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Yoneda T, Kameyama K, Gotou T, Terata K, Takagi M, Yoshimura Y, Sakimura K, Kano M, Hata Y. Layer specific regulation of critical period timing and maturation of mouse visual cortex by endocannabinoids. iScience 2024; 27:110145. [PMID: 38952682 PMCID: PMC11215304 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasticity during the critical period is important for the functional maturation of cortical neurons. While characteristics of plasticity are diverse among cortical layers, it is unknown whether critical period timing is controlled by a common or unique molecular mechanism among them. We here clarified layer-specific regulation of the critical period timing of ocular dominance plasticity in the primary visual cortex. Mice lacking the endocannabinoid synthesis enzyme diacylglycerol lipase-α exhibited precocious critical period timing, earlier maturation of inhibitory synaptic function in layers 2/3 and 4, and impaired development of the binocular matching of orientation selectivity exclusively in layer 2/3. Activation of cannabinoid receptor restored ocular dominance plasticity at the normal critical period in layer 2/3. Suppression of GABAA receptor rescued precocious ocular dominance plasticity in layer 4. Therefore, endocannabinoids regulate critical period timing and maturation of visual function partly through the development of inhibitory synaptic functions in a layer-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Yoneda
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuro Kameyama
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Takahiro Gotou
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Keiko Terata
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takagi
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Division of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization (ACRO), Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hata
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Molina-Holgado E, Paniagua-Torija B, Arevalo-Martin A, Moreno-Luna R, Esteban PF, Le MQU, Del Cerro MDM, Garcia-Ovejero D. Cannabinoid Receptor 1 associates to different molecular complexes during GABAergic neuron maturation. J Neurochem 2021; 158:640-656. [PMID: 33942314 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CB1 cannabinoid receptor is widely expressed in the central nervous system of animals from late prenatal development to adulthood. Appropriate activation and signaling of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in cortical interneurons are crucial during perinatal/postnatal ages and adolescence, when long-lasting changes in brain activity may elicit subsequent appearance of disorders in the adult brain. Here we used an optimized immunoprecipitation protocol based on specific antibodies followed by shot-gun proteomics to find CB1 interacting partners in postnatal rat GABAergic cortical neurons in vitro at two different stages of maturation. Besides describing new proteins associated with CB1 like dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (DLAT), fatty acid synthase (FASN), tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ), voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), myosin phosphatase Rho-interacting protein (MPRIP) or usher syndrome type-1C protein-binding protein 1 (USHBP1), we show that the signaling complex of CB1 is different between maturational stages. Interestingly, the CB1 signaling complex is enriched at the more immature stage in mitochondrial associated proteins and metabolic molecular functions, whereas at more mature stage, CB1 complex is increased in maturation and synaptic-associated proteins. We describe also interacting partners specifically immunoprecipitated with either N-terminal or C-terminal CB1 directed antibodies. Our results highlight new players that may be affected by altered cannabinoid signaling at this critical window of postnatal cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Molina-Holgado
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Angel Arevalo-Martin
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Rafael Moreno-Luna
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Pedro F Esteban
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Minh Quynh Uyen Le
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Garcia-Ovejero
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
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3
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Huang S, Kirkwood A. Endocannabinoid Signaling Contributes to Experience-Induced Increase of Synaptic Release Sites From Parvalbumin Interneurons in Mouse Visual Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:571133. [PMID: 33192316 PMCID: PMC7556304 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.571133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During postnatal development of the visual cortex between eye-opening to puberty, visual experience promotes a gradual increase in the strength of inhibitory synaptic connections from parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-INs) onto layer 2/3 pyramidal cells. However, the detailed connectivity properties and molecular mechanisms underlying these developmental changes are not well understood. Using dual-patch clamp in brain slices from G42 mice, we revealed that both connection probability and the number of synaptic release sites contributed to the enhancement of synaptic strength. The increase of release site number was hindered by dark rearing from eye-opening and rescued by 3-days re-exposure to the normal visual environment. The effect of light re-exposure on restoring synaptic release sites in dark reared mice was mimicked by the agonist of cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors and blocked by an antagonist of these receptors, suggesting a role for endocannabinoid signaling in light-induced maturation of inhibitory connectivity from PV-INs to pyramidal cells during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Huang
- Program in Neuroscience, Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- The Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Hooks BM, Chen C. Circuitry Underlying Experience-Dependent Plasticity in the Mouse Visual System. Neuron 2020; 106:21-36. [PMID: 32272065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of ocular dominance plasticity, neuroscientists have understood that changes in visual experience during a discrete developmental time, the critical period, trigger robust changes in the visual cortex. State-of-the-art tools used to probe connectivity with cell-type-specific resolution have expanded the understanding of circuit changes underlying experience-dependent plasticity. Here, we review the visual circuitry of the mouse, describing projections from retina to thalamus, between thalamus and cortex, and within cortex. We discuss how visual circuit development leads to precise connectivity and identify synaptic loci, which can be altered by activity or experience. Plasticity extends to visual features beyond ocular dominance, involving subcortical and cortical regions, and connections between cortical inhibitory interneurons. Experience-dependent plasticity contributes to the alignment of networks spanning retina to thalamus to cortex. Disruption of this plasticity may underlie aberrant sensory processing in some neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Hooks
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1458 BSTWR, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Chinfei Chen
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Joo K, Cho KH, Youn SH, Jang HJ, Rhie DJ. Layer-specific involvement of endocannabinoid signaling in muscarinic-induced long-term depression in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of rat visual cortex. Brain Res 2019; 1712:124-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Middleton TP, Huang JY, Protti DA. Cannabinoids Modulate Light Signaling in ON-Sustained Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Mouse. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:37. [PMID: 31164809 PMCID: PMC6536650 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sole output of the retina to the brain is a signal that results from the integration of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs at the level of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) are found throughout the central nervous system where they modulate synaptic excitability. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands have been localized to most retinal neurons in mammals, yet their impact on retinal processing is not well known. Here, we set out to investigate the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal signaling using electrophysiological recordings from ON-sustained (ON-S) RGCs that displayed morphological and physiological signatures of ON alpha RGCs in dark adapted mouse retina. We studied the effect of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55212-2 and the inverse agonist AM251 on the spatial tuning of ON-S RGCs. WIN55212-2 significantly reduced their spontaneous spiking activity and responses to optimal spot size as well as altered their spatial tuning by reducing light driven excitatory and inhibitory inputs to RGCs. AM251 produced the opposite effect, increasing spontaneous spiking activity and peak response as well as increasing inhibitory and excitatory inputs. In addition, AM251 sharpened the spatial tuning of ON-S RGCs by increasing the inhibitory effect of the surround. These results demonstrate the presence of a functional cannabinergic system in the retina as well as sensitivity of ON-RGCs to cannabinoids. These results reveal a neuromodulatory system that can regulate the sensitivity and excitability of retinal synapses in a dynamic, activity dependent manner and that endocannabinoids may play a significant role in retinal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Peter Middleton
- Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jin Yu Huang
- Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Biomedical Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dario Alejandro Protti
- Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Augustin SM, Lovinger DM. Functional Relevance of Endocannabinoid-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Central Nervous System. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2146-2161. [PMID: 29400439 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system plays a key role in short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity in brain regions involved in various neural functions ranging from action selection to appetite control. This review will explore the role of eCBs in shaping neural circuit function to regulate behaviors. In particular, we will discuss the behavioral consequences of eCB mediated long-term synaptic plasticity in different brain regions. This review brings together evidence from in vitro and ex vivo studies and points out the need for more in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana M. Augustin
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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Gao M, Whitt JL, Huang S, Lee A, Mihalas S, Kirkwood A, Lee HK. Experience-dependent homeostasis of 'noise' at inhibitory synapses preserves information coding in adult visual cortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0156. [PMID: 28093550 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are intrinsically 'noisy' in that neurotransmitter is occasionally released in the absence of an action potential. At inhibitory synapses, the frequency of action potential-independent release is orders of magnitude higher than that at excitatory synapses raising speculations that it may serve a function. Here we report that the frequency of action potential-independent inhibitory synaptic 'noise' (i.e. miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, mIPSCs) is highly regulated by sensory experience in visual cortex. Importantly, regulation of mIPSC frequency is so far the predominant form of functional plasticity at inhibitory synapses in adults during the refractory period for plasticity and is a locus of rapid non-genomic actions of oestrogen. Models predict that regulating the frequency of mIPSCs, together with the previously characterized synaptic scaling of miniature excitatory PSCs, allows homeostatic maintenance of both the mean and variance of inputs to a neuron, a necessary feature of probabilistic population codes. Furthermore, mIPSC frequency regulation allows preservation of the temporal profile of neural responses while homeostatically regulating the overall firing rate. Our results suggest that the control of inhibitory 'noise' allows adaptive maintenance of adult cortical function in tune with the sensory environment.This article is part of the themed issue 'Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jessica L Whitt
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Shiyong Huang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Angela Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Stefan Mihalas
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA .,Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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9
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Begum MR, Sng JCG. Molecular mechanisms of experience-dependent maturation in cortical GABAergic inhibition. J Neurochem 2017; 142:649-661. [PMID: 28628196 PMCID: PMC5599941 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Critical periods (CP) in early post-natal life are periods of plasticity during which the neuronal circuitry is most receptive to environmental stimuli. These early experiences translate to a more permanent and sophisticated neuronal connection in the adult brain systems. Multiple studies have pointed to the development of inhibitory circuitry as one of the central factors for the onset of critical periods. We discuss several molecular mechanisms regulating inhibitory circuit maturation and CP, from gene transcription level to protein signaling level. Also, beyond the level of gene sequences, we briefly consider recent information on dynamic epigenetic regulation of gene expression through histone methylation and acetylation and their implication on timed development of the inhibitory circuitry for the onset of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ridzwana Begum
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Judy C. G. Sng
- Department of PharmacologyYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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10
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Brief Novel Visual Experience Fundamentally Changes Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9353-9360. [PMID: 28821676 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0334-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
LTP has been known to be a mechanism by which experience modifies synaptic responses in the neocortex. Visual deprivation in the form of dark exposure or dark rearing from birth enhances NMDAR-dependent LTP in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, a process often termed metaplasticity, which may involve changes in NMDAR subunit composition and function. However, the effects of reexposure to light after dark rearing from birth on LTP induction have not been explored. Here, we showed that the light exposure after dark rearing revealed a novel NMDAR independent form of LTP in the layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in visual cortex of mice of both sexes, which is dependent on mGluR5 activation and is associated with intracellular Ca2+ rise, CaMKII activity, PKC activity, and intact protein synthesis. Moreover, the capacity to induce mGluR-dependent LTP is transient: it only occurs when mice of both sexes reared in the dark from birth are exposed to light for 10-12 h, and it does not occur in vision-experienced, male mice, even after prolonged exposure to dark. Thus, the mGluR5-LTP unmasked by short visual experience can only be observed after dark rearing but not after dark exposure. These results suggested that, as in hippocampus, in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, there is coexistence of two distinct activity-dependent systems of synaptic plasticity, NMDAR-LTP, and mGluR5-LTP. The mGluR5-LTP unmasked by short visual experience may play a critical role in the faster establishment of normal receptive field properties.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT LTP has been known to be a mechanism by which experience modifies synaptic responses in the neocortex. Visual deprivation in the form of dark exposure or dark rearing from birth enhances NMDAR-dependent LTP in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, a process often termed metaplasticity. NMDAR-dependent form of LTP in visual cortex has been well characterized. Here, we report that an NMDAR-independent form of LTP can be promoted by novel visual experience on dark-reared mice, characterized as dependent on intracellular Ca2+ rise, PKC activity, and intact protein synthesis and also requires the activation of mGluR5. These findings suggest that, in layer 2/3 of visual cortex, as in hippocampus, there is coexistence of two distinct activity-dependent systems of synaptic plasticity.
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Miao Q, Yao L, Rasch MJ, Ye Q, Li X, Zhang X. Selective Maturation of Temporal Dynamics of Intracortical Excitatory Transmission at the Critical Period Onset. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1677-1689. [PMID: 27477277 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the developmental maturation of cortical inhibitory synapses is known to be a critical factor in gating the onset of critical period (CP) for experience-dependent cortical plasticity, how synaptic transmission dynamics of other cortical synapses are regulated during the transition to CP remains unknown. Here, by systematically examining various intracortical synapses within layer 4 of the mouse visual cortex, we demonstrate that synaptic temporal dynamics of intracortical excitatory synapses on principal cells (PCs) and inhibitory parvalbumin- or somatostatin-expressing cells are selectively regulated before the CP onset, whereas those of intracortical inhibitory synapses and long-range thalamocortical excitatory synapses remain unchanged. This selective maturation of synaptic dynamics results from a ubiquitous reduction of presynaptic release and is dependent on visual experience. These findings provide an additional essential circuit mechanism for regulating CP timing in the developing visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Malte J Rasch
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Whisker Deprivation Drives Two Phases of Inhibitory Synapse Weakening in Layer 4 of Rat Somatosensory Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148227. [PMID: 26840956 PMCID: PMC4740487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory synapse development in sensory neocortex is experience-dependent, with sustained sensory deprivation yielding fewer and weaker inhibitory synapses. Whether this represents arrest of synapse maturation, or a more complex set of processes, is unclear. To test this, we measured the dynamics of inhibitory synapse development in layer 4 of rat somatosensory cortex (S1) during continuous whisker deprivation from postnatal day 7, and in age-matched controls. In deprived columns, spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and evoked IPSCs developed normally until P15, when IPSC amplitude transiently decreased, recovering by P16 despite ongoing deprivation. IPSCs remained normal until P22, when a second, sustained phase of weakening began. Delaying deprivation onset by 5 days prevented the P15 weakening. Both early and late phase weakening involved measurable reduction in IPSC amplitude relative to prior time points. Thus, deprivation appears to drive two distinct phases of active IPSC weakening, rather than simple arrest of synapse maturation.
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13
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The Endocannabinoid System in the Retina: From Physiology to Practical and Therapeutic Applications. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2916732. [PMID: 26881099 PMCID: PMC4736597 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2916732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most prevalent drugs used in industrialized countries. The main effects of Cannabis are mediated by two major exogenous cannabinoids: ∆9-tetrahydroxycannabinol and cannabidiol. They act on specific endocannabinoid receptors, especially types 1 and 2. Mammals are endowed with a functional cannabinoid system including cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes. This endocannabinoid signaling pathway is involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions with a main role in the biology of the central nervous system. As the retina is a part of the central nervous system due to its embryonic origin, we aim at providing the relevance of studying the endocannabinoid system in the retina. Here, we review the distribution of the cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes in the retina and focus on the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal neurobiology. This review describes the presence of the cannabinoid system in critical stages of retinal processing and its broad involvement in retinal neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. Accordingly, we support the use of synthetic cannabinoids as new neuroprotective drugs to prevent and treat retinal diseases. Finally, we argue for the relevance of functional retinal measures in cannabis users to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on human retinal processing.
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Expression and Function of the Endocannabinoid System in the Retina and the Visual Brain. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:9247057. [PMID: 26839718 PMCID: PMC4709729 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9247057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important retrograde modulators of synaptic transmission throughout the nervous system. Cannabinoid receptors are seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors favoring Gi/o protein. They are known to play an important role in various processes, including metabolic regulation, craving, pain, anxiety, and immune function. In the last decade, there has been a growing interest for endocannabinoids in the retina and their role in visual processing. The purpose of this review is to characterize the expression and physiological functions of the endocannabinoid system in the visual system, from the retina to the primary visual cortex, with a main interest regarding the retina, which is the best-described area in this system so far. It will show that the endocannabinoid system is widely present in the retina, mostly in the through pathway where it can modulate neurotransmitter release and ion channel activity, although some evidence also indicates possible mechanisms via amacrine, horizontal, and Müller cells. The presence of multiple endocannabinoid ligands, synthesizing and catabolizing enzymes, and receptors highlights various pharmacological targets for novel therapeutic application to retinal diseases.
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15
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Sun W, Wang L, Li S, Tie X, Jiang B. Layer-specific endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression of GABAergic neurotransmission onto principal neurons in mouse visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:1952-65. [PMID: 25997857 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Visually induced endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression of GABAergic neurotransmission (iLTD) mediates the maturation of GABAergic release in layer 2/3 of visual cortex. Here we examined whether the maturation of GABAergic transmission in other layers of visual cortex also requires endocannabinoids. The developmental plasticity of GABAergic neurotransmission onto the principal neurons in different layers of mouse visual cortex was examined in cortical slices by whole-cell recordings of inhibitory postsynaptic currents evoked by presynaptic inhibitory inputs. Theta burst stimulation of GABAergic inputs induced an endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression of GABAergic neurotransmission onto pyramidal cells in layer 2/3 from postnatal day (P)10 to 30 and in layer 5 from P10 to 40, whereas that of GABAergic inputs did not induce iLTD onto star pyramidal neurons in layer 4 at any time postnatally, indicating that this plasticity is laminar-specific. The developmental loss of iLTD paralleled the maturation of GABAergic inhibition in both layer 2/3 and layer 5. Visual deprivation delayed the developmental loss of iLTD in layers 3 and 5 during a critical period, while 2 days of light exposure eliminated iLTD in both layers. Furthermore, the GABAergic synapses in layers 2/3 and 5 did not normally mature in the type 1 cannabinoid receptor knock-out mice, whereas those in layer 4 did not require endocannabinoid receptor for maturation. These results suggest that visually induced endocannabinoid-dependent iLTD mediates the maturation of GABAergic release in extragranular layer rather than in granular layer of mouse visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Sun
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Laijian Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoxiu Tie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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16
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Petrus E, Rodriguez G, Patterson R, Connor B, Kanold PO, Lee HK. Vision loss shifts the balance of feedforward and intracortical circuits in opposite directions in mouse primary auditory and visual cortices. J Neurosci 2015; 35:8790-801. [PMID: 26063913 PMCID: PMC4461685 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4975-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of a sensory modality leads to widespread changes in synaptic function across sensory cortices, which are thought to be the basis for cross-modal adaptation. Previous studies suggest that experience-dependent cross-modal regulation of the spared sensory cortices may be mediated by changes in cortical circuits. Here, we report that loss of vision, in the form of dark exposure (DE) for 1 week, produces laminar-specific changes in excitatory and inhibitory circuits in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of adult mice to promote feedforward (FF) processing and also strengthens intracortical inputs to primary visual cortex (V1). Specifically, DE potentiated FF excitatory synapses from layer 4 (L4) to L2/3 in A1 and recurrent excitatory inputs in A1-L4 in parallel with a reduction in the strength of lateral intracortical excitatory inputs to A1-L2/3. This suggests a shift in processing in favor of FF information at the expense of intracortical processing. Vision loss also strengthened inhibitory synaptic function in L4 and L2/3 of A1, but via laminar specific mechanisms. In A1-L4, DE specifically potentiated the evoked synaptic transmission from parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons to principal neurons without changes in spontaneous miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs). In contrast, DE specifically increased the frequency of mIPSCs in A1-L2/3. In V1, FF excitatory inputs were unaltered by DE, whereas lateral intracortical connections in L2/3 were strengthened, suggesting a shift toward intracortical processing. Our results suggest that loss of vision produces distinct circuit changes in the spared and deprived sensory cortices to shift between FF and intracortical processing to allow adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Petrus
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, and
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez
- Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and
| | - Ryan Patterson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, and
| | - Blaine Connor
- Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, and Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, and
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17
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Javadi P, Bouskila J, Bouchard JF, Ptito M. The endocannabinoid system within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the vervet monkey. Neuroscience 2015; 288:135-44. [PMID: 25575947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system mainly consists of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R), their endogenous ligands termed endocannabinoids (eCBs), and the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of eCBs. These cannabinoid receptors have been well characterized in rodent and monkey retinae. Here, we investigated the expression and localization of the eCB system beyond the retina, namely the first thalamic relay, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), of vervet monkeys using immunohistochemistry methods. Our results show that CB1R is expressed throughout the dLGN with more prominent labeling in the magnocellular layers. The same pattern is observed for the degradation enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). However, the synthesizing enzyme N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is expressed homogenously throughout the dLGN with no preference for any of the layers. These proteins are weakly expressed in the koniocellular layers. These results suggest that the presence of the eCB system throughout the layers of the dLGN may represent a novel site of neuromodulatory action in normal vision. The larger amount of CB1R in the dLGN magnocellular layers may explain some of the behavioral effects of cannabinoids associated with the integrity of the dorsal visual pathway that plays a role in visual-spatial localization and motion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Javadi
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Bouskila
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J-F Bouchard
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Ptito
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; BRAINlab, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Schwitzer T, Schwan R, Angioi-Duprez K, Ingster-Moati I, Lalanne L, Giersch A, Laprevote V. The cannabinoid system and visual processing: a review on experimental findings and clinical presumptions. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:100-12. [PMID: 25482685 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most prevalent drugs used worldwide. Regular cannabis use is associated with impairments in highly integrative cognitive functions such as memory, attention and executive functions. To date, the cerebral mechanisms of these deficits are still poorly understood. Studying the processing of visual information may offer an innovative and relevant approach to evaluate the cerebral impact of exogenous cannabinoids on the human brain. Furthermore, this knowledge is required to understand the impact of cannabis intake in everyday life, and especially in car drivers. Here we review the role of the endocannabinoids in the functioning of the visual system and the potential involvement of cannabis use in visual dysfunctions. This review describes the presence of the endocannabinoids in the critical stages of visual information processing, and their role in the modulation of visual neurotransmission and visual synaptic plasticity, thereby enabling them to alter the transmission of the visual signal. We also review several induced visual changes, together with experimental dysfunctions reported in cannabis users. In the discussion, we consider these results in relation to the existing literature. We argue for more involvement of public health research in the study of visual function in cannabis users, especially because cannabis use is implicated in driving impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwitzer
- EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54000, France; Maison des Addictions, CHU Nancy, Nancy F-54000, France; Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Nancy F-54000, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Raymund Schwan
- EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54000, France; Maison des Addictions, CHU Nancy, Nancy F-54000, France; Centre d׳Investigation Clinique CIC-INSERM 9501, CHU Nancy, Nancy F-54000, France; Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Nancy F-54000, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Lalanne
- Clinique Psychiatrique, CHRU Strasbourg, FTMS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France; INSERM U1114, Physiopathologie et Psychopathologie Cognitive de la Schizophrénie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67000, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- EA7298, INGRES, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54000, France; Maison des Addictions, CHU Nancy, Nancy F-54000, France; Centre d׳Investigation Clinique CIC-INSERM 9501, CHU Nancy, Nancy F-54000, France; Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Nancy F-54000, France.
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19
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Neural cell adhesion molecule NrCAM regulates Semaphorin 3F-induced dendritic spine remodeling. J Neurosci 2014; 34:11274-87. [PMID: 25143608 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1774-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron-glial related cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) is a regulator of axon growth and repellent guidance, and has been implicated in autism spectrum disorders. Here a novel postsynaptic role for NrCAM in Semaphorin3F (Sema3F)-induced dendritic spine remodeling was identified in pyramidal neurons of the primary visual cortex (V1). NrCAM localized to dendritic spines of star pyramidal cells in postnatal V1, where it was coexpressed with Sema3F. NrCAM deletion in mice resulted in elevated spine densities on apical dendrites of star pyramidal cells at both postnatal and adult stages, and electron microscopy revealed increased numbers of asymmetric synapses in layer 4 of V1. Whole-cell recordings in cortical slices from NrCAM-null mice revealed increased frequency of mEPSCs in star pyramidal neurons. Recombinant Sema3F-Fc protein induced spine retraction on apical dendrites of wild-type, but not NrCAM-null cortical neurons in culture, while re-expression of NrCAM rescued the spine retraction response. NrCAM formed a complex in brain with Sema3F receptor subunits Neuropilin-2 (Npn-2) and PlexinA3 (PlexA3) through an Npn-2-binding sequence (TARNER) in the extracellular Ig1 domain. A trans heterozygous genetic interaction test demonstrated that Sema3F and NrCAM pathways interacted in vivo to regulate spine density in star pyramidal neurons. These findings reveal NrCAM as a novel postnatal regulator of dendritic spine density in cortical pyramidal neurons, and an integral component of the Sema3F receptor complex. The results implicate NrCAM as a contributor to excitatory/inhibitory balance in neocortical circuits.
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20
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Ebina T, Sohya K, Imayoshi I, Yin ST, Kimura R, Yanagawa Y, Kameda H, Hioki H, Kaneko T, Tsumoto T. 3D clustering of GABAergic neurons enhances inhibitory actions on excitatory neurons in the mouse visual cortex. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1896-1907. [PMID: 25464846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical neurons with similar functional properties assemble into spatially coherent circuits, but it remains unclear how inhibitory interneurons are organized. We applied in vivo two-photon functional Ca(2+) imaging and whole-cell recording of synaptic currents to record visual responses of cortical neurons and analyzed their spatial arrangements. GABAergic interneurons were clustered in the 3D space of the mouse visual cortex, and excitatory neurons located within the clusters (insiders) had a lower amplitude and sharper orientation tuning of visual responses than outsiders. Inhibitory synaptic currents recorded from the insiders were larger than those of the outsiders. Single, isolated interneurons did not show such a location-tuning/amplitude relationship. The two principal subtypes of interneurons, parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing neurons, also formed clusters with only slightly overlapping each other and exhibited a different location-tuning relationship. These findings suggest that GABAergic interneurons and their subgroups form clusters to make their inhibitory function more effective than isolated interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Ebina
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sohya
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; The Hakubi Center, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shu-Ting Yin
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rui Kimura
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kameda
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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21
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Rebound potentiation of inhibition in juvenile visual cortex requires vision-induced BDNF expression. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10770-9. [PMID: 25100608 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5454-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental increase in the strength of inhibitory synaptic circuits defines the time window of the critical period for plasticity in sensory cortices. Conceptually, plasticity of inhibitory synapses is an attractive mechanism to allow for homeostatic adaptation to the sensory environment. However, a brief duration of visual deprivation that causes maximal change in excitatory synapses produces minimal change in inhibitory synaptic transmission. Here we examined developmental and experience-dependent changes in inhibition by measuring miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of mouse visual cortex. During development from postnatal day 21 (P21) to P35, GABAA receptor function changed from fewer higher-conductance channels to more numerous lower-conductance channels without altering the average mIPSC amplitude. Although a week of visual deprivation did not alter the average mIPSC amplitude, a subsequent 2 h exposure to light produced a rapid rebound potentiation. This form of plasticity is restricted to a critical period before the developmental change in GABAergic synaptic properties is completed, and hence is absent by P35. Visual experience-dependent rebound potentiation of mIPSCs is accompanied by an increase in the open channel number and requires activity-dependent transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Mice lacking BDNF transcription through promoter IV did not show developmental changes in inhibition and lacked rebound potentiation. Our results suggest that sensory experience may have distinct functional consequences in normal versus deprived sensory cortices, and that experience-dependent BDNF expression controls the plasticity of inhibitory synaptic transmission particularly when recovering vision during the critical period.
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22
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Medini P. Experience-dependent plasticity of visual cortical microcircuits. Neuroscience 2014; 278:367-84. [PMID: 25171791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent decade testified a tremendous increase in our knowledge on how cell-type-specific microcircuits process sensory information in the neocortex and on how such circuitry reacts to manipulations of the sensory environment. Experience-dependent plasticity has now been investigated with techniques endowed with cell resolution during both postnatal development and in adult animals. This review recapitulates the main recent findings in the field using mainly the primary visual cortex as a model system to highlight the more important questions and physiological principles (such as the role of non-competitive mechanisms, the role of inhibition in excitatory cell plasticity, the functional importance of spine and axonal plasticity on a microscale level). I will also discuss on which scientific problems the debate and controversies are more pronounced. New technologies that allow to perturbate cell-type-specific subcircuits will certainly shine new light in the years to come at least on some of the still open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Medini
- Institutionen för Molekylärbiologi, and Institutionen för Integrativ Medicinsk Biologi (IMB), Fysiologi Avdelning, Umeå Universitet, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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23
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Deprivation-induced strengthening of presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibitory transmission in layer 4 of visual cortex during the critical period. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2571-82. [PMID: 24523547 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4600-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition from fast-spiking (FS) interneurons plays a crucial role in shaping cortical response properties and gating developmental periods of activity-dependent plasticity, yet the expression mechanisms underlying FS inhibitory plasticity remain largely unexplored. In layer 4 of visual cortex (V1), monocular deprivation (MD) induces either depression or potentiation of FS to star pyramidal neuron (FS→SP) synapses, depending on the age of onset (Maffei et al., 2004, 2006). This reversal in the sign (- to +) of plasticity occurs on the cusp of the canonical critical period (CP). To investigate the expression locus behind this switch in sign of inhibitory plasticity, mice underwent MD during the pre-CP [eye-opening to postnatal day (p)17] or CP (p22-p25), and FS→SP synaptic strength within layer 4 was assessed using confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, as well as optogenetic activation of FS cells to probe quantal amplitude at FS→SP synapses. Brief MD before p17 or p25 did not alter the density of FS→SP contacts. However, at the ultrastructural level, FS→SP synapses in deprived hemispheres during the CP, but not the pre-CP or in GAD65 knock-out mice, had larger synapses and increased docked vesicle density compared with synapses from the nondeprived control hemispheres. Moreover, FS→SP evoked miniature IPSCs increased in deprived hemispheres when MD was initiated during the CP, accompanied by an increase in the density of postsynaptic GABAA receptors at FS→SP synapses. These coordinated changes in FS→SP synaptic strength define an expression pathway modulating excitatory output during CP plasticity in visual cortex.
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24
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Garkun Y, Maffei A. Cannabinoid-dependent potentiation of inhibition at eye opening in mouse V1. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:46. [PMID: 24600349 PMCID: PMC3928593 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid (CB) signaling is a well established regulator of synaptic transmission. Recent work demonstrated that CB release is necessary for the induction of inhibitory synaptic plasticity. In primary visual cortex (V1) CB receptors are present throughout life, though their level of expression is developmentally regulated. In the input layer of V1 (layer 4, L4) these receptors show low levels of expression and colocalize with GABAergic terminals suggesting that they may play an important role in regulating GABAergic transmission. Here we show that in the developmental window extending from eye opening to the onset of the critical period for visual cortical plasticity L4 inhibitory inputs onto pyramidal neurons are highly sensitive to activation of CB release. More specifically, application of synthetic and endogenous CB receptors agonists led to a significant increase in the amplitude and frequency of both spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents and miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents. This form of inhibitory potentiation is activity-dependent, induced by repetitive bursting of pyramidal neurons and regulated by the time of eye opening. CB-dependent regulation of inhibitory drive may be a mechanism for the regulating L4 pyramidal neurons excitability and function at a time in which V1 transitions from being activated by spontaneous activity to being driven by visual inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Garkun
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, The State University of New York-Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Arianna Maffei
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, The State University of New York-Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
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25
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Ohiorhenuan IE, Mechler F, Purpura KP, Schmid AM, Hu Q, Victor JD. Cannabinoid neuromodulation in the adult early visual cortex. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87362. [PMID: 24586271 PMCID: PMC3929390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory processing is an active process involving the interaction of ongoing cortical activity with incoming stimulus information. However, the modulators and circuits involved in this interaction are incompletely understood. One potential candidate is the cannabinoid-signaling system, which is known to modulate the dynamics of cortical networks. Here, we show that in the primate primary and secondary visual cortices, the cannabinoid CP55940 modulates not only population dynamics but also influences the dynamics of the stimulus-response relationship of individual neurons. At the population level, CP55940 decreases EEG power, LFP power, and LFP coherence. At the single-neuron level, intrinsic spike train dynamics appear relatively unchanged, but visual receptive fields are altered: CP55940 induced an overall delay and broadening of the temporal component of V1 and V2 spatiotemporal receptive fields. Our findings provide neurophysiologic evidence for a link between cannabinoid-signaling, network dynamics and the function of a canonical cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifije E. Ohiorhenuan
- Division of Systems Neurology and Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ferenc Mechler
- Division of Systems Neurology and Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Keith P. Purpura
- Division of Systems Neurology and Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anita M. Schmid
- Division of Systems Neurology and Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qin Hu
- Division of Systems Neurology and Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Victor
- Division of Systems Neurology and Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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26
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Younts TJ, Castillo PE. Endogenous cannabinoid signaling at inhibitory interneurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 26:42-50. [PMID: 24650503 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in our understanding of how endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) signal at excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the central nervous system (CNS). This review discusses how eCBs regulate inhibitory interneurons, their synapses, and the networks in which they are embedded. eCB signaling plays a pivotal role in brain physiology by means of their synaptic signal transduction, spatiotemporal signaling profile, routing of information through inhibitory microcircuits, and experience-dependent plasticity. Understanding the normal processes underlying eCB signaling is beginning to shed light on how their dysregulation contributes to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Younts
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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27
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Abstract
In pyramidal cells, the induction of spike-dependent plasticity (STDP) follows a simple Hebbian rule in which the order of presynaptic and postsynaptic firing dictates the induction of LTP or LTD. In contrast, cortical fast spiking (FS) interneurons, which control the rate and timing of pyramidal cell firing, reportedly express timing-dependent LTD, but not timing-dependent LTP. Because a mismatch in STDP rules could impact the maintenance of the excitation/inhibition balance, we examined the neuromodulation of STDP in FS cells of mouse visual cortex. We found that stimulation of adrenergic receptors enables the induction of Hebbian bidirectional STDP in FS cells in a manner consistent with a pull-push mechanism previously characterized in pyramidal cells. However, in pyramidal cells, STDP induction depends on NMDA receptors, whereas in FS cells it depends on mGluR5 receptors. We propose that neuromodulators control the polarity of STDP in different synapses in the same manner, and independently of the induction mechanism, by acting downstream in the plasticity cascade. By doing so, neuromodulators may allow coordinated plastic changes in FS and pyramidal cells.
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28
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Long-term inhibitory plasticity in visual cortical layer 4 switches sign at the opening of the critical period. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4540-7. [PMID: 24191045 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319571110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory microcircuits are refined by experience during windows of heightened plasticity termed "critical periods" (CPs). In visual cortex the effects of visual deprivation change dramatically at the transition from the pre-CP to the CP, but the cellular plasticity mechanisms that underlie this change are poorly understood. Here we show that plasticity at unitary connections between GABAergic Fast Spiking (FS) cells and Star Pyramidal (SP) neurons within layer 4 flips sign at the transition between the pre-CP and the CP. During the pre-CP, coupling FS firing with SP depolarization induces long-term depression of inhibition at this synapse, whereas the same protocol induces long-term potentiation of inhibition at the opening of the CP. Despite being of opposite sign, both forms of plasticity share expression characteristics--a change in coefficient of variation with no change in paired-pulse ratio--and depend on GABAB receptor signaling. Finally, we show that the reciprocal SP → FS synapse also acquires the ability to undergo long-term potentiation at the pre-CP to CP transition. Thus, at the opening of the CP, there are coordinated changes in plasticity that allow specific patterns of activity within layer 4 to potentiate feedback inhibition by boosting the strength of FS ↔ SP connections.
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29
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Liu X, Cheng C, Shao B, Wu X, Ji Y, Lu X, Shen A. LPS-Stimulating Astrocyte-Conditioned Medium Causes Neuronal Apoptosis Via Increasing CDK11p58 Expression in PC12 Cells Through Downregulating AKT Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:779-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Yoneda T, Kameyama K, Esumi K, Daimyo Y, Watanabe M, Hata Y. Developmental and visual input-dependent regulation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the mouse visual cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53082. [PMID: 23308141 PMCID: PMC3540079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian visual system exhibits significant experience-induced plasticity in the early postnatal period. While physiological studies have revealed the contribution of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) to developmental plasticity in the primary visual cortex (V1), it remains unknown whether the expression and localization of CB1 is regulated during development or by visual experience. To explore a possible role of the endocannabinoid system in visual cortical plasticity, we examined the expression of CB1 in the visual cortex of mice. We found intense CB1 immunoreactivity in layers II/III and VI. CB1 mainly localized at vesicular GABA transporter-positive inhibitory nerve terminals. The amount of CB1 protein increased throughout development, and the specific laminar pattern of CB1 appeared at P20 and remained until adulthood. Dark rearing from birth to P30 decreased the amount of CB1 protein in V1 and altered the synaptic localization of CB1 in the deep layer. Dark rearing until P50, however, did not influence the expression of CB1. Brief monocular deprivation for 2 days upregulated the localization of CB1 at inhibitory nerve terminals in the deep layer. Taken together, the expression and the localization of CB1 are developmentally regulated, and both parameters are influenced by visual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Yoneda
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan
| | - Katsuro Kameyama
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kazusa Esumi
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yohei Daimyo
- Division of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hata
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan
- Division of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Shi X, Li Y, Zhao K. The influences of dark rearing on the transmission characteristics of layer II/III pyramidal cells during the critical period. Brain Res 2012; 1457:26-32. [PMID: 22534484 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of synaptic plasticity on layer II/III pyramidal cells in different ages of rats have been studied extensively, and dark rearing is one of the important impact factors. To systematically analyze the influence of dark rearing on synaptic plasticity during the critical period of visual development, we studied the characteristics of short-term and long-term synaptic plasticities of layer II/III pyramidal cells of rats in three rearing conditions during P14 to P37. The paired-pulse ratio (PPR) of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) of layer II/III pyramidal cells was effected by both ages and rearing conditions, but the PPR of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) did not change obviously. Moreover, long-term synaptic plasticity of rats in the dark rearing condition did not significantly change with age, while it was elevated during P16 and P21 for rats in the normal rearing condition. These results suggest that visual experience can affect the characteristics of short-term and long-term synaptic plasticities. The IPSC/EPSC ratio increased gradually with aging for NR rats, but the ratio slightly decreased for DR rats, which indicates the relative increase of inhibitory components during the critical period of visual development. The characteristics during P35 and P37 of the 30-day dark-reared (30D×N) group had similar trends with the normal-reared rats during P16 and P21, which emphasizes that dark rearing can postpone the timing of the critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Liu
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
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The role of GABAergic inhibition in ocular dominance plasticity. Neural Plast 2011; 2011:391763. [PMID: 21826276 PMCID: PMC3150150 DOI: 10.1155/2011/391763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, we have gained much insight into the mechanisms that open and close a sensitive period of plasticity in the visual cortex. This brings the hope that novel treatments can be developed for brain injuries requiring renewed plasticity potential and neurodevelopmental brain disorders caused by defective synaptic plasticity. One of the central mechanisms responsible for opening the sensitive period is the maturation of inhibitory innervation. Many molecular and cellular events have been identified that drive this developmental process, including signaling through BDNF and IGF-1, transcriptional control by OTX2, maturation of the extracellular matrix, and GABA-regulated inhibitory synapse formation. The mechanisms through which the development of inhibitory innervation triggers and potentially closes the sensitive period may involve plasticity of inhibitory inputs or permissive regulation of excitatory synapse plasticity. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge in the field and open questions to be addressed.
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Abstract
The endocannabinoid (ECB) system has been found throughout the central nervous system and modulates cell excitability in various forms of short-term plasticity. ECBs and their receptors have also been localized to all retinal cells, and cannabinoid receptor activation has been shown to alter voltage-dependent conductances in several different retinal cell types, suggesting a possible role for cannabinoids in retinal processing. Their effects on synaptic transmission in the mammalian retina, however, have not been previously investigated. Here, we show that exogenous cannabinoids alter spontaneous synaptic transmission onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in whole-mount retinas, we measured spontaneous postsynaptic currents (SPSCs) in RGCs in adult and young (P14-P21) mice. We found that the addition of an exogenous cannabinoid agonist, WIN55212-2 (5 μM), caused a significant reversible reduction in the frequency of SPSCs. This change, however, did not alter the kinetics of the SPSCs, indicating a presynaptic locus of action. Using blockers to isolate inhibitory or excitatory currents, we found that cannabinoids significantly reduced the release probability of both GABA and glutamate, respectively. While the addition of cannabinoids reduced the frequency of both GABAergic and glutamatergic SPSCs in both young and adult mice, we found that the largest effect was on GABA-mediated currents in young mice. These results suggest that the ECB system may potentially be involved in the modulation of signal transmission in the retina. Furthermore, they suggest that it might play a role in the developmental maturation of synaptic circuits, and that exogenous cannabinoids are likely able to disrupt retinal processing and consequently alter vision.
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Jang HJ, Cho KH, Park SW, Kim MJ, Yoon SH, Rhie DJ. The development of phasic and tonic inhibition in the rat visual cortex. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:399-405. [PMID: 21311681 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.6.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic inhibition is important in the function of the visual cortex. In a previous study, we reported a developmental increase in GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition in the rat visual cortex from 3 to 5 weeks of age. Because this developmental increase is crucial to the regulation of the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity, in the present study we investigated in detail the postnatal development of phasic and tonic inhibition. The amplitude of phasic inhibition evoked by electrical stimulation increased during development from 3 to 8 weeks of age, and the peak time and decay kinetics of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and current (IPSC) slowed progressively. Since the membrane time constant decreased during this period, passive membrane properties might not be involved in the kinetic changes of IPSP and IPSC. Tonic inhibition, another mode of GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition, also increased developmentally and reached a plateau at 5 weeks of age. These results indicate that the time course of the postnatal development of GABAergic inhibition matched well that of the functional maturation of the visual cortex. Thus, the present study provides significant insight into the roles of inhibitory development in the functional maturation of the visual cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jong Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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