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Zhu Z, Dong S, Qin S, Gu K, Zhou Y. ANOS1 accelerates the progression of esophageal cancer identified by multi-omic approaches. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:2343-2370. [PMID: 38859828 PMCID: PMC11162658 DOI: 10.62347/spcp3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To assess the role of ANOS1 in esophageal cancer (ESCA) progression, multi-omic analysis and experimental validation were employed. It was revealed that ANOS1 expression is significantly enhanced in ESCA patients and cell lines. The expression level of ANOS1 in ESCA patients can distinguish the malignancy from normal tissue with an area under curve (AUC) >0.75. Moreover, increased expression of ANOS1 is associated with advanced T stage and worse disease-free survival of ESCA patients. Therefore, a clinically applicable nomogram with ANOS1 was established with strong predictive power. Furthermore, high expression of ANOS1 in ESCA is correlated with (i) the enrichment of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by gene set enrichment analysis, (ii) the involvement in hypoxia, angiogenesis, WNT signaling pathway, and TGFβ signaling pathway by gene set variation analysis, (iii) the presence of the small insertion and deletion mutational signature ID9, associated with chromothripsis, in the single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis, (iv) the amplification of 11q13.3 in the copy number variants analysis, (v) the enrichment of cancer-associated fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. All the results from multi-omic analysis indicate that ANOS1 plays a pivotal role in accelerating the progression of ESCA. Results from in vivo and in vitro experiments show that the knockdown of ANOS1 hampers the proliferation of ESCA cells, further validating the oncogenic role of ANOS1 in ESCA. Additionally, potential chemotherapeutics with sensitivity were identified in the high-ANOS1 group. In conclusion, ANOS1 accelerates the progression of ESCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoquan Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shikun Dong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast UniversityNanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaolei Qin
- Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Gu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214000, Jiangsu, China
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Samad SS, Schwartz JM, Francavilla C. Functional selectivity of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases regulates distinct cellular outputs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1348056. [PMID: 38259512 PMCID: PMC10800419 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1348056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional selectivity refers to the activation of differential signalling and cellular outputs downstream of the same membrane-bound receptor when activated by two or more different ligands. Functional selectivity has been described and extensively studied for G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), leading to specific therapeutic options for dysregulated GPCRs functions. However, studies regarding the functional selectivity of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) remain sparse. Here, we will summarize recent data about RTK functional selectivity focusing on how the nature and the amount of RTK ligands and the crosstalk of RTKs with other membrane proteins regulate the specificity of RTK signalling. In addition, we will discuss how structural changes in RTKs upon ligand binding affects selective signalling pathways. Much remains to be known about the integration of different signals affecting RTK signalling specificity to orchestrate long-term cellular outcomes. Recent advancements in omics, specifically quantitative phosphoproteomics, and in systems biology methods to study, model and integrate different types of large-scale omics data have increased our ability to compare several signals affecting RTK functional selectivity in a global, system-wide fashion. We will discuss how such methods facilitate the exploration of important signalling hubs and enable data-driven predictions aiming at improving the efficacy of therapeutics for diseases like cancer, where redundant RTK signalling pathways often compromise treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakim S. Samad
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Functions, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Functions, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Section of Protein Science and Biotherapeutics, Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
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Sengupta P, Dutta S, Liew FF, Dhawan V, Das B, Mottola F, Slama P, Rocco L, Roychoudhury S. Environmental and Genetic Traffic in the Journey from Sperm to Offspring. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1759. [PMID: 38136630 PMCID: PMC10741607 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the understanding of how sperm develop into offspring have shown complex interactions between environmental influences and genetic factors. The past decade, marked by a research surge, has not only highlighted the profound impact of paternal contributions on fertility and reproductive outcomes but also revolutionized our comprehension by unveiling how parental factors sculpt traits in successive generations through mechanisms that extend beyond traditional inheritance patterns. Studies have shown that offspring are more susceptible to environmental factors, especially during critical phases of growth. While these factors are broadly detrimental to health, their effects are especially acute during these periods. Moving beyond the immutable nature of the genome, the epigenetic profile of cells emerges as a dynamic architecture. This flexibility renders it susceptible to environmental disruptions. The primary objective of this review is to shed light on the diverse processes through which environmental agents affect male reproductive capacity. Additionally, it explores the consequences of paternal environmental interactions, demonstrating how interactions can reverberate in the offspring. It encompasses direct genetic changes as well as a broad spectrum of epigenetic adaptations. By consolidating current empirically supported research, it offers an exhaustive perspective on the interwoven trajectories of the environment, genetics, and epigenetics in the elaborate transition from sperm to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sulagna Dutta
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Dubai 345050, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fong Fong Liew
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vidhu Dhawan
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Biprojit Das
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Filomena Mottola
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Rocco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Cannarella R, Gusmano C, Condorelli RA, Bernini A, Kaftalli J, Maltese PE, Paolacci S, Dautaj A, Marceddu G, Bertelli M, La Vignera S, Calogero AE. Genetic Analysis of Patients with Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: A Case Series. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087428. [PMID: 37108593 PMCID: PMC10138801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (cHH)/Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder with variable penetrance and a complex inheritance pattern. Consequently, it does not always follow Mendelian laws. More recently, digenic and oligogenic transmission has been recognized in 1.5-15% of cases. We report the results of a clinical and genetic investigation of five unrelated patients with cHH/KS analyzed using a customized gene panel. Patients were diagnosed according to the clinical, hormonal, and radiological criteria of the European Consensus Statement. DNA was analyzed using next-generation sequencing with a customized panel that included 31 genes. When available, first-degree relatives of the probands were also analyzed to assess genotype-phenotype segregation. The consequences of the identified variants on gene function were evaluated by analyzing the conservation of amino acids across species and by using molecular modeling. We found one new pathogenic variant of the CHD7 gene (c.576T>A, p.Tyr1928) and three new variants of unknown significance (VUSs) in IL17RD (c.960G>A, p.Met320Ile), FGF17 (c.208G>A, p.Gly70Arg), and DUSP6 (c.434T>G, p.Leu145Arg). All were present in the heterozygous state. Previously reported heterozygous variants were also found in the PROK2 (c.163del, p.Ile55*), CHD7 (c.c.2750C>T, p.Thr917Met and c.7891C>T, p.Arg2631*), FLRT3 (c.1106C>T, p.Ala369Val), and CCDC103 (c.461A>C, p.His154Pro) genes. Molecular modeling, molecular dynamics, and conservation analyses were performed on three out of the nine variants identified in our patients, namely, FGF17 (p.Gly70Arg), DUSP6 (p.Leu145Arg), and CHD7 p.(Thr917Met). Except for DUSP6, where the L145R variant was shown to disrupt the interaction between β6 and β3, needed for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) binding and recognition, no significant changes were identified between the wild-types and mutants of the other proteins. We found a new pathogenic variant of the CHD7 gene. The molecular modeling results suggest that the VUS of the DUSP6 (c.434T>G, p.Leu145Arg) gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of cHH. However, our analysis indicates that it is unlikely that the VUSs for the IL17RD (c.960G>A, p.Met320Ile) and FGF17 (c.208G>A, p.Gly70Arg) genes are involved in the pathogenesis of cHH. Functional studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Gusmano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matteo Bertelli
- Diagnostics Unit, MAGI EUREGIO, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Diagnostics Unit, MAGI'S LAB, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Ren J, Zhang Y, Guo W, Feng K, Yuan Y, Huang T, Cai YD. Identification of Genes Associated with the Impairment of Olfactory and Gustatory Functions in COVID-19 via Machine-Learning Methods. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:798. [PMID: 36983953 PMCID: PMC10051382 DOI: 10.3390/life13030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a severe respiratory disease, affects many parts of the body, and approximately 20-85% of patients exhibit functional impairment of the senses of smell and taste, some of whom even experience the permanent loss of these senses. These symptoms are not life-threatening but severely affect patients' quality of life and increase the risk of depression and anxiety. The pathological mechanisms of these symptoms have not been fully identified. In the current study, we aimed to identify the important biomarkers at the expression level associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-mediated loss of taste or olfactory ability, and we have suggested the potential pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19 complications. We designed a machine-learning-based approach to analyze the transcriptome of 577 COVID-19 patient samples, including 84 COVID-19 samples with a decreased ability to taste or smell and 493 COVID-19 samples without impairment. Each sample was represented by 58,929 gene expression levels. The features were analyzed and sorted by three feature selection methods (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, light gradient boosting machine, and Monte Carlo feature selection). The optimal feature sets were obtained through incremental feature selection using two classification algorithms: decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF). The top genes identified by these multiple methods (H3-5, NUDT5, and AOC1) are involved in olfactory and gustatory impairments. Meanwhile, a high-performance RF classifier was developed in this study, and three sets of quantitative rules that describe the impairment of olfactory and gustatory functions were obtained based on the optimal DT classifiers. In summary, this study provides a new computation analysis and suggests the latent biomarkers (genes and rules) for predicting olfactory and gustatory impairment caused by COVID-19 complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kaiyan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Zeng W, Li J, Wang X, Jiang F, Men M. ANOS1 variants in a large cohort of Chinese patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:847-857. [PMID: 36039580 PMCID: PMC10930292 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare congenital gonadal dysplasia caused by defects in the synthesis, secretion or signal transduction of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone. The main manifestations of CHH are delayed or lack puberty, low levels of sex hormones and gonadotropins, and may be accompanied with other clinical phenotypes. Some patients with CHH are also accompanied with anosmia or hyposmia, which is called Kalman syndrome (KS). ANOS1, located on X chromosome, is the first gene associated with CHH in an X-linked recessive manner. This study aims to provide a basis for the genetic diagnosis of CHH by analyzing the gene variant spectrum of ANOS1 in CHH and the relationship between clinical phenotype and genotype. METHODS In this study, whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to screen rare sequencing variants (RSVs) of ANOS1 in a Chinese cohort of 165 male CHH patients. Four commonly used in silico tools were used to predict the function of the identified RSVs in coding region, including Polyphen2, Mutation Taster, SIFT, and Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD). Splice Site Prediction by Neural Network (NNSPLICE) was employed to predict possibilities of intronic RSVs to disrupt splicing. American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines was used to assess the pathogenicity of the detected RSVs. The ANOS1 genetic variant spectrum of CHH patients in Chinese population was established. The relationship between clinical phenotype and genotype was analyzed by collecting detailed clinical data. RESULTS Through WES analysis for 165 CHH patients, ANOS1 RSVs were detected in 17 of them, with the frequency of 10.3%. A total of 13 RSVs were detected in the 17 probands, including 5 nonsense variants (p.T76X, p.R191X, p.W257X, p.R262X, and p.W589X), 2 splicing site variants (c.318+3A>C, c.1063-1G>C), and 6 missense variants (p.N402S, p.N155D, p.P504L, p.C157R, p.Q635P, and p.V560I). In these 17 CHH probands with ANOS1 RSVs, many were accompanied with other clinical phenotypes. The most common associated phenotype was cryptorchidism (10/17), followed by unilateral renal agenesis (3/17), dental agenesis (3/17), and synkinesia (3/17). Eight RSVs, including p.T76X, p.R191X, p.W257X, p.R262X, p.W589X, c.318+3A>C, c.1063-1G>C, and p.C157R, were predicted to be pathogenic or likely pathogenic ANOS1 RSVs by ACMG. Eight CHH patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic ANOS1 variants had additional features. In contrast, only one out of nine CHH patients with non-pathogenic (likely benign or uncertain of significance) ANOS1 variants according to ACMG exhibited additional features. And function of the non-pathogenic ANOS1 variants accompanied with other CHH-associated RSVs. CONCLUSIONS The ANOS1 genetic spectrum of CHH patients in Chinese population is established. Some of the correlations between clinical phenotype and genotype are also established. Our study indicates that CHH patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic ANOS1 RSVs tend to exhibit additional phenotypes. Although non-pathogenic ANOS1 variants only may not be sufficient to cause CHH, they may function together with other CHH-associated RSVs to cause the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078.
| | - Jiada Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Serious Diseases, Changsha 410078
| | - Meichao Men
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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Moon S, Zhao YT. Convergent biological pathways underlying the Kallmann syndrome-linked genes Hs6st1 and Fgfr1. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:4207-4216. [PMID: 35899427 PMCID: PMC9759331 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a congenital disorder characterized by idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and olfactory dysfunction. KS is linked to variants in >34 genes, which are scattered across the human genome and show disparate biological functions. Although the genetic basis of KS is well studied, the mechanisms by which disruptions of these diverse genes cause the same outcome of KS are not fully understood. Here we show that disruptions of KS-linked genes affect the same biological processes, indicating convergent molecular mechanisms underlying KS. We carried out machine learning-based predictions and found that KS-linked mutations in heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (HS6ST1) are likely loss-of-function mutations. We next disrupted Hs6st1 and another KS-linked gene, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1), in mouse neuronal cells and measured transcriptome changes using RNA sequencing. We found that disruptions of Hs6st1 and Fgfr1 altered genes in the same biological processes, including the upregulation of genes in extracellular pathways and the downregulation of genes in chromatin pathways. Moreover, we performed genomics and bioinformatics analyses and found that Hs6st1 and Fgfr1 regulate gene transcription likely via the transcription factor Sox9/Sox10 and the chromatin regulator Chd7, which are also associated with KS. Together, our results demonstrate how different KS-linked genes work coordinately in a convergent signaling pathway to regulate the same biological processes, thus providing new insights into KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Ying-Tao Zhao
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: 516-686-3764; Fax: 516-686-3832;
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Anosmin 1 N-terminal domains modulate prokineticin receptor 2 activation by prokineticin 2. Cell Signal 2022; 98:110417. [PMID: 35878754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked form of Kallmann syndrome (KS), characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia, is due to mutations in the ANOS1 gene that encodes for the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein anosmin 1. Prokineticins (PKs) exert their biological functions through the activation of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) prokineticin receptor 1 and 2 (PKR1, 2), and mutations in the PK2 and PKR2 genes are involved in the pathogenesis of KS. We have previously shown interaction between PKR2 and anosmin 1 in vitro. In the current report we present evidence of the modulation of PK2/PKR2 activity by anosmin 1, since this protein is able to enhance the activation of the ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) pathway elicited by PK2 through PKR2. We also show that the N-terminal region of anosmin 1, capable of binding to the PK2-binding domain of PKR2, seems to be responsible for this effect. The whey acidic protein domain (WAP) is necessary for this modulatory activity, although data from GST pull-down (glutathione-S-transferase) and analysis of the N267K mutation in the fibronectin type III domain 1 (FnIII.1) suggest the cysteine-rich (CR) and the FnIII.1 domains could assist the WAP domain both in the binding to PKR2 and in the modulation of the activation of the receptor by PK2. Our data support the idea of a modulatory role of anosmin 1 in the biological effects controlled by the PK2/PKR2 system.
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Choi MR, Jin YB, Kim HN, Lee H, Chai YG, Lee SR, Kim DJ. Differential Gene Expression in the Hippocampi of Nonhuman Primates Chronically Exposed to Methamphetamine, Cocaine, or Heroin. Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:538-550. [PMID: 35903056 PMCID: PMC9334808 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methamphetamine (MA), cocaine, and heroin cause severe public health problems as well as impairments in neural plasticity and cognitive function in the hippocampus. This study aimed to identify the genes differentially expressed in the hippocampi of cynomolgus monkeys in response to these drugs. METHODS After the monkeys were chronically exposed to MA, cocaine, and heroin, we performed large-scale gene expression profiling of the hippocampus using RNA-Seq technology and functional annotation of genes differentially expressed. Some genes selected from RNA-Seq analysis data were validated with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). And the expression changes of ADAM10 protein were assessed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The changes in genes related to axonal guidance (PTPRP and KAL1), the cell cycle (TLK2), and the regulation of potassium ions (DPP10) in the drug-treated groups compared to the control group were confirmed using RT-qPCR. Comparative analysis of all groups showed that among genes related to synaptic long-term potentiation, CREBBP and GRIN3A were downregulated in both the MA- and heroin-treated groups compared to the control group. In particular, the mRNA and protein expression levels of ADAM10 were decreased in the MA-treated group but increased in the cocaine-treated group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION These results provide insights into the genes that are upregulated and downregulated in the hippocampus by the chronic administration of MA, cocaine, or heroin and basic information for developing novel drugs for the treatment of hippocampal impairments caused by drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ran Choi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeung-Bae Jin
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Na Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Di Schiavi E, Vistoli G, Moretti RM, Corrado I, Zuccarini G, Gervasoni S, Casati L, Bottai D, Merlo GR, Maggi R. Anosmin-1-Like Effect of UMODL1/Olfactorin on the Chemomigration of Mouse GnRH Neurons and Zebrafish Olfactory Axons Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836179. [PMID: 35223856 PMCID: PMC8874799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of development/migration of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is the main cause of Kallmann's syndrome (KS), an inherited disorder characterized by hypogonadism, anosmia, and other developmental defects. Olfactorin is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by the UMODL1 (uromodulin-like 1) gene expressed in the mouse olfactory region along the migratory route of GnRH neurons. It shares a combination of WAP and FNIII repeats, expressed in complementary domains, with anosmin-1, the product of the ANOS1 gene, identified as the causative of KS. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of olfactorin in vitro and in vivo models. The results show that olfactorin exerts an anosmin-1-like strong chemoattractant effect on mouse-immortalized GnRH neurons (GN11 cells) through the activation of the FGFR and MAPK pathways. In silico analysis of olfactorin and anosmin-1 reveals a satisfactory similarity at the N-terminal region for the overall arrangement of corresponding WAP and FNIII domains and marked similarities between WAP domains’ binding modes of interaction with the resolved FGFR1–FGF2 complex. Finally, in vivo experiments show that the down-modulation of the zebrafish z-umodl1 gene (orthologous of UMODL1) in both GnRH3:GFP and omp2k:gap-CFPrw034 transgenic zebrafish strains leads to a clear disorganization and altered fasciculation of the neurites of GnRH3:GFP neurons crossing at the anterior commissure and a significant increase in olfactory CFP + fibers with altered trajectory. Thus, our study shows olfactorin as an additional factor involved in the development of olfactory and GnRH systems and proposes UMODL1 as a gene worthy of diagnostic investigation in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences DISFEB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corrado
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Zuccarini
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Maggi,
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12
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Deller M, Gellrich J, Lohrer EC, Schriever VA. Genetics of congenital olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review of the literature. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6847567. [PMID: 36433800 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, as one of our 5 senses, plays an important role in our daily lives. It is connected to proper nutrition, social interaction, and protection mechanisms. Disorders affecting this sense consequently also affect the patients' general quality of life. Because the underlying genetics of congenital olfactory disorders (COD) have not been thoroughly investigated yet, this systematic review aimed at providing information on genes that have previously been reported to be mutated in patients suffering from COD. This was achieved by systematically reviewing existing literature on 3 databases, namely PubMed, Ovid Medline, and ISI Web of Science. Genes and the type of disorder, that is, isolated and/or syndromic COD were included in this study, as were the patients' associated abnormal features, which were categorized according to the affected organ(-system). Our research yielded 82 candidate genes/chromosome loci for isolated and/or syndromic COD. Our results revealed that the majority of these are implicated in syndromic COD, a few accounted for syndromic and isolated COD, and the least underly isolated COD. Most commonly, structures of the central nervous system displayed abnormalities. This study is meant to assist clinicians in determining the type of COD and detecting potentially abnormal features in patients with confirmed genetic variations. Future research will hopefully expand this list and thereby further improve our understanding of COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Deller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth C Lohrer
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany.,Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany
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13
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. Congenital Disorders of Deficiency in Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:717535. [PMID: 34539746 PMCID: PMC8446454 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.717535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans, which are distributed at the cell surface as well as in the extracellular matrix. Proteoglycans and GAGs have been demonstrated to exhibit a variety of physiological functions such as construction of the extracellular matrix, tissue development, and cell signaling through interactions with extracellular matrix components, morphogens, cytokines, and growth factors. Not only connective tissue disorders including skeletal dysplasia, chondrodysplasia, multiple exostoses, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, but also heart and kidney defects, immune deficiencies, and neurological abnormalities have been shown to be caused by defects in GAGs as well as core proteins of proteoglycans. These findings indicate that GAGs and proteoglycans are essential for human development in major organs. The glycobiological aspects of congenital disorders caused by defects in GAG-biosynthetic enzymes including specific glysocyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases, in addition to core proteins of proteoglycans will be comprehensively discussed based on the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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14
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Defects in GnRH Neuron Migration/Development and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Signaling Impact Clinical Variability of Kallmann Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060868. [PMID: 34198905 PMCID: PMC8229512 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a combination of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) with olfactory dysfunction, representing a heterogeneous disorder with a broad phenotypic spectrum. The genetic background of KS has not yet been fully established. This study was conducted on 46 Polish KS subjects (41 males, 5 females; average age: 29 years old). The studied KS patients were screened for defects in a 38-gene panel with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. The analysis revealed 27 pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants, and 21 variants of uncertain significance (VUS). The P/LP variants were detected in 20 patients (43.5%). The prevalence of oligogenic P/LP defects in selected genes among KS patients was 26% (12/46), whereas the co-occurrence of other variants was detected in 43% (20 probands). The examined KS patients showed substantial genotypic and phenotypic variability. A marked difference in non-reproductive phenotypes, involving defects in genes responsible for GnRH neuron development/migration and genes contributing to pituitary development and signaling, was observed. A comprehensive gene panel for IHH testing enabled the detection of clinically relevant variants in the majority of KS patients, which makes targeted NGS an effective molecular tool. The significance of oligogenicity and the high incidence of alterations in selected genes should be further elucidated.
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15
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Ferguson HR, Smith MP, Francavilla C. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) and Noncanonical Partners in Cancer Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1201. [PMID: 34068954 PMCID: PMC8156822 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that success of targeted therapies in the treatment of cancer is context-dependent and is influenced by a complex crosstalk between signaling pathways and between cell types in the tumor. The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling axis highlights the importance of such context-dependent signaling in cancer. Aberrant FGFR signaling has been characterized in almost all cancer types, most commonly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, glioblastoma, prostate cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. This occurs primarily through amplification and over-expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 resulting in ligand-independent activation. Mutations and translocations of FGFR1-4 are also identified in cancer. Canonical FGF-FGFR signaling is tightly regulated by ligand-receptor combinations as well as direct interactions with the FGFR coreceptors heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and Klotho. Noncanonical FGFR signaling partners have been implicated in differential regulation of FGFR signaling. FGFR directly interacts with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, contributing to invasive and migratory properties of cancer cells, whereas interactions with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate angiogenic, resistance to therapy, and metastatic potential of cancer cells. The diversity in FGFR signaling partners supports a role for FGFR signaling in cancer, independent of genetic aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R. Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Michael P. Smith
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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16
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Cho CY, Tsai WY, Lee CT, Liu SY, Huang SY, Chien YH, Hwu WL, Lee NC, Tung YC. Clinical and molecular features of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in Taiwan: A single center experience. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:218-226. [PMID: 33775534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic (isolated) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a rare disease that can be classified as Kallmann syndrome (KS) or normosmic IHH (nIHH). This study investigated the phenotype and genotype of IHH in Taiwanese patients. METHODS Twenty-six unrelated IHH patients were included in this study and their clinical, hormonal, and radiological findings were analyzed retrospectively. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify the etiology. RESULTS The 26 patients (M:F = 19:7) were divided into a KS group (n = 11) and a nIHH group (n = 15). The diagnosis was earlier in boys than in girls. Fifteen patients were found to have pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants of IHH-associated genes, and the mutation detection rate was 58%. CHD7, FGFR1, and ANOS1 were the most common genetic etiologies identified in this group. Two patients with nIHH were found to have de novo SOX11 mutations and Coffin-Siris syndrome features. After treatment, the height outcomes and secondary sexual characteristics were significantly improved. There were no obvious differences between the genetically resolved (GR), variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and genetically unresolved groups (GUR). CONCLUSION Whole exome sequencing is useful in patients with IHH, and we identified the SOX11 gene as a causal factor in this study. We described the clinical, hormonal, and molecular characteristics, and the treatment outcomes, of Taiwanese patients with IHH, which should aid therapeutic planning and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yi Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yuan Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Tung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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17
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Lysosomal Function and Axon Guidance: Is There a Meaningful Liaison? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020191. [PMID: 33573025 PMCID: PMC7911486 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal trajectories and neural circuit activities strongly rely on a complex system of molecular cues that finely orchestrate the patterning of neural commissures. Several of these axon guidance molecules undergo continuous recycling during brain development, according to incompletely understood intracellular mechanisms, that in part rely on endocytic and autophagic cascades. Based on their pivotal role in both pathways, lysosomes are emerging as a key hub in the sophisticated regulation of axonal guidance cue delivery, localization, and function. In this review, we will attempt to collect some of the most relevant research on the tight connection between lysosomal function and axon guidance regulation, providing some proof of concepts that may be helpful to understanding the relation between lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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18
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Functional Heterogeneity of Mouse and Human Brain OPCs: Relevance for Preclinical Studies in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061681. [PMID: 32498223 PMCID: PMC7355819 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides giving rise to oligodendrocytes (the only myelin-forming cell in the Central Nervous System (CNS) in physiological conditions), Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs) are responsible for spontaneous remyelination after a demyelinating lesion. They are present along the mouse and human CNS, both during development and in adulthood, yet how OPC physiological behavior is modified throughout life is not fully understood. The activity of adult human OPCs is still particularly unexplored. Significantly, most of the molecules involved in OPC-mediated remyelination are also involved in their development, a phenomenon that may be clinically relevant. In the present article, we have compared the intrinsic properties of OPCs isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal, postnatal and adult mice, as well as those recovered from neurosurgical adult human cerebral cortex tissue. By analyzing intact OPCs for the first time with 1H High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy, we show that these cells behave distinctly and that they have different metabolic patterns in function for their stage of maturity. Moreover, their response to Fibroblast Growth Gactor-2 (FGF-2) and anosmin-1 (two molecules that have known effects on OPC biology during development and that are overexpressed in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)) differs in relation to their developmental stage and in the function of the species. Our data reveal that the behavior of adult human and mouse OPCs differs in a very dynamic way that should be very relevant when testing drugs and for the proper design of effective pharmacological and/or cell therapies for MS.
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19
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Cangiano B, Swee DS, Quinton R, Bonomi M. Genetics of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: peculiarities and phenotype of an oligogenic disease. Hum Genet 2020; 140:77-111. [PMID: 32200437 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A genetic basis of congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can be defined in almost 50% of cases, albeit not necessarily the complete genetic basis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have led to the discovery of a great number of loci, each of which has illuminated our understanding of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, either in respect of their embryonic development or their neuroendocrine regulation as the "pilot light" of human reproduction. However, because each new gene linked to CHH only seems to underpin another small percentage of total patient cases, we are still far from achieving a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of CHH. Patients have generally not benefited from advances in genetics in respect of novel therapies. In most cases, even genetic counselling is limited by issues of apparent variability in expressivity and penetrance that are likely underpinned by oligogenicity in respect of known and unknown genes. Robust genotype-phenotype relationships can generally only be established for individuals who are homozygous, hemizygous or compound heterozygotes for the same gene of variant alleles that are predicted to be deleterious. While certain genes are purely associated with normosmic CHH (nCHH) some purely with the anosmic form (Kallmann syndrome-KS), other genes can be associated with both nCHH and KS-sometimes even within the same kindred. Even though the anticipated genetic overlap between CHH and constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) has not materialised, previously unanticipated genetic relationships have emerged, comprising conditions of combined (or multiple) pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) and CHARGE syndrome. In this review, we report the current evidence in relation to phenotype and genetic peculiarities regarding 60 genes whose loss-of-function variants can disrupt the central regulation of reproduction at many levels: impairing GnRH neurons migration, differentiation or activation; disrupting neuroendocrine control of GnRH secretion; preventing GnRH neuron migration or function and/or gonadotropin secretion and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Du Soon Swee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Quinton
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK. .,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Messina A, Pulli K, Santini S, Acierno J, Känsäkoski J, Cassatella D, Xu C, Casoni F, Malone SA, Ternier G, Conte D, Sidis Y, Tommiska J, Vaaralahti K, Dwyer A, Gothilf Y, Merlo GR, Santoni F, Niederländer NJ, Giacobini P, Raivio T, Pitteloud N. Neuron-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Mutated in Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:58-70. [PMID: 31883645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by infertility and the absence of puberty. Defects in GnRH neuron migration or altered GnRH secretion and/or action lead to a severe gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Given the close developmental association of GnRH neurons with the olfactory primary axons, CHH is often associated with anosmia or hyposmia, in which case it is defined as Kallmann syndrome (KS). The genetics of CHH are heterogeneous, and >40 genes are involved either alone or in combination. Several CHH-related genes controlling GnRH ontogeny encode proteins containing fibronectin-3 (FN3) domains, which are important for brain and neural development. Therefore, we hypothesized that defects in other FN3-superfamily genes would underlie CHH. Next-generation sequencing was performed for 240 CHH unrelated probands and filtered for rare, protein-truncating variants (PTVs) in FN3-superfamily genes. Compared to gnomAD controls the CHH cohort was statistically enriched for PTVs in neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF) (p = 1.40 × 10-6). Three heterozygous PTVs (p.Lys62∗, p.Tyr128Thrfs∗55, and p.Trp469∗, all absent from the gnomAD database) and an additional heterozygous missense mutation (p.Thr201Ser) were found in four KS probands. Notably, NDNF is expressed along the GnRH neuron migratory route in both mouse embryos and human fetuses and enhances GnRH neuron migration. Further, knock down of the zebrafish ortholog of NDNF resulted in altered GnRH migration. Finally, mice lacking Ndnf showed delayed GnRH neuron migration and altered olfactory axonal projections to the olfactory bulb; both results are consistent with a role of NDNF in GnRH neuron development. Altogether, our results highlight NDNF as a gene involved in the GnRH neuron migration implicated in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Messina
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristiina Pulli
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Santini
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Johanna Känsäkoski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniele Cassatella
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Cheng Xu
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Unité 1172 Lille, 59045 Lille, France; Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy, Milan 20132, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel A Malone
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Unité 1172 Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Gaetan Ternier
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Unité 1172 Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Daniele Conte
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Yisrael Sidis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Tommiska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Dwyer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yoav Gothilf
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neurosciences, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Giorgio R Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Santoni
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Niederländer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Unité 1172 Lille, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.
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21
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Men M, Wu J, Zhao Y, Xing X, Jiang F, Zheng R, Li JD. Genotypic and phenotypic spectra of FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations in a Chinese cohort with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Fertil Steril 2019; 113:158-166. [PMID: 31748124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations in a Chinese cohort with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and to characterize the clinical presentations and therapeutic outcomes of IHH patients with FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) A total of 145 IHH probands (125 men and 20 women) were recruited for this study. INTERVENTIONS(S) Hormone assays. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Whole-exome sequencing, polymerase chain reaction-Sanger sequencing, in silico functional prediction. RESULT(S) Six novel mutations (p.154_158del, p.E496Rfs*12, p.W190X, p.S134D, p.W10X, and c.1552 + 3insT) in FGFR1, two novel mutations (p.E176K and p.R184C) in FGF8, three novel mutations (p.48_52del, p.P120L, and p.K191R) in FGF17, and five reported mutations (p.W289X, p.G237S, p.V102I, p.R250Q, and p.T340M) in FGFR1 were identified in 18 IHH patients. The functional consequences of all mutations were analyzed in silico. In addition to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 44.4% (8/18) patients exhibited other clinical deformities, including dental agenesis (3/18, 16.7%), hearing loss (3/18, 16.7%), and hand malformation (2/18, 11.1%). hCG/hMG therapy was effective in promoting sexual development in IHH patients with FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations. CONCLUSION(S) We extended the mutational spectrum of FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 in IHH patients. The prevalence of FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations in IHH was 12.4%. hCG/hMG therapy was effective to acquire fertility for patients with FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations but has a risk of transmitting the mutations and IHH to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichao Men
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaguang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
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Hu Y, Butts T, Poopalasundaram S, Graham A, Bouloux P. Extracellular matrix protein anosmin‐1 modulates olfactory ensheathing cell maturation in chick olfactory bulb development. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3472-3486. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youli Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University/Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing China
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology UCL Medical School London UK
| | - Thomas Butts
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology King's College London London UK
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | | | - Anthony Graham
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology King's College London London UK
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Cross-Talk between Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and Other Cell Surface Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050455. [PMID: 31091809 PMCID: PMC6562592 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute signaling circuits that transmit signals across the plasma membrane, regulating pivotal cellular processes like differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. The malfunction of FGFs/FGFRs signaling axis is observed in numerous developmental and metabolic disorders, and in various tumors. The large diversity of FGFs/FGFRs functions is attributed to a great complexity in the regulation of FGFs/FGFRs-dependent signaling cascades. The function of FGFRs is modulated at several levels, including gene expression, alternative splicing, posttranslational modifications, and protein trafficking. One of the emerging ways to adjust FGFRs activity is through formation of complexes with other integral proteins of the cell membrane. These proteins may act as coreceptors, modulating binding of FGFs to FGFRs and defining specificity of elicited cellular response. FGFRs may interact with other cell surface receptors, like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The cross-talk between various receptors modulates the strength and specificity of intracellular signaling and cell fate. At the cell surface FGFRs can assemble into large complexes involving various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The interplay between FGFRs and CAMs affects cell–cell interaction and motility and is especially important for development of the central nervous system. This review summarizes current stage of knowledge about the regulation of FGFRs by the plasma membrane-embedded partner proteins and highlights the importance of FGFRs-containing membrane complexes in pathological conditions, including cancer.
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Anosmin-1 is essential for neural crest and cranial placodes formation in Xenopus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:2257-2263. [PMID: 29277616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis vertebrates develop a complex craniofacial skeleton associated with sensory organs. These structures are primarily derived from two embryonic cell populations the neural crest and cranial placodes, respectively. Neural crest cells and cranial placodes are specified through the integrated action of several families of signaling molecules, and the subsequent activation of a complex network of transcription factors. Here we describe the expression and function of Anosmin-1 (Anos1), an extracellular matrix protein, during neural crest and cranial placodes development in Xenopus laevis. Anos1 was identified as a target of Pax3 and Zic1, two transcription factors necessary and sufficient to generate neural crest and cranial placodes. Anos1 is expressed in cranial neural crest progenitors at early neurula stage and in cranial placode derivatives later in development. We show that Anos1 function is required for neural crest and sensory organs development in Xenopus, consistent with the defects observed in Kallmann syndrome patients carrying a mutation in ANOS1. These findings indicate that anos1 has a conserved function in the development of craniofacial structures, and indicate that anos1-depleted Xenopus embryos represent a useful model to analyze the pathogenesis of Kallmann syndrome.
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25
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Morelli A, Sarchielli E, Guarnieri G, Coppi E, Pantano D, Comeglio P, Nardiello P, Pugliese AM, Ballerini L, Matucci R, Ambrosini S, Castronovo G, Valente R, Mazzanti B, Bucciantini S, Maggi M, Casamenti F, Gallina P, Vannelli GB. Young Human Cholinergic Neurons Respond to Physiological Regulators and Improve Cognitive Symptoms in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:339. [PMID: 29163051 PMCID: PMC5666298 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) in the basal forebrain (BF) is associated to the cognitive decline of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. To date no resolutive therapies exist. Cell-based replacement therapy is a strategy currently under consideration, although the mechanisms underlying the generation of stem cell-derived NBM cholinergic neurons able of functional integration remain to be clarified. Since fetal brain is an optimal source of neuronal cells committed towards a specific phenotype, this study is aimed at isolating cholinergic neurons from the human fetal NBM (hfNBMs) in order to study their phenotypic, maturational and functional properties. Extensive characterization confirmed the cholinergic identity of hfNBMs, including positivity for specific markers (such as choline acetyltransferase) and acetylcholine (Ach) release. Electrophysiological measurements provided the functional validation of hfNBM cells, which exhibited the activation of peculiar sodium (INa) and potassium (IK) currents, as well as the presence of functional cholinergic receptors. Accordingly, hfNBMs express both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, which were activated by Ach. The hfNBMs cholinergic phenotype was regulated by the nerve growth factor (NGF), through the activation of the high-affinity NGF receptor TrkA, as well as by 17-β-estradiol through a peculiar recruitment of its own receptors. When intravenously administered in NBM-lesioned rats, hfNBMs determined a significant improvement in memory functions. Histological examination of brain sections showed that hfNBMs (labeled with PKH26 fluorescent dye prior to administration) reached the damaged brain areas. The study provides a useful model to study the ontogenetic mechanisms regulating the development and maintenance of the human brain cholinergic system and to assess new lines of research, including disease modeling, drug discovery and cell-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Morelli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Sarchielli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarnieri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Pantano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Nardiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna M Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Ballerini
- Cell Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosanna Matucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Ambrosini
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castronovo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Clinical Physiopathology, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosa Valente
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzanti
- Cell Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiorella Casamenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gallina
- Neurosurgery School of Tuscany, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella B Vannelli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Neben CL, Lo M, Jura N, Klein OD. Feedback regulation of RTK signaling in development. Dev Biol 2017; 447:71-89. [PMID: 29079424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of the amplitude and duration of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is critical for the execution of cellular programs and behaviors. Understanding these control mechanisms has important implications for the field of developmental biology, and in recent years, the question of how augmentation or attenuation of RTK signaling via feedback loops modulates development has become of increasing interest. RTK feedback regulation is also important for human disease research; for example, germline mutations in genes that encode RTK signaling pathway components cause numerous human congenital syndromes, and somatic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancers. In this review, we survey regulators of RTK signaling that tune receptor activity and intracellular transduction cascades, with a focus on the roles of these genes in the developing embryo. We detail the diverse inhibitory mechanisms utilized by negative feedback regulators that, when lost or perturbed, lead to aberrant increases in RTK signaling. We also discuss recent biochemical and genetic insights into positive regulators of RTK signaling and how these proteins function in tandem with negative regulators to guide embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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27
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Wound healing, calcium signaling, and other novel pathways are associated with the formation of butterfly eyespots. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:788. [PMID: 29037153 PMCID: PMC5644175 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One hypothesis surrounding the origin of novel traits is that they originate from the co-option of pre-existing genes or larger gene regulatory networks into novel developmental contexts. Insights into a trait’s evolutionary origins can, thus, be gained via identification of the genes underlying trait development, and exploring whether those genes also function in other developmental contexts. Here we investigate the set of genes associated with the development of eyespot color patterns, a trait that originated once within the Nymphalid family of butterflies. Although several genes associated with eyespot development have been identified, the eyespot gene regulatory network remains largely unknown. Results In this study, next-generation sequencing and transcriptome analyses were used to identify a large set of genes associated with eyespot development of Bicyclus anynana butterflies, at 3-6 h after pupation, prior to the differentiation of the color rings. Eyespot-associated genes were identified by comparing the transcriptomes of homologous micro-dissected wing tissues that either develop or do not develop eyespots in wild-type and a mutant line of butterflies, Spotty, with extra eyespots. Overall, 186 genes were significantly up and down-regulated in wing tissues that develop eyespots compared to wing tissues that do not. Many of the differentially expressed genes have yet to be annotated. New signaling pathways, including the Toll, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and/or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways are associated for the first time with eyespot development. In addition, several genes involved in wound healing and calcium signaling were also found to be associated with eyespots. Conclusions Overall, this study provides the identity of many new genes and signaling pathways associated with eyespots, and suggests that the ancient wound healing gene regulatory network may have been co-opted to cells at the center of the pattern to aid in eyespot origins. New transcription factors that may be providing different identities to distinct wing sectors, and genes with sexually dimorphic expression in the eyespots were also identified. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4175-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Akkuş G, Kotan LD, Durmaz E, Mengen E, Turan İ, Ulubay A, Gürbüz F, Yüksel B, Tetiker T, Topaloğlu AK. Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism due to Novel FGFR1 Mutations. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:95-100. [PMID: 28008864 PMCID: PMC5463295 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The underlying genetic etiology of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is heterogeneous. Fibroblast growth factor signaling is pivotal in the ontogeny of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 gene cause variable HH phenotypes encompassing pubertal delay to idiopathic HH (IHH) or Kallmann syndrome (KS). As FGFR1 mutations are common, recognizing mutations and associated phenotypes may enhance clinical management. METHODS Using a candidate gene approach, we screened 52 IHH/KS patients. RESULTS We identified three novel (IVS3-1G>C and p.W2X, p.R209C) FGFR1 gene mutations. Despite predictive null protein function, patients from the novel mutation families had normosmic IHH without non-reproductive phenotype. CONCLUSION These findings further emphasize the great variability of FGFR1 mutation phenotypes in IHH/KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Akkuş
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Leman Damla Kotan
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Erdem Durmaz
- İzmir University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Eda Mengen
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - İhsan Turan
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ayça Ulubay
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gürbüz
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilgin Yüksel
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Tamer Tetiker
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - A. Kemal Topaloğlu
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
,* Address for Correspondence: Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey E-mail:
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Shimizu D, Inokawa Y, Sonohara F, Inaoka K, Nomoto S. Search for useful biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma, tumor factors and background liver factors. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2527-2542. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Axonal branching in lateral olfactory tract is promoted by Nogo signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39586. [PMID: 28000762 PMCID: PMC5175167 DOI: 10.1038/srep39586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral cells are major projection neurons of the olfactory bulb (OB) that form an axonal bundle known as the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). After axonal bundle formation, collateral branches sprout from primary axons of the LOT. Recently, we identified LOT usher substance (LOTUS) as an endogenous Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1) antagonist and demonstrated that LOTUS contributes to the formation of the LOT axonal bundle. Immunoblots revealed that the expression level of Nogo-A in the OB developmentally increased during axonal collateral formation. Next, we found that the axonal collateral branches were increased in cultured OB neurons from LOTUS-knockout (KO) mice, whereas they were decreased in cultured OB neurons from NgR1-KO mice. Knockdown of Nogo-A in cultured OB neurons reduced the number of axonal collateral branches, suggesting that endogenous Nogo-A induces axonal branching. Finally, the collateral branches of the LOT were increased in LOTUS-KO mice, whereas those in NgR1-KO mice were decreased. Moreover, the abnormal increase of axonal branching observed in LOTUS-KO mice was rescued in the double mutant of LOTUS- and NgR1-KO mice. These findings suggest that Nogo-A and NgR1 interactions may contribute to axonal branching in LOT development.
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Kanda M, Kodera Y. Molecular mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6829-6840. [PMID: 27570420 PMCID: PMC4974582 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i30.6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination represents a devastating form of gastric cancer (GC) progression with a dismal prognosis. There is no effective therapy for this condition. The 5-year survival rate of patients with peritoneal dissemination is 2%, even including patients with only microscopic free cancer cells without macroscopic peritoneal nodules. The mechanism of peritoneal dissemination of GC involves several steps: detachment of cancer cells from the primary tumor, survival in the free abdominal cavity, attachment to the distant peritoneum, invasion into the subperitoneal space and proliferation with angiogenesis. These steps are not mutually exclusive, and combinations of different molecular mechanisms can occur in each process of peritoneal dissemination. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular events involved in peritoneal dissemination is important and should be systematically pursued. It is crucial to identify novel strategies for the prevention of this condition and for identification of markers of prognosis and the development of molecular-targeted therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of recently published articles addressing the molecular mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination of GC to provide an update on what is currently known in this field and to propose novel promising candidates for use in diagnosis and as therapeutic targets.
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Giacomini A, Chiodelli P, Matarazzo S, Rusnati M, Presta M, Ronca R. Blocking the FGF/FGFR system as a two-compartment antiangiogenic/antitumor approach in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:172-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Regulation of FGF signaling: Recent insights from studying positive and negative modulators. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:101-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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McCabe MJ, Hu Y, Gregory LC, Gaston-Massuet C, Alatzoglou KS, Saldanha JW, Gualtieri A, Thankamony A, Hughes I, Townshend S, Martinez-Barbera JP, Bouloux PM, Dattani MT. Novel application of luciferase assay for the in vitro functional assessment of KAL1 variants in three females with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 417:63-72. [PMID: 26375424 PMCID: PMC4646839 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
KAL1 is implicated in 5% of Kallmann syndrome cases, a disorder which genotypically overlaps with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). To date, a reporter-based assay to assess the functional consequences of KAL1 mutations is lacking. We aimed to develop a luciferase assay for novel application to functional assessment of rare KAL1 mutations detected in a screen of 422 patients with SOD. Quantitative analysis was performed using L6-myoblasts stably expressing FGFR1, transfected with a luciferase-reporter vector containing elements of the FGF-responsive osteocalcin promoter. The two variants assayed [p.K185N, p.P291T], were detected in three females with SOD (presenting with optic nerve hypoplasia, midline and pituitary defects). Our novel assay revealed significant decreases in transcriptional activity [p.K185N: 21% (p < 0.01); p.P291T: 40% (p < 0.001)]. Our luciferase-reporter assay, developed for assessment of KAL1 mutations, determined that two variants in females with hypopituitarism/SOD are loss-of-function; demonstrating that this assay is suitable for quantitative assessment of mutations in this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCabe
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Youli Hu
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Royal Free Hospital and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK; Department of Anaesthesiology, Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Neural Development Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - José W Saldanha
- Division of Mathematical Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Ajay Thankamony
- University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ieuan Hughes
- University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharron Townshend
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Pierre-Marc Bouloux
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Royal Free Hospital and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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Candlish M, Angelis RD, Götz V, Boehm U. Gene Targeting in Neuroendocrinology. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1645-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Boehm U, Bouloux PM, Dattani MT, de Roux N, Dodé C, Dunkel L, Dwyer AA, Giacobini P, Hardelin JP, Juul A, Maghnie M, Pitteloud N, Prevot V, Raivio T, Tena-Sempere M, Quinton R, Young J. Expert consensus document: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:547-64. [PMID: 26194704 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disorder caused by the deficient production, secretion or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is the master hormone regulating the reproductive axis. CHH is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with >25 different causal genes identified to date. Clinically, the disorder is characterized by an absence of puberty and infertility. The association of CHH with a defective sense of smell (anosmia or hyposmia), which is found in ∼50% of patients with CHH is termed Kallmann syndrome and results from incomplete embryonic migration of GnRH-synthesizing neurons. CHH can be challenging to diagnose, particularly when attempting to differentiate it from constitutional delay of puberty. A timely diagnosis and treatment to induce puberty can be beneficial for sexual, bone and metabolic health, and might help minimize some of the psychological effects of CHH. In most cases, fertility can be induced using specialized treatment regimens and several predictors of outcome have been identified. Patients typically require lifelong treatment, yet ∼10-20% of patients exhibit a spontaneous recovery of reproductive function. This Consensus Statement summarizes approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of CHH and discusses important unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Boehm
- University of Saarland School of Medicine, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew A Dwyer
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Sevice of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Sevice of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
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Kanda M, Shimizu D, Fujii T, Sueoka S, Tanaka Y, Ezaka K, Takami H, Tanaka H, Hashimoto R, Iwata N, Kobayashi D, Tanaka C, Yamada S, Nakayama G, Sugimoto H, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Kodera Y. Function and diagnostic value of Anosmin-1 in gastric cancer progression. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:721-30. [PMID: 26270236 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major global health problem that urgently requires novel molecular biomarkers for patient stratification as well as therapeutic targets. Anosmin-1 (ANOS1) gene encodes a cell adhesion molecule that plays diverse roles in multiple malignancies. We performed global expression profiling of GC cell lines and small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments to determine the effect of ANOS1 expression on phenotype. We evaluated the association of ANOS1 mRNA and protein levels in patients' tissue and sera with clinicopathological factors of GC subtypes. Differential expression of ANOS1 mRNA by GC cell lines correlated positively to levels of ITGAV, FOXC2 and NODAL mRNAs and inversely with those of TFPI2. Inhibiting ANOS1 expression decreased the proliferation, invasion and migration of GC cells. The mean level of ANOS1 mRNA was significantly higher in 237 GC tissues compared with the corresponding noncancerous adjacent tissues. Elevated ANOS1 levels associated significantly with the phenotypes of GC, shorter disease-free and overall survival. ANOS1 expression was a more significant prognostic marker for diffuse and distal nondiffuse GC. ANOS1 concentrations in sera increased sequentially in sera of healthy subjects, localized GC and disseminated GCs. Prognosis was worse for patients with preoperative serum ANOS1 ≥ 600 pg/ml compared with those with <600 pg/ml. ANOS1 may represent a biomarker for GC phenotypes and as a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sueoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ezaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Takami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoji Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Goro Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michitaka Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Gu WJ, Zhang Q, Wang YQ, Yang GQ, Hong TP, Zhu DL, Yang JK, Ning G, Jin N, Chen K, Zang L, Wang AP, Du J, Wang XL, Yang LJ, Ba JM, Lv ZH, Dou JT, Mu YM. Mutation analyses in pedigrees and sporadic cases of ethnic Han Chinese Kallmann syndrome patients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1480-9. [PMID: 26031747 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215587531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome, a form of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, is characterized by developmental abnormalities of the reproductive system and abnormal olfaction. Despite association of certain genes with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the genetic inheritance and expression are complex and incompletely known. In the present study, seven Kallmann syndrome pedigrees in an ethnic Han Chinese population were screened for genetic mutations. The exons and intron-exon boundaries of 19 idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)-related genes in seven Chinese Kallmann syndrome pedigrees were sequenced. Detected mutations were also tested in 70 sporadic Kallmann syndrome cases and 200 Chinese healthy controls. In pedigrees 1, 2, and 7, the secondary sex characteristics were poorly developed and the patients' sense of smell was severely or completely lost. We detected a genetic mutation in five of the seven pedigrees: homozygous KAL1 p.R191ter (pedigree 1); homozygous KAL1 p.C13ter (pedigree 2; a novel mutation); heterozygous FGFR1 p.R250W (pedigree 3); and homozygous PROKR2 p.Y113H (pedigrees 4 and 5). No genetic change of the assayed genes was detected in pedigrees 6 and 7. Among the 70 sporadic cases, we detected one homozygous and one heterozygous PROKR2 p.Y113H mutation. This mutation was also detected heterozygously in 2/200 normal controls and its pathogenicity is likely questionable. The genetics and genotype-phenotype relationships in Kallmann syndrome are complicated. Classical monogenic inheritance does not explain the full range of genetic inheritance of Kallmann syndrome patients. Because of stochastic nature of genetic mutations, exome analyses of Kallmann syndrome patients may provide novel insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ying-Qian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guo-Qing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tian-Pei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University the Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Da-Long Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - An-Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jin Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xian-Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Juan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ba
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing-Tao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi-Ming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Tanaka Y, Kanda M, Sugimoto H, Shimizu D, Sueoka S, Takami H, Ezaka K, Hashimoto R, Okamura Y, Iwata N, Tanaka C, Yamada S, Fujii T, Nakayama G, Koike M, Nomoto S, Fujiwara M, Kodera Y. Translational implication of Kallmann syndrome-1 gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2546-54. [PMID: 25892360 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of epigenetic alterations causes inactivation of tumor suppressors and contributes to the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Identification of methylated genes is necessary to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of HCC and develop novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The Kallmann syndrome-1 (KAL1) gene encodes an extracellular matrix-related protein with diverse oncological functions. However, the function of KAL1 in HCC has not been examined. We investigated the methylation status of the KAL1 promoter region in HCC cell lines, and evaluated KAL1 mRNA levels and those of genes encoding potential interacting cell adhesion factors. KAL1 mRNA expression level was heterogeneous in nine HCC cell lines, and reactivation of KAL1 mRNA expression was observed in cells with promoter hypermethylation of KAL1 gene after demethylation. In addition, KAL1 mRNA levels inversely correlated with those of ezrin in all nine HCC cell lines. KAL1 expression levels in 144 pairs of surgically-resected tissues were determined and correlated to clinicopathological parameters. KAL1 mRNA level was independent of the background liver status, whereas HCC tissues showed significantly lower KAL1 mRNA levels than corresponding noncancerous liver tissues. Downregulation of KAL1 mRNA in HCC was significantly associated with malignant phenotype characteristics, including elevated tumor markers, larger tumor size, vascular invasion, and hypermethylation of KAL1. Patients with downregulation of KAL1 were more likely to have a shorter overall survival than other patients, and multivariate analysis identified downregulation of KAL1 as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 2.04, 95% confidence interval 1.11-3.90, P=0.022). Our results indicated that KAL1 may act as a putative tumor suppressor in HCC and is inactivated by promoter hypermethylation. KAL1 may serve as a biomarker of malignant phenotype of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sueoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideki Takami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ezaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryoji Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Okamura
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shunto, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Chie Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Goro Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shuji Nomoto
- Department of Surgery, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan
| | - Michitaka Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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40
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Murcia-Belmonte V, Esteban PF, Martínez-Hernández J, Gruart A, Luján R, Delgado-García JM, de Castro F. Anosmin-1 over-expression regulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, migration and myelin sheath thickness. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1365-85. [PMID: 25662897 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During development of the central nervous system, anosmin-1 (A1) works as a chemotropic cue contributing to axonal outgrowth and collateralization, as well as modulating the migration of different cell types, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) being the main receptor involved in all these events. To further understand the role of A1 during development, we have analysed the over-expression of human A1 in a transgenic mouse line. Compared with control mice during development and in early adulthood, A1 over-expressing transgenic mice showed an enhanced oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) proliferation and a higher number of OPCs in the subventricular zone and in the corpus callosum (CC). The migratory capacity of OPCs from the transgenic mice is increased in vitro due to a higher basal activation of ERK1/2 mediated through FGFR1 and they also produced more myelin basic protein (MBP). In vivo, the over-expression of A1 resulted in an elevated number of mature oligodendrocytes with higher levels of MBP mRNA and protein, as well as increased levels of activation of the ERK1/2 proteins, while electron microscopy revealed thicker myelin sheaths around the axons of the CC in adulthood. Also in the mature CC, the nodes of Ranvier were significantly longer and the conduction velocity of the nerve impulse in vivo was significantly increased in the CC of A1 over-expressing transgenic mice. Altogether, these data confirmed the involvement of A1 in oligodendrogliogenesis and its relevance for myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Murcia-Belmonte
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Campus San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro F Esteban
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, CRIB-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Almansa 14, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Agnès Gruart
- División de Neurociencias, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. De Utrera, Km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Luján
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, CRIB-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Almansa 14, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - José María Delgado-García
- División de Neurociencias, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. De Utrera, Km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda, s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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Venero Galanternik M, Kramer KL, Piotrowski T. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Regulate Fgf Signaling and Cell Polarity during Collective Cell Migration. Cell Rep 2015; 10:414-428. [PMID: 25600875 PMCID: PMC4531098 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a highly regulated morphogenetic movement during embryonic development and cancer invasion that involves the precise orchestration and integration of cell-autonomous mechanisms and environmental signals. Coordinated lateral line primordium migration is controlled by the regulation of chemokine receptors via compartmentalized Wnt/β-catenin and fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling. Analysis of mutations in two exostosin glycosyltransferase genes (extl3 and ext2) revealed that loss of heparan sulfate (HS) chains results in a failure of collective cell migration due to enhanced Fgf ligand diffusion and loss of Fgf signal transduction. Consequently, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated ectopically, resulting in the subsequent loss of the chemokine receptor cxcr7b. Disruption of HS proteoglycan (HSPG) function induces extensive, random filopodia formation, demonstrating that HSPGs are involved in maintaining cell polarity in collectively migrating cells. The HSPGs themselves are regulated by the Wnt/β-catenin and Fgf pathways and thus are integral components of the regulatory network that coordinates collective cell migration with organ specification and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Venero Galanternik
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kenneth L Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Tatjana Piotrowski
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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García-González D, Murcia-Belmonte V, Esteban PF, Ortega F, Díaz D, Sánchez-Vera I, Lebrón-Galán R, Escobar-Castañondo L, Martínez-Millán L, Weruaga E, García-Verdugo JM, Berninger B, de Castro F. Anosmin-1 over-expression increases adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and neuroblast migration to the olfactory bulb. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:239-60. [PMID: 25300351 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neuroblasts that migrate via the rostral migratory stream are continuously added to the olfactory bulb (OB) of the adult rodent brain. Anosmin-1 (A1) is an extracellular matrix protein that binds to FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) to exert its biological effects. When mutated as in Kallmann syndrome patients, A1 is associated with severe OB morphogenesis defects leading to anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Here, we show that A1 over-expression in adult mice strongly increases proliferation in the SVZ, mainly with symmetrical divisions, and produces substantial morphological changes in the normal SVZ architecture, where we also report the presence of FGFR1 in almost all SVZ cells. Interestingly, for the first time we show FGFR1 expression in the basal body of primary cilia in neural progenitor cells. Additionally, we have found that A1 over-expression also enhances neuroblast motility, mainly through FGFR1 activity. Together, these changes lead to a selective increase in several GABAergic interneuron populations in different OB layers. These specific alterations in the OB would be sufficient to disrupt the normal processing of sensory information and consequently alter olfactory memory. In summary, this work shows that FGFR1-mediated A1 activity plays a crucial role in the continuous remodelling of the adult OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-González
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.
- Clinical Neurobiology, German Center for Cancer Research (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Verónica Murcia-Belmonte
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro F Esteban
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León-INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irene Sánchez-Vera
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad mixta de Esclerosis múltiple y neurorregeneración, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Luis Martínez-Millán
- Departmento de Neurosciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León-INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.
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Milazzo JP, Bironneau A, Vannier JP, Liard-Zmuda A, Macé B, Nathalie R. Precocious initiation of spermatogenesis in a 19-month-old boy with Hurler syndrome. Basic Clin Androl 2014; 24:8. [PMID: 25780582 PMCID: PMC4349721 DOI: 10.1186/2051-4190-24-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPS IH) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been proposed for the treatment of MPS IH patients and offers the possibility to grow into their adulthood. Precocious puberty has been described in few MPS patients. We report, to the best of our knowledge and for the first time, the initiation of the first waves of spermatogenesis fortuitously observed in seminiferous tubules of a pre-pubertal 19-month-old boy, affected by MPS IH and who did not present any clinical signs of precocious puberty. This patient benefited from testicular tissue cryopreservation before HSCT. Seminiferous tubule size, germ cell differentiation and Sertoli cell expression of androgen receptor and anti-müllerian hormone corresponded to the pattern observed in a pubertal boy. The Hurler syndrome may be responsible for the precocious initiation of spermatogenesis. A specific follow-up during childhood may be useful to confirm if such abnormal testis development is common in young boys with MPS IH and if it may lead to precocious onset of puberty in survivors despite HSCT. Furthermore, we have observed that Sertoli cell maturation (up-regulation of AR expression, down-regulation of AMH expression) occurred before the clinical signs of puberty and before the increase of testosterone plasmatic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Milazzo
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory - CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76031 France ; EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", IRIBHN, University of Rouen, Rouen, F-76000 France
| | - Amandine Bironneau
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory - CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76031 France ; EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", IRIBHN, University of Rouen, Rouen, F-76000 France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vannier
- Service d'Immuno-Hémato-Oncologie pédiatrique, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76031 France
| | - Agnes Liard-Zmuda
- Département de chirurgie infantile, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76031 France
| | - Bertrand Macé
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory - CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76031 France
| | - Rives Nathalie
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory - CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, F-76031 France ; EA 4308 "Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality", IRIBHN, University of Rouen, Rouen, F-76000 France ; Reproductive Biology Laboratory - CECOS, Rouen University Hospital, 1 rue de Germont, Rouen, F-76031 France
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Sarchielli E, Marini M, Ambrosini S, Peri A, Mazzanti B, Pinzani P, Barletta E, Ballerini L, Paternostro F, Paganini M, Porfirio B, Morelli A, Gallina P, Vannelli GB. Multifaceted roles of BDNF and FGF2 in human striatal primordium development. An in vitro study. Exp Neurol 2014; 257:130-47. [PMID: 24792640 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Grafting fetal striatal cells into the brain of Huntington's disease (HD) patients has raised certain expectations in the past decade as an effective cell-based-therapy for this devastating condition. We argue that the first requirement for successful transplantation is defining the window of plasticity for the striatum during development when the progenitor cells, isolated from their environment, are able to maintain regional-specific-identity and to respond appropriately to cues. The primary cell culture from human fetal striatal primordium described here consists of a mixed population of neural stem cells, neuronal-restricted progenitors and striatal neurons. These cells express trophic factors, such as BDNF and FGF2. We show that these neurotrophins maintain cell plasticity, inducing the expression of neuronal precursor markers and cell adhesion molecules, as well as promoting neurogenesis, migration and survival. We propose that BDNF and FGF2 play an important autocrine-paracrine role during early striatum development in vivo and that their release by fetal striatal grafts may be relevant in the setting of HD cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirca Marini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Ambrosini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Peri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzanti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Pinzani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuela Barletta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Ballerini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Paternostro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Paganini
- Department of Neuroscience and NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Berardino Porfirio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gallina
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Salian-Mehta S, Xu M, Knox AJ, Plummer L, Slavov D, Taylor M, Bevers S, Hodges RS, Crowley WF, Wierman ME. Functional consequences of AXL sequence variants in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1452-60. [PMID: 24476074 PMCID: PMC3973777 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prior studies showed that Axl /Tyro3 null mice have delayed first estrus and abnormal cyclicity due to developmental defects in GnRH neuron migration and survival. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test whether the absence of Axl would alter reproductive function in mice and that mutations in AXL are present in patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS) or normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH). DESIGN AND SETTING The sexual maturation of Axl null mice was examined. The coding region of AXL was sequenced in 104 unrelated, carefully phenotyped KS or nIHH subjects. Frequency of mutations was compared with other causes of GnRH deficiency. Functional assays were performed on the detected mutations. RESULTS Axl null mice demonstrated delay in first estrus and the interval between vaginal opening and first estrus. Three missense AXL mutations (p.L50F, p.S202C, and p.Q361P) and one intronic variant 6 bp upstream from the start of exon 5 (c.586-6 C>T) were identified in two KS and 2 two nIHH subjects. Comparison of the frequencies of AXL mutations with other putative causes of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism confirmed they are rare variants. Testing of the c.586-6 C>T mutation revealed no abnormal splicing. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of the p.L50F, p.S202C, and p.Q361P mutations showed no altered Gas6 ligand binding. In contrast, GT1-7 GnRH neuronal cells expressing p.S202C or p.Q361P demonstrated defective ligand dependent receptor processing and importantly aberrant neuronal migration. In addition, the p.Q361P showed defective ligand independent chemotaxis. CONCLUSIONS Functional consequences of AXL sequence variants in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism support the importance of AXL and the Tyro3, Axl, Mer (TAM) family in reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salian-Mehta
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes (S.S.-M., M.X., A.J.K., M.E.W.), Division of Cardiology (D.S., M.T.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (S.B., R.S.H.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Veterans Affairs Research Service (M.E.W.), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80220; and Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Science Center and the Reproductive Endocrine Unit (L.P., W.F.C.), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Choy CT, Kim H, Lee JY, Williams DM, Palethorpe D, Fellows G, Wright AJ, Laing K, Bridges LR, Howe FA, Kim SH. Anosmin-1 contributes to brain tumor malignancy through integrin signal pathways. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:85-99. [PMID: 24189182 PMCID: PMC3869950 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anosmin-1, encoded by the KAL1 gene, is an extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated protein which plays essential roles in the establishment of olfactory and GNRH neurons during early brain development. Loss-of-function mutations of KAL1 results in Kallmann syndrome with delayed puberty and anosmia. There is, however, little comprehension of its role in the developed brain. As reactivation of developmental signal pathways often takes part in tumorigenesis, we investigated if anosmin-1-mediated cellular mechanisms associated with brain tumors. Our meta-analysis of gene expression profiles of patients' samples and public microarray datasets indicated that KAL1 mRNA was significantly upregulated in high-grade primary brain tumors compared with the normal brain and low-grade tumors. The tumor-promoting capacity of anosmin-1 was demonstrated in the glioblastoma cell lines, where anosmin-1 enhanced cell motility and proliferation. Notably, anosmin-1 formed a part of active β1 integrin complex, inducing downstream signaling pathways. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of anosmin-1 attenuated motility and growth of tumor cells and induced apoptosis. Anosmin-1 may also enhance the invasion of tumor cells within the ECM by modulating cell adhesion and activating extracellular proteases. In a mouse xenograft model, anosmin-1-expressing tumors grew faster, indicating the role of anosmin-1 in tumor microenvironment in vivo. Combined, these data suggest that anosmin-1 can facilitate tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. Therefore, although the normal function of anosmin-1 is required in the proper development of GNRH neurons, overexpression of anosmin-1 in the developed brain may be an underlying mechanism for some brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T Choy
- Division of Biomedical SciencesSt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
| | - Haseong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringImperial College LondonExhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZUK
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Division of Biomedical SciencesSt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
| | - David M Williams
- Division of Biomedical SciencesSt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
| | - David Palethorpe
- Division of Biomedical SciencesSt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
| | - Greg Fellows
- Academic Neurosurgery UnitSt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
| | - Alan J Wright
- Division of Biomedical SciencesSt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
| | - Ken Laing
- Division of Clinical SciencesSt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
| | - Leslie R Bridges
- Department of Cellular PathologySt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
| | - Franklyn A Howe
- Division of Cardiac and Vascular SciencesSt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Division of Biomedical SciencesSt George's Medical School, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0REUK
- Correspondence should be addressed to S-H Kim ()
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de Castro F, Esteban PF, Bribián A, Murcia-Belmonte V, García-González D, Clemente D. The Adhesion Molecule Anosmin-1 in Neurology: Kallmann Syndrome and Beyond. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:273-92. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lalli G. Extracellular Signals Controlling Neuroblast Migration in the Postnatal Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 800:149-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Murcia-Belmonte V, Medina-Rodríguez EM, Bribián A, de Castro F, Esteban PF. ERK1/2 signaling is essential for the chemoattraction exerted by human FGF2 and human anosmin-1 on newborn rat and mouse OPCs via FGFR1. Glia 2013; 62:374-86. [PMID: 24375670 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) is essential for many cellular processes including proliferation and migration, as well as differentiation events such as myelination. Anosmin-1 is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein that interacts with the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) to exert its biological actions through this receptor, although the intracellular pathways underlying anosmin-1 signaling remain largely unknown. This protein is defective in the X-linked form of Kallmann syndrome (KS) and has a prominent role in the migration of neuronal and oligodendroglial precursors. We have shown that anosmin-1 exerts a chemotactic effect via FGFR1 on neuronal precursors from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the essential role of the ERK1/2 signaling. We report here the positive chemotactic effect of FGF2 and anosmin-1 on rat and mouse postnatal OPCs via FGFR1. The same effect was observed with the truncated N-terminal region of anosmin-1 (A1Nt). The introduction in anosmin-1 of the missense mutation F517L found in patients suffering from KS annulled the chemotactic activity; however, the mutant form carrying the disease-causing mutation E514K also found in KS patients, behaved as the wild-type protein. The chemoattraction exhibited by FGF2 and anosmin-1 on OPCs was blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126, suggesting that the activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway following interaction with the FGFR1 is necessary for FGF2 and anosmin-1 to exert their chemotactic effect. In fact, both proteins were able to induce the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 kinases after the activation of the FGFR1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Murcia-Belmonte
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda, s/n, E-45071-Toledo, Spain
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50
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Clemente D, Ortega MC, Melero-Jerez C, de Castro F. The effect of glia-glia interactions on oligodendrocyte precursor cell biology during development and in demyelinating diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:268. [PMID: 24391545 PMCID: PMC3868919 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) originate in specific areas of the developing central nervous system (CNS). Once generated, they migrate towards their destinations where they differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. In the adult, 5-8% of all cells in the CNS are OPCs, cells that retain the capacity to proliferate, migrate, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Indeed, these endogenous OPCs react to damage in demyelinating diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS), representing a key element in spontaneous remyelination. In the present work, we review the specific interactions between OPCs and other glial cells (astrocytes, microglia) during CNS development and in the pathological scenario of MS. We focus on: (i) the role of astrocytes in maintaining the homeostasis and spatial distribution of different secreted cues that determine OPC proliferation, migration, and differentiation during CNS development; (ii) the role of microglia and astrocytes in the redistribution of iron, which is crucial for myelin synthesis during CNS development and for myelin repair in MS; (iii) how microglia secrete different molecules, e.g., growth factors, that favor the recruitment of OPCs in acute phases of MS lesions; and (iv) how astrocytes modify the extracellular matrix in MS lesions, affecting the ability of OPCs to attempt spontaneous remyelination. Together, these issues demonstrate how both astroglia and microglia influence OPCs in physiological and pathological situations, reinforcing the concept that both development and neural repair are complex and global phenomena. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control OPC survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation during development, as well as in the mature CNS, may open new opportunities in the search for reparative therapies in demyelinating diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ortega
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
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