacity of axon regeneration remains elusive. We report that oncomodulin (ONCM) is produced from the regeneration-associated macrophages and strongly influences regeneration of DRG sensory axons. We also attempted to promote sensory axon regeneration by nanogel-mediated delivery of ONCM to DRGs. Methods:In vitro neuron-macrophage interaction model and preconditioning sciatic nerve injury were used to verify the necessity of ONCM in preconditioning injury-induced neurite outgrowth. We developed a nanogel-mediated delivery system in which electrostatic encapsulation of ONCM by a reducible epsilon-poly(L-lysine)-nanogel (REPL-NG) enabled a controlled release of ONCM. Results: Sciatic nerve injury upregulated ONCM in DRG macrophages. ONCM in macrophages was necessary to produce pro-regenerative macrophages in the in vitro model of neuron-macrophage interaction and played an essential role in preconditioning-induced neurite outgrowth. ONCM increased neurite outgrowth in cultured DRG neurons by activating a distinct gene set, particularly neuropeptide-related genes. Increasing extracellularly secreted ONCM in DRGs sufficiently enhanced the capacity of neurite outgrowth. Intraganglionic injection of REPL-NG/ONCM complex allowed sustained ONCM activity in DRG tissue and achieved a remarkable long-range regeneration of dorsal column sensory axons beyond spinal cord lesion. Conclusion: NG-mediated ONCM delivery could be exploited as a therapeutic strategy for promoting sensory axon regeneration following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kwon
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Seo
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soon Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Oh
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Simay Genişcan
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Hwan Park
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
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9
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Hassel B, Niehusmann P, Halvorsen B, Dahlberg D. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in cystic glioblastoma: A quantitative study with a comparison with bacterial brain abscesses. With an MRI investigation of displacement and destruction of the brain tissue surrounding a glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:846674. [PMID: 35965529 PMCID: PMC9372434 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.846674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic glioblastomas are aggressive primary brain tumors that may both destroy and displace the surrounding brain tissue as they grow. The mechanisms underlying these tumors’ destructive effect could include exposure of brain tissue to tumor-derived cytokines, but quantitative cytokine data are lacking. Here, we provide quantitative data on leukocyte markers and cytokines in the cyst fluid from 21 cystic glioblastomas, which we compare to values in 13 brain abscess pus samples. The concentration of macrophage/microglia markers sCD163 and MCP-1 was higher in glioblastoma cyst fluid than in brain abscess pus; lymphocyte marker sCD25 was similar in cyst fluid and pus, whereas neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase was higher in pus. Median cytokine levels in glioblastoma cyst fluid were high (pg/mL): TNF-α: 32, IL-6: 1064, IL-8: 23585, tissue factor: 28, the chemokine CXCL1: 639. These values were not significantly different from values in pus, pointing to a highly pro-inflammatory glioblastoma environment. In contrast, levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13 were higher in pus than in glioblastoma cyst fluid. Based on the quantitative data, we show for the first time that the concentrations of cytokines in glioblastoma cyst fluid correlate with blood leukocyte levels, suggesting an important interaction between glioblastomas and the circulation. Preoperative MRI of the cystic glioblastomas confirmed both destruction and displacement of brain tissue, but none of the cytokine levels correlated with degree of brain tissue displacement or peri-tumoral edema, as could be assessed by MRI. We conclude that cystic glioblastomas are highly pro-inflammatory environments that interact with the circulation and that they both displace and destroy brain tissue. These observations point to the need for neuroprotective strategies in glioblastoma therapy, which could include an anti-inflammatory approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway
- *Correspondence: Bjørnar Hassel,
| | - Pitt Niehusmann
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Dahlberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Cui Z, Liao K, Li S, Gu J, Wang Y, Ding C, Guo Y, Chan HF, Ma JH, Tang S, Chen J. LM22B-10 promotes corneal nerve regeneration through in vitro 3D co-culture model and in vivo corneal injury model. Acta Biomater 2022; 146:159-176. [PMID: 35562005 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Corneal nerve wounding often causes abnormalities in the cornea and even blindness in severe cases. In this study, we construct a dorsal root ganglion-corneal stromal cell (DRG-CSC, DS) co-culture 3D model to explore the mechanism of corneal nerve regeneration. Firstly, this model consists of DRG collagen grafts sandwiched by orthogonally stacked and orderly arranged CSC-laden plastic compressed collagen. Nerve bundles extend into the entire corneal stroma within 14 days, and they also have orthogonal patterns. This nerve prevents CSCs from apoptosis in the serum withdrawal medium. The conditioned medium (CM) for CSCs in collagen scaffolds contains NT-3, IL-6, and other factors. Among them, NT-3 notably promotes the activation of ERK-CREB in the DRG, leading to the growth of nerve bundles, and IL-6 induces the upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes. Then, LM22B-10, an activator of the NT-3 receptor TrkB/TrkC, can also activate ERK-CREB to enhance nerve growth. After administering LM22B-10 eye drops to regular and diabetic mice with corneal wounding, LM22B-10 significantly improves the healing speed of the corneal epithelium, corneal sensitivity, and corneal nerve density. Overall, the DS co-culture model provides a promising platform and tools for the exploration of corneal physiological and pathological mechanisms, as well as the verification of drug effects in vitro. Meanwhile, we confirm that LM22B-10, as a non-peptide small molecule, has future potential in nerve wound repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The cornea accounts for most of the refractive power of the eye. Corneal nerves play an important role in maintaining corneal homeostasis. Once the corneal nerves are damaged, the corneal epithelium and stroma develop lesions. However, the mechanism of the interaction between corneal nerves and corneal cells is still not fully understood. Here, we construct a corneal stroma-nerve co-culture in vitro model and reveal that NT-3 expressed by stromal cells promotes nerve growth by activating the ERK-CREB pathway in nerves. LM22B-10, an activator of NT-3 receptors, can also induce nerve growth in vitro. Moreover, it is used as eye drops to enhance corneal epithelial wound healing, corneal nerve sensitivity and density of nerve plexus in corneal nerve wounding model in vivo.
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11
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The Inflammatory Response after Moderate Contusion Spinal Cord Injury: A Time Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060939. [PMID: 35741460 PMCID: PMC9220050 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The neuroinflammatory response is a rather complex event in spinal cord injury (SCI) and has the capacity to exacerbate cell damage but also to contribute to the repair of the injury. This complexity is thought to depend on a variety of inflammatory mediators, of which tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a key role. Evidence indicates that TNF can be both protective and detrimental in SCI. In the present study, we studied the temporal and cellular expression of TNF and its receptors after SCI in mice. We found TNF to be significantly increased in both the acute and the delayed phases after SCI, alongside a robust neuroinflammatory response. As we could verify some of our results in human postmortem tissue, our results imply that diminishing the detrimental immune signaling after SCI could also enhance recovery in humans. Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates detrimental cellular and molecular events that lead to acute and delayed neuroinflammation. Understanding the role of the inflammatory response in SCI requires insight into the temporal and cellular synthesis of inflammatory mediators. We subjected C57BL/6J mice to SCI and investigated inflammatory reactions. We examined activation, recruitment, and polarization of microglia and infiltrating immune cells, focusing specifically on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. In the acute phase, TNF expression increased in glial cells and neuron-like cells, followed by infiltrating immune cells. TNFR1 and TNFR2 levels increased in the delayed phase and were found preferentially on neurons and glial cells, respectively. The acute phase was dominated by the infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages. Microglial/macrophage expression of Arg1 increased from 1–7 days after SCI, followed by an increase in Itgam, Cx3cr1, and P2ry12, which remained elevated throughout the study. By 21 and 28 days after SCI, the lesion core was populated by galectin-3+, CD68+, and CD11b+ microglia/macrophages, surrounded by a glial scar consisting of GFAP+ astrocytes. Findings were verified in postmortem tissue from individuals with SCI. Our findings support the consensus that future neuroprotective immunotherapies should aim to selectively neutralize detrimental immune signaling while sustaining pro-regenerative processes.
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12
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Noristani HN, Kim H, Pang S, Zhong J, Son YJ. Co-targeting B-RAF and PTEN Enables Sensory Axons to Regenerate Across and Beyond the Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:891463. [PMID: 35557554 PMCID: PMC9087900 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.891463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory axons in adult mammals fail to regenerate after spinal cord injury (SCI), in part due to insufficient intrinsic growth potential. Robustly boosting their growth potential continues to be a challenge. Previously, we showed that constitutive activation of B-RAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinase) markedly promotes axon regeneration after dorsal root and optic nerve injuries. The regrowth is further augmented by supplemental deletion of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog). Here, we examined whether concurrent B-RAF activation and PTEN deletion promotes dorsal column axon regeneration after SCI. Remarkably, genetically targeting B-RAF and PTEN selectively in DRG neurons of adult mice enables many DC axons to enter, cross, and grow beyond the lesion site after SCI; some axons reach ∼2 mm rostral to the lesion by 3 weeks post-injury. Co-targeting B-RAF and PTEN promotes more robust DC regeneration than a pre-conditioning lesion, which additively enhances the regeneration triggered by B-RAF/PTEN. We also found that post-injury targeting of B-RAF and PTEN enhances DC axon regeneration. These results demonstrate that co-targeting B-RAF and PTEN effectively enhances the intrinsic growth potential of DC axons after SCI and therefore may help to develop a novel strategy to promote robust long-distance regeneration of primary sensory axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun N. Noristani
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Harun N. Noristani,
| | - Hyukmin Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuhuan Pang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jian Zhong
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Winter CC, He Z, Jacobi A. Axon Regeneration: A Subcellular Extension in Multiple Dimensions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040923. [PMID: 34518340 PMCID: PMC8886981 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Axons are a unique cellular structure that allows for the communication between neurons. Axon damage compromises neuronal communications and often leads to functional deficits. Thus, developing strategies that promote effective axon regeneration for functional restoration is highly desirable. One fruitful approach is to dissect the regenerative mechanisms used by some types of neurons in both mammalian and nonmammalian systems that exhibit spontaneous regenerative capacity. Additionally, numerous efforts have been devoted to deciphering the barriers that prevent successful axon regeneration in the most regeneration-refractory system-the adult mammalian central nervous system. As a result, several regeneration-promoting strategies have been developed, but significant limitations remain. This review is aimed to summarize historic progression and current understanding of this exciting yet incomplete endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C Winter
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- PhD Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anne Jacobi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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14
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Khan A, Parray A, Akhtar N, Agouni A, Kamran S, Pananchikkal SV, Priyanka R, Gad H, Ponirakis G, Petropoulos IN, Chen KH, Tayyab K, Saqqur M, Shuaib A, Malik RA. Corneal nerve loss in patients with TIA and acute ischemic stroke in relation to circulating markers of inflammation and vascular integrity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3332. [PMID: 35228650 PMCID: PMC8885663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular and inflammatory mechanisms are implicated in the development of cerebrovascular disease and corneal nerve loss occurs in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We have assessed whether serum markers of inflammation and vascular integrity are associated with the severity of corneal nerve loss in patients with TIA and AIS. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) was performed to quantify corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD) and corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) in 105 patients with TIA (n = 24) or AIS (n = 81) and age matched control subjects (n = 56). Circulating levels of IL-6, MMP-2, MMP-9, E-Selectin, P-Selectin and VEGF were quantified in patients within 48 h of presentation with a TIA or AIS. CNFL (P = 0.000, P = 0.000), CNFD (P = 0.122, P = 0.000) and CNBD (P = 0.002, P = 0.000) were reduced in patients with TIA and AIS compared to controls, respectively with no difference between patients with AIS and TIA. The NIHSS Score (P = 0.000), IL-6 (P = 0.011) and E-Selectin (P = 0.032) were higher in patients with AIS compared to TIA with no difference in MMP-2 (P = 0.636), MMP-9 (P = 0.098), P-Selectin (P = 0.395) and VEGF (P = 0.831). CNFL (r = 0.218, P = 0.026) and CNFD (r = 0.230, P = 0.019) correlated with IL-6 and multiple regression analysis showed a positive association of CNFL and CNFD with IL-6 (P = 0.041, P = 0.043). Patients with TIA and AIS have evidence of corneal nerve loss and elevated IL6 and E-selectin levels. Larger longitudinal studies are required to determine the association between inflammatory and vascular markers and corneal nerve fiber loss in patients with cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Khan
- Department of Medicine, Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aijaz Parray
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurosciences, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Naveed Akhtar
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurosciences, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saadat Kamran
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurosciences, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sajitha V Pananchikkal
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurosciences, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ruth Priyanka
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurosciences, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hoda Gad
- Department of Medicine, Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Georgios Ponirakis
- Department of Medicine, Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ioannis N Petropoulos
- Department of Medicine, Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kuan-Han Chen
- Department of Medicine, Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kausar Tayyab
- Department of Medicine, Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maher Saqqur
- Department of Neurology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Department of Medicine, Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
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15
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Li X, Guan Y, Li C, Zhang T, Meng F, Zhang J, Li J, Chen S, Wang Q, Wang Y, Peng J, Tang J. Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:18. [PMID: 35033187 PMCID: PMC8760713 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various immune cells and cytokines are present in the aftermath of peripheral nerve injuries (PNI), and coordination of the local inflammatory response is of great significance for the recovery of PNI. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory abilities which can accelerate tissue regeneration and attenuate inflammation, but the role of MSCs in the regulation of the local inflammatory microenvironment after PNI has not been widely studied. Here, we summarize the known interactions between MSCs, immune cells, and inflammatory cytokines following PNI with a focus on the immunosuppressive role of MSCs. We also discuss the immunomodulatory potential of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles as a new cell-free treatment for PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Li
- The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,The School of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121099, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Guan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaochao Li
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Tieyuan Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyang Li
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfeng Chen
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,The School of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121099, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Stomatology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinshu Tang
- The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Hoshikawa T, Okamoto N, Natsuyama T, Fujii R, Ikenouchi A, Honma Y, Harada M, Yoshimura R. Associations of Serum Cytokines, Growth Factors, and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Major Depression with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Explanatory Investigation. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:173-186. [PMID: 35140467 PMCID: PMC8820450 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s350121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the serum levels of cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and growth factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor 1, and their association with major depression in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. We also investigated the response to antidepressant treatment in both groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-one patients with major depression were recruited at the University Hospital of Occupational and Environmental Health. All patients were diagnosed with major depression using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed according to the criteria of the Japan Diabetes Society. Six healthy controls with no history of psychiatric or physical diseases were also enrolled. Serum levels of several cytokines, growth factors, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured. The clinical symptoms of patients with major depression were assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. RESULTS Significant differences in cytokines, growth factors, and hs-CRP were observed between the major depression and healthy control groups. Serum TNF-α levels were significantly higher in patients with major depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus than in those without type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the major depression group, serum IL-6 and hs-CRP levels tended to be higher in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus than in those without. Several correlations among cytokines, growth factors, and hs-CRP were observed in patients with major depression with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Responses to pharmacological interventions for major depression did not differ between patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION Serum levels of TNF-α, hs-CRP, and IL-6 were different between patients with major depression with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Also, correlations were found between serum levels of cytokines, growth factors, and hs-CRP in patients with major depression. Inflammatory factors, which may be associated with growth factors, may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depression, particularly among patients with comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hoshikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 8078555, Japan
| | - Naomichi Okamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 8078555, Japan
| | - Tomoya Natsuyama
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 8078555, Japan
| | - Rintaro Fujii
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 8078555, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikenouchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 8078555, Japan
| | - Yuichi Honma
- 3rd Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 8078555, Japan
| | - Masaru Harada
- 3rd Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 8078555, Japan
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 8078555, Japan
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17
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The Conditioning Lesion Response in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Is Inhibited in Oncomodulin Knock-Out Mice. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0477-21.2022. [PMID: 35131866 PMCID: PMC8874952 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0477-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration can occur in peripheral neurons after injury, but the mechanisms involved are not fully delineated. Macrophages in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) are involved in the enhanced regeneration that occurs after a conditioning lesion (CL), but how macrophages stimulate this response is not known. Oncomodulin (Ocm) has been proposed as a proregenerative molecule secreted by macrophages and neutrophils, is expressed in the DRG after axotomy, and stimulates neurite outgrowth by DRG neurons in culture. Wild-type (WT) and Ocm knock-out (KO) mice were used to investigate whether Ocm plays a role in the CL response in DRG neurons after sciatic nerve transection. Neurite outgrowth was measured after 24 and 48 h in explant culture 7 d after a CL. Sciatic nerve regeneration was also measured in vivo 7 d after a CL and 2 d after a subsequent sciatic nerve crush. The magnitude of the increased neurite outgrowth following a CL was significantly smaller in explants from Ocm KO mice than in explants from WT mice. In vivo after a CL, increased regeneration was found in WT animals but not in KO animals. Macrophage accumulation and levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA were measured in axotomized DRG from WT and Ocm KO animals, and both were significantly higher than in sham-operated ganglia. At 6 h after axotomy, Il-6 mRNA was higher in WT than in Ocm KO mice. Our data support the hypothesis that Ocm plays a necessary role in producing a normal CL response and that its effects possibly result in part from stimulation of the expression of proregenerative macrophage cytokines such as IL-6.
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18
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Mirabella F, Desiato G, Mancinelli S, Fossati G, Rasile M, Morini R, Markicevic M, Grimm C, Amegandjin C, Termanini A, Peano C, Kunderfranco P, di Cristo G, Zerbi V, Menna E, Lodato S, Matteoli M, Pozzi D. Prenatal interleukin 6 elevation increases glutamatergic synapse density and disrupts hippocampal connectivity in offspring. Immunity 2021; 54:2611-2631.e8. [PMID: 34758338 PMCID: PMC8585508 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early prenatal inflammatory conditions are thought to be a risk factor for different neurodevelopmental disorders. Maternal interleukin-6 (IL-6) elevation during pregnancy causes abnormal behavior in offspring, but whether these defects result from altered synaptic developmental trajectories remains unclear. Here we showed that transient IL-6 elevation via injection into pregnant mice or developing embryos enhanced glutamatergic synapses and led to overall brain hyperconnectivity in offspring into adulthood. IL-6 activated synaptogenesis gene programs in glutamatergic neurons and required the transcription factor STAT3 and expression of the RGS4 gene. The STAT3-RGS4 pathway was also activated in neonatal brains during poly(I:C)-induced maternal immune activation, which mimics viral infection during pregnancy. These findings indicate that IL-6 elevation at early developmental stages is sufficient to exert a long-lasting effect on glutamatergic synaptogenesis and brain connectivity, providing a mechanistic framework for the association between prenatal inflammatory events and brain neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Mirabella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Genni Desiato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience - National Research Council, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mancinelli
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Fossati
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rasile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Morini
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marija Markicevic
- Neuroscience Center Zürich, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Christina Grimm
- Neuroscience Center Zürich, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Clara Amegandjin
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alberto Termanini
- Bioinformatic Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS Milan, National Research Council, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Genomic Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Kunderfranco
- Bioinformatic Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Graziella di Cristo
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Neuroscience Center Zürich, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland; Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience - National Research Council, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Lodato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Institute of Neuroscience - National Research Council, 20139 Milan, Italy.
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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19
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Wareham LK, Echevarria FD, Sousa JL, Konlian DO, Dallas G, Formichella CR, Sankaran P, Goralski PJ, Gustafson JR, Sappington RM. Interleukin-6 promotes microtubule stability in axons via Stat3 protein-protein interactions. iScience 2021; 24:103141. [PMID: 34646984 PMCID: PMC8496173 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines and its downstream effector, STAT3, are important mediators of neuronal health, repair, and disease throughout the CNS, including the visual system. Here, we elucidate a transcription-independent mechanism for the neuropoietic activities of IL-6 related to axon development, regeneration, and repair. We examined the outcome of IL-6 deficiency on structure and function of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, which form the optic projection. We found that IL-6 deficiency substantially delays anterograde axon transport in vivo. The reduced rate of axon transport is accompanied by changes in morphology, structure, and post-translational modification of microtubules. In vivo and in vitro studies in mice and swine revealed that IL-6-dependent microtubule phenotypes arise from protein-protein interactions between STAT3 and stathmin. As in tumor cells and T cells, this STAT3-stathmin interaction stabilizes microtubules in RGCs. Thus, this IL-6-STAT3-dependent mechanism for axon architecture is likely a fundamental mechanism for microtubule stability systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Sousa
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Danielle O Konlian
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Gabrielle Dallas
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Cathryn R Formichella
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Priya Sankaran
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Peter J Goralski
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jenna R Gustafson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA
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20
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Avraham O, Feng R, Ewan EE, Rustenhoven J, Zhao G, Cavalli V. Profiling sensory neuron microenvironment after peripheral and central axon injury reveals key pathways for neural repair. eLife 2021; 10:e68457. [PMID: 34586065 PMCID: PMC8480984 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons with cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) represent a useful model to study axon regeneration. Whereas regeneration and functional recovery occurs after peripheral nerve injury, spinal cord injury or dorsal root injury is not followed by regenerative outcomes. Regeneration of sensory axons in peripheral nerves is not entirely cell autonomous. Whether the DRG microenvironment influences the different regenerative capacities after injury to peripheral or central axons remains largely unknown. To answer this question, we performed a single-cell transcriptional profiling of mouse DRG in response to peripheral (sciatic nerve crush) and central axon injuries (dorsal root crush and spinal cord injury). Each cell type responded differently to the three types of injuries. All injuries increased the proportion of a cell type that shares features of both immune cells and glial cells. A distinct subset of satellite glial cells (SGC) appeared specifically in response to peripheral nerve injury. Activation of the PPARα signaling pathway in SGC, which promotes axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury, failed to occur after central axon injuries. Treatment with the FDA-approved PPARα agonist fenofibrate increased axon regeneration after dorsal root injury. This study provides a map of the distinct DRG microenvironment responses to peripheral and central injuries at the single-cell level and highlights that manipulating non-neuronal cells could lead to avenues to promote functional recovery after CNS injuries or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshri Avraham
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
| | - Eric Edward Ewan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
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21
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Kummer KK, Zeidler M, Kalpachidou T, Kress M. Role of IL-6 in the regulation of neuronal development, survival and function. Cytokine 2021; 144:155582. [PMID: 34058569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is emerging as a molecule with both beneficial and destructive potentials. It can exert opposing actions triggering either neuron survival after injury or causing neurodegeneration and cell death in neurodegenerative or neuropathic disorders. Importantly, neurons respond differently to IL-6 and this critically depends on their environment and whether they are located in the peripheral or the central nervous system. In addition to its hub regulator role in inflammation, IL-6 is recently emerging as an important regulator of neuron function in health and disease, offering exciting possibilities for more mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of mental, neurodegenerative and pain disorders and for developing novel therapies for diseases with neuroimmune and neurogenic pathogenic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai K Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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22
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Hu Z, Deng N, Liu K, Zhou N, Sun Y, Zeng W. CNTF-STAT3-IL-6 Axis Mediates Neuroinflammatory Cascade across Schwann Cell-Neuron-Microglia. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107657. [PMID: 32433966 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a crucial mechanism in many neurological disorders. Injury to the peripheral sensory nerves leads to a neuroinflammatory response in the somatosensory pathway, from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) to the spinal cord, contributing to neuropathic pain. How the immune reaction is initiated peripherally and propagated to the spinal cord remains less clear. Here, we find that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), highly expressed in Schwann cells, mediates neuroinflammatory response through the activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and inducing interleukin 6 (IL-6) in sensory neurons. Cntf deficiency attenuates neuroinflammation in DRG and the spinal cord with alleviated pain post-injury. Recombinant CNTF applied to the sensory nerves recapitulates neuroinflammation in the DRG and spinal cord, with consequent pain development. We delineate the CNTF-STAT3-IL-6 axis in mediating the onset and progression of the inflammatory cascade from the periphery to the spinal cord with therapeutic implications for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Hu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Deng
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaili Liu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing 100084, China.
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23
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Mesquida-Veny F, Del Río JA, Hervera A. Macrophagic and microglial complexity after neuronal injury. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101970. [PMID: 33358752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries do not heal properly in contrast to normal tissue repair, in which functional recovery typically occurs. The reason for this dichotomy in wound repair is explained in part by macrophage and microglial malfunction, affecting both the extrinsic and intrinsic barriers to appropriate axonal regeneration. In normal healing tissue, macrophages promote the repair of injured tissue by regulating transitions through different phases of the healing response. In contrast, inflammation dominates the outcome of CNS injury, often leading to secondary damage. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this dichotomy is critical to advance in neuronal repair therapies. Recent studies highlight the plasticity and complexity of macrophages and microglia beyond the classical view of the M1/M2 polarization paradigm. This plasticity represents an in vivo continuous spectrum of phenotypes with overlapping functions and markers. Moreover, macrophage and microglial plasticity affect many events essential for neuronal regeneration after injury, such as myelin and cell debris clearance, inflammation, release of cytokines, and trophic factors, affecting both intrinsic neuronal properties and extracellular matrix deposition. Until recently, this complexity was overlooked in the translation of therapies modulating these responses for the treatment of neuronal injuries. However, recent studies have shed important light on the underlying molecular mechanisms of this complexity and its transitions and effects on regenerative events. Here we review the complexity of macrophages and microglia after neuronal injury and their roles in regeneration, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, and we discuss current challenges and future opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Kalinski AL, Yoon C, Huffman LD, Duncker PC, Kohen R, Passino R, Hafner H, Johnson C, Kawaguchi R, Carbajal KS, Jara JS, Hollis E, Geschwind DH, Segal BM, Giger RJ. Analysis of the immune response to sciatic nerve injury identifies efferocytosis as a key mechanism of nerve debridement. eLife 2020; 9:60223. [PMID: 33263277 PMCID: PMC7735761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sciatic nerve crush injury triggers sterile inflammation within the distal nerve and axotomized dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Granulocytes and pro-inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes infiltrate the nerve first and rapidly give way to Ly6Cnegative inflammation-resolving macrophages. In axotomized DRGs, few hematogenous leukocytes are detected and resident macrophages acquire a ramified morphology. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of injured sciatic nerve identifies five macrophage subpopulations, repair Schwann cells, and mesenchymal precursor cells. Macrophages at the nerve crush site are molecularly distinct from macrophages associated with Wallerian degeneration. In the injured nerve, macrophages ‘eat’ apoptotic leukocytes, a process called efferocytosis, and thereby promote an anti-inflammatory milieu. Myeloid cells in the injured nerve, but not axotomized DRGs, strongly express receptors for the cytokine GM-CSF. In GM-CSF-deficient (Csf2-/-) mice, inflammation resolution is delayed and conditioning-lesion-induced regeneration of DRG neuron central axons is abolished. Thus, carefully orchestrated inflammation resolution in the nerve is required for conditioning-lesion-induced neurorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Choya Yoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lucas D Huffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rafi Kohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Ryan Passino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Hannah Hafner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Kevin S Carbajal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | | | - Edmund Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, United States.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, United States.,The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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25
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Genomic approach to explore altered signaling networks of olfaction in response to diesel exhaust particles in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16972. [PMID: 33046809 PMCID: PMC7550584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne pollutants have detrimental effect on the human body and the environment. Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are known to be major component of particulate matter (PM) and cause respiratory diseases and neurotoxicity. However, the effects of air pollutants on the sensory nervous system, especially on the olfactory sense, have not been well studied. Herein, we aimed to explore DEP-induced changes in the olfactory perception process. Olfactory sensitivity test was performed after DEP inhalation in mice. Microarray was conducted to determine the differentially expressed genes, which were then utilized to build a network focused on neurotoxicity. Exposure to DEPs significantly reduced sniffing in mice, indicating a disturbance in the olfactory perception process. Through network analysis, we proposed five genes (Cfap69, Cyp26b1, Il1b, Il6, and Synpr) as biomarker candidates for DEP-mediated olfactory dysfunction. Changes in their expression might provoke malfunction of sensory transduction by inhibiting olfactory receptors, neurite outgrowth, and axonal guidance as well as lead to failure of recovery from neuroinflammatory damage through inhibition of nerve regeneration. Thus, we suggest the potential mechanism underlying DEPs-mediated olfactory disorders using genomic approach. Our study will be helpful to future researchers to assess an individual’s olfactory vulnerability following exposure to inhalational environmental hazards.
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26
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O'Reilly ML, Tom VJ. Neuroimmune System as a Driving Force for Plasticity Following CNS Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:187. [PMID: 32792908 PMCID: PMC7390932 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an injury to the central nervous system (CNS), spontaneous plasticity is observed throughout the neuraxis and affects multiple key circuits. Much of this spontaneous plasticity can elicit beneficial and deleterious functional outcomes, depending on the context of plasticity and circuit affected. Injury-induced activation of the neuroimmune system has been proposed to be a major factor in driving this plasticity, as neuroimmune and inflammatory factors have been shown to influence cellular, synaptic, structural, and anatomical plasticity. Here, we will review the mechanisms through which the neuroimmune system mediates plasticity after CNS injury. Understanding the role of specific neuroimmune factors in driving adaptive and maladaptive plasticity may offer valuable therapeutic insight into how to promote adaptive plasticity and/or diminish maladaptive plasticity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela L O'Reilly
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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27
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Rodemer W, Gallo G, Selzer ME. Mechanisms of Axon Elongation Following CNS Injury: What Is Happening at the Axon Tip? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:177. [PMID: 32719586 PMCID: PMC7347967 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After an injury to the central nervous system (CNS), functional recovery is limited by the inability of severed axons to regenerate and form functional connections with appropriate target neurons beyond the injury. Despite tremendous advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of axon growth, and of the inhibitory factors in the injured CNS that prevent it, disappointingly little progress has been made in restoring function to human patients with CNS injuries, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), through regenerative therapies. Clearly, the large number of overlapping neuron-intrinsic and -extrinsic growth-inhibitory factors attenuates the benefit of neutralizing any one target. More daunting is the distances human axons would have to regenerate to reach some threshold number of target neurons, e.g., those that occupy one complete spinal segment, compared to the distances required in most experimental models, such as mice and rats. However, the difficulties inherent in studying mechanisms of axon regeneration in the mature CNS in vivo have caused researchers to rely heavily on extrapolation from studies of axon regeneration in peripheral nerve, or of growth cone-mediated axon development in vitro and in vivo. Unfortunately, evidence from several animal models, including the transected lamprey spinal cord, has suggested important differences between regeneration of mature CNS axons and growth of axons in peripheral nerve, or during embryonic development. Specifically, long-distance regeneration of severed axons may not involve the actin-myosin molecular motors that guide embryonic growth cones in developing axons. Rather, non-growth cone-mediated axon elongation may be required to propel injured axons in the mature CNS. If so, it may be necessary to use other experimental models to promote regeneration that is sufficient to contact a critical number of target neurons distal to a CNS lesion. This review examines the cytoskeletal underpinnings of axon growth, focusing on the elongating axon tip, to gain insights into how CNS axons respond to injury, and how this might affect the development of regenerative therapies for SCI and other CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rodemer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gianluca Gallo
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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28
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Smith TP, Sahoo PK, Kar AN, Twiss JL. Intra-axonal mechanisms driving axon regeneration. Brain Res 2020; 1740:146864. [PMID: 32360100 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the peripheral and central nervous systems very often causes axotomy, where an axon loses connections with its target resulting in loss of function. The axon segments distal to the injury site lose connection with the cell body and degenerate. Axotomized neurons in the periphery can spontaneously mount a regenerative response and reconnect to their denervated target tissues, though this is rarely complete in humans. In contrast, spontaneous regeneration rarely occurs after axotomy in the spinal cord and brain. Here, we concentrate on the mechanisms underlying this spontaneous regeneration in the peripheral nervous system, focusing on events initiated from the axon that support regenerative growth. We contrast this with what is known for axonal injury responses in the central nervous system. Considering the neuropathy focus of this special issue, we further draw parallels and distinctions between the injury-response mechanisms that initiate regenerative gene expression programs and those that are known to trigger axon degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terika P Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pabitra K Sahoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Amar N Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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29
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Li B, Xia Z, Wang X, Xiu Y, Zhang Z, Chen C, Song H, Li W, Yu M, Zhang M, Wang K, Guo X, Ren L, Wang T. The inhibition of miR-17-5p promotes cortical neuron neurite growth via STAT3/GAP-43 pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:1795-1802. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Expression and regulation of FRMD6 in mouse DRG neurons and spinal cord after nerve injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1880. [PMID: 32024965 PMCID: PMC7002571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
FRMD6, a member of the group of FERM-domain proteins, is involved both in communication between cells, interactions with extracellular matrix, cellular apoptotic and regenerative mechanisms. FRMD6 was first discovered in the rodent sciatic nerve, and in the present immunohistochemical study we investigated the distribution of FRMD6 in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), sciatic nerve and spinal cord following sciatic nerve injury. FRMD6-immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm, nucleus or both, and in a majority of DRG neurons. FRMD6-immunoreactivity co-existed with several well-known neuronal markers, including calcitonin gene-related peptide, isolectin B4 and neurofilament 200 in mouse DRGs. After peripheral nerve injury, the FRMD6 mRNA levels and the overall percentage of FRMD6-positive neuron profiles (NPs) were decreased in ipsilateral lumbar DRGs, the latter mainly affecting small size neurons with cytoplasmic localization. Conversely, the proportion of NPs with nuclear FRMD6-immunoreactivity was significantly increased. In the sciatic nerve, FRMD6-immunoreactivity was observed in non-neuronal cells and in axons, and accumulated proximally to a ligation of the nerve. In the spinal cord FRMD6-immunoreactivity was detected in neurons in both dorsal and ventral horns, and was upregulated in ipsilateral dorsal horn after peripheral nerve axotomy. Our results demonstrate that FRMD6 is strictly regulated by peripheral nerve injury at the spinal level.
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31
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Wang P, Feng YB, Wang L, Li Y, Fan C, Song Q, Yu SY. Interleukin-6: Its role and mechanisms in rescuing depression-like behaviors in rat models of depression. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:106-121. [PMID: 31394209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal injury within specific brain regions is considered a critical risk factor in the pathophysiology of depression. However, the underlying mechanisms of this process, and thus the potential for development of novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of depression, remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Il-6 protects against neuronal anomalies related with depression, in part, by suppressing oxidative stress and consequent autophagic and apoptotic hyperactivity. Specifically, we show that IL-6 is downregulated within the CA1 hippocampus in two animal models of depression and upregulated by antidepressants. Increasing levels of IL-6 in the CA1 region result in pleiotropic protective actions including reductions in oxidative stress and modulation of autophagy, anti-immuno-inflammatory activation and anti-apoptotic effects in CA1 neurons, all of which are associated with the rescue of depression-like behaviors. In contrast, IL-6 downregulation exacerbates neuronal anomalies within the CA1 region and facilitates the genesis of depression phenotypes in rats. Interestingly, in addition to attenuating oxidative damage, the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is also associated with significantly decreased neuronal deficits and the display of depressive behaviors in rats. These results suggest that IL-6 may exert neuroprotection within CA1 neurons via pleiotropic mechanisms and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Ya-Bo Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwuweiqi Road 423#, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Morphological Experimental Center, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Fan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Qiqi Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
| | - Shu Yan Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxilu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China.
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Abstract
Permanent disabilities following CNS injuries result from the failure of injured axons to regenerate and rebuild functional connections with their original targets. By contrast, injury to peripheral nerves is followed by robust regeneration, which can lead to recovery of sensory and motor functions. This regenerative response requires the induction of widespread transcriptional and epigenetic changes in injured neurons. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding how peripheral axon injury elicits these widespread changes through the coordinated actions of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers and, to a lesser extent, microRNAs. Although many questions remain about the interplay between these mechanisms, these new findings provide important insights into the pivotal role of coordinated gene expression and chromatin remodelling in the neuronal response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mahar
- Department of Neuroscience, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Lee YH, Lee HT, Chen CL, Chang CH, Hsu CY, Shyu WC. Role of FOXC1 in regulating APSCs self-renewal via STI-1/PrP C signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:6443-6465. [PMID: 31588228 PMCID: PMC6771253 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein C1 (FOXC1) is known to regulate developmental processes in the skull and brain. Methods: The unique multipotent arachnoid-pia stem cells (APSCs) isolated from human and mouse arachnoid-pia membranes of meninges were grown as 3D spheres and displayed a capacity for self-renewal. Additionally, APSCs also expressed the surface antigens as mesenchymal stem cells. By applying the FOXC1 knockout mice and mouse brain explants, signaling cascade of FOXC1-STI-1-PrPC was investigated to demonstrate the molecular regulatory pathway for APSCs self-renewal. Moreover, APSCs implantation in stroke model was also verified whether neurogenic property of APSCs could repair the ischemic insult of the stroke brain. Results: Activated FOXC1 regulated the proliferation of APSCs in a cell cycle-dependent manner, whereas FOXC1-mediated APSCs self-renewal was abolished in FOXC1 knockout mice (FOXC1-/- mice). Moreover, upregulation of STI-1 regulated by FOXC1 enhanced cell survival and self-renewal of APSCs through autocrine signaling of cellular prion protein (PrPC). Mouse brain explants STI-1 rescues the cortical phenotype in vitro and induces neurogenesis in the FOXC1 -/- mouse brain. Furthermore, administration of APSCs in ischemic brain restored the neuroglial microenvironment and improved neurological dysfunction. Conclusion: We identified a novel role for FOXC1 in the direct regulation of the STI-1-PrPC signaling pathway to promote cell proliferation and self-renewal of APSCs.
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Epac2 Elevation Reverses Inhibition by Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans In Vitro and Transforms Postlesion Inhibitory Environment to Promote Axonal Outgrowth in an Ex Vivo Model of Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8330-8346. [PMID: 31409666 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0374-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of patients suffer from debilitating spinal cord injury (SCI) without effective treatments. Elevating cAMP promotes CNS neuron growth in the presence of growth-inhibiting molecules. cAMP's effects on neuron growth are partly mediated by Epac, comprising Epac1 and Epac2; the latter predominantly expresses in postnatal neural tissue. Here, we hypothesized that Epac2 activation would enhance axonal outgrowth after SCI. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrated, for the first time, that Epac2 activation using a specific soluble agonist (S-220) significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth of postnatal rat cortical neurons and markedly overcame the inhibition by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and mature astrocytes on neuron growth. We further investigated the novel potential of Epac2 activation in promoting axonal outgrowth by an ex vivo rat model of SCI mimicking post-SCI environment in vivo and by delivering S-220 via a self-assembling Fmoc-based hydrogel that has suitable properties for SCI repair. We demonstrated that S-220 significantly enhanced axonal outgrowth across the lesion gaps in the organotypic spinal cord slices, compared with controls. Furthermore, we elucidated, for the first time, that Epac2 activation profoundly modulated the lesion environment by reducing astrocyte/microglial activation and transforming astrocytes into elongated morphology that guided outgrowing axons. Finally, we showed that S-220, when delivered by the gel at 3 weeks after contusion SCI in male adult rats, resulted in significantly better locomotor performance for up to 4 weeks after treatment. Our data demonstrate a promising therapeutic potential of S-220 in SCI, via beneficial effects on neurons and glia after injury to facilitate axonal outgrowth.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During development, neuronal cAMP levels decrease significantly compared with the embryonic stage when the nervous system is established. This has important consequences following spinal cord injury, as neurons fail to regrow. Elevating cAMP levels encourages injured CNS neurons to sprout and extend neurites. We have demonstrated that activating its downstream effector, Epac2, enhances neurite outgrowth in vitro, even in the presence of an inhibitory environment. Using a novel biomaterial-based drug delivery system in the form of a hydrogel to achieve local delivery of an Epac2 agonist, we further demonstrated that specific activation of Epac2 enhances axonal outgrowth and minimizes glial activation in an ex vivo model of spinal cord injury, suggesting a new strategy for spinal cord repair.
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Dubový P, Hradilová-Svíženská I, Klusáková I, Brázda V, Joukal M. Interleukin-6 contributes to initiation of neuronal regeneration program in the remote dorsal root ganglia neurons after sciatic nerve injury. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:109-117. [PMID: 30927067 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential role of IL-6 in sciatic nerve injury-induced activation of a pro-regenerative state in remote dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, we compared protein levels of SCG-10 and activated STAT3, as well as axon regeneration in IL-6 knockout (IL-6ko) mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Unilateral sciatic nerve compression and transection upregulated SCG-10 protein levels and activated STAT3 in DRG neurons not only in lumbar but also in cervical segments of WT mice. A pro-regenerative state induced by prior sciatic nerve lesion in cervical DRG neurons of WT mice was also shown by testing for axon regeneration in crushed ulnar nerve. DRG neurons from IL-6ko mice also displayed bilaterally increased levels of SCG-10 and STAT3 in both lumbar and cervical segments after sciatic nerve lesions. However, levels of SCG-10 protein in lumbar and cervical DRG of IL-6ko mice were significantly lower than those of their WT counterparts. Sciatic nerve injury induced a lower level of SCG-10 in cervical DRG of IL-6ko than WT mice, and this correlates with significantly shorter regeneration of axons distal to the crushed ulnar nerve. These results suggest that IL-6 contributes, at the very least, to initiation of the neuronal regeneration program in remote DRG neurons after unilateral sciatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Hradilová-Svíženská
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Klusáková
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Brázda
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kaval Oğuz E, Öztürk G. An In Vitro Model for Conditioning Lesion Effect. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:61-71. [PMID: 30415355 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Axons of a peripheral nerve grow faster after an axotomy if it attains a prior injury a few days earlier. This is called conditioning lesion effect (CLE) and very much valued since it may provide new insights into neuron biology and axonal regeneration. There are established in vivo experimental paradigms to study CLE, however, there is a need to have an in vitro conditioning technique where CLE occurs in a maximally controlled environment. Mouse primary sensory neurons were isolated from lumbar 4-5 dorsal root ganglia and incubated at 37 °C on a silicon-coated watch glass that prevents cell attachment. After this conditioning period they were transferred to laminin coated culture dishes. Similar cultures were set up with freshly isolated neurons from control animals and from the animals that received a sciatic nerve cut 3 days earlier. All preparations were placed on a live cell imaging microscopy providing physiological conditions and photographed for 48 h. Axonal regeneration and neuronal survival was assessed. During the conditioning incubation period neurons remained in suspended aggregates and did not grow axons. The regeneration rate of the in vitro conditioned neurons was much higher than the in vivo conditioned and control preparations during the first day of normal incubation. However, higher regeneration rates were compromised by progressive substantial neuronal death in both types of conditioned cultures but not in the control preparations. By using neutralizing antibodies, we demonstrated that activity of endogenous leukemia inhibitory factor is essential for induction of CLE in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gürkan Öztürk
- Physiology Department, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wang Z, Yuan W, Li B, Chen X, Zhang Y, Chen C, Yu M, Xiu Y, Li W, Cao J, Wang X, Tao W, Guo X, Feng S, Wang T. PEITC promotes neurite growth in primary sensory neurons via the miR-17-5p/STAT3/GAP-43 axis. J Drug Target 2018; 27:82-93. [PMID: 29877111 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1486405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored a key miRNA that plays a vital role in sciatic nerve conditioning injury promoting repair of injured dorsal column, and validated its function. Microarray analysis revealed miR-17-5p expression decreased sharply at 3, 7 and 14 days in the sciatic nerve conditioning injury group compared with the simple dorsal column lesion group. After miR-17-5p inhibition in DRG neurons, GAP-43 expression was upregulated and neurite growth was increased. STAT3 together with p-STAT3 showed opposite trends with miR-17-5p. MiR-17-5p inhibition extended neurite and upregulated STAT3, p-STAT3 and GAP-43. To further determine a substitution therapy for sciatic nerve conditioning injury, beta-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), which downregulates miR-17-5p, was assessed. The results showed that treatment with 10 µM PEITC resulted in longest neurite length. Further experiments demonstrated PEITC induced neurite growth by inhibiting miR-17-5p and further upregulating STAT3, p-STAT3 and GAP-43. The somatosensory evoked potential test confirmed similar treatment effects for PEITC, Ad-miRNA-17-5p inhibitor, and sciatic nerve conditioning injury on the dorsal column lesion. In conclusion, the miR-17-5p/STAT3/GAP-43 axis is an indispensable component of sciatic nerve conditioning injury promoting repair of injured dorsal column. PEITC could promote repair of injured dorsal column via the miR-17-5p/STAT3/GAP-43 axis, and could mimic the treatment effect of sciatic nerve conditioning injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- a Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine , Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Yuan
- b Department of Spinal Surgery , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , Ningxia , P.R. China.,c Department of Orthopedics , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- c Department of Orthopedics , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Xueming Chen
- d Department of Spine Surgery , Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- d Department of Spine Surgery , Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Chuanjie Chen
- e Department of Orthopedics , Chengde Central Hospital , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Mei Yu
- f Leukemia Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union of Medical College, Institute of Hematology & Hospital of Blood Diseases , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Yucai Xiu
- g Department of Orthopedics , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Li
- g Department of Orthopedics , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Jiangang Cao
- h Department of Sports injury and Arthroscopy , Tianjin Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- i Department of Neurology , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Wen Tao
- i Department of Neurology , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- i Department of Neurology , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- c Department of Orthopedics , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- c Department of Orthopedics , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , P.R. China.,g Department of Orthopedics , The 266th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Chengde , Hebei Province , P.R. China
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38
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Dubový P, Klusáková I, Hradilová-Svíženská I, Joukal M. Expression of Regeneration-Associated Proteins in Primary Sensory Neurons and Regenerating Axons After Nerve Injury-An Overview. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1618-1627. [PMID: 29740961 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury results in profound alterations of the affected neurons resulting from the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic molecular events. Restarting the neuronal regenerative program is an important prerequisite for functional recovery of the injured peripheral nerve. The primary sensory neurons with their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia provide a useful in vivo and in vitro model for studying the mechanisms that regulate intrinsic neuronal regeneration capacity following axotomy. These studies frequently need to indicate the regenerative status of the corresponding neurons. We summarize the critical issues regarding immunohistochemical detection of several regeneration-associated proteins as markers for the initiation of the regeneration program in rat primary sensory neurons and indicators of axon regeneration in the peripheral nerves. This overview also includes our own results of GAP43 and SCG10 expression in different DRG neurons following double immunostaining with molecular markers of neuronal subpopulations (NF200, CGRP, and IB4) as well as transcription factors (ATF3 and activated STAT3) following unilateral sciatic nerve injury. Anat Rec, 301:1618-1627, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Klusáková
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Hradilová-Svíženská
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia, Czech Republic
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Attwell CL, van Zwieten M, Verhaagen J, Mason MRJ. The Dorsal Column Lesion Model of Spinal Cord Injury and Its Use in Deciphering the Neuron-Intrinsic Injury Response. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:926-951. [PMID: 29717546 PMCID: PMC6221129 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuron‐intrinsic response to axonal injury differs markedly between neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system. Following a peripheral lesion, a robust axonal growth program is initiated, whereas neurons of the central nervous system do not mount an effective regenerative response. Increasing the neuron‐intrinsic regenerative response would therefore be one way to promote axonal regeneration in the injured central nervous system. The large‐diameter sensory neurons located in the dorsal root ganglia are pseudo‐unipolar neurons that project one axon branch into the spinal cord, and, via the dorsal column to the brain stem, and a peripheral process to the muscles and skin. Dorsal root ganglion neurons are ideally suited to study the neuron‐intrinsic injury response because they exhibit a successful growth response following peripheral axotomy, while they fail to do so after a lesion of the central branch in the dorsal column. The dorsal column injury model allows the neuron‐intrinsic regeneration response to be studied in the context of a spinal cord injury. Here we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this model. We describe the surgical methods used to implement a lesion of the ascending fibers, the anatomy of the sensory afferent pathways and anatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral techniques to quantify regeneration and functional recovery. Subsequently we review the results of experimental interventions in the dorsal column lesion model, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms that govern the neuron‐intrinsic injury response and manipulations of these after central axotomy. Finally, we highlight a number of recent advances that will have an impact on the design of future studies in this spinal cord injury model, including the continued development of adeno‐associated viral vectors likely to improve the genetic manipulation of dorsal root ganglion neurons and the use of tissue clearing techniques enabling 3D reconstruction of regenerating axon tracts. © 2018 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 00: 000–000, 2018
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Affiliation(s)
- Callan L Attwell
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105BA, The Netherlands
| | - Mike van Zwieten
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105BA, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105BA, The Netherlands.,Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R J Mason
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, 1105BA, The Netherlands
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40
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Lisi V, Singh B, Giroux M, Guzman E, Painter MW, Cheng YC, Huebner E, Coppola G, Costigan M, Woolf CJ, Kosik KS. Enhanced Neuronal Regeneration in the CAST/Ei Mouse Strain Is Linked to Expression of Differentiation Markers after Injury. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1136-1147. [PMID: 28768198 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve regeneration after injury requires a broad program of transcriptional changes. We investigated the basis for the enhanced nerve regenerative capacity of the CAST/Ei mouse strain relative to C57BL/6 mice. RNA sequencing of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) showed a CAST/Ei-specific upregulation of Ascl1 after injury. Ascl1 overexpression in DRG neurons of C57BL/6 mice enhanced their neurite outgrowth. Ascl1 is regulated by miR-7048-3p, which is downregulated in CAST/Ei mice. Inhibition of miR-7048-3p enhances neurite outgrowth. Following injury, CAST/Ei neurons largely retained their mature neuronal profile as determined by single-cell RNA- seq, whereas the C57BL/6 neurons acquired an immature profile. These findings suggest that one facet of the enhanced regenerative phenotype is preservation of neuronal identity in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lisi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bhagat Singh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michel Giroux
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Elmer Guzman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michio W Painter
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yung-Chih Cheng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Huebner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Anaesthesia Department, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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41
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Senger JLB, Verge VMK, Chan KM, Webber CA. The nerve conditioning lesion: A strategy to enhance nerve regeneration. Ann Neurol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie M. K. Verge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan
| | - K. Ming Chan
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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Yun HJ, Kim EH, Kim BG. Neuron-Macrophage Co-cultures to Activate Macrophages Secreting Molecular Factors with Neurite Outgrowth Activity. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29658942 DOI: 10.3791/56920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that macrophages can participate in the regeneration or repair of injured nervous system. Here, we describe a protocol in which macrophages are induced to produce conditioned medium (CM) that promotes neurite outgrowth. Adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are acutely dissociated and plated. After the neurons are stably attached, peritoneal macrophages are co-cultured on a cell culture insert overlaid on the same well. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP) is applied to the co-cultures for 24 h, after which the cell culture insert containing the macrophages is moved to another well to collect CM for 72 h. The CM from the co-cultures treated with db-cAMP, when applied to a separate adult DRG neuron culture, exhibits robust neurite outgrowth activity. The CM obtained from the db-cAMP-treated cultures consisting of single cell type alone, either DRG neuron or peritoneal macrophage, did not exhibit neurite outgrowth activity. This indicates that the interaction between neurons and macrophages is indispensable for the activation of macrophages secreting molecular factors with neurite outgrowth activity into CM. Thus, our co-culture paradigm will also be useful to study intercellular signaling in the neuron-macrophage interaction to stimulate the macrophages to be endowed with a pro-regenerative phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok Jun Yun
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine;
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Gómez RM, Sánchez MY, Portela-Lomba M, Ghotme K, Barreto GE, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Glia 2018; 66:1267-1301. [PMID: 29330870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell-based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gómez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Magdy Y Sánchez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Maestría en Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Maria Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kemel Ghotme
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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44
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Intraneural Injection of ATP Stimulates Regeneration of Primary Sensory Axons in the Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2017; 38:1351-1365. [PMID: 29279307 PMCID: PMC5815342 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1660-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the peripheral axons of sensory neurons strongly enhances the regeneration of their central axons in the spinal cord. It remains unclear on what molecules that initiate such conditioning effect. Because ATP is released extracellularly by nerve and other tissue injury, we hypothesize that injection of ATP into a peripheral nerve might mimic the stimulatory effect of nerve injury on the regenerative state of the primary sensory neurons. We found that a single injection of 6 μl of 150 μm ATP into female rat sciatic nerve quadrupled the number of axons growing into a lesion epicenter in spinal cord after a concomitant dorsal column transection. A second boost ATP injection 1 week after the first one markedly reinforced the stimulatory effect of a single injection. Single ATP injection increased expression of phospho-STAT3 and GAP43, two markers of regenerative activity, in sensory neurons. Double ATP injections sustained the activation of phospho-STAT3 and GAP43, which may account for the marked axonal growth across the lesion epicenter. Similar studies performed on P2X7 or P2Y2 receptor knock-out mice indicate P2Y2 receptors are involved in the activation of STAT3 after ATP injection or conditioning lesion, whereas P2X7 receptors are not. Injection of ATP at 150 μm caused little Wallerian degeneration and behavioral tests showed no significant long-term adverse effects on sciatic nerve functions. The results in this study reveal possible mechanisms underlying the stimulation of regenerative programs and suggest a practical strategy for stimulating axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Injury of peripheral axons of sensory neurons has been known to strongly enhance the regeneration of their central axons in the spinal cord. In this study, we found that injection of ATP into a peripheral nerve can mimic the effect of peripheral nerve injury and significantly increase the number of sensory axons growing across lesion epicenter in the spinal cord. ATP injection increased expression of several markers for regenerative activity in sensory neurons, including phospho-STAT3 and GAP43. ATP injection did not cause significant long-term adverse effects on the functions of the injected nerve. These results may lead to clinically applicable strategies for enhancing neuronal responses that support regeneration of injured axons.
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45
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Wang LC, Yao HW, Chang CF, Wang SW, Wang SM, Chen SH. Suppression of interleukin-6 increases enterovirus A71 lethality in mice. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:94. [PMID: 29233145 PMCID: PMC5726025 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection can induce fatal encephalitis in young children. Clinical reports show that interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients with brainstem encephalitis are significantly elevated. We used a murine model to address the significance of endogenous IL-6 in EV-A71 infection. Results EV-A71 infection transiently increased serum and brain IL-6 protein levels in mice. Most importantly, absence of IL-6 due to gene knockout or depletion of IL-6 using neutralizing monoclonal antibody enhanced the mortality and tissue viral load of infected mice. Absence of IL-6 increased the damage in the central nervous system and decreased the lymphocyte and virus-specific antibody responses of infected mice. Conclusions Endogenous IL-6 functions to clear virus and protect the host from EV-A71 infection. Our study raises caution over the use of anti-IL-6 antibody or pentoxifylline to reduce IL-6 for patient treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-017-0401-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chiu Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Wen Yao
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Fa Chang
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China
| | - Shainn-Wei Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Min Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China.,Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China
| | - Shun-Hua Chen
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701, Republic of China.
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46
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Heo JH, Yoon JA, Ahn EK, Kim H, Urm SH, Oak CO, Yu BC, Lee SJ. Intraperitoneal administration of adipose tissue-derived stem cells for the rescue of retinal degeneration in a mouse model via indigenous CNTF up-regulation by IL-6. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1370-e1382. [PMID: 28715614 DOI: 10.1002/term.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the world's population begins to age, retinal degeneration is an increasing problem, and various treatment modalities are being developed. However, there have been no therapies for degenerative retinal conditions that are not characterized by neovascularization. We investigated whether transplantation of mouse adipose tissue-derived stem cells (mADSC) into the intraperitoneal space has a rescue effect on NaIO3 -induced retinal degeneration in mice. In this study, mADSC transplantation recovered visual function and preserved the retinal outer layer structure compared to the control group without any integration of mADSC into the retina. Moreover, endogenous ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was elevated in the retinas of mADSC-treated mice. We found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS-stimulated monocyte supernatant induced the secretion of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), CD54, CXCL10, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CCL5 from the mADSC by cytokine array. Network inference was conducted to investigate signaling networks related to CNTF regulation. Based on bioinformatics data, the expression of IL-6 was related to the expression of CNTF. Additionally, intravitreal injection of IL-6 in rats produced up-regulation of endogenous CNTF in the retina. mADSC had a rescue effect on retinal degeneration through the up-regulation of endogenous CNTF by IL-6. Thus, transplantation of mADSC could be a potential treatment option for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Heo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea.,Institute for Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Jung Ae Yoon
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Dong Ju College, Pusan, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Ahn
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Dong-A University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Sang Hwa Urm
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Pusan, Korea
| | - Chul Oh Oak
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Byeng Chul Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Institute for Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea
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47
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Ghibaudi M, Boido M, Vercelli A. Functional integration of complex miRNA networks in central and peripheral lesion and axonal regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 158:69-93. [PMID: 28779869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New players are emerging in the game of peripheral and central nervous system injury since their physiopathological mechanisms remain partially elusive. These mechanisms are characterized by several molecules whose activation and/or modification following a trauma is often controlled at transcriptional level. In this scenario, microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) have been identified as main actors in coordinating important molecular pathways in nerve or spinal cord injury (SCI). miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs whose functionality at network level is now emerging as a new level of complexity. Indeed they can act as an organized network to provide a precise control of several biological processes. Here we describe the functional synergy of some miRNAs in case of SCI and peripheral damage. In particular we show how several small RNAs can cooperate in influencing simultaneously the molecular pathways orchestrating axon regeneration, inflammation, apoptosis and remyelination. We report about the networks for which miRNA-target bindings have been experimentally demonstrated or inferred based on target prediction data: in both cases, the connection between one miRNA and its downstream pathway is derived from a validated observation or is predicted from the literature. Hence, we discuss the importance of miRNAs in some pathological processes focusing on their functional structure as participating in a cooperative and/or convergence network.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghibaudi
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Neuroscience, Italy.
| | - M Boido
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Neuroscience, Italy
| | - A Vercelli
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Neuroscience, Italy
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48
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Takenaga M, Ohta Y, Tokura Y, Hamaguchi A, Suzuki N, Nakamura M, Okano H, Igarashi R. Plasma as a Scaffold for Regeneration of Neural Precursor Cells after Transplantation into Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:57-65. [PMID: 17436855 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783464434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether plasma could be useful as a scaffold for cell transplantation in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Transplantation of cells with plasma promoted the recovery of SCI-induced motor dysfunction. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the grafted cells had differentiated into the neural lineage. When dissociated neural precursor cells were cultured with plasma, extensive neurite outgrowth was observed along with increased expression of p35 and NF68. Neural markers were also expressed by the cultured cells. Culture with plasma reduced thymidine incorporation, but promoted cell growth and increased the RNA contents. These findings suggest that the cells underwent differentiation into neurons in the presence of plasma. In conclusion, plasma could be a promising scaffold for cell transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Takenaga
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8512, Japan.
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49
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Niemi JP, Filous AR, DeFrancesco A, Lindborg JA, Malhotra NA, Wilson GN, Zhou B, Crish SD, Zigmond RE. Injury-induced gp130 cytokine signaling in peripheral ganglia is reduced in diabetes mellitus. Exp Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28645526 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathy is a major diabetic complication. While the mechanism of this neuropathy is not well understood, it is believed to result in part from deficient nerve regeneration. Work from our laboratory established that gp130 family of cytokines are induced in animals after axonal injury and are involved in the induction of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and in the conditioning lesion response. Here, we examine whether a reduction of cytokine signaling occurs in diabetes. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to destroy pancreatic β cells, leading to chronic hyperglycemia. Mice were injected with either low doses of STZ (5×60mg/kg) or a single high dose (1×200mg/kg) and examined after three or one month, respectively. Both low and high dose STZ treatment resulted in sustained hyperglycemia and functional deficits associated with the presence of both sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Diabetic mice displayed significantly reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density and sudomotor function. Furthermore, low and high dose diabetic mice showed significantly reduced tactile touch sensation measured with Von Frey monofilaments. To look at the regenerative and injury-induced responses in diabetic mice, neurons in both superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and the 4th and 5th lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were unilaterally axotomized. Both high and low dose diabetic mice displayed significantly less axonal regeneration in the sciatic nerve, when measured in vivo, 48h after crush injury. Significantly reduced induction of two gp130 cytokines, leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6, occurred in diabetic animals in SCG 6h after injury compared to controls. Injury-induced expression of interleukin-6 was also found to be significantly reduced in the DRG at 6h after injury in low and high dose diabetic mice. These effects were accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a downstream effector of the gp130 signaling pathway. We also found decreased induction of several gp130-dependent RAGs, including galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Together, these data suggest a novel mechanism for the decreased response of diabetic sympathetic and sensory neurons to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon P Niemi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Angela R Filous
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alicia DeFrancesco
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jane A Lindborg
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nisha A Malhotra
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gina N Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samuel D Crish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Richard E Zigmond
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Interleukin-6-Mediated Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived Neural Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3513-3522. [PMID: 28509081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In an aging society with an increasing threat to higher brain cognitive functions due to dementia, it becomes imperative to identify new molecular remedies for supporting adult neurogenesis. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a promising cytokine that can support neurogenesis under conditions of neurodegeneration, and neuron replacement is eventually possible due to its agonistic acting soluble receptor sIL-6R. Here, we report that activation of the IL-6-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) axis is neurogenic and has potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD).
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