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Henderson F, Dumas S, Gangarossa G, Bernard V, Pujol M, Poirel O, Pietrancosta N, El Mestikawy S, Daumas S, Fabre V. Regulation of stress-induced sleep perturbations by dorsal raphe VGLUT3 neurons in male mice. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114411. [PMID: 38944834 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressors has profound effects on sleep that have been linked to serotonin (5-HT) neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). However, the DR also comprises glutamatergic neurons expressing vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (DRVGLUT3), leading us to examine their role. Cell-type-specific tracing revealed that DRVGLUT3 neurons project to brain areas regulating arousal and stress. We found that chemogenetic activation of DRVGLUT3 neurons mimics stress-induced sleep perturbations. Furthermore, deleting VGLUT3 in the DR attenuated stress-induced sleep perturbations, especially after social defeat stress. In the DR, VGLUT3 is found in subsets of 5-HT and non-5-HT neurons. We observed that both populations are activated by acute stress, including those projecting to the ventral tegmental area. However, deleting VGLUT3 in 5-HT neurons minimally affected sleep regulation. These findings suggest that VGLUT3 expression in the DR drives stress-induced sleep perturbations, possibly involving non-5-HT DRVGLUT3 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Henderson
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130 - Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Véronique Bernard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130 - Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marine Pujol
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130 - Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Odile Poirel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130 - Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130 - Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7203, Laboratoire des BioMolécules, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130 - Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Daumas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130 - Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Véronique Fabre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130 - Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France.
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2
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Kobayashi I, Forcelli PA. The effects of a dual orexin receptor antagonist on fear extinction memory and sleep in mice: Implications for exposure therapy. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114741. [PMID: 37931704 PMCID: PMC10841840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Extinction of conditioned fear is considered a fundamental process in the recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders. Sleep, especially rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, has been implicated in promoting extinction memory. The orexin system contributes to the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and emotional behaviors. In rodents, administrations of an orexin receptor antagonist following fear extinction training enhanced consolidation of extinction memory. Although orexin antagonists increase sleep, including REM sleep, the possible contribution of sleep to the effects of orexin antagonists on extinction memory has not been examined. Therefore, this study examined the effects of suvorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, on extinction memory and sleep and their associations in mice. C57BL/6 mice underwent sleep recording for 24 h before and after contextual fear conditioning with footshocks and extinction learning during the early light phase or early dark phase. Mice were systemically injected with either 25 mg/kg of suvorexant or vehicle immediately after the extinction session. We found that suvorexant neither altered sleep nor improved extinction memory recall compared with vehicle. The higher percentages of REM sleep during the post-extinction dark phase were associated with lower extinction memory recall and greater freezing responses to the fear context. Results also indicate that animals did not reach complete extinction of fear with the fear extinction training protocol used in this study. These findings suggest that promoting REM sleep may not enhance fear extinction memory when extinction of fear is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihori Kobayashi
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St. NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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3
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Yasugaki S, Okamura H, Kaneko A, Hayashi Y. Bidirectional Relationship Between Sleep and Depression. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00087-1. [PMID: 37116584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Patients with depression almost inevitably exhibit abnormalities in sleep, such as shortened latency to enter rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and decrease in electroencephalogram delta power during non-REM sleep. Insufficient sleep can be stressful, and the accumulation of stress leads to the deterioration of mental health and contributes to the development of psychiatric disorders. Thus, it is likely that depression and sleep are bidirectionally related, i.e. development of depression contributes to sleep disturbances and vice versa. However, the relation between depression and sleep seems complicated. For example, acute sleep deprivation can paradoxically improve depressive symptoms. Thus, it is difficult to conclude whether sleep has beneficial or harmful effects in patients with depression. How antidepressants affect sleep in patients with depression might provide clues to understanding the effects of sleep, but caution is required considering that antidepressants have diverse effects other than sleep. Recent animal studies support the bidirectional relation between depression and sleep, and animal models of depression are expected to be beneficial for the identification of neuronal circuits that connect stress, sleep, and depression. This review provides a comprehensive overview regarding the current knowledge of the relationship between depression and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Yasugaki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Hibiki Okamura
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Program in Humanics, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Ami Kaneko
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Program in Humanics, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Yu Hayashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-8363, Japan.
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4
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Scott K, Phan TT, Boukelmoune N, Heijnen CJ, Dantzer R. Chronic restraint stress impairs voluntary wheel running but has no effect on food-motivated behavior in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:319-329. [PMID: 36349643 PMCID: PMC9729455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress is known to cause significant alterations of mitochondrial biology. However, its effects on effort-based behavior and the sensitivity of these effects to treatments that restore mitochondrial function have not been assessed. Based on the hypothesis that the behavioral consequences of this stressor should be more severe for an energy demanding activity than for an energy procuring activity, we compared the effects of chronic restraint stress on the performance of male mice trained to use a running wheel or to nose poke for a food reward in an operant conditioning cage. In accordance with our hypothesis, we observed that exposure of mice to 2-hour daily restraint sessions for 14 to 16 days during the light phase of the cycle reliably decreased voluntary wheel running but had no effect on working for food in a fixed ratio 10 schedule of food reinforcement or in a progressive ratio schedule of food reinforcement. This dissociation between the two types of behavioral activities could reflect an adaptive response to the constraint imposed by chronic restraint stress on mitochondria function and its negative consequences on energy metabolism. To determine whether it is the case, we administered mesenchymal stem cells intranasally to chronically restrained mice to repair the putative mitochondrial dysfunction induced by chronic restraint stress. This intervention had no effect on wheel running deficits. Assessment of mitochondrial gene expression in the brain of mice submitted to chronic restraint stress revealed an increase in the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biology that showed habituation with repetition of daily sessions of restraint stress. These original findings can be interpreted to indicate that chronic restraint stress induces behavioral and mitochondrial adjustments that contribute to metabolic adaptation to this stressor and maintain metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten Scott
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thien Trong Phan
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nabila Boukelmoune
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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5
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Abdelmissih S. A Bitter Experience That Enlightens the Future: COVID-19 Neurological Affection and Perspectives on the Orexigenic System. Cureus 2022; 14:e30788. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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6
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Hypocretinergic interactions with the serotonergic system regulate REM sleep and cataplexy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6034. [PMID: 33247179 PMCID: PMC7699625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of muscle tone triggered by emotions is called cataplexy and is the pathognomonic symptom of narcolepsy, which is caused by hypocretin deficiency. Cataplexy is classically considered to be an abnormal manifestation of REM sleep and is treated by selective serotonin (5HT) reuptake inhibitors. Here we show that deleting the 5HT transporter in hypocretin knockout mice suppressed cataplexy while dramatically increasing REM sleep. Additionally, double knockout mice showed a significant deficit in the buildup of sleep need. Deleting one allele of the 5HT transporter in hypocretin knockout mice strongly increased EEG theta power during REM sleep and theta and gamma powers during wakefulness. Deleting hypocretin receptors in the dorsal raphe neurons of adult mice did not induce cataplexy but consolidated REM sleep. Our results indicate that cataplexy and REM sleep are regulated by different mechanisms and both states and sleep need are regulated by the hypocretinergic input into 5HT neurons. Narcolepsy is characterized by a sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy) similar to REM sleep and is caused by hypocretin deficiency. Here, the authors show that deleting the serotonin transporter gene in hypocretin knockout mice suppresses cataplexy while dramatically increasing REM sleep, indicating that these are two different states but are both regulated by hypocretinergic input to serotonergic neurons.
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7
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Yasugaki S, Liu CY, Kashiwagi M, Kanuka M, Honda T, Miyata S, Yanagisawa M, Hayashi Y. Effects of 3 Weeks of Water Immersion and Restraint Stress on Sleep in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1072. [PMID: 31680813 PMCID: PMC6813282 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated stress is a risk factor for mental disorders and can also lead to sleep disturbances. Although the effects of stress on sleep architecture have been investigated in rodents, the length of the stress exposure period in most studies has been limited to about 10 days, and few studies have analyzed the effects of chronic stress over a longer period. Here we investigated how sleep is affected in a mouse model of depression induced by 3 weeks of daily water immersion and restraint stress (WIRS). Sleep was recorded after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of stress exposure. Some stress-induced changes in several sleep measures were maintained across the 3 weeks, whereas other changes were most prominent during the 1st week. The total amount of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) was increased and the total amount of time spent awake was decreased across all 3 weeks. On the other hand, the amount of REMS during the dark phase was significantly increased in the 1st week compared with that at baseline or the 2nd and 3rd weeks. Electroencephalogram (EEG) power in the delta range was decreased during NREMS, although the total amount of NREMS was increased. These findings indicate that repeated WIRS, which eventually leads to a depression-like phenotype, differentially affects sleep between the early and subsequent periods. The increase in the amount of REMS during the dark phase in the 1st week significantly correlated with changes in body weight. Our results show how sleep changes throughout a long period of chronic stress in a mouse model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Yasugaki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chih-Yao Liu
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Kashiwagi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mika Kanuka
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takato Honda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyata
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yu Hayashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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8
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Henderson F, Vialou V, El Mestikawy S, Fabre V. Effects of Social Defeat Stress on Sleep in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 29234278 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00227/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress plays a key role in the development of psychiatric disorders and has a negative impact on sleep integrity. In mice, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) is an ethologically valid model of stress-related disorders but little is known about its effects on sleep regulation. Here, we investigated the immediate and long-term effects of 10 consecutive days of social defeat (SD) on vigilance states in C57Bl/6J male mice. Social behavior was assessed to identify susceptible mice, i.e., mice that develop long-lasting social avoidance, and unsusceptible mice. Sleep-wake stages in mice of both groups were analyzed by means of polysomnographic recordings at baseline, after the first, third, and tenth stress sessions and on the 5th recovery day (R5) following the 10-day CSDS. In susceptible mice, each SD session produced biphasic changes in sleep-wake states that were preserved all along 10-day CSDS. These sessions elicited a short-term enhancement of wake time while rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep was strongly inhibited. Concomitantly, delta power was increased during non REM (NREM) sleep. During the following dark period, an increase in total sleep time, as well as wake fragmentation, were observed after each analyzed SD session. Similar changes were observed in unsusceptible mice. At R5, elevated high-frequency EEG activity, as observed in insomniacs, emerged during NREM sleep in both susceptible and unsusceptible groups suggesting that CSDS impaired sleep quality. Furthermore, susceptible but not unsusceptible mice displayed stress-anticipatory arousal during recovery, a common feature of anxiety disorders. Altogether, our findings show that CSDS has profound impacts on vigilance states and further support that sleep is tightly regulated by exposure to stressful events. They also revealed that susceptibility to chronic psychological stress is associated with heightened arousal, a physiological feature of stress vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Henderson
- INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vialou
- INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Fabre
- INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
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9
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Henderson F, Vialou V, El Mestikawy S, Fabre V. Effects of Social Defeat Stress on Sleep in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:227. [PMID: 29234278 PMCID: PMC5712311 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress plays a key role in the development of psychiatric disorders and has a negative impact on sleep integrity. In mice, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) is an ethologically valid model of stress-related disorders but little is known about its effects on sleep regulation. Here, we investigated the immediate and long-term effects of 10 consecutive days of social defeat (SD) on vigilance states in C57Bl/6J male mice. Social behavior was assessed to identify susceptible mice, i.e., mice that develop long-lasting social avoidance, and unsusceptible mice. Sleep-wake stages in mice of both groups were analyzed by means of polysomnographic recordings at baseline, after the first, third, and tenth stress sessions and on the 5th recovery day (R5) following the 10-day CSDS. In susceptible mice, each SD session produced biphasic changes in sleep-wake states that were preserved all along 10-day CSDS. These sessions elicited a short-term enhancement of wake time while rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep was strongly inhibited. Concomitantly, delta power was increased during non REM (NREM) sleep. During the following dark period, an increase in total sleep time, as well as wake fragmentation, were observed after each analyzed SD session. Similar changes were observed in unsusceptible mice. At R5, elevated high-frequency EEG activity, as observed in insomniacs, emerged during NREM sleep in both susceptible and unsusceptible groups suggesting that CSDS impaired sleep quality. Furthermore, susceptible but not unsusceptible mice displayed stress-anticipatory arousal during recovery, a common feature of anxiety disorders. Altogether, our findings show that CSDS has profound impacts on vigilance states and further support that sleep is tightly regulated by exposure to stressful events. They also revealed that susceptibility to chronic psychological stress is associated with heightened arousal, a physiological feature of stress vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Henderson
- INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vialou
- INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Fabre
- INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
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10
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Lee HJ, Chang LY, Ho YC, Teng SF, Hwang LL, Mackie K, Chiou LC. Stress induces analgesia via orexin 1 receptor-initiated endocannabinoid/CB1 signaling in the mouse periaqueductal gray. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:577-586. [PMID: 26907809 PMCID: PMC8081448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The orexin system consists of orexin A/hypocretin 1 and orexin B/hypocretin 2, and OX1 and OX2 receptors. Our previous electrophysiological study showed that orexin A in the rat ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) induced antinociception via an OX1 receptor-initiated and endocannabinoid-mediated disinhibition mechanism. Here, we further characterized antinociceptive effects of orexins in the mouse vlPAG and investigated whether this mechanism in the vlPAG can contribute to stress-induced analgesia (SIA) in mice. Intra-vlPAG (i.pag.) microinjection of orexin A in the mouse vlPAG increased the hot-plate latency. This effect was mimicked by i.pag. injection of WIN 55,212-2, a CB1 agonist, and antagonized by i.pag. injection of the antagonist of OX1 (SB 334867) or CB1 (AM 251), but not OX2 (TCS-OX2-29) or opioid (naloxone), receptors. [Ala(11), D-Leu(15)]-orexin B (i.pag.), an OX2 selective agonist, also induced antinociception in a manner blocked by i.pag. injection of TCS-OX2-29, but not SB 334867 or AM 251. Mice receiving restraint stress for 30 min showed significantly longer hot-plate latency, more c-Fos-expressing orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and higher orexin levels in the vlPAG than unrestrained mice. Restraint SIA in mice was prevented by i.pag. or intraperitoneal injection of SB 334867 or AM 251, but not TCS-OX2-29 or naloxone. These results suggest that during stress, hypothalamic orexin neurons are activated, releasing orexins into the vlPAG to induce analgesia, possibly via the OX1 receptor-initiated, endocannabinoid-mediated disinhibition mechanism previously reported. Although activating either OX1 or OX2 receptors in the vlPAG can lead to antinociception, only OX1 receptor-initiated antinociception is endocannabinoid-dependent.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Benzoxazoles/pharmacology
- Corticosterone/blood
- Hypothalamus/drug effects
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/pathology
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Naphthyridines
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Nociceptive Pain/drug therapy
- Nociceptive Pain/metabolism
- Nociceptive Pain/pathology
- Orexin Receptors/agonists
- Orexin Receptors/metabolism
- Pain Perception/drug effects
- Pain Perception/physiology
- Periaqueductal Gray/drug effects
- Periaqueductal Gray/metabolism
- Periaqueductal Gray/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Urea/analogs & derivatives
- Urea/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Yang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Ho
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Teng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Hwang
- Department of Physiology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Abstract
Stress is considered to be an important cause of disrupted sleep and insomnia. However, controlled and experimental studies in rodents indicate that effects of stress on sleep-wake regulation are complex and may strongly depend on the nature of the stressor. While most stressors are associated with at least a brief period of arousal and wakefulness, the subsequent amount and architecture of recovery sleep can vary dramatically across conditions even though classical markers of acute stress such as corticosterone are virtually the same. Sleep after stress appears to be highly influenced by situational variables including whether the stressor was controllable and/or predictable, whether the individual had the possibility to learn and adapt, and by the relative resilience and vulnerability of the individual experiencing stress. There are multiple brain regions and neurochemical systems linking stress and sleep, and the specific balance and interactions between these systems may ultimately determine the alterations in sleep-wake architecture. Factors that appear to play an important role in stress-induced wakefulness and sleep changes include various monominergic neurotransmitters, hypocretins, corticotropin releasing factor, and prolactin. In addition to the brain regions directly involved in stress responses such as the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus, and the amygdala, differential effects of stressor controllability on behavior and sleep may be mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex. These various brain regions interact and influence each other and in turn affect the activity of sleep-wake controlling centers in the brain. Also, these regions likely play significant roles in memory processes and participate in the way stressful memories may affect arousal and sleep. Finally, stress-induced changes in sleep-architecture may affect sleep-related neuronal plasticity processes and thereby contribute to cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry D Sanford
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA,
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Greenwood BN, Thompson RS, Opp MR, Fleshner M. Repeated exposure to conditioned fear stress increases anxiety and delays sleep recovery following exposure to an acute traumatic stressor. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:146. [PMID: 25368585 PMCID: PMC4202708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated stressor exposure can sensitize physiological responses to novel stressors and facilitate the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders including anxiety. Disruptions in diurnal rhythms of sleep-wake behavior accompany stress-related psychiatric disorders and could contribute to their development. Complex stressors that include fear-eliciting stimuli can be a component of repeated stress experienced by human beings, but whether exposure to repeated fear can prime the development of anxiety and sleep disturbances is unknown. In the current study, adult male F344 rats were exposed to either control conditions or repeated contextual fear conditioning for 22 days followed by exposure to no, mild (10), or severe (100) acute uncontrollable tail shock stress. Exposure to acute stress produced anxiety-like behavior as measured by a reduction in juvenile social exploration and exaggerated shock-elicited freezing in a novel context. Prior exposure to repeated fear enhanced anxiety-like behavior as measured by shock-elicited freezing, but did not alter social exploratory behavior. The potentiation of anxiety produced by prior repeated fear was temporary; exaggerated fear was present 1 day but not 4 days following acute stress. Interestingly, exposure to acute stress reduced rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep during the hours immediately following acute stress. This initial reduction in sleep was followed by robust REM rebound and diurnal rhythm flattening of sleep/wake behavior. Prior repeated fear extended the acute stress-induced REM and NREM sleep loss, impaired REM rebound, and prolonged the flattening of the diurnal rhythm of NREM sleep following acute stressor exposure. These data suggest that impaired recovery of sleep/wake behavior following acute stress could contribute to the mechanisms by which a history of prior repeated stress increases vulnerability to subsequent novel stressors and stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert S. Thompson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mark R. Opp
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Zimmermann K, van Phi VD, Brase A, Phi-van L. Inhibition of serotonin transporter expression by C/EBPβ in LPS-activated macrophage cells (HD11). Innate Immun 2014; 21:406-15. [PMID: 25213348 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914547434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) transporter (5-HTT) is involved in inflammation and the stress response. In this study, we examined the regulation of 5-HTT expression in macrophage HD11 cells in response to bacterial LPS. Long-term exposure of cells to LPS (6-18 h) produced a decrease in 5-HTT mRNA expression. Accordingly, reduced 5-HTT activity measured by 5-HT uptake was also observed in LPS-treated HD11 cells. Moreover, LPS treatment, as well as co-transfection with an expression vector encoding the chicken CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ), resulted in inhibition of 5-HTT promoter activity. Indeed, sequence analysis revealed several C/EBPβ binding motifs in the upstream region of the 5-HTT gene, which specifically interacted with C/EBPβ both in an in vitro band shift assay and in living HD11 cells. The C/EBPβ binding was activated in cells treated with LPS. The role of C/EBPβ in LPS inhibition of 5-HTT expression was further confirmed by small interfering RNA interference, which demonstrated that knockdown of endogenous C/EBPβ attenuated the inhibition of 5-HTT expression in LPS-treated cells. Taken together, the results suggest that C/EBPβ plays a critical role in regulating the 5-HTT gene in macrophages in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zimmermann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - Valerie D van Phi
- Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Angela Brase
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - Loc Phi-van
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
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Li J, Hu Z, de Lecea L. The hypocretins/orexins: integrators of multiple physiological functions. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:332-50. [PMID: 24102345 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Over the past decade, the orexin system has been associated with numerous physiological functions, including sleep/arousal, energy homeostasis, endocrine, visceral functions and pathological states, such as narcolepsy and drug abuse. Here, we review the discovery of Hcrt/orexins and their receptors and propose a hypothesis as to how the orexin system orchestrates these multifaceted physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Li
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Orexins (hypocretins) contribute to fear and avoidance in rats exposed to a single episode of footshocks. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:2103-18. [PMID: 23955372 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Orexins (hypocretins) are peptides that have been shown to regulate behavioral arousal and wakefulness. Recent evidence indicates that orexin neurons are activated by stress and that orexins play a role in anxiety. The present paper describes a series of experiments that examined whether orexins are involved in the anxiety that resulted from exposing rats to an acute episode of footshocks (5 × 2 s of 1.5 mA shocks). We found that prepro-orexin (ppOX) mRNA was elevated in rats at 6 and 14 days after exposure to footshock and that ppOX mRNA levels were correlated with fear at 14 days post-shock. Systemic injections of the non-selective dual orexin receptor antagonist TCS-1102 (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) were found to decrease fear and anxiety in rats 14 days after exposure to footshock. We also found that rats that exhibited a high level of immobility to a novel tone the day after the footshock episode (high responders, HR) showed significantly elevated levels of ppOX mRNA at 14 days post-shock compared to control rats. Furthermore, TCS-1102 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was found to have anxiolytic effects that were specific for HR when tested in the elevated T-maze. This study provides evidence linking the orexin system to the anxiety produced by exposure of rats to a single episode of footshocks. It also provides preclinical evidence in support of the use of orexin antagonists for the treatment of anxiety in response to an acute episode of stress.
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Yang H, Thompson A, McIntosh BJ, Altieri SC, Andrews AM. Physiologically relevant changes in serotonin resolved by fast microdialysis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:790-8. [PMID: 23614776 PMCID: PMC3656759 DOI: 10.1021/cn400072f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Online microdialysis is a sampling and detection method that enables continuous interrogation of extracellular molecules in freely moving subjects under behaviorally relevant conditions. A majority of recent publications using brain microdialysis in rodents report sample collection times of 20-30 min. These long sampling times are due, in part, to limitations in the detection sensitivity of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By optimizing separation and detection conditions, we decreased the retention time of serotonin to 2.5 min and the detection threshold to 0.8 fmol. Sampling times were consequently reduced from 20 to 3 min per sample for online detection of serotonin (and dopamine) in brain dialysates using a commercial HPLC system. We developed a strategy to collect and to analyze dialysate samples continuously from two animals in tandem using the same instrument. Improvements in temporal resolution enabled elucidation of rapid changes in extracellular serotonin levels associated with mild stress and circadian rhythms. These dynamics would be difficult or impossible to differentiate using conventional microdialysis sampling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human
Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School
of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California, United States
| | - Andrew
B. Thompson
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human
Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School
of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California, United States
| | | | - Stefanie C. Altieri
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human
Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School
of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California, United States
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human
Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School
of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
California, United States
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Vas S, Ádori C, Könczöl K, Kátai Z, Pap D, Papp RS, Bagdy G, Palkovits M, Tóth ZE. Nesfatin-1/NUCB2 as a potential new element of sleep regulation in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59809. [PMID: 23560056 PMCID: PMC3613383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Millions suffer from sleep disorders that often accompany severe illnesses such as major depression; a leading psychiatric disorder characterized by appetite and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) abnormalities. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and nesfatin-1/NUCB2 (nesfatin) are strongly co - expressed in the hypothalamus and are involved both in food intake regulation and depression. Since MCH was recognized earlier as a hypnogenic factor, we analyzed the potential role of nesfatin on vigilance. Design We subjected rats to a 72 h-long REMS deprivation using the classic flower pot method, followed by a 3 h-long ‘rebound sleep’. Nesfatin mRNA and protein expressions as well as neuronal activity (Fos) were measured by quantitative in situ hybridization technique, ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in ‘deprived’ and ‘rebound’ groups, relative to controls sacrificed at the same time. We also analyzed electroencephalogram of rats treated by intracerebroventricularly administered nesfatin-1, or saline. Results REMS deprivation downregulated the expression of nesfatin (mRNA and protein), however, enhanced REMS during ‘rebound’ reversed this to control levels. Additionally, increased transcriptional activity (Fos) was demonstrated in nesfatin neurons during ‘rebound’. Centrally administered nesfatin-1 at light on reduced REMS and intermediate stage of sleep, while increased passive wake for several hours and also caused a short-term increase in light slow wave sleep. Conclusions The data designate nesfatin as a potential new factor in sleep regulation, which fact can also be relevant in the better understanding of the role of nesfatin in the pathomechanism of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Vas
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Homberg JR, van den Hove DL. The serotonin transporter gene and functional and pathological adaptation to environmental variation across the life span. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:117-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gotter AL, Webber AL, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVI. Orexin Receptor Function, Nomenclature and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:389-420. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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20
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Abstract
This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts 02301, USA
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Suchecki D, Tiba PA, Machado RB. REM Sleep Rebound as an Adaptive Response to Stressful Situations. Front Neurol 2012; 3:41. [PMID: 22485105 PMCID: PMC3317042 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and sleep are related to each other in a bidirectional way. If on one hand poor or inadequate sleep exacerbates emotional, behavioral, and stress-related responses, on the other hand acute stress induces sleep rebound, most likely as a way to cope with the adverse stimuli. Chronic, as opposed to acute, stress impairs sleep and has been claimed to be one of the triggering factors of emotional-related sleep disorders, such as insomnia, depressive- and anxiety-disorders. These outcomes are dependent on individual psychobiological characteristics, conferring even more complexity to the stress-sleep relationship. Its neurobiology has only recently begun to be explored, through animal models, which are also valuable for the development of potential therapeutic agents and preventive actions. This review seeks to present data on the effects of stress on sleep and the different approaches used to study this relationship as well as possible neurobiological underpinnings and mechanisms involved. The results of numerous studies in humans and animals indicate that increased sleep, especially the rapid eye movement phase, following a stressful situation is an important adaptive behavior for recovery. However, this endogenous advantage appears to be impaired in human beings and rodent strains that exhibit high levels of anxiety and anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil
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