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Zhang YF, Reynolds JN. The Integration of Top-down and Bottom-up Inputs to the Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 22:CN-EPUB-136136. [PMID: 38420787 PMCID: PMC11097987 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231115151403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are important for learning and memory. They exhibit a multiphasic excitation-pause-rebound response to reward or sensory cues indicating a reward, believed to gate dopamine-dependent learning. Although ChIs receive extensive top-down inputs from the cortex and bottom-up inputs from the thalamus and midbrain, it is unclear which inputs are involved in the development of ChI multiphasic activity. METHODS We used a single-unit recording of putative ChIs (pChIs) in response to cortical and visual stimulation to investigate how top-down and bottom-up inputs regulate the firing pattern of ChIs. RESULTS We demonstrated that cortical stimulation strongly regulates pChIs, with the maximum firing rate occurring at the peak of the inverted local field potential (iLFP), reflecting maximum cortical stimulation. Pauses in pChIs occurred during the descending phase of iLFP, indicating withdrawal of excitatory cortical input. Visual stimulation induced long pauses in pChIs, but it is unlikely that bottom- up inputs alone induce pauses in behaving animals. Also, the firing pattern of ChIs triggered by visual stimulation did not correlate with the iLFP as it did after cortical stimulation. Top-down and bottom-up inputs independently regulate the firing pattern of ChIs with similar efficacy but notably produce a well-defined pause in ChI firing. CONCLUSION This study provides in vivo evidence that the multiphasic ChI response may require both top-down and bottom-up inputs. The findings suggest that the firing pattern of ChIs correlated to the iLFP might be a useful tool for estimating the degree of contribution of top-down and bottom-up inputs in regulating the firing activity of ChIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, United Kingdom
| | - John N.J. Reynolds
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Sibener LJ, Mosberger AC, Chen TX, Athalye VR, Murray JM, Costa RM. Dissociable roles of thalamic nuclei in the refinement of reaches to spatial targets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.20.558560. [PMID: 37790555 PMCID: PMC10542479 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Reaches are complex movements that are critical for survival, and encompass the control of different aspects such as direction, speed, and endpoint precision. Complex movements have been postulated to be learned and controlled through distributed motor networks, of which the thalamus is a highly connected node. Still, the role of different thalamic circuits in learning and controlling specific aspects of reaches has not been investigated. We report dissociable roles of two distinct thalamic nuclei - the parafascicular (Pf) and ventroanterior/ventrolateral (VAL) nuclei - in the refinement of spatial target reaches in mice. Using 2-photon calcium imaging in a head-fixed joystick task where mice learned to reach to a target in space, we found that glutamatergic neurons in both areas were most active during reaches early in learning. Reach-related activity in both areas decreased late in learning, as movement direction was refined and reaches increased in accuracy. Furthermore, the population dynamics of Pf, but not VAL, covaried in different subspaces in early and late learning, but eventually stabilized in late learning. The neural activity in Pf, but not VAL, encoded the direction of reaches in early but not late learning. Accordingly, bilateral lesions of Pf before, but not after learning, strongly and specifically impaired the refinement of reach direction. VAL lesions did not impact direction refinement, but instead resulted in increased speed and target overshoot. Our findings provide new evidence that the thalamus is a critical motor node in the learning and control of reaching movements, with specific subnuclei controlling distinct aspects of the reach early in learning.
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Vautrelle N, Coizet V, Leriche M, Dahan L, Schulz JM, Zhang YF, Zeghbib A, Overton PG, Bracci E, Redgrave P, Reynolds JN. Sensory Reinforced Corticostriatal Plasticity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 22:CN-EPUB-133306. [PMID: 37533245 PMCID: PMC11097983 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230801110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regional changes in corticostriatal transmission induced by phasic dopaminergic signals are an essential feature of the neural network responsible for instrumental reinforcement during discovery of an action. However, the timing of signals that are thought to contribute to the induction of corticostriatal plasticity is difficult to reconcile within the framework of behavioural reinforcement learning, because the reinforcer is normally delayed relative to the selection and execution of causally-related actions. OBJECTIVE While recent studies have started to address the relevance of delayed reinforcement signals and their impact on corticostriatal processing, our objective was to establish a model in which a sensory reinforcer triggers appropriately delayed reinforcement signals relayed to the striatum via intact neuronal pathways and to investigate the effects on corticostriatal plasticity. METHODS We measured corticostriatal plasticity with electrophysiological recordings using a light flash as a natural sensory reinforcer, and pharmacological manipulations were applied in an in vivo anesthetized rat model preparation. RESULTS We demonstrate that the spiking of striatal neurons evoked by single-pulse stimulation of the motor cortex can be potentiated by a natural sensory reinforcer, operating through intact afferent pathways, with signal timing approximating that required for behavioural reinforcement. The pharmacological blockade of dopamine receptors attenuated the observed potentiation of corticostriatal neurotransmission. CONCLUSION This novel in vivo model of corticostriatal plasticity offers a behaviourally relevant framework to address the physiological, anatomical, cellular, and molecular bases of instrumental reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vautrelle
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
| | - Véronique Coizet
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
- Institut des Neurosciences de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Inserm, U1216, 38706 La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Mariana Leriche
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
| | - Lionel Dahan
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jan M. Schulz
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH - 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelhafid Zeghbib
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
| | - Paul G. Overton
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
| | - Enrico Bracci
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
| | - John N.J. Reynolds
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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4
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Surmeier DJ, Zhai S, Cui Q, Simmons DV. Rethinking the network determinants of motor disability in Parkinson's disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1186484. [PMID: 37448451 PMCID: PMC10336242 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1186484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For roughly the last 30 years, the notion that striatal dopamine (DA) depletion was the critical determinant of network pathophysiology underlying the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has dominated the field. While the basal ganglia circuit model underpinning this hypothesis has been of great heuristic value, the hypothesis itself has never been directly tested. Moreover, studies in the last couple of decades have made it clear that the network model underlying this hypothesis fails to incorporate key features of the basal ganglia, including the fact that DA acts throughout the basal ganglia, not just in the striatum. Underscoring this point, recent work using a progressive mouse model of PD has shown that striatal DA depletion alone is not sufficient to induce parkinsonism and that restoration of extra-striatal DA signaling attenuates parkinsonian motor deficits once they appear. Given the broad array of discoveries in the field, it is time for a new model of the network determinants of motor disability in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shenyu Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qiaoling Cui
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - DeNard V Simmons
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Reynolds JNJ, Avvisati R, Dodson PD, Fisher SD, Oswald MJ, Wickens JR, Zhang YF. Coincidence of cholinergic pauses, dopaminergic activation and depolarisation of spiny projection neurons drives synaptic plasticity in the striatum. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1296. [PMID: 35277506 PMCID: PMC8917208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine-dependent long-term plasticity is believed to be a cellular mechanism underlying reinforcement learning. In response to reward and reward-predicting cues, phasic dopamine activity potentiates the efficacy of corticostriatal synapses on spiny projection neurons (SPNs). Since phasic dopamine activity also encodes other behavioural variables, it is unclear how postsynaptic neurons identify which dopamine event is to induce long-term plasticity. Additionally, it is unknown how phasic dopamine released from arborised axons can potentiate targeted striatal synapses through volume transmission. To examine these questions we manipulated striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) and dopamine neurons independently in two distinct in vivo paradigms. We report that long-term potentiation (LTP) at corticostriatal synapses with SPNs is dependent on the coincidence of pauses in ChIs and phasic dopamine activation, critically accompanied by SPN depolarisation. Thus, the ChI pause defines the time window for phasic dopamine to induce plasticity, while depolarisation of SPNs constrains the synapses eligible for plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N J Reynolds
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Riccardo Avvisati
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Paul D Dodson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Simon D Fisher
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Manfred J Oswald
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jeffery R Wickens
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, 904-2234, Japan
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
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Sans-Dublanc A, Chrzanowska A, Reinhard K, Lemmon D, Nuttin B, Lambert T, Montaldo G, Urban A, Farrow K. Optogenetic fUSI for brain-wide mapping of neural activity mediating collicular-dependent behaviors. Neuron 2021; 109:1888-1905.e10. [PMID: 33930307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell types are arranged in brain-wide circuits that guide behavior. In mice, the superior colliculus innervates a set of targets that direct orienting and defensive actions. We combined functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) with optogenetics to reveal the network of brain regions functionally activated by four collicular cell types. Stimulating each neuronal group triggered different behaviors and activated distinct sets of brain nuclei. This included regions not previously thought to mediate defensive behaviors, for example, the posterior paralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (PPnT), which we show to play a role in suppressing habituation. Neuronal recordings with Neuropixels probes show that (1) patterns of spiking activity and fUSI signals correlate well in space and (2) neurons in downstream nuclei preferentially respond to innately threatening visual stimuli. This work provides insight into the functional organization of the networks governing innate behaviors and demonstrates an experimental approach to explore the whole-brain neuronal activity downstream of targeted cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Sans-Dublanc
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Chrzanowska
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katja Reinhard
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dani Lemmon
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bram Nuttin
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Théo Lambert
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Montaldo
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan Urban
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karl Farrow
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Sekyi MT, Lauderdale K, Atkinson KC, Golestany B, Karim H, Feri M, Soto JS, Diaz C, Kim SH, Cilluffo M, Nusinowitz S, Katzenellenbogen JA, Tiwari‐Woodruff SK. Alleviation of extensive visual pathway dysfunction by a remyelinating drug in a chronic mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:312-332. [PMID: 33368801 PMCID: PMC8018057 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual deficits are among the most prevalent symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). To understand deficits in the visual pathway during MS and potential treatment effects, we used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model of MS. The afferent visual pathway was assessed in vivo using optical coherence tomography (OCT), electroretinography (ERG), and visually evoked cortical potentials (VEPs). Inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration were examined by immunohistochemistry ex vivo. In addition, an immunomodulatory, remyelinating agent, the estrogen receptor β ligand chloroindazole (IndCl), was tested for its therapeutic potential in the visual pathway. EAE produced functional deficits in visual system electrophysiology, including suppression of ERG and VEP waveform amplitudes and increased signal latencies. Therapeutic IndCl rescued overall visual system latency by VEP but had little impact on amplitude or ERG findings relative to vehicle. Faster VEP conduction in IndCl-treated mice was associated with enhanced myelin basic protein signal in all visual system structures examined. IndCl preserved retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and oligodendrocyte density in the prechiasmatic white matter, but similar retinal nerve fiber layer thinning by OCT was noted in vehicle and IndCl-treated mice. Although IndCl differentially attenuated leukocyte and astrocyte staining signal throughout the structures analyzed, axolemmal varicosities were observed in all visual fiber tracts of mice with EAE irrespective of treatment, suggesting impaired axonal energy homeostasis. These data support incomplete functional recovery of VEP amplitude with IndCl, as fiber tracts displayed persistent axon pathology despite remyelination-induced decreases in latencies, evidenced by reduced optic nerve g-ratio in IndCl-treated mice. Although additional studies are required, these findings demonstrate the dynamics of visual pathway dysfunction and disability during EAE, along with the importance of early treatment to mitigate EAE-induced axon damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T. Sekyi
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringRiverside Bourns School of EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Kelli Lauderdale
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Kelley C. Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Batis Golestany
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Hawra Karim
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Micah Feri
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Joselyn S. Soto
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Cobi Diaz
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Cancer CenterUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - Marianne Cilluffo
- BRI Electron Microscopy LaboratoryLos Angeles School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Steven Nusinowitz
- Stein Eye InstituteLos Angeles School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Seema K. Tiwari‐Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical SciencesRiverside School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
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8
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Hitier M, Zhang YF, Sato G, Besnard S, Zheng Y, Smith PF. The effects of selective electrical stimulation of the rat cochlea on hippocampal field potentials. Hear Res 2020; 395:108023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Gür E, Duyan YA, Türkakın E, Arkan S, Karson A, Balcı F. Aging impairs perceptual decision-making in mice: integrating computational and neurobiological approaches. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1889-1902. [PMID: 32566973 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making is one of the cognitive domains which has been under-investigated in animal models of cognitive aging along with its neurobiological correlates. This study investigated the latent variables of the decision process using the hierarchical drift-diffusion model (HDDM). Neurobiological correlates of these processes were examined via immunohistochemistry. Young (n = 11, 4 months old), adult (n = 10, 10 months old), and old (n = 10, 18 months old) mice were tested in a perceptual decision-making task (i.e. two-alternative forced-choice; 2AFC). Observed data showed that there was an age-dependent decrease in the accuracy rate of old mice while response times were comparable between age groups. HDDM results revealed that age-dependent accuracy difference was a result of a decrease in the quality of evidence integration during decision-making. Significant positive correlations observed between evidence integration rate and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and axon terminals in dorsomedial striatum (DMS) suggest that decrease in the quality of evidence integration in aging is related to decreased function of mesocortical and nigrostriatal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Gür
- Timing and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Akın Duyan
- Timing and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Türkakın
- Timing and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sertan Arkan
- Timing and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- Physiology Department, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Karson
- Physiology Department, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Timing and Decision-Making Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Halperin O, Israeli‐Korn S, Yakubovich S, Hassin‐Baer S, Zaidel A. Self‐motion perception in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2376-2387. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orly Halperin
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Simon Israeli‐Korn
- Department of Neurology Movement Disorders Institute Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Sol Yakubovich
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
| | - Sharon Hassin‐Baer
- Department of Neurology Movement Disorders Institute Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Adam Zaidel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel
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11
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Mendes A, Vignoud G, Perez S, Perrin E, Touboul J, Venance L. Concurrent Thalamostriatal and Corticostriatal Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity and Heterosynaptic Interactions Shape Striatal Plasticity Map. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4381-4401. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The striatum integrates inputs from the cortex and thalamus, which display concomitant or sequential activity. The striatum assists in forming memory, with acquisition of the behavioral repertoire being associated with corticostriatal (CS) plasticity. The literature has mainly focused on that CS plasticity, and little remains known about thalamostriatal (TS) plasticity rules or CS and TS plasticity interactions. We undertook here the study of these plasticity rules. We found bidirectional Hebbian and anti-Hebbian spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) at the thalamic and cortical inputs, respectively, which were driving concurrent changes at the striatal synapses. Moreover, TS- and CS-STDP induced heterosynaptic plasticity. We developed a calcium-based mathematical model of the coupled TS and CS plasticity, and simulations predict complex changes in the CS and TS plasticity maps depending on the precise cortex–thalamus–striatum engram. These predictions were experimentally validated using triplet-based STDP stimulations, which revealed the significant remodeling of the CS-STDP map upon TS activity, which is notably the induction of the LTD areas in the CS-STDP for specific timing regimes. TS-STDP exerts a greater influence on CS plasticity than CS-STDP on TS plasticity. These findings highlight the major impact of precise timing in cortical and thalamic activity for the memory engram of striatal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mendes
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Gaetan Vignoud
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
- Department of Mathematics, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 2454-9110, USA
| | - Sylvie Perez
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Elodie Perrin
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Jonathan Touboul
- Department of Mathematics, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 2454-9110, USA
| | - Laurent Venance
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
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12
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Rössler J, Unterassner L, Wyss T, Haker H, Brugger P, Rössler W, Wotruba D. Schizotypal Traits are Linked to Dopamine-Induced Striato-Cortical Decoupling: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:680-688. [PMID: 29878280 PMCID: PMC6483584 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia implies that alterations in the dopamine system cause functional abnormalities in the brain that may converge to aberrant salience attribution and eventually lead to psychosis. Indeed, widespread brain disconnectivity across the psychotic spectrum has been revealed by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). However, the dopaminergic involvement in intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) and its putative relationship to the development of psychotic spectrum disorders remains partly unclear-in particular at the low-end of the psychosis continuum. Therefore, we investigated dopamine-induced changes in striatal iFC and their modulation by psychometrically assessed schizotypy. Our randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study design included 54 healthy, right-handed male participants. Each participant was assessed with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and underwent 10 minutes of rs-fMRI scanning. Participants then received either a placebo or 200 mg of L-DOPA, a dopamine precursor. We analyzed iFC of 6 striatal seeds that are known to evoke modulation of dopamine-related networks. The main effect of L-DOPA was a significant functional decoupling from the right ventral caudate to both occipital fusiform gyri. This dopamine-induced decoupling emerged primarily in participants with low SPQ scores, while participants with high positive SPQ scores showed decoupling indifferently of the L-DOPA challenge. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that schizotypal traits may be the result of dopamine-induced striato-occipital decoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Rössler
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich; and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Julian Rössler, Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich 8091, Switzerland; tel: +41 442551111; fax: +41 442554409; e-mail:
| | - Lui Unterassner
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich; and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wyss
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich; and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helene Haker
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brugger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Rössler
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich; and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Psychiatric University Hospital, Zürich University, Zürich, Switzerland,Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM 27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Wotruba
- Collegium Helveticum, University of Zurich; and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Fifel K, Videnovic A. Chronotherapies for Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 174:16-27. [PMID: 30658126 PMCID: PMC6377295 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Although the clinical diagnosis of PD is still based on its cardinal motor dysfunctions, several non-motor symptoms (NMS) have been established as integral part of the disease. Unlike motor disorders, development of therapies against NMS are still challenging and remain a critical unmet clinical need. During the last decade, several studies have characterised the molecular, physiological and behavioural alterations of the circadian system in PD patients. As a consequence, and given the ubiquitous nature of circadian rhythms in the entire organism, the biological clock has emerged as a potential therapeutic target to ease suffering from both motor and NMS in PD patients. Here we discuss the emerging field of using bright light, physical exercise and melatonin as chronotherapeutic tools to alleviate motor disorders, sleep/wake alterations, anxiety and depression in PD patients. We also highlight the potential of these readily available therapies to improve the general quality of life and wellbeing of PD patients. Finally, we provide specific data- and mechanisms-driven recommendations that might help improve the therapeutic benefit of light and physical exercise in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fifel
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Neurophysiology unit, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Department of Chronobiology, 18 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500, Bron, France; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology and Behavior, Associated CNRST Unit (URAC-37), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco.
| | - Aleksandar Videnovic
- Movement Disorders Unit and Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 600, Boston, MA, 02446, USA
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14
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Abstract
For decades it has been speculated that Parkinson's Disease (PD) is associated with dysfunction of the vestibular system, especially given that postural instability is one of the major symptoms of the disorder. Nonetheless, clear evidence of such a connection has been slow to emerge. There are still relatively few studies of the vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs) in PD. However, substantial evidence of vestibulo-spinal reflex deficits, in the form of abnormal vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), now exists. The evidence for abnormalities in the subjective visual vertical is less consistent. However, some studies suggest that the integration of visual and vestibular information may be abnormal in PD. In the last few years, a number of studies have been published which demonstrate that the neuropathology associated with PD, such as Lewy bodies, is present in the central vestibular system. Increasingly, stochastic or noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) is being investigated as a potential treatment for PD, and a number of studies have presented evidence in support of this idea. The aim of this review is to summarize and critically evaluate the human and animal evidence relating to the connection between the vestibular system and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences and The Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Stiles L, Reynolds JN, Napper R, Zheng Y, Smith PF. Single neuron activity and c-Fos expression in the rat striatum following electrical stimulation of the peripheral vestibular system. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13791. [PMID: 30003674 PMCID: PMC6043475 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Connections between the vestibular system and the basal ganglia have been postulated since the early 20th century. However, the results of electrophysiological studies investigating neuronal responses to electrical stimulation of the vestibular system have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of electrical stimulation of the vestibular labyrinth on single neuron activity and c-Fos expression in the rat striatum. We used electrical stimulation of the vestibular labyrinth (various intensities delivered to the round window) to examine the electrophysiological response of striatal neurons and c-Fos expression. From 507 single neurons recorded (n = 20 rats), no vestibular-responsive neuron was found at 1× and 2× the nystagmus threshold; however, 6 neurons were found at 3× the threshold. These neurons were found bilaterally, with a response latency of ~50 msec from the end of the stimulus. For the c-Fos study, the number of neurons expressing c-Fos was quantified using stereological methods. Stimulation at 2× the threshold for nystagmus (n = 5 rats) resulted in a significant decrease in the number of neurons expressing c-Fos in the bilateral striatum compared to both the sham control group (n = 5) and the lower stimulus intensity group (n = 5) (P ≤ 0.0001 for both). The results of this study demonstrate that: (1) some single striatal neurons respond to electrical vestibular stimulation, however, these responses are circumscribed and infrequent; (2) electrical stimulation of the vestibular labyrinth results in a decrease in the number of striatal neurons expressing c-Fos, in a current-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Stiles
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - John N. Reynolds
- Department of AnatomySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research ExcellenceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Ruth Napper
- Department of AnatomySchool of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research ExcellenceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Paul F. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research ExcellenceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance ResearchUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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16
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Nagy AJ, Takeuchi Y, Berényi A. Coding of self-motion-induced and self-independent visual motion in the rat dorsomedial striatum. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004712. [PMID: 29939998 PMCID: PMC6034886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary development of vision has provided us with the capacity to detect moving objects. Concordant shifts of visual features suggest movements of the observer, whereas discordant changes are more likely to be indicating independently moving objects, such as predators or prey. Such distinction helps us to focus attention, adapt our behavior, and adjust our motor patterns to meet behavioral challenges. However, the neural basis of distinguishing self-induced and self-independent visual motions is not clarified in unrestrained animals yet. In this study, we investigated the presence and origin of motion-related visual information in the striatum of rats, a hub of action selection and procedural memory. We found that while almost half of the neurons in the dorsomedial striatum are sensitive to visual motion congruent with locomotion (and that many of them also code for spatial location), only a small subset of them are composed of fast-firing interneurons that could also perceive self-independent visual stimuli. These latter cells receive their visual input at least partially from the secondary visual cortex (V2). This differential visual sensitivity may be an important support in adjusting behavior to salient environmental events. It emphasizes the importance of investigating visual motion perception in unrestrained animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett J. Nagy
- MTA-SZTE “Momentum” Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yuichi Takeuchi
- MTA-SZTE “Momentum” Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antal Berényi
- MTA-SZTE “Momentum” Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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17
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Ehrlich AT, Semache M, Bailly J, Wojcik S, Arefin TM, Colley C, Le Gouill C, Gross F, Lukasheva V, Hogue M, Darcq E, Harsan LA, Bouvier M, Kieffer BL. Mapping GPR88-Venus illuminates a novel role for GPR88 in sensory processing. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1275-1296. [PMID: 29110094 PMCID: PMC5871604 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor originally characterized as a striatal-enriched transcript and is a potential target for neuropsychiatric disorders. At present, gene knockout studies in the mouse have essentially focused on striatal-related functions and a comprehensive knowledge of GPR88 protein distribution and function in the brain is still lacking. Here, we first created Gpr88-Venus knock-in mice expressing a functional fluorescent receptor to fine-map GPR88 localization in the brain. The receptor protein was detected in neuronal soma, fibers and primary cilia depending on the brain region, and remarkably, whole-brain mapping revealed a yet unreported layer-4 cortical lamination pattern specifically in sensory processing areas. The unique GPR88 barrel pattern in L4 of the somatosensory cortex appeared 3 days after birth and persisted into adulthood, suggesting a potential function for GPR88 in sensory integration. We next examined Gpr88 knockout mice for cortical structure and behavioral responses in sensory tasks. Magnetic resonance imaging of live mice revealed abnormally high fractional anisotropy, predominant in somatosensory cortex and caudate putamen, indicating significant microstructural alterations in these GPR88-enriched areas. Further, behavioral analysis showed delayed responses in somatosensory-, visual- and olfactory-dependent tasks, demonstrating a role for GPR88 in the integration rather than perception of sensory stimuli. In conclusion, our data show for the first time a prominent role for GPR88 in multisensory processing. Because sensory integration is disrupted in many psychiatric diseases, our study definitely positions GPR88 as a target to treat mental disorders perhaps via activity on cortical sensory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza T Ehrlich
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Meriem Semache
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Bailly
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Tanzil M Arefin
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Christine Colley
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florence Gross
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Viktoriya Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mireille Hogue
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Laura-Adela Harsan
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Engineering Science, Computer Science and Imaging Laboratory (ICube), Integrative Multimodal Imaging in Healthcare, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Perry Pavilion Room E-3317.1, 6875 boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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18
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Fisher SD, Robertson PB, Black MJ, Redgrave P, Sagar MA, Abraham WC, Reynolds JNJ. Reinforcement determines the timing dependence of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in vivo. Nat Commun 2017; 8:334. [PMID: 28839128 PMCID: PMC5571189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity at synapses between the cortex and striatum is considered critical for learning novel actions. However, investigations of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) at these synapses have been performed largely in brain slice preparations, without consideration of physiological reinforcement signals. This has led to conflicting findings, and hampered the ability to relate neural plasticity to behavior. Using intracellular striatal recordings in intact rats, we show here that pairing presynaptic and postsynaptic activity induces robust Hebbian bidirectional plasticity, dependent on dopamine and adenosine signaling. Such plasticity, however, requires the arrival of a reward-conditioned sensory reinforcement signal within 2 s of the STDP pairing, thus revealing a timing-dependent eligibility trace on which reinforcement operates. These observations are validated with both computational modeling and behavioral testing. Our results indicate that Hebbian corticostriatal plasticity can be induced by classical reinforcement learning mechanisms, and might be central to the acquisition of novel actions. Spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) has been studied extensively in slices but whether such pairings can induce plasticity in vivo is not known. Here the authors report an experimental paradigm that achieves bidirectional corticostriatal STDP in vivo through modulation by behaviourally relevant reinforcement signals, mediated by dopamine and adenosine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Fisher
- Department of Anatomy and the Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Paul B Robertson
- Laboratory for Animate Technologies, Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Melony J Black
- Department of Anatomy and the Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 1HD, UK
| | - Mark A Sagar
- Laboratory for Animate Technologies, Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - John N J Reynolds
- Department of Anatomy and the Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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19
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Alloway KD, Smith JB, Mowery TM, Watson GDR. Sensory Processing in the Dorsolateral Striatum: The Contribution of Thalamostriatal Pathways. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:53. [PMID: 28790899 PMCID: PMC5524679 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsal striatum has two functionally-defined subdivisions: a dorsomedial striatum (DMS) region involved in mediating goal-directed behaviors that require conscious effort, and a dorsolateral striatum (DLS) region involved in the execution of habitual behaviors in a familiar sensory context. Consistent with its presumed role in forming stimulus-response (S-R) associations, neurons in DLS receive massive inputs from sensorimotor cortex and are responsive to both active and passive sensory stimulation. While several studies have established that corticostriatal inputs contribute to the stimulus-induced responses observed in the DLS, there is growing awareness that the thalamus has a significant role in conveying sensory-related information to DLS and other parts of the striatum. The thalamostriatal projections to DLS originate mainly from the caudal intralaminar region, which contains the parafascicular (Pf) nucleus, and from higher-order thalamic nuclei such as the medial part of the posterior (POm) nucleus. Based on recent findings, we hypothesize that the thalamostriatal projections from these two regions exert opposing influences on the expression of behavioral habits. This article reviews the subcortical circuits that regulate the transmission of sensory information through these thalamostriatal projection systems, and describes the evidence that indicates these circuits could be manipulated to ameliorate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Alloway
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, United States
| | - Jared B. Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Todd M. Mowery
- Center for Neural Science, New York UniversityNew York, NY, United States
| | - Glenn D. R. Watson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, United States
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20
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Basal Ganglia Output Controls Active Avoidance Behavior. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10274-10284. [PMID: 27707965 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1842-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Engrained avoidance behavior is highly adaptive when it keeps away harmful events and can be highly maladaptive when individuals elude harmless situations in anxiety disorders, but the neural circuits that mediate avoidance are poorly understood. Using DREADDs and optogenetics in mice, we show that the output of the basal ganglia through the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) controls active avoidance. SNr excitation blocks avoidance to a conditioned sensory stimulus while preserving the ability to escape the harmful event. Conversely, SNr inhibition facilitates avoidance to the conditioned stimulus and suffices to drive avoidance without any conditioned sensory stimulus. The results highlight a midbrain circuit that gates avoidance responses, which can be targeted to ameliorate maladaptive avoidance in psychiatric disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In many circumstances, subjects respond to fearful situations with avoidance. This is a useful coping strategy in situations in which there is impending danger. However, avoidance responses can also be maladaptive, as in anxiety disorders such as phobias (e.g., avoiding air transportation) and social anxiety (e.g., avoiding social situations). Despite the obvious clinical relevance, little is known about the neural circuits that mediate active avoidance. Using chemogenetics and optogenetics, we show that the output of the basal ganglia fully controls active avoidance behavior.
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21
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Blanco-Hinojo L, Pujol J, Harrison BJ, Macià D, Batalla A, Nogué S, Torrens M, Farré M, Deus J, Martín-Santos R. Attenuated frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia in cannabis users. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1036-1047. [PMID: 26934839 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heavy cannabis use is associated with reduced motivation. The basal ganglia, central in the motivation system, have the brain's highest cannabinoid receptor density. The frontal lobe is functionally coupled to the basal ganglia via segregated frontal-subcortical circuits conveying information from internal, self-generated activity. The basal ganglia, however, receive additional influence from the sensory system to further modulate purposeful behaviors according to the context. We postulated that cannabis use would impact functional connectivity between the basal ganglia and both internal (frontal cortex) and external (sensory cortices) sources of influence. Resting-state functional connectivity was measured in 28 chronic cannabis users and 29 controls. Selected behavioral tests included reaction time, verbal fluency and exposition to affective pictures. Assessments were repeated after one month of abstinence. Cannabis exposure was associated with (1) attenuation of the positive correlation between the striatum and areas pertaining to the 'limbic' frontal-basal ganglia circuit, and (2) attenuation of the negative correlation between the striatum and the fusiform gyrus, which is critical in recognizing significant visual features. Connectivity alterations were associated with lower arousal in response to affective pictures. Functional connectivity changes had a tendency to normalize after abstinence. The results overall indicate that frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia are attenuated after chronic exposure to cannabis. This effect is consistent with the common behavioral consequences of chronic cannabis use concerning diminished responsiveness to both internal and external motivation signals. Such an impairment of the fine-tuning in the motivation system notably reverts after abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesus Pujol
- MRI Research Unit; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; CIBERSAM G21; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Dídac Macià
- MRI Research Unit; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
| | - Albert Batalla
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology; Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM G25; Barcelona Spain
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction; Nijmegen Netherlands
| | - Santiago Nogué
- Section of Clinical Toxicology, Emergency Service, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences; Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addiction, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences; Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addiction, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RETIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan Deus
- MRI Research Unit; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology; Autonomous University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rocío Martín-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology; Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM G25; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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22
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Sykes M, Matheson NA, Brownjohn PW, Tang AD, Rodger J, Shemmell JBH, Reynolds JNJ. Differences in Motor Evoked Potentials Induced in Rats by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation under Two Separate Anesthetics: Implications for Plasticity Studies. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:80. [PMID: 27766073 PMCID: PMC5052269 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is primarily used in humans to change the state of corticospinal excitability. To assess the efficacy of different rTMS stimulation protocols, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are used as a readout due to their non-invasive nature. Stimulation of the motor cortex produces a response in a targeted muscle, and the amplitude of this twitch provides an indirect measure of the current state of the cortex. When applied to the motor cortex, rTMS can alter MEP amplitude, however, results are variable between participants and across studies. In addition, the mechanisms underlying any change and its locus are poorly understood. In order to better understand these effects, MEPs have been investigated in vivo in animal models, primarily in rats. One major difference in protocols between rats and humans is the use of general anesthesia in animal experiments. Anesthetics are known to affect plasticity-like mechanisms and so may contaminate the effects of an rTMS protocol. In the present study, we explored the effect of anesthetic on MEP amplitude, recorded before and after intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a patterned rTMS protocol with reported facilitatory effects. MEPs were assessed in the brachioradialis muscle of the upper forelimb under two anesthetics: a xylazine/zoletil combination and urethane. We found MEPs could be induced under both anesthetics, with no differences in the resting motor threshold or the average baseline amplitudes. However, MEPs were highly variable between animals under both anesthetics, with the xylazine/zoletil combination showing higher variability and most prominently a rise in amplitude across the baseline recording period. Interestingly, application of iTBS did not facilitate MEP amplitude under either anesthetic condition. Although it is important to underpin human application of TMS with mechanistic examination of effects in animals, caution must be taken when selecting an anesthetic and in interpreting results during prolonged TMS recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sykes
- Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research ExcellenceDunedin, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand; Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology, University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Natalie A Matheson
- Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research ExcellenceDunedin, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip W Brownjohn
- Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research ExcellenceDunedin, New Zealand; School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alexander D Tang
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan B H Shemmell
- Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research ExcellenceDunedin, New Zealand; School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
| | - John N J Reynolds
- Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research ExcellenceDunedin, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
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Abstract
To many, the poster child for David Marr's famous three levels of scientific inquiry is reinforcement learning-a computational theory of reward optimization, which readily prescribes algorithmic solutions that evidence striking resemblance to signals found in the brain, suggesting a straightforward neural implementation. Here we review questions that remain open at each level of analysis, concluding that the path forward to their resolution calls for inspiration across levels, rather than a focus on mutual constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Niv
- Psychology Department & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540
| | - Angela Langdon
- Psychology Department & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540
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24
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Araneda R, Renier L, Ebner-Karestinos D, Dricot L, De Volder AG. Hearing, feeling or seeing a beat recruits a supramodal network in the auditory dorsal stream. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:1439-1450. [PMID: 27471102 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hearing a beat recruits a wide neural network that involves the auditory cortex and motor planning regions. Perceiving a beat can potentially be achieved via vision or even touch, but it is currently not clear whether a common neural network underlies beat processing. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test to what extent the neural network involved in beat processing is supramodal, that is, is the same in the different sensory modalities. Brain activity changes in 27 healthy volunteers were monitored while they were attending to the same rhythmic sequences (with and without a beat) in audition, vision and the vibrotactile modality. We found a common neural network for beat detection in the three modalities that involved parts of the auditory dorsal pathway. Within this network, only the putamen and the supplementary motor area (SMA) showed specificity to the beat, while the brain activity in the putamen covariated with the beat detection speed. These results highlighted the implication of the auditory dorsal stream in beat detection, confirmed the important role played by the putamen in beat detection and indicated that the neural network for beat detection is mostly supramodal. This constitutes a new example of convergence of the same functional attributes into one centralized representation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Araneda
- Université catholique de Louvain, 54 Avenue Hippocrate UCL B1.54.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Renier
- Université catholique de Louvain, 54 Avenue Hippocrate UCL B1.54.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Laurence Dricot
- Université catholique de Louvain, 54 Avenue Hippocrate UCL B1.54.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne G De Volder
- Université catholique de Louvain, 54 Avenue Hippocrate UCL B1.54.09, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Schulz AL, Woldeit ML, Gonçalves AI, Saldeitis K, Ohl FW. Selective Increase of Auditory Cortico-Striatal Coherence during Auditory-Cued Go/NoGo Discrimination Learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:368. [PMID: 26793085 PMCID: PMC4707278 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal directed behavior and associated learning processes are tightly linked to neuronal activity in the ventral striatum. Mechanisms that integrate task relevant sensory information into striatal processing during decision making and learning are implicitly assumed in current reinforcement models, yet they are still weakly understood. To identify the functional activation of cortico-striatal subpopulations of connections during auditory discrimination learning, we trained Mongolian gerbils in a two-way active avoidance task in a shuttlebox to discriminate between falling and rising frequency modulated tones with identical spectral properties. We assessed functional coupling by analyzing the field-field coherence between the auditory cortex and the ventral striatum of animals performing the task. During the course of training, we observed a selective increase of functional coupling during Go-stimulus presentations. These results suggest that the auditory cortex functionally interacts with the ventral striatum during auditory learning and that the strengthening of these functional connections is selectively goal-directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas L Schulz
- Department Systems Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marie L Woldeit
- Department Systems Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ana I Gonçalves
- Department Systems Physiology, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany; Department Systems Biology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Katja Saldeitis
- Department Systems Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology, Leibniz Institute for NeurobiologyMagdeburg, Germany; Department Systems Biology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesMagdeburg, Germany
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26
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Prast H, Hornick A, Kraus MM, Philippu A. Origin of endogenous nitric oxide released in the nucleus accumbens under real-time in vivo conditions. Life Sci 2015; 134:79-84. [PMID: 26006039 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Nitric oxide (NO), is a simple but multifarious molecule. It is implicated in physiological and pathological processes within the striatum, mainly in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The aim of the present study was to determine the origin of NO in the NAc of anaesthetized rats by applying various compounds known to modulate the release of NO when applied either systemically or locally. MAIN METHODS Real-time monitoring of NO was carried out by introducing an amperometric NO sensor into the outer tubing of a push-pull cannula. For local application of substances, the push-pull superfusion technique was used. KEY FINDINGS An overdose of urethane (i.p.) or superfusion of the NAc with tetrodotoxin (TTX) led to a fall of NO release in the NAc. The NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors 7-nitroindazolmonosodiumsalt (7-NINA, neuronal NOS selective) and N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, NOS selective) decreased release of NO when applied i.p. or locally. Superfusion of the NAc with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) elicited a dose dependent increase of NO release. SIGNIFICANCE Combination of an amperometric NO sensor for real-time monitoring of NO release with the push-pull superfusion technique showed that NO released in the NAc is, at least to a great extent, of neuronal origin. The enhanced release of NO elicited by locally applied NMDA demonstrates that activation of NMDA receptors facilitates NO synthesis, thus underlining the functionality of NO targets within the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Prast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ariane Hornick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela M Kraus
- 2nd Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athineos Philippu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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27
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Stiles L, Smith PF. The vestibular–basal ganglia connection: Balancing motor control. Brain Res 2015; 1597:180-8. [PMID: 25498858 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Functional relationships between the hippocampus and dorsomedial striatum in learning a visual scene-based memory task in rats. J Neurosci 2015; 34:15534-47. [PMID: 25411483 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0622-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is important for contextual behavior, and the striatum plays key roles in decision making. When studying the functional relationships with the hippocampus, prior studies have focused mostly on the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), emphasizing the antagonistic relationships between the hippocampus and DLS in spatial versus response learning. By contrast, the functional relationships between the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and hippocampus are relatively unknown. The current study reports that lesions to both the hippocampus and DMS profoundly impaired performance of rats in a visual scene-based memory task in which the animals were required to make a choice response by using visual scenes displayed in the background. Analysis of simultaneous recordings of local field potentials revealed that the gamma oscillatory power was higher in the DMS, but not in CA1, when the rat performed the task using familiar scenes than novel ones. In addition, the CA1-DMS networks increased coherence at γ, but not at θ, rhythm as the rat mastered the task. At the single-unit level, the neuronal populations in CA1 and DMS showed differential firing patterns when responses were made using familiar visual scenes than novel ones. Such learning-dependent firing patterns were observed earlier in the DMS than in CA1 before the rat made choice responses. The present findings suggest that both the hippocampus and DMS process memory representations for visual scenes in parallel with different time courses and that flexible choice action using background visual scenes requires coordinated operations of the hippocampus and DMS at γ frequencies.
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29
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Barry MD, Boddington LJ, Igelström KM, Gray JP, Shemmell J, Tseng KY, Oorschot DE, Reynolds JN. Utility of intracerebral theta burst electrical stimulation to attenuate interhemispheric inhibition and to promote motor recovery after cortical injury in an animal model. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The basal ganglia are involved in sensorimotor functions and action selection, both of which require the integration of sensory information. In order to determine how such sensory inputs are integrated, we obtained whole-cell recordings in mouse dorsal striatum during presentation of tactile and visual stimuli. All recorded neurons responded to bilateral whisker stimulation, and a subpopulation also responded to visual stimulation. Neurons responding to both visual and tactile stimuli were located in dorsomedial striatum, whereas those responding only to whisker deflections were located dorsolaterally. Responses were mediated by overlapping excitation and inhibition, with excitation onset preceding that of inhibition by several milliseconds. Responses differed according to the type of neuron, with direct pathway MSNs having larger responses and longer latencies between ipsilateral and contralateral responses than indirect pathway MSNs. Our results suggest that striatum acts as a sensory “hub” with specialized functional roles for the different neuron types. Sensory integration in mouse striatum was studied using whole-cell in vivo recordings Neurons in dorsomedial striatum integrate tactile and visual sensory inputs Sensory responses are mediated by overlapping excitation and inhibition Bilateral sensory input is integrated differently by direct and indirect pathway MSNs
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Reig
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
| | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
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31
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Diederich NJ, Stebbins G, Schiltz C, Goetz CG. Are patients with Parkinson's disease blind to blindsight? Brain 2014; 137:1838-49. [PMID: 24764573 PMCID: PMC4032103 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, visual dysfunction is prominent. Visual hallucinations can be a major hallmark of late stage disease, but numerous visual deficits also occur in early stage Parkinson's disease. Specific retinopathy, deficits in the primary visual pathway and the secondary ventral and dorsal pathways, as well as dysfunction of the attention pathways have all been posited as causes of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. We present data from patients with Parkinson's disease that contrast with a known neuro-ophthalmological syndrome, termed 'blindsight'. In this syndrome, there is an absence of conscious object identification, but preserved 'guess' of the location of a stimulus, preserved reflexive saccades and motion perception and preserved autonomical and expressive reactions to negative emotional facial expressions. We propose that patients with Parkinson's disease have the converse of blindsight, being 'blind to blindsight'. As such they preserve conscious vision, but show erroneous 'guess' localization of visual stimuli, poor saccades and motion perception, and poor emotional face perception with blunted autonomic reaction. Although a large data set on these deficits in Parkinson's disease has been accumulated, consolidation into one specific syndrome has not been proposed. Focusing on neuropathological and physiological data from two phylogenetically old and subconscious pathways, the retino-colliculo-thalamo-amygdala and the retino-geniculo-extrastriate pathways, we propose that aberrant function of these systems, including pathologically inhibited superior colliculus activity, deficient corollary discharges to the frontal eye fields, dysfunctional pulvinar, claustrum and amygdaloid subnuclei of the amygdala, the latter progressively burdened with Lewy bodies, underlie this syndrome. These network impairments are further corroborated by the concept of the 'silent amygdala'. Functionally being 'blind to blindsight' may facilitate the highly distinctive 'presence' or 'passage' hallucinations of Parkinson's disease and can help to explain handicaps in driving capacities and dysfunctional 'theory of mind'. We propose this synthesis to prompt refined neuropathological and neuroimaging studies on the pivotal nuclei in these pathways in order to better understand the networks underpinning this newly conceptualized syndrome in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Diederich
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg2 Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg3 Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, USA
| | - Glenn Stebbins
- 3 Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, USA
| | - Christine Schiltz
- 4 Institute of Cognitive Science and Assessment, Research Unit Education, Culture, Cognition and Society, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- 3 Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Centre, Chicago, USA
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32
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Fisher SD, Reynolds JNJ. The intralaminar thalamus-an expressway linking visual stimuli to circuits determining agency and action selection. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:115. [PMID: 24765070 PMCID: PMC3980097 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical investigations have revealed connections between the intralaminar thalamic nuclei and areas such as the superior colliculus (SC) that receive short latency input from visual and auditory primary sensory areas. The intralaminar nuclei in turn project to the major input nucleus of the basal ganglia, the striatum, providing this nucleus with a source of subcortical excitatory input. Together with a converging input from the cerebral cortex, and a neuromodulatory dopaminergic input from the midbrain, the components previously found necessary for reinforcement learning in the basal ganglia are present. With this intralaminar sensory input, the basal ganglia are thought to play a primary role in determining what aspect of an organism's own behavior has caused salient environmental changes. Additionally, subcortical loops through thalamic and basal ganglia nuclei are proposed to play a critical role in action selection. In this mini review we will consider the anatomical and physiological evidence underlying the existence of these circuits. We will propose how the circuits interact to modulate basal ganglia output and solve common behavioral learning problems of agency determination and action selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Fisher
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - John N J Reynolds
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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33
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Kraus MM, Prast H, Philippu A. Influence of parafascicular thalamic input on neuronal activity within the nucleus accumbens is mediated by nitric oxide - an in vivo study. Life Sci 2014; 102:49-54. [PMID: 24607782 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Thalamostriatal fibers are involved in cognitive tasks such as acquisition, learning, processing of sensory events, and behavioral flexibility and might play a role in Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was the in vivo electrochemical characterization of the projection from the lateral aspect of the parafascicular thalamus (Pfl) to the dorsolateral aspect of the nucleus accumbens (dNAc). Since nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in striatal synaptic transmission, its implication in Pfl-evoked signaling within the dNAc was investigated. MAIN METHODS The Pfl was electrically stimulated utilizing paired pulses and extracellular potentials were recorded within the dNAc. Simultaneously, the dNAc was superfused using the push-pull superfusion technique for local application of compounds and for assessing the influence of NO on release of glutamate, aspartate and GABA. KEY FINDINGS Stimulation of the Pfl evoked a negative-going component at 9-14 ms followed by a positive-going component at 39-48 ms. The early response was current-dependent and diminished by superfusion of the dNAc with tetrodotoxin, kynurenic acid or N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), while 3-(2-hydroxy-2-nitroso-1-propylhydrazino)-1-propanamine (PAPA/NO) increased this evoked potential. Transmitter release was inhibited by L-NAME and facilitated by PAPA/NO. SIGNIFICANCE This study describes for the first time in vivo extracellular electrical responses of the dNAc on stimulation of the Pfl. Synaptic transmission within the dNAc on stimulation of the Pfl seems to be facilitated by NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela M Kraus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Prast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Athineos Philippu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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34
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Enhanced visual responses in the superior colliculus and subthalamic nucleus in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience 2013; 252:277-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Alloway KD, Smith JB, Watson GDR. Thalamostriatal projections from the medial posterior and parafascicular nuclei have distinct topographic and physiologic properties. J Neurophysiol 2013; 111:36-50. [PMID: 24108793 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00399.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is critical for executing sensorimotor behaviors that depend on stimulus-response (S-R) associations. In rats, the DLS receives it densest inputs from primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, but it also receives substantial input from the thalamus. Much of rat DLS is devoted to processing whisker-related information, and thalamic projections to these whisker-responsive DLS regions originate from the parafascicular (Pf) and medial posterior (POm) nuclei. To determine which thalamic nucleus is better suited for mediating S-R associations in the DLS, we compared their input-output connections and neuronal responses to repetitive whisker stimulation. Tracing experiments demonstrate that POm projects specifically to the DLS, but the Pf innervates both dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the striatum. The Pf nucleus is innervated by whisker-sensitive sites in the superior colliculus, and these sites also send dense projections to the zona incerta, a thalamic region that sends inhibitory projections to the POm. These data suggest that projections from POm to the DLS are suppressed by incertal inputs when the superior colliculus is activated by unexpected sensory stimuli. Simultaneous recordings with two electrodes indicate that POm neurons are more responsive and habituate significantly less than Pf neurons during repetitive whisker stimulation. Response latencies are also shorter in POm than in Pf, which is consistent with the fact that Pf receives its whisker information via synaptic relays in the superior colliculus. These findings indicate that, compared with the Pf nucleus, POm transmits somatosensory information to the DLS with a higher degree of sensory fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Alloway
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
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36
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Evans RC, Maniar YM, Blackwell KT. Dynamic modulation of spike timing-dependent calcium influx during corticostriatal upstates. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1631-45. [PMID: 23843436 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00232.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum of the basal ganglia demonstrates distinctive upstate and downstate membrane potential oscillations during slow-wave sleep and under anesthetic. The upstates generate calcium transients in the dendrites, and the amplitude of these calcium transients depends strongly on the timing of the action potential (AP) within the upstate. Calcium is essential for synaptic plasticity in the striatum, and these large calcium transients during the upstates may control which synapses undergo plastic changes. To investigate the mechanisms that underlie the relationship between calcium and AP timing, we have developed a realistic biophysical model of a medium spiny neuron (MSN). We have implemented sophisticated calcium dynamics including calcium diffusion, buffering, and pump extrusion, which accurately replicate published data. Using this model, we found that either the slow inactivation of dendritic sodium channels (NaSI) or the calcium inactivation of voltage-gated calcium channels (CDI) can cause high calcium corresponding to early APs and lower calcium corresponding to later APs. We found that only CDI can account for the experimental observation that sensitivity to AP timing is dependent on NMDA receptors. Additional simulations demonstrated a mechanism by which MSNs can dynamically modulate their sensitivity to AP timing and show that sensitivity to specifically timed pre- and postsynaptic pairings (as in spike timing-dependent plasticity protocols) is altered by the timing of the pairing within the upstate. These findings have implications for synaptic plasticity in vivo during sleep when the upstate-downstate pattern is prominent in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Evans
- The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and
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37
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Lee I, Lee CH. Contextual behavior and neural circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:84. [PMID: 23675321 PMCID: PMC3650478 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals including humans engage in goal-directed behavior flexibly in response to items and their background, which is called contextual behavior in this review. Although the concept of context has long been studied, there are differences among researchers in defining and experimenting with the concept. The current review aims to provide a categorical framework within which not only the neural mechanisms of contextual information processing but also the contextual behavior can be studied in more concrete ways. For this purpose, we categorize contextual behavior into three subcategories as follows by considering the types of interactions among context, item, and response: contextual response selection, contextual item selection, and contextual item–response selection. Contextual response selection refers to the animal emitting different types of responses to the same item depending on the context in the background. Contextual item selection occurs when there are multiple items that need to be chosen in a contextual manner. Finally, when multiple items and multiple contexts are involved, contextual item–response selection takes place whereby the animal either chooses an item or inhibits such a response depending on item–context paired association. The literature suggests that the rhinal cortical regions and the hippocampal formation play key roles in mnemonically categorizing and recognizing contextual representations and the associated items. In addition, it appears that the fronto-striatal cortical loops in connection with the contextual information-processing areas critically control the flexible deployment of adaptive action sets and motor responses for maximizing goals. We suggest that contextual information processing should be investigated in experimental settings where contextual stimuli and resulting behaviors are clearly defined and measurable, considering the dynamic top-down and bottom-up interactions among the neural systems for contextual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inah Lee
- Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
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38
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Schulz JM, Reynolds JNJ. Pause and rebound: sensory control of cholinergic signaling in the striatum. Trends Neurosci 2012; 36:41-50. [PMID: 23073210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic interneurons have emerged as one of the key players controlling network functions in the striatum. Extracellularly recorded cholinergic interneurons acquire characteristic responses to sensory stimuli during reward-related learning, including a pause and subsequent rebound in spiking. However, the precise underlying cellular mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of cholinergic interneuron activity. We discuss evidence of mechanisms that have been proposed to underlie sensory responses, including antagonistic actions by dopamine, recurrent inhibition via local interneurons, and an intrinsically generated membrane hyperpolarization in response to excitatory inputs. The review highlights outstanding questions and concludes with a model of the sensory responses and their downstream effects through dynamic acetylcholine receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Schulz
- Department of Biomedicine, Physiological Institute, University of Basel, Pestalozzistr. 20, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Woldeit ML, Schulz AL, Ohl FW. Phase de-synchronization effects auditory gating in the ventral striatum but not auditory cortex. Neuroscience 2012; 216:70-81. [PMID: 22548782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms and involved brain areas in sensory gating of repetitive auditory stimuli remain unclear. Especially, the influence of the auditory cortex and the role of temporal precision are under debate. Our first objective was to analyze gating dynamics of local field potentials in the primary auditory cortex and the ventral striatum in an animal experiment, particularly, assessing the influence of the cortex. The second aim was to follow the hypothesis that auditory gating results from phase de-synchronization of evoked potentials in response to the second auditory stimulus. Local field potentials were recorded simultaneously in the auditory cortex and ventral striatum of awake Mongolian gerbils (n=15) during stimulation with trains of frequency-modulated tones. Gating was analyzed by amplitude ratios of the auditory potentials evoked by the first two stimuli in a train, as well as by time-frequency analyses and between-area phase coupling. The strength of auditory gating in the striatum was found to exceed that in the primary auditory cortex by more than 50%. While total-signal-power was comparable between areas, energy in the striatum was primarily expressed in the non-phase-locked fraction. At the same time, energy in the auditory cortex remained phase-locked to the stimuli. Furthermore, we also observed a between-area phase unlocking during sound presentations. Phase de-synchronization appears to be the candidate mechanism behind attenuation of responses to identical repetitive stimuli in the ventral striatum. We conclude that a direct inhibitory response suppression by the auditory cortex plays a minor role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Woldeit
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Systems Physiology of Learning, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Thalamic contributions to Basal Ganglia-related behavioral switching and reinforcement. J Neurosci 2012; 31:16102-6. [PMID: 22072662 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4634-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the existence of prominent connections between the intralaminar thalamic nuclei and the basal ganglia has long been established, the limited knowledge of the functional relevance of this network has considerably hampered progress in our understanding of the neural mechanisms by which the thalamostriatal system integrates and regulates the basal ganglia circuitry. In this brief commentary, we will address this gap of knowledge through a discussion of the key points of a symposium entitled "Thalamic Contributions to Basal Ganglia-Related Behavioral Switching and Reinforcement" that will be presented at the 2011 Society for Neuroscience meeting. Recent anatomical and physiological data that support the role of the thalamostriatal system in action selection, attentional shifting, and reinforcement will be discussed. We will also address the possibility that degeneration of the thalamostriatal system could underlie some of the deficits in redirection of attention in response to salient stimuli seen in Parkinson's disease.
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Redgrave P, Vautrelle N, Reynolds J. Functional properties of the basal ganglia's re-entrant loop architecture: selection and reinforcement. Neuroscience 2011; 198:138-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Goldberg J, Reynolds J. Spontaneous firing and evoked pauses in the tonically active cholinergic interneurons of the striatum. Neuroscience 2011; 198:27-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Diederich NJ, Parent A. Parkinson's disease: acquired frailty of archaic neural networks? J Neurol Sci 2011; 314:143-51. [PMID: 22050951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) many motor and non-motor symptoms are difficult to explain in terms of a purely ascending degeneration process as described by Braak. This essay proposes phylogenetic considerations for consolidating the multidimensional elements of PD. Subtle clinical analysis paired with ethological comparisons as well as patho-anatomical data suggests that disrupted automatic gait control, olfactory deficits, selected visual deficits, impaired emotional face recognition, and REM sleep behavior disorder could be due to dysfunction of phylogenetically ancient networks. Neuroanatomical and behavioral findings lead to a reconsideration of the basal ganglia, to be viewed as the nuclear core of a widely distributed neural network that arborizes throughout the primordial core of the neuraxis, including the brainstem. Fragility of the resulting multiple, closed, ancillary loops that link brainstem and forebrain components of the basal ganglia may be a nodal point, pivotal to the pathogenesis of PD. Other primitive neural networks, such as those located at cardiac or gastro-intestinal levels, may share the same vulnerability. Such a network-based hypothesis overrides the need of a fixed temporal ordering of symptoms based on putative caudal-cephalic propagation patterns of pathological lesions. It also creates testable, secondary hypotheses such as differential gene expression in different neural networks, potential early epigenetic influences, concepts of "overuse" or maladaptation of primitive networks to the constraints of adult life, and system frailty due to irreparable mitochondrial "exhaustion" in highly energy consuming postmitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Diederich
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg-City, Luxembourg.
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Abstract
Tonically active neurons in the primate striatum, believed to be cholinergic interneurons (CINs), respond to sensory stimuli with a pronounced pause in firing. Although inhibitory and neuromodulatory mechanisms have been implicated, it is not known how sensory stimuli induce firing pauses in CINs in vivo. Here, we used intracellular recordings in anesthetized rats to investigate the effectiveness of a visual stimulus at modulating spike activity in CINs. Initially, no neuron was visually responsive. However, following pharmacological activation of tecto-thalamic pathways, the firing pattern of most CINs was significantly modulated by a light flashed into the contralateral eye. Typically, this induced an excitation followed by a pause in spike firing, via an underlying depolarization-hyperpolarization membrane sequence. Stimulation of thalamic afferents in vitro evoked similar responses that were independent of synaptic inhibition. Thus, visual stimulation likely induces an initial depolarization via a subcortical tecto-thalamo-striatal pathway, pausing CIN firing through an intrinsic afterhyperpolarization.
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Maleki N, Becerra L, Nutile L, Pendse G, Brawn J, Bigal M, Burstein R, Borsook D. Migraine attacks the Basal Ganglia. Mol Pain 2011; 7:71. [PMID: 21936901 PMCID: PMC3192678 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With time, episodes of migraine headache afflict patients with increased frequency, longer duration and more intense pain. While episodic migraine may be defined as 1-14 attacks per month, there are no clear-cut phases defined, and those patients with low frequency may progress to high frequency episodic migraine and the latter may progress into chronic daily headache (> 15 attacks per month). The pathophysiology of this progression is completely unknown. Attempting to unravel this phenomenon, we used high field (human) brain imaging to compare functional responses, functional connectivity and brain morphology in patients whose migraine episodes did not progress (LF) to a matched (gender, age, age of onset and type of medication) group of patients whose migraine episodes progressed (HF). Results In comparison to LF patients, responses to pain in HF patients were significantly lower in the caudate, putamen and pallidum. Paradoxically, associated with these lower responses in HF patients, gray matter volume of the right and left caudate nuclei were significantly larger than in the LF patients. Functional connectivity analysis revealed additional differences between the two groups in regard to response to pain. Conclusions Supported by current understanding of basal ganglia role in pain processing, the findings suggest a significant role of the basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of the episodic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Maleki
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Schulz JM, Pitcher TL, Savanthrapadian S, Wickens JR, Oswald MJ, Reynolds JNJ. Enhanced high-frequency membrane potential fluctuations control spike output in striatal fast-spiking interneurones in vivo. J Physiol 2011; 589:4365-81. [PMID: 21746788 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.212944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast-spiking interneurones (FSIs) constitute a prominent part of the inhibitory microcircuitry of the striatum; however, little is known about their recruitment by synaptic inputs in vivo. Here, we report that, in contrast to cholinergic interneurones (CINs), FSIs (n = 9) recorded in urethane-anaesthetized rats exhibit Down-to-Up state transitions very similar to spiny projection neurones (SPNs). Compared to SPNs, the FSI Up state membrane potential was noisier and power spectra exhibited significantly larger power at frequencies in the gamma range (55-95 Hz). The membrane potential exhibited short and steep trajectories preceding spontaneous spike discharge, suggesting that fast input components controlled spike output in FSIs. Spontaneous spike data contained a high proportion (43.6 ± 32.8%) of small inter-spike intervals (ISIs) of <30 ms, setting FSIs clearly apart from SPNs and CINs. Cortical-evoked inputs had slower dynamics in SPNs than FSIs, and repetitive stimulation entrained SPN spike output only if the stimulation was delivered at an intermediate frequency (20 Hz), but not at a high frequency (100 Hz). Pharmacological induction of an activated ECoG state, known to promote rapid FSI spiking, mildly increased the power (by 43 ± 55%, n = 13) at gamma frequencies in the membrane potential of SPNs, but resulted in few small ISIs (<30 ms; 4.3 ± 6.4%, n = 8). The gamma frequency content did not change in CINs (n = 8). These results indicate that FSIs are uniquely responsive to high-frequency input sequences. By controlling the spike output of SPNs, FSIs could serve gating of top-down signals and long-range synchronisation of gamma-oscillations during behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Schulz
- J. M. Schulz: Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bühlplatz 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Parallel associative processing in the dorsal striatum: segregation of stimulus-response and cognitive control subregions. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:95-120. [PMID: 21704718 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although evidence suggests that the dorsal striatum contributes to multiple learning and memory functions, there nevertheless remains considerable disagreement on the specific associative roles of different neuroanatomical subregions. We review evidence indicating that the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is a substrate for stimulus-response habit formation - incremental strengthening of simple S-R bonds - via input from sensorimotor neocortex while the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) contributes to behavioral flexibility - the cognitive control of behavior - via prefrontal and limbic circuits engaged in relational and spatial information processing. The parallel circuits through dorsal striatum interact with incentive/affective motivational processing in the ventral striatum and portions of the prefrontal cortex leading to overt responding under specific testing conditions. Converging evidence obtained through a detailed task analysis and neurobehavioral assessment is beginning to illuminate striatal subregional interactions and relations to the rest of the mammalian brain.
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Lobb CJ, Wilson CJ, Paladini CA. High-frequency, short-latency disinhibition bursting of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J Neurophysiol 2011; 105:2501-11. [PMID: 21367999 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01076.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During reinforcement and sequence learning, dopaminergic neurons fire bursts of action potentials. Dopaminergic neurons in vivo receive strong background excitatory and inhibitory inputs, suggesting that one mechanism by which bursts may be produced is disinhibition. Unfortunately, these inputs are lost during slice preparation and are not precisely controlled during in vivo experiments. In the present study we show that dopaminergic neurons can be shifted into a balanced state in which constant synaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and GABA(A) conductances are mimicked either pharmacologically or using dynamic clamp. From this state, a disinhibition burst can be evoked by removing the background inhibitory conductance. We demonstrate three functional characteristics of network-based disinhibition that promote high-frequency, short-latency bursting in dopaminergic neurons. First, we found that increasing the total background NMDA and GABA(A) synaptic conductances increased the intraburst firing frequency and reduced its latency. Second, we found that the disinhibition burst is sensitive to the proportion of background inhibitory input that is removed. In particular, we found that high-frequency, short-latency bursts were enhanced by increasing the degree of disinhibition. Third, the time course over which inhibition is removed had a large effect on the burst, namely, that synchronous removal of weak inhibitory inputs produces bursts of high intraburst frequency and shorter latency. Our results suggest that fast, more precisely timed bursts can be evoked by complete and synchronous disinhibition of dopaminergic neurons in a high-conductance state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J Lobb
- Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A large and diverse literature has implicated abnormalities of striatal structure and function in both unipolar and bipolar disorder. Recent functional imaging studies have greatly expanded this body of research. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and critical appraisal of the relevant literature. METHODS A total of 331 relevant articles were reviewed to develop an integrated overview of striatal function in mood disorders. RESULTS There is compelling evidence from multiple studies that functional abnormalities of the striatum and greater corticostriatal circuitry exist in at least some forms of affective illness. The literature does not yet provide data to determine whether these aberrations represent primary pathology or they contribute directly to symptom expression. Finally, there is considerable evidence that bipolar disorder may be associated with striatal hyperactivity and some suggestion that unipolar illness may be associated with hypoactivation. CONCLUSIONS Additional research investigating striatal function in affective disorders will be critical to the development of comprehensive models of the neurobiology of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Marchand
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 19 MIRECC, 5500 Foothill, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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Day-Brown JD, Wei H, Chomsung RD, Petry HM, Bickford ME. Pulvinar projections to the striatum and amygdala in the tree shrew. Front Neuroanat 2010; 4:143. [PMID: 21120139 PMCID: PMC2991220 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2010.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visually guided movement is possible in the absence of conscious visual perception, a phenomenon referred to as “blindsight.” Similarly, fearful images can elicit emotional responses in the absence of their conscious perception. Both capabilities are thought to be mediated by pathways from the retina through the superior colliculus (SC) and pulvinar nucleus. To define potential pathways that underlie behavioral responses to unperceived visual stimuli, we examined the projections from the pulvinar nucleus to the striatum and amygdala in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), a species considered to be a prototypical primate. The tree shrew brain has a large pulvinar nucleus that contains two SC-recipient subdivisions; the dorsal (Pd) and central (Pc) pulvinar both receive topographic (“specific”) projections from SC, and Pd receives an additional non-topographic (“diffuse”) projection from SC (Chomsung et al., 2008). Anterograde and retrograde tract tracing revealed that both Pd and Pc project to the caudate and putamen, and Pd, but not Pc, additionally projects to the lateral amygdala. Using immunocytochemical staining for substance P (SP) and parvalbumin (PV) to reveal the patch/matrix organization of tree shrew striatum, we found that SP-rich/PV-poor patches interlock with a PV-rich/SP-poor matrix. Confocal microscopy revealed that tracer-labeled pulvino-striatal terminals preferentially innervate the matrix. Electron microscopy revealed that the postsynaptic targets of tracer-labeled pulvino-striatal and pulvino-amygdala terminals are spines, demonstrating that the pulvinar nucleus projects to the spiny output cells of the striatum matrix and the lateral amygdala, potentially relaying: (1) topographic visual information from SC to striatum to aid in guiding precise movements, and (2) non-topographic visual information from SC to the amygdala alerting the animal to potentially dangerous visual images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Day-Brown
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville Medical Center Louisville, KY, USA
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