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Tusnim J, Budharaju K, Grasman JM. Fabrication of ECM protein coated hollow collagen channels to study peripheral nerve regeneration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16096. [PMID: 38997331 PMCID: PMC11245515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a prevalent clinical problem that often leads to lifelong disability and reduced quality of life. Although peripheral nerves can regenerate, recovery after severe injury is slow and incomplete. The current gold standard treatment, autologous nerve transplantation, has limitations including donor site morbidity and poor functional outcomes, highlighting the need for improved repair strategies. We developed a reproducible in vitro hollow channel collagen gel construct to investigate peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR) by exploring the influence of key extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins on axonal growth and regeneration. Channels were coated with ECM proteins: collagen IV, laminin, or fibronectin and seeded with dorsal root ganglia (DRG) collected from E16 rat embryos to compare the ability of the ECM proteins to enhance axonal growth. Robust axonal extension and Schwann cell (SC) infiltration were observed in fibronectin-coated channels, suggesting its superiority over other ECM proteins. Differential effects of ECM proteins on axons and SCs indicated direct growth stimulation beyond SC-mediated guidance. In vitro laceration injury modeling further confirmed fibronectin's superior pro-regenerative effects, showcasing its potential in enhancing axonal regrowth post-injury. Advancing in vitro modeling that closely replicates native microenvironments will accelerate progress in overcoming the limitations of current nerve repair approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarin Tusnim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Karthik Budharaju
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Jonathan M Grasman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
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2
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Zhu X, Jia Z, Zhou Y, Wu J, Cao M, Hu C, Yu L, Chen Z. Current advances in the pain treatment and mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 39031847 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as a unique medical model in China, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of many diseases. It has been proven that TCM can increase the pain threshold, increase the level of endorphins and enkephalins in the body, and reduce the body's response to adverse stimuli. In recent years, TCM scholars have made valuable explorations in the field of pain treatment, using methods such as internal and external application of TCM and acupuncture to carry out research on pain treatment and have achieved more satisfactory results. TCM treats pain in a variety of ways, and with the discovery of a variety of potential bioactive substances for pain treatment. With the new progress in the research of other TCM treatment methods for pain, TCM will have greater potential in the clinical application of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuolin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mayijie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Changjiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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3
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Li Z, Wang H, Yin Y. Peripheral inflammation is a potential etiological factor in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:99-120. [PMID: 37602685 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation could constitute a risk factor for AD. This review summarizes the research related to peripheral inflammation that appears to have a relationship with Alzheimer's disease. We find there are significant associations between AD and peripheral infection induced by various pathogens, including herpes simplex virus type 1, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Helicobacter pylori, and Toxoplasma gondii. Chronic inflammatory diseases are also reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of AD. The mechanisms by which peripheral inflammation affects the pathophysiology of AD are complex. Pathogen-derived neurotoxic molecule composition, disrupted BBB, and dysfunctional neurogenesis may all play a role in peripheral inflammation, promoting the development of AD. Anti-pathogenic medications and anti-inflammatory treatments are reported to decrease the risk of AD. Studies that could improve understanding the associations between AD and peripheral inflammation are needed. If our assumption is correct, early intervention against inflammation may be a potential method of preventing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yafu Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
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4
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Dziemidowicz K, Kellaway SC, Guillemot-Legris O, Matar O, Trindade RP, Roberton VH, Rayner MLD, Williams GR, Phillips JB. Development of ibuprofen-loaded electrospun materials suitable for surgical implantation in peripheral nerve injury. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213623. [PMID: 37837905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of nerve wraps for use in the repair of peripheral nerves has shown promise over recent years. A pharmacological effect to improve regeneration may be achieved by loading such materials with therapeutic agents, for example ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with neuroregenerative properties. In this study, four commercially available polymers (polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and two co-polymers containing different ratios of PLA to PCL) were used to fabricate ibuprofen-loaded nerve wraps using blend electrospinning. In vitro surgical handling experiments identified a formulation containing a PLA/PCL 70/30 molar ratio co-polymer as the most suitable for in vivo implantation. In a rat model, ibuprofen released from electrospun materials significantly improved the rate of axonal growth and sensory recovery over a 21-day recovery period following a sciatic nerve crush. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis of nerve segments revealed that the anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects of ibuprofen may still be observed 21 days after implantation. This suggests that the formulation developed in this work could have potential to improve nerve regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dziemidowicz
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Simon C Kellaway
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Omar Matar
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rita Pereira Trindade
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria H Roberton
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Melissa L D Rayner
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth R Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - James B Phillips
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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5
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Rocha DN, Carvalho ED, Pires LR, Gardin C, Zanolla I, Szewczyk PK, Machado C, Fernandes R, Stachewicz U, Zavan B, Relvas JB, Pêgo AP. It takes two to remyelinate: A bioengineered platform to study astrocyte-oligodendrocyte crosstalk and potential therapeutic targets in remyelination. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 151:213429. [PMID: 37148597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The loss of the myelin sheath insulating axons is the hallmark of demyelinating diseases. These pathologies often lead to irreversible neurological impairment and patient disability. No effective therapies are currently available to promote remyelination. Several elements contribute to the inadequacy of remyelination, thus understanding the intricacies of the cellular and signaling microenvironment of the remyelination niche might help us to devise better strategies to enhance remyelination. Here, using a new in vitro rapid myelinating artificial axon system based on engineered microfibres, we investigated how reactive astrocytes influence oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and myelination ability. This artificial axon culture system enables the effective uncoupling of molecular cues from the biophysical properties of the axons, allowing the detailed study of the astrocyte-OL crosstalk. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were cultured on poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-ε-caprolactone) copolymer electrospun microfibres that served as surrogate axons. This platform was then combined with a previously established tissue engineered glial scar model of astrocytes embedded in 1 % (w/v) alginate matrices, in which astrocyte reactive phenotype was acquired using meningeal fibroblast conditioned medium. OPCs were shown to adhere to uncoated engineered microfibres and differentiate into myelinating OL. Reactive astrocytes were found to significantly impair OL differentiation ability, after six and eight days in a co-culture system. Differentiation impairment was seen to be correlated with astrocytic miRNA release through exosomes. We found significantly reduction on the expression of pro-myelinating miRNAs (miR-219 and miR-338) and an increase in anti-myelinating miRNA (miR-125a-3p) content between reactive and quiescent astrocytes. Additionally, we show that OPC differentiation inhibition could be reverted by rescuing the activated astrocytic phenotype with ibuprofen, a chemical inhibitor of the small rhoGTPase RhoA. Overall, these findings show that modulating astrocytic function might be an interesting therapeutic avenue for demyelinating diseases. The use of these engineered microfibres as an artificial axon culture system will enable the screening for potential therapeutic agents that promote OL differentiation and myelination while providing valuable insight on the myelination/remyelination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela N Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva D Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana R Pires
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Chiara Gardin
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, 48033 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanolla
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Piotr K Szewczyk
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Cláudia Machado
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Fernandes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Urszula Stachewicz
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pêgo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-343 Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Colucci R, Fornai M, Antonioli L, Segnani C, Ippolito C, Pellegrini C, Nericcio A, Zizzo MG, Serio R, Blandizzi C, Bernardini N. Role of cyclooxygenase pathways in bowel fibrotic remodelling in a murine model of experimental colitis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:264-275. [PMID: 36477570 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gut fibrosis occurs under chronic inflammation. This study examined the effects of different cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors on fibrosis in the inflamed colon. METHODS Colitis was induced by 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS) in albino male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 6, 12 and 18 days, macroscopic and microscopic damage, collagen and elastic fibre content were examined. At day 6, pro-fibrotic factors (collagen I and III, hydroxyproline, fibronectin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signalling [TGF-β, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), phosphorylated small mother against decapentaplegic (pSMAD)-2 and -6] and peristalsis were assessed, and the effects of indomethacin, SC-560 or celecoxib were tested. KEY FINDINGS Six days after DNBS administration, significant histopathological signs of fibrotic remodelling were observed in rats. At day 6, pro-fibrotic factors were up-regulated and colonic peristalsis was altered. COX inhibitors reversed the histochemical, molecular and functional changes in the fibrotic colon. COX inhibition reduced TGF-β expression, SMAD2 phosphorylation and RhoA, and increased SMAD6 expression. CONCLUSIONS Colonic fibrosis is associated with altered bowel motility and induction of profibrotic factors driven by TGF-β signalling. COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition counteracts this fibrotic remodelling by the modulation of TGF-β/SMAD signalling, mainly via SMAD6 induction and reduction in SMAD2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Nericcio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Zizzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Serio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Rayner MLD, Kellaway SC, Kingston I, Guillemot-Legris O, Gregory H, Healy J, Phillips JB. Exploring the Nerve Regenerative Capacity of Compounds with Differing Affinity for PPARγ In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010042. [PMID: 36611836 PMCID: PMC9818498 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to peripheral nerves can cause debilitating consequences for patients such as lifelong pain and disability. At present, no drug treatments are routinely given in the clinic following a peripheral nerve injury (PNI) to improve regeneration and remyelination of damaged nerves. Appropriately targeted therapeutic agents have the potential to be used at different stages following nerve damage, e.g., to maintain Schwann cell viability, induce and sustain a repair phenotype to support axonal growth, or promote remyelination. The development of therapies to promote nerve regeneration is currently of high interest to researchers, however, translation to the clinic of drug therapies for PNI is still lacking. Studying the effect of PPARγ agonists for treatment of peripheral nerve injures has demonstrated significant benefits. Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has reproducibly demonstrated benefits in vitro and in vivo, suggested to be due to its agonist action on PPARγ. Other NSAIDs have demonstrated differing levels of PPARγ activation based upon their affinity. Therefore, it was of interest to determine whether affinity for PPARγ of selected drugs corresponded to an increase in regeneration. A 3D co-culture in vitro model identified some correlation between these two properties. However, when the drug treatments were screened in vivo, in a crush injury model in a rat sciatic nerve, the same correlation was not apparent. Further differences were observed between capacity to increase axon number and improvement in functional recovery. Despite there not being a clear correlation between affinity and size of effect on regeneration, all selected PPARγ agonists improved regeneration, providing a panel of compounds that could be explored for use in the treatment of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. D. Rayner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Simon C. Kellaway
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - Isabel Kingston
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - Holly Gregory
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - Jess Healy
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
| | - James B. Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London WC1N 6BT, UK
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8
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Barczuk J, Siwecka N, Lusa W, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Kucharska E, Majsterek I. Targeting NLRP3-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168979. [PMID: 36012243 PMCID: PMC9409081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the general population and, to date, constitutes a major therapeutic challenge. In the pathogenesis of AD, aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) containing Tau-microtubule-associated protein (tau) are known to trigger a neuroinflammatory response with subsequent formation of an inflammasome. In particular, the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is thought to play a crucial role in AD-related pathology. While the mechanisms for NLRP3 activation are not fully understood, it has been demonstrated that, after detection of protein aggregates, NLRP3 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 18 (IL-18) or interleukin 1β (IL-1β), that further potentiate AD progression. Specific inhibitors of NLRP3 that exhibit various mechanisms to attenuate the activity of NLRP3 have been tested in in vivo studies and have yielded promising results, as shown by the reduced level of tau and Aβ aggregates and diminished cognitive impairment. Herein, we would like to summarize the current state of knowledge on NLRP3 inflammasome priming, activation, and its actual role in AD pathogenesis, and to characterize the NLRP3 inhibitors that have been studied most and their impact on AD-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Barczuk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Weronika Lusa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Kucharska
- Department of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Social Work, Jesuit University Ignatianum, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-53-00
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9
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Lozupone M, Berardino G, Mollica A, Sardone R, Dibello V, Zupo R, Lampignano L, Castellana F, Bortone I, Stallone R, Daniele A, Altamura M, Bellomo A, Solfrizzi V, Panza F. ALZT-OP1: An experimental combination regimen for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:759-771. [PMID: 35758153 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2095261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, US FDA granted accelerated approval for aducanumab due to its amyloid-β (Aβ)-lowering effects, notwithstanding the reported poor correlation between amyloid plaque reduction and clinical change for this drug. The diversification of drug targets appears to be the future of the AD field and from this perspective, drugs modulating microglia dysfunction and combination treatment regimens offer some promise. AREAS COVERED The aim of the present article was to provide a comprehensive review of ALZT-OP1 (cromolyn sodium plus ibuprofen), an experimental combination treatment regimen for AD, discussing their mechanisms of action targeting Aβ and neuroinflammation, examining the role of microglia in AD and offering our own insights on the role of present and alternative approaches directed toward neuroinflammation. EXPERT OPINION Enrolling high-risk participants with elevated brain amyloid could help to slow cognitive decline in secondary prevention trials during AD preclinical stages. Long-term follow-up indicated that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use begun when the brain was still normal may benefit these patients, suggesting that the timing of therapy could be crucial. However, previous clinical failures and the present incomplete understanding of the Aβ pathophysiological role in AD put this novel experimental combination regimen at substantial risk of failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Berardino
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Anita Mollica
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Dibello
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Zupo
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Lampignano
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Castellana
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bortone
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Stallone
- Neuroscience and Education, Human Resources Excellence in Research, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Altamura
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- "Cesare Frugoni" Internal and Geriatric Medicine and Memory Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology and Research Hospital IRCCS "S. De Bellis" Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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10
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Li G, Zhang P, Sun W, Ren C, Wang L. Bridging-BPs: a novel approach to predict potential drug-target interactions based on a bridging heterogeneous graph and BPs2vec. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6509044. [PMID: 35037024 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting drug-target interactions (DTIs) is a convenient strategy for drug discovery. Although various computational methods have been put forward in recent years, DTIs prediction is still a challenging task. In this paper, based on indirect prior information (we term them as mediators), we proposed a new model, called Bridging-BPs (bridging paths), for DTIs prediction. Specifically, we regarded linkage process between mediators and DTs (drugs and proteins) as 'bridging' and source (drug)-mediators-destination (protein) as bridging paths. By integrating various bridging paths, we constructed a bridging heterogeneous graph for DTIs. After that, an improved graph-embedding algorithm-BPs2vec-was designed to capture deep topological features underlying the bridging graph, thereby obtaining the low-dimensional node vector representations. Then, the vector representations were fed into a Random Forest classifier to train and score the probability, outputting the final classification results for potential DTIs. Under 5-fold cross validation, our method obtained AUPR of 88.97% and AUC of 88.63%, suggesting that Bridging-BPs could effectively mine the link relationships hidden in indirect prior information and it significantly improved the accuracy and robustness of DTIs prediction without direct prior information. Finally, we confirmed the practical prediction ability of Bridging-BPs by case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weicheng Sun
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengjuan Ren
- School of Computer Software Convergence Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, 54150, Korea
| | - Lei Wang
- Big Data and Intelligent Computing Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Science, Nanning, 530007, China
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11
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Repurposing Small Molecules to Target PPAR-γ as New Therapies for Peripheral Nerve Injuries. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091301. [PMID: 34572514 PMCID: PMC8465622 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow rate of neuronal regeneration that follows peripheral nerve repair results in poor recovery, particularly where reinnervation of muscles is delayed, leading to atrophy and permanent loss of function. There is a clear clinical need to develop drug treatments that can accelerate nerve regeneration safely, restoring connections before the target tissues deteriorate irreversibly. The identification that the Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway acts to limit neuronal growth rate is a promising advancement towards the development of drugs. Targeting Rho or ROCK directly can act to suppress the activity of this pathway; however, the pathway can also be modulated through the activation of upstream receptors; one of particular interest being peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). The connection between the PPAR-γ receptor and the Rho/ROCK pathway is the suppression of the conversion of inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-Rho to active guanosine triphosphate GTP-Rho, resulting in the suppression of Rho/ROCK activity. PPAR-γ is known for its role in cellular metabolism that leads to cell growth and differentiation. However, more recently there has been a growing interest in targeting PPAR-γ in peripheral nerve injury (PNI). The localisation and expression of PPAR-γ in neural cells following a PNI has been reported and further in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that delivering PPAR-γ agonists following injury promotes nerve regeneration, leading to improvements in functional recovery. This review explores the potential of repurposing PPAR-γ agonists to treat PNI and their prospective translation to the clinic.
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12
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Salva O, Doreski PA, Giler CS, Quinodoz DC, Guzmán LG, Muñoz SE, Carrillo MN, Porta DJ, Ambasch G, Coscia E, Diaz JLT, Bueno GD, Fandi JO, Maldonado MA, Peña Chiappero LE, Fournier F, Pérez HA, Quiroga MA, Sala Mercado JA, Martínez Picco C, Beltrán MA, Argañarás LA, Ríos NM, Kalayan GI, Beltramo DM, García NH. Reversal of SARS-CoV2-Induced Hypoxia by Nebulized Sodium Ibuprofenate in a Compassionate Use Program. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:2511-2524. [PMID: 34460083 PMCID: PMC8404026 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sodium ibuprofenate in hypertonic saline (NaIHS) administered directly to the lungs by nebulization and inhalation has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, with the potential to deliver these benefits to hypoxic patients. We describe a compassionate use program that offered this therapy to hospitalized COVID-19 patients. METHODS NaIHS (50 mg ibuprofen, tid) was provided in addition to standard of care (SOC) to hospitalized COVID-19 patients until oxygen saturation levels of > 94% were achieved on ambient air. Patients wore a containment hood to diminish aerosolization. Outcome data from participating patients treated at multiple hospitals in Argentina between April 4 and October 31, 2020, are summarized. Results were compared with a retrospective contemporaneous control (CC) group of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with SOC alone during the same time frame from a subset of participating hospitals from Córdoba and Buenos Aires. RESULTS The evolution of 383 patients treated with SOC + NaIHS [56 on mechanical ventilation (MV) at baseline] and 195 CC (21 on MV at baseline) are summarized. At baseline, NaIHS-treated patients had basal oxygen saturation of 90.7 ± 0.2% (74.3% were on supplemental oxygen at baseline) and a basal respiratory rate of 22.7 ± 0.3 breath/min. In the CC group, basal oxygen saturation was 92.6 ± 0.4% (52.1% were on oxygen supplementation at baseline) and respiratory rate was 19.3 ± 0.3 breath/min. Despite greater pulmonary compromise at baseline in the NaIHS-treated group, the length of treatment (LOT) was 9.1 ± 0.2 gs with an average length of stay (ALOS) of 11.5 ± 0.3 days, in comparison with an ALOS of 13.3 ± 0.9 days in the CC group. In patients on MV who received NaIHS, the ALOS was lower than in the CC group. In both NaIHS-treated groups, a rapid reversal of deterioration in oxygenation and NEWS2 scores was observed acutely after initiation of NaIHS therapy. No serious adverse events were considered related to ibuprofen therapy. Mortality was lower in both NaIHS groups compared with CC groups. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of COVID-19 pneumonitis with inhalational nebulized NaIHS was associated with rapid improvement in hypoxia and vital signs, with no serious adverse events attributed to therapy. Nebulized NaIHS s worthy of further study in randomized, placebo-controlled trials (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04382768).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Salva
- Clínica Independencia, Munro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Celia S Giler
- Clínica Independencia, Munro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Sonia E Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana N Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela J Porta
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Germán Ambasch
- Sanatorio Mayo Privado SA, Ciudad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Esteban Coscia
- Sanatorio Mayo Privado SA, Ciudad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Germán D Bueno
- Sanatorio Mayo Privado SA, Ciudad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge O Fandi
- Clínica Independencia, Munro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Hernán A Pérez
- Sanatorio Alive, Ciudad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Maryland University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mauro A Quiroga
- Instituto Modelo de Cardiología, Ciudad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Galia I Kalayan
- CEPROCOR, Ciudad de Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Dante M Beltramo
- CEPROCOR, Ciudad de Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina.,CONICET, Ciudad de Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Néstor H García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina. .,CEPROCOR, Ciudad de Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina.
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13
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Cosgrove KT, Kuplicki R, Savitz J, Burrows K, Simmons WK, Khalsa SS, Teague TK, Aupperle RL, Paulus MP. Impact of ibuprofen and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma on emotion-related neural activation: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:135-142. [PMID: 34052365 PMCID: PMC8319138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen have shown initial promise in producing antidepressant effects. This is perhaps due to these drugs being peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists, in addition to their inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes. Some, albeit mixed, evidence suggests that PPARγ agonists have antidepressant effects in humans and animals. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, pharmacologic functional magnetic resonance imaging (ph-fMRI) study aimed to elucidate the impact of ibuprofen on emotion-related neural activity and determine whether observed effects were due to changes in PPARγ gene expression. Twenty healthy volunteers completed an emotional face matching task during three fMRI sessions, conducted one week apart. Placebo, 200 mg, or 600 mg ibuprofen was administered 1 h prior to each scan in a pseudo-randomized order. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected at each session to isolate RNA for PPARγ gene expression. At the doses used, ibuprofen did not significantly change PPARγ gene expression. Ibuprofen dose was associated with decreased blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and fusiform gyrus during emotional face processing (faces-shapes). Additionally, PPARγ gene expression was associated with increased BOLD activation in the insula and transverse and superior temporal gyri (faces-shapes). No interaction effects between ibuprofen dose and PPARγ gene expression on BOLD activation were observed. Thus, results suggest that ibuprofen and PPARγ may have independent effects on emotional neurocircuitry. Future studies are needed to further delineate the roles of ibuprofen and PPARγ in exerting antidepressant effects in healthy as well as clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly T. Cosgrove
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136,Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, 74104
| | - Rayus Kuplicki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136 USA.
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136 USA.
| | - Kaiping Burrows
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136 USA.
| | - W. Kyle Simmons
- Center for Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 1013 E 66th Pl, Tulsa, OK 74136
| | - Sahib S. Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136,School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, 74104
| | - T. Kent Teague
- School of Community Medicine, University of Oklahoma, 4502 E. 41st St., Tulsa, OK, 74135
| | - Robin L. Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136,School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, 74104
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136,School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, 74104
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14
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Vinton J, Aninweze A, Birgbauer E. Ibuprofen does not inhibit RhoA-mediated growth cone collapse of embryonic chicken retinal axons by LPA. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2969-2977. [PMID: 34322723 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid that causes neuronal growth cones to collapse and neurites to retract through a RhoA-ROCK mediated pathway. It has been reported that the NSAID ibuprofen improves regeneration after spinal cord injury through a mechanism of inhibiting RhoA. This leads to the hypothesis that ibuprofen should block LPA-mediated growth cone collapse. We tested this hypothesis by treating embryonic chick retinal neurons with ibuprofen followed by LPA. Retinal growth cones collapsed with LPA in the presence of ibuprofen similar to control; however, growth cone collapse was effectively blocked by a ROCK inhibitor. Thus, our results do not support the designation of ibuprofen as a direct RhoA inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Vinton
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, 29733, USA
| | - Adaeze Aninweze
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, 29733, USA
| | - Eric Birgbauer
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, 29733, USA.
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15
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Wen MM, Ismail NIK, Nasra MMA, El-Kamel AH. Repurposing ibuprofen-loaded microemulsion for the management of Alzheimer's disease: evidence of potential intranasal brain targeting. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1188-1203. [PMID: 34121565 PMCID: PMC8205090 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1937383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen could reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The drug-repurposing strategy offers a bright opportunity for these patients. Intranasal administration through the olfactory pathway provides noninvasive and direct drug delivery to the target brain. A novel ibuprofen microemulsion was prepared, characterized and assessed the brain uptake in rats. The solubility of ibuprofen in various oils, surfactants, co-surfactants, and different ratios of surfactant/co-surfactant mixtures was screened and the phase diagrams were constructed. The colloidal particle size was 166.3 ± 2.55 nm and the zeta potential was −22.7 mV. Conductivity and dilution test identified an O/W type microemulsion with pH 4.09 ± 0.08. The rheological study showed a Newtonian flow behavior with cP 10.633 ± 0.603 (mPa⋅s). A steady drug release and linear permeation profiles were observed and showed a 90% permeation rate from the released drug. Ibuprofen microemulsion showed excellent stability in 3-months accelerated storage conditions, heating-cooling and freeze-thaw cycles, accelerated centrifugation, and 6- and 12-months long-term storage conditions. In vivo studies in rats further demonstrated a 4-fold higher brain uptake of ibuprofen from the microemulsion compared to the reference solution and nearly 4-fold and 10-fold higher compared to the intravenous and oral administrations. This study provides an exciting repurposing strategy and new administration route for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha Ismail Khamis Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maha M A Nasra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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16
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Xu H, Peng C, Chen XT, Yao YY, Chen LP, Yin Q, Shen W. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 activates the RhoA/ROCK2 pathway in spinal neurons that induces bone cancer pain. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920919568. [PMID: 32349612 PMCID: PMC7227150 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920919568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been found to be associated with spinal neuron and glial cell activation during bone cancer pain. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Furthermore, the RhoA/ROCK2 pathway serves as a downstream pathway activated by CXCR4 during bone cancer pain. We first validated the increase in the expressions of CXCR4, p-RhoA, and p-ROCK2 in the spinal dorsal horn of a well-characterized tumor cell implantation-induced cancer pain rat model and how these expressions contributed to the pain behavior in tumor cell implantation rats. We hypothesized that spinal blockade of the CXCR4-RhoA/ROCK2 pathway is a potential analgesic therapy for cancer pain management. Methods Adult female Sprague–Dawley rats (body weight of 180–220 g) and six- to seven-week old female Sprague–Dawley rats (body weight of 80–90 g) were taken. Ascitic cancer cells were extracted from the rats (body weight of 80–90 g) with intraperitoneally implanted Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells. Walker 256 rat mammary gland carcinoma cells were then injected (tumor cell implantation) into the intramedullary space of the tibia to establish a rat model of bone cancer pain. Results We found increased expressions of CXCR4, p-RhoA, and p-ROCK2 in the neurons in the spinal cord. p-RhoA and p-ROCK2 were co-expressed in the neurons and promoted by overexpressed CXCR4. Intrathecal delivery of CXCR4 inhibitor Plerixafor (AMD3100) or ROCK2 inhibitor Fasudil abrogated tumor cell implantation-induced pain hypersensitivity and tumor cell implantation-induced increase in p-RhoA and p-ROCK2 expressions. Intrathecal injection of stromal-derived factor-1, the principal ligand for CXCR4, accelerated p-RhoA expression in naive rats, which was prevented by postadministration of CXCR4 inhibitor Plerixafor (AMD3100) or ROCK2 inhibitor Fasudil. Conclusions Collectively, the spinal RhoA/ROCK2 pathway could be a critical downstream target for CXCR4-mediated neuronal sensitization and pain hypersensitivity in bone cancer pain, and it may serve as a potent therapeutic target for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chong Peng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Tai Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Ying Yao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Ping Chen
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Yin
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Guiler W, Koehler A, Boykin C, Lu Q. Pharmacological Modulators of Small GTPases of Rho Family in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661612. [PMID: 34054432 PMCID: PMC8149604 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Rho GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, are members of the Ras small GTPase superfamily and play essential roles in a variety of cellular functions. Rho GTPase signaling can be turned on and off by specific GEFs and GAPs, respectively. These features empower Rho GTPases and their upstream and downstream modulators as targets for scientific research and therapeutic intervention. Specifically, significant therapeutic potential exists for targeting Rho GTPases in neurodegenerative diseases due to their widespread cellular activity and alterations in neural tissues. This study will explore the roles of Rho GTPases in neurodegenerative diseases with focus on the applications of pharmacological modulators in recent discoveries. There have been exciting developments of small molecules, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and natural products and toxins for each classical Rho GTPase category. A brief overview of each category followed by examples in their applications will be provided. The literature on their roles in various diseases [e.g., Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Multiple sclerosis (MS)] highlights the unique and broad implications targeting Rho GTPases for potential therapeutic intervention. Clearly, there is increasing knowledge of therapeutic promise from the discovery of pharmacological modulators of Rho GTPases for managing and treating these conditions. The progress is also accompanied by the recognition of complex Rho GTPase modulation where targeting its signaling can improve some aspects of pathogenesis while exacerbating others in the same disease model. Future directions should emphasize the importance of elucidating how different Rho GTPases work in concert and how they produce such widespread yet different cellular responses during neurodegenerative disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer’s and Neurogenerative Diseases Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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18
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Anwar A, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Repurposing of Drugs Is a Viable Approach to Develop Therapeutic Strategies against Central Nervous System Related Pathogenic Amoebae. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2378-2384. [PMID: 32073257 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-eating amoebae including Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri, and Balamuthia mandrillaris cause rare infections of the central nervous system that almost always result in death. The high mortality rate, lack of interest for drug development from pharmaceutical industries, and no available effective drugs present an alarming challenge. The current drugs employed in the management and therapy of these devastating diseases are amphotericin B, miltefosine, chlorhexidine, pentamidine, and voriconazole which are generally used in combination. However, clinical evidence shows that these drugs have limited efficacy and high host cell cytotoxicity. Repurposing of drugs is a practical approach to utilize commercially available, U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved drugs for one disease against rare diseases caused by brain-eating amoebae. In this Perspective, we highlight some of the success stories of drugs repositioned against neglected parasitic diseases and identify future potential for effective and sustainable drug development against brain-eating amoebae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Sami A, Selzer ME, Li S. Advances in the Signaling Pathways Downstream of Glial-Scar Axon Growth Inhibitors. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:174. [PMID: 32714150 PMCID: PMC7346763 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon growth inhibitors generated by reactive glial scars play an important role in failure of axon regeneration after CNS injury in mature mammals. Among the inhibitory factors, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are potent suppressors of axon regeneration and are important molecular targets for designing effective therapies for traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury (SCI). CSPGs bind with high affinity to several transmembrane receptors, including two members of the leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs). Recent studies demonstrate that multiple intracellular signaling pathways downstream of these two RPTPs mediate the growth-inhibitory actions of CSPGs. A better understanding of these signaling pathways may facilitate development of new and effective therapies for CNS disorders characterized by axonal disconnections. This review will focus on recent advances in the downstream signaling pathways of scar-mediated inhibition and their potential as the molecular targets for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sami
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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20
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Gender-specific changes in energy metabolism and protein degradation as major pathways affected in livers of mice treated with ibuprofen. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3386. [PMID: 32099006 PMCID: PMC7042271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen, an inhibitor of prostanoid biosynthesis, is a common pharmacological agent used for the management of pain, inflammation and fever. However, the chronic use of ibuprofen at high doses is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and liver injuries. The underlying mechanisms of ibuprofen-mediated effects on liver remain unclear. To determine the mechanisms and signaling pathways affected by ibuprofen (100 mg/kg/day for seven days), we performed proteomic profiling of male mice liver with quantitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using ten-plex tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling. More than 300 proteins were significantly altered between the control and ibuprofen-treated groups. The data suggests that several major pathways including (1) energy metabolism, (2) protein degradation, (3) fatty acid metabolism and (4) antioxidant system are altered in livers from ibuprofen treated mice. Independent validation of protein changes in energy metabolism and the antioxidant system was carried out by Western blotting and showed sex-related differences. Proteasome and immunoproteasome activity/expression assays showed ibuprofen induced gender-specific proteasome and immunoproteasome dysfunction in liver. The study observed multifactorial gender-specific ibuprofen-mediated effects on mice liver and suggests that males and females are affected differently by ibuprofen.
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21
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A method to rapidly analyze the simultaneous release of multiple pharmaceuticals from electrospun fibers. Int J Pharm 2020; 574:118871. [PMID: 31765769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun fibers are a commonly used cell scaffold and have also been used as pharmaceutical delivery devices. In this study, we developed a method to analyze the release of multiple pharmaceuticals from a single electrospun fiber scaffold and determine how each pharmaceutical's loading concentration affects the release rate of each pharmaceutical. Our analysis methods were tested on electrospun fibers loaded with two pharmaceuticals: 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN) and ibuprofen. Pharmaceutical concentration in electrospun fibers ranged from 1.5% to 8.5% by weight. We found that 6AN release was dependent on the concentration of 6AN and ibuprofen loaded into the fibers, while ibuprofen release was only dependent on the loading concentration of ibuprofen but not 6AN. Unexpectedly, ibuprofen release became dependent on both 6AN and ibuprofen loading concentrations when fibers were aged for 1-month post-fabrication at room temperature in the laboratory followed by a 4-hour incubation inside the cell culture incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO2. One additional discovery was an unknown signal that was attributed to the medical grade syringes used for electrospinning, which was easily removed using our method. These results demonstrate the utility of the methods developed here and indicate multiple agents can be released concomitantly from electrospun fibers to meet the demands of more complex tissue engineering approaches. Future work will focus on analysis of pharmaceutical release profiles to exploit the dependencies on pharmaceutical loading concentrations.
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22
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Li R, Song X, Li G, Hu Z, Sun L, Chen C, Yang L. Ibuprofen attenuates interleukin-1β-induced inflammation and actin reorganization via modulation of RhoA signaling in rabbit chondrocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:1026-1033. [PMID: 31553428 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen, a medication in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug class, is widely used for treating inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis. It has been shown in recent years that ibuprofen has a strong effect on Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) inhibition in multiple cell types. Our previous finding also demonstrated that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) increases filamentous actin (F-actin) of chondrocytes via RhoA pathway. Therefore, we hypothesized that ibuprofen may suppress the IL-1β-induced F-actin upregulation in chondrocytes by inhibiting RhoA pathway. To this end, in this study, articular chondrocytes from New Zealand White rabbits were pretreated with 500 μM ibuprofen for 2 h, then with 10 ng/ml IL-1β for 24 h. Results showed that pretreatment with ibuprofen inhibited the IL-1β-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, protected the chondrocyte phenotype from IL-1β stimulation, and inhibited the IL-1β-induced actin remodeling via RhoA signaling modulation. In conclusion, ibuprofen showed not only anti-inflammatory function, but also RhoA inhibition in articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiongbo Song
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gaoming Li
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Gastroenterology Department, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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23
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Rymut SM, Lu B, Perez A, Corey DA, Lamb K, Cotton CU, Kelley TJ. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition regulates microtubule dynamics and intracellular transport in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1081-L1093. [PMID: 30892081 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00369.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of high-dose ibuprofen as an anti-inflammatory therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF) has been shown to be an effective intervention although use is limited due to potential adverse events. Identifying the mechanism of ibuprofen efficacy would aid in the development of new therapies that avoid these adverse events. Previous findings demonstrated that ibuprofen treatment restores the regulation of microtubule dynamics in CF epithelial cells through a 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent mechanism. The goal of this study is to define the AMPK pathway that leads to microtubule regulation. Here, it is identified that inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the key step in mediating the AMPK effect. ACC inhibition with 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA) increases microtubule reformation rates in cultured and primary CF epithelial cells to wild-type (WT) rates. TOFA treatment also restores microtubule-dependent distribution of cholesterol and Rab7-positive organelles, as well as reduces expression of the proinflammatory signaling molecule RhoA to WT levels. ACC activation with citrate replicates these CF phenotypes in WT cells further supporting the role of AMPK signaling through ACC as a key mediator in CF cell signaling. It is concluded that ACC inhibition is the key step in the efficacy of AMPK activation at the cellular level and could represent a novel site of therapeutic intervention to address inflammation in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Rymut
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Binyu Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Aura Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Deborah A Corey
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kata Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Calvin U Cotton
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thomas J Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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24
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Rayner MLD, Laranjeira S, Evans RE, Shipley RJ, Healy J, Phillips JB. Developing an In Vitro Model to Screen Drugs for Nerve Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1628-1637. [PMID: 30334365 PMCID: PMC6282521 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) have a high prevalence and can be debilitating, resulting in life‐long loss or disturbance in end‐organ function, which compromises quality of life for patients. Current therapies use microsurgical approaches but there is the potential for enhancing recovery through other therapeutic modalities such as; cell‐based conduits, gene therapy and small molecules. A number of molecular targets and drugs which have the potential to improve nerve regeneration have been identified, however, there are challenges associated with moving therapies toward clinical translation. Due to the lack of detailed knowledge about the pro‐regenerative effect of potential drug treatments, there is a need for effective in vitro models to screen compounds to inform future pre‐clinical and clinical studies. The interaction between regenerating neurites and supporting Schwann cells is a key feature of the nerve environment, therefore, in vitro models that mimic this cellular association are useful tools. In this study, we have investigated various cell culture models, including simple monolayer systems and more complex 3D‐engineered co‐cultures, as models for use in PNI drug development. Anat Rec, 301:1628–1637, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L D Rayner
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, WC1X 8LD, London, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square WC1N 1AX, London, UK.,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Simão Laranjeira
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.,UCL Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 7JEK, London, UK
| | - Rachael E Evans
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, WC1X 8LD, London, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square WC1N 1AX, London, UK.,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Rebecca J Shipley
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.,UCL Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 7JEK, London, UK
| | - Jess Healy
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square WC1N 1AX, London, UK.,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - James B Phillips
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, WC1X 8LD, London, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square WC1N 1AX, London, UK.,UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
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25
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Schiavone S, Trabace L. Small Molecules: Therapeutic Application in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020411. [PMID: 29438357 PMCID: PMC6017408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have been published, focusing on the potential therapeutic use of small catalytic agents with strong biological properties. So far, most of these works have only regarded specific clinical fields, such as oncology, infectivology and general pathology, in particular with respect to the treatment of significant inflammatory processes. However, interesting data on possible therapeutic applications of small molecules for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses are emerging, especially with respect to the possibility to modulate the cellular redox state. Indeed, a crucial role of redox dysregulation in the pathogenesis of these disorders has been widely demonstrated by both pre-clinical and clinical studies, being the reduction of the total amount of free radicals a promising novel therapeutic approach for these diseases. In this review, we focused our interest on studies published during the last ten years reporting therapeutic potential of small molecules for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, also based on the biological efficiency of these compounds in detecting intracellular disturbances induced by increased production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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26
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Acute spinal cord injury: A review of pathophysiology and potential of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pharmacological intervention. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 87:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Joo MC, Jang CH, Park JT, Choi SW, Ro S, Kim MS, Lee MY. Effect of electrical stimulation on neural regeneration via the p38-RhoA and ERK1/2-Bcl-2 pathways in spinal cord-injured rats. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:340-346. [PMID: 29557386 PMCID: PMC5879908 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although electrical stimulation is therapeutically applied for neural regeneration in patients, it remains unclear how electrical stimulation exerts its effects at the molecular level on spinal cord injury (SCI). To identify the signaling pathway involved in electrical stimulation improving the function of injured spinal cord, 21 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control (no surgical intervention, n = 6), SCI (SCI only, n = 5), and electrical simulation (ES; SCI induction followed by ES treatment, n = 10). A complete spinal cord transection was performed at the 10th thoracic level. Electrical stimulation of the injured spinal cord region was applied for 4 hours per day for 7 days. On days 2 and 7 post SCI, the Touch-Test Sensory Evaluators and the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor scale were used to evaluate rat sensory and motor function. Somatosensory-evoked potentials of the tibial nerve of a hind paw of the rat were measured to evaluate the electrophysiological function of injured spinal cord. Western blot analysis was performed to measure p38-RhoA and ERK1/2-Bcl-2 pathways related protein levels in the injured spinal cord. Rat sensory and motor functions were similar between SCI and ES groups. Compared with the SCI group, in the ES group, the latencies of the somatosensory-evoked potential of the tibial nerve of rats were significantly shortened, the amplitudes were significantly increased, RhoA protein level was significantly decreased, protein gene product 9.5 expression, ERK1/2, p38, and Bcl-2 protein levels in the spinal cord were significantly increased. These data suggest that ES can promote the recovery of electrophysiological function of the injured spinal cord through regulating p38-RhoA and ERK1/2-Bcl-2 pathway-related protein levels in the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheol Joo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Chul Hwan Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jong Tae Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Min Seob Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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28
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Pires LR, Lopes CDF, Salvador D, Rocha DN, Pêgo AP. Ibuprofen-loaded fibrous patches-taming inhibition at the spinal cord injury site. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:157. [PMID: 28894995 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that a therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI) demands a multi-target approach. Here we propose the use of an easily implantable bilayer polymeric patch based on poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(TMC-CL)) that combines physical guidance cues provided by electrospun aligned fibres and the delivery of ibuprofen, as a mean to reduce the inhibitory environment at the lesion site by taming RhoA activation. Bilayer patches comprised a solvent cast film onto which electrospun aligned fibres have been deposited. Both layers were loaded with ibuprofen. In vitro release (37°C, in phosphate buffered saline) of the drug from the loaded scaffolds under sink condition was found to occur in the first 24 h. The released ibuprofen was shown to retain its bioactivity, as indicated by the reduction of RhoA activation when the neuronal-like cell line ND7/23 was challenged with lysophosphatidic acid. Ibuprofen-loaded P(TMC-CL) bilayer scaffolds were successfully implanted in vivo in a dorsal hemisection rat SCI model mediating the reduction of RhoA activation after 5 days of implantation in comparison to plain P(TMC-CL) scaffolds. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue shows βIII tubulin positive cells close to the ibuprofen-loaded patches further supporting the use of this strategy in the context of regeneration after a lesion in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana R Pires
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- INL- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cátia D F Lopes
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Salvador
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Daniela N Rocha
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal.
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal.
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29
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs attenuate amyloid-β protein-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization through Rho signaling modulation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:1311-1318. [PMID: 28124209 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β protein (Aβ) neurotoxicity occurs along with the reorganization of the actin-cytoskeleton through the activation of the Rho GTPase pathway. In addition to the classical mode of action of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin, and ibuprofen have Rho-inhibiting effects. In order to evaluate the role of the Rho GTPase pathway on Aβ-induced neuronal death and on neuronal morphological modifications in the actin cytoskeleton, we explored the role of NSAIDS in human-differentiated neuroblastoma cells exposed to Aβ. We found that Aβ induced neurite retraction and promoted the formation of different actin-dependent structures such as stress fibers, filopodia, lamellipodia, and ruffles. In the presence of Aβ, both NSAIDs prevented neurite collapse and formation of stress fibers without affecting the formation of filopodia and lamellipodia. Similar results were obtained when the downstream effector, Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632, was applied in the presence of Aβ. These results demonstrate the potential benefits of the Rho-inhibiting NSAIDs in reducing Aβ-induced effects on neuronal structural alterations.
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30
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Ke C, Gao F, Tian X, Li C, Shi D, He W, Tian Y. Slit2/Robo1 Mediation of Synaptic Plasticity Contributes to Bone Cancer Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:295-307. [PMID: 26738857 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is fundamental to spinal sensitivity of bone cancer pain. Here, we have shown that excitatory synaptogenesis contributes to bone cancer pain. New synapse formation requires neurite outgrowth and an interaction between axons and dendrites, accompanied by the appositional organization of presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations. We have shown that Slit2, Robo1, and RhoA act as such cues that promote neurite outgrowth and guide the axon for synapse formation. Sarcoma inoculation induces excitatory synaptogenesis and bone cancer pain which are reversed by Slit2 knockdown but aggravated by Robo1 knockdown. Synaptogenesis of cultured neurons are inhibited by Slit2 knockdown but enhanced by Robo1 knockdown. Sarcoma implantation induces an increase in Slit2 and decreases Robo1 and RhoA, while Slit2 knockdown results in an increase of Robo1 and RhoA. These results have demonstrated a molecular mechanism of synaptogenesis in bone cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbin Ke
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Pain (IAP) and Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan City, 442000, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xuebi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Caijuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dai Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wensheng He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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31
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Ohtake Y, Wong D, Abdul-Muneer PM, Selzer ME, Li S. Two PTP receptors mediate CSPG inhibition by convergent and divergent signaling pathways in neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37152. [PMID: 27849007 PMCID: PMC5111048 DOI: 10.1038/srep37152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ) and its subfamily member LAR act as transmembrane receptors that mediate growth inhibition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Inhibition of either receptor increases axon growth into and beyond scar tissues after CNS injury. However, it is unclear why neurons express two similar CSPG receptors, nor whether they use the same or different intracellular pathways. We have now studied the signaling pathways of these two receptors using N2A cells and primary neurons derived from knockout mice. We demonstrate that both receptors share certain signaling pathways (RhoA, Akt and Erk), but also use distinct signals to mediate CSPG actions. Activation of PTPσ by CSPGs selectively inactivated CRMP2, APC, S6 kinase and CREB. By contrast LAR activation inactivated PKCζ, cofilin and LKB1. For the first time, we propose a model of the signaling pathways downstream of these two CSPG receptors. We also demonstrate that deleting both receptors exhibits additive enhancement of axon growth in adult neuronal cultures in vitro. Our findings elucidate the novel downstream pathways of CSPGs and suggest potential synergy of blocking their two PTP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Daniella Wong
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - P. M. Abdul-Muneer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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32
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Corona JC, Duchen MR. PPARγ as a therapeutic target to rescue mitochondrial function in neurological disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:153-163. [PMID: 27352979 PMCID: PMC5145801 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many of the major neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, suggesting that mitochondrial and antioxidant pathways may represent potential novel therapeutic targets. Recent years have seen a rapidly growing interest in the use of therapeutic strategies that can limit the defects in, or even to restore, mitochondrial function while reducing free radical generation. The peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has a wide spectrum of biological functions, regulating mitochondrial function, mitochondrial turnover, energy metabolism, antioxidant defence and redox balance, immune responses and fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we explore the evidence for potential beneficial effects of PPARγ agonists in a number of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease, ischaemia, autoimmune encephalomyelitis and neuropathic pain. We discuss the mechanisms underlying those beneficial effects in particular in relation to mitochondrial function, antioxidant defence, cell death and inflammation, and suggest that the PPARγ agonists show significant promise as therapeutic agents in otherwise intractable neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Corona
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Patel P, Parikh M, Shah H, Gandhi T. Inhibition of RhoA/Rho kinase by ibuprofen exerts cardioprotective effect on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:91-98. [PMID: 27565218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) and hypertension are the leading cause of death worldwide so protection of heart is focus of intense research. Rho-kinase, a downstream effector of protein involved in MI and hypertension, is inhibited by ibuprofen. This study aims to elucidate cardioprotective effect of ibuprofen in rats. MI was produced in rats with 85mg/kg isoproterenol (ISO) administered s.c. twice at an interval of 24h. The rats were randomized into six groups: (I) Normal; (II) ISO; (III) ISO + ascorbic acid (250mg/kg p.o.); (IV-VI) ISO + ibuprofen (30, 60 and 90mg/kg p.o). After the completion of the study period of 21 days, cardiac function and biomarkers were assessed. Pre-treatment with ibuprofen (30, 60 and 90mg/kg p.o) ameliorated high BP and left ventricular dysfunction, furthermore it prevented the rise in CKMB, LDH and α-HBDH, suggesting the effect of ibuprofen in maintenance of cell membrane integrity. In addition, it also prevented alteration in the levels of electrolytes, ATPase activity and antioxidant status. Ibuprofen suppressed ISO-induced ROCK-1 mRNA expression and histological changes. Ibuprofen provided cardioprotection in a model of myocardial infarction, by restoring most of the altered physical, physiological, biochemical, haemodynamic parameters, antioxidant status, and histological changes and by inhibiting ROCK-1 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prexita Patel
- Pharmacology Department, Anand Pharmacy College, Shri Ramkrishna Seva Mandal Opp. Town-Hall, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Mihir Parikh
- Pharmacology Department, Anand Pharmacy College, Shri Ramkrishna Seva Mandal Opp. Town-Hall, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India.
| | - Hital Shah
- Pharmacology Department, Anand Pharmacy College, Shri Ramkrishna Seva Mandal Opp. Town-Hall, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejal Gandhi
- Pharmacology Department, Anand Pharmacy College, Shri Ramkrishna Seva Mandal Opp. Town-Hall, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India
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Kopp MA, Liebscher T, Watzlawick R, Martus P, Laufer S, Blex C, Schindler R, Jungehulsing GJ, Knüppel S, Kreutzträger M, Ekkernkamp A, Dirnagl U, Strittmatter SM, Niedeggen A, Schwab JM. SCISSOR-Spinal Cord Injury Study on Small molecule-derived Rho inhibition: a clinical study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010651. [PMID: 27466236 PMCID: PMC4964175 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The approved analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and indometacin block the small GTPase RhoA, a key enzyme that impedes axonal sprouting after axonal damage. Inhibition of the Rho pathway in a central nervous system-effective manner requires higher dosages compared with orthodox cyclooxygenase-blocking effects. Preclinical studies on spinal cord injury (SCI) imply improved motor recovery after ibuprofen/indometacin-mediated Rho inhibition. This has been reassessed by a meta-analysis of the underlying experimental evidence, which indicates an overall effect size of 20.2% regarding motor outcome achieved after ibuprofen/indometacin treatment compared with vehicle controls. In addition, ibuprofen/indometacin may also limit sickness behaviour, non-neurogenic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), neuropathic pain and heterotopic ossifications after SCI. Consequently, 'small molecule'-mediated Rho inhibition after acute SCI warrants clinical investigation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Protocol of an investigator-initiated clinical open-label pilot trial on high-dose ibuprofen treatment after acute traumatic, motor-complete SCI. A sample of n=12 patients will be enrolled in two cohorts treated with 2400 mg/day ibuprofen for 4 or 12 weeks, respectively. The primary safety end point is an occurrence of serious adverse events, primarily gastroduodenal bleedings. Secondary end points are pharmacokinetics, feasibility and preliminary effects on neurological recovery, neuropathic pain and heterotopic ossifications. The primary safety analysis is based on the incidence of severe gastrointestinal bleedings. Additional analyses will be mainly descriptive and casuistic. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The clinical trial protocol was approved by the responsible German state Ethics Board, and the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices. The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, the principles of Good Clinical Practice and all further applicable regulations. This safety and pharmacokinetics trial informs the planning of a subsequent randomised controlled trial. Regardless of the result of the primary and secondary outcome assessments, the clinical trial will be reported as a publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02096913; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Kopp
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Liebscher
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Watzlawick
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Blex
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schindler
- Division of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard J Jungehulsing
- Department of Neurology, Jüdisches Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Knüppel
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Martin Kreutzträger
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Ekkernkamp
- Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics Clinic, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Department of Neurology, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Andreas Niedeggen
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Division, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA Department of Neuroscience and Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
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Nurr1 and PPARγ protect PC12 cells against MPP+ toxicity: involvement of selective genes, anti-inflammatory, ROS generation, and antimitochondrial impairment. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 420:29-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Iglesias J, Morales L, Barreto GE. Metabolic and Inflammatory Adaptation of Reactive Astrocytes: Role of PPARs. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2518-2538. [PMID: 26984740 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte-mediated inflammation is associated with degenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis. The acute inflammation and morphological and metabolic changes that astrocytes develop after the insult are known as reactive astroglia or astrogliosis that is an important response to protect and repair the lesion. Astrocytes optimize their metabolism to produce lactate, glutamate, and ketone bodies in order to provide energy to the neurons that are deprived of nutrients upon insult. Firstly, we review the basis of inflammation and morphological changes of the different cell population implicated in reactive gliosis. Next, we discuss the more active metabolic pathways in healthy astrocytes and explain the metabolic response of astrocytes to the insult in different pathologies and which metabolic alterations generate complications in these diseases. We emphasize the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors isotypes in the inflammatory and metabolic adaptation of astrogliosis developed in ischemia or neurodegenerative diseases. Based on results reported in astrocytes and other cells, we resume and hypothesize the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation with ligands on different metabolic pathways in order to supply energy to the neurons. The activation of selective PPAR isotype activity may serve as an input to better understand the role played by these receptors on the metabolic and inflammatory compensation of astrogliosis and might represent an opportunity to develop new therapeutic strategies against traumatic brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Iglesias
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
| | - Ludis Morales
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
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Schill EM, Lake JI, Tusheva OA, Nagy N, Bery SK, Foster L, Avetisyan M, Johnson SL, Stenson WF, Goldstein AM, Heuckeroth RO. Ibuprofen slows migration and inhibits bowel colonization by enteric nervous system precursors in zebrafish, chick and mouse. Dev Biol 2016; 409:473-88. [PMID: 26586201 PMCID: PMC4862364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung Disease (HSCR) is a potentially deadly birth defect characterized by the absence of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in distal bowel. Although HSCR has clear genetic causes, no HSCR-associated mutation is 100% penetrant, suggesting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions determine HSCR occurrence. To test the hypothesis that certain medicines might alter HSCR risk we treated zebrafish with medications commonly used during early human pregnancy and discovered that ibuprofen caused HSCR-like absence of enteric neurons in distal bowel. Using fetal CF-1 mouse gut slice cultures, we found that ibuprofen treated enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDC) had reduced migration, fewer lamellipodia and lower levels of active RAC1/CDC42. Additionally, inhibiting ROCK, a RHOA effector and known RAC1 antagonist, reversed ibuprofen effects on migrating mouse ENCDC in culture. Ibuprofen also inhibited colonization of Ret+/- mouse bowel by ENCDC in vivo and dramatically reduced bowel colonization by chick ENCDC in culture. Interestingly, ibuprofen did not affect ENCDC migration until after at least three hours of exposure. Furthermore, mice deficient in Ptgs1 (COX 1) and Ptgs2 (COX 2) had normal bowel colonization by ENCDC and normal ENCDC migration in vitro suggesting COX-independent effects. Consistent with selective and strain specific effects on ENCDC, ibuprofen did not affect migration of gut mesenchymal cells, NIH3T3, or WT C57BL/6 ENCDC, and did not affect dorsal root ganglion cell precursor migration in zebrafish. Thus, ibuprofen inhibits ENCDC migration in vitro and bowel colonization by ENCDC in vivo in zebrafish, mouse and chick, but there are cell type and strain specific responses. These data raise concern that ibuprofen may increase Hirschsprung disease risk in some genetically susceptible children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Merrick Schill
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan I Lake
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Olga A Tusheva
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Saya K Bery
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lynne Foster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Avetisyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen L Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William F Stenson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Rocha DN, Ferraz-Nogueira JP, Barrias CC, Relvas JB, Pêgo AP. Extracellular environment contribution to astrogliosis-lessons learned from a tissue engineered 3D model of the glial scar. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:377. [PMID: 26483632 PMCID: PMC4586948 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial scars are widely seen as a (bio)mechanical barrier to central nervous system regeneration. Due to the lack of a screening platform, which could allow in-vitro testing of several variables simultaneously, up to now no comprehensive study has addressed and clarified how different lesion microenvironment properties affect astrogliosis. Using astrocytes cultured in alginate gels and meningeal fibroblast conditioned medium, we have built a simple and reproducible 3D culture system of astrogliosis mimicking many features of the glial scar. Cells in this 3D culture model behave similarly to scar astrocytes, showing changes in gene expression (e.g., GFAP) and increased extra-cellular matrix production (chondroitin 4 sulfate and collagen), inhibiting neuronal outgrowth. This behavior being influenced by the hydrogel network properties. Astrocytic reactivity was found to be dependent on RhoA activity, and targeting RhoA using shRNA-mediated lentivirus reduced astrocytic reactivity. Further, we have shown that chemical inhibition of RhoA with ibuprofen or indirectly targeting RhoA by the induction of extracellular matrix composition modification with chondroitinase ABC, can diminish astrogliosis. Besides presenting the extracellular matrix as a key modulator of astrogliosis, this simple, controlled and reproducible 3D culture system constitutes a good scar-like system and offers great potential in future neurodegenerative mechanism studies, as well as in drug screenings envisaging the development of new therapeutic approaches to minimize the effects of the glial scar in the context of central nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela N Rocha
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - José P Ferraz-Nogueira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Glia Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina C Barrias
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Glia Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pêgo
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal ; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
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Xu X, Li N, Zhu L, Zhou Y, Cheng H. Beneficial effects of local profound hypothermia and the possible mechanism after experimental spinal cord injury in rats. J Spinal Cord Med 2015; 39:220-8. [PMID: 26322652 PMCID: PMC5072505 DOI: 10.1179/2045772315y.0000000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary focus of this study was to investigate the effects of local profound hypothermia and to explore the possible mechanism in adult rats with spinal cord injury. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Spinal cord injury models were established by placing aneurysm clips on T10. An epidural perfusion device was applied to maintain a steady temperature (18 °C) for 120 min with gradual rewarming to 37 °C Total hypothermic duration lasted up to about 170 min. The expression of axon regeneration inhibitors was tested by Western blot and real-time PCR. Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) stain and Bielschowsky silver stain were used to observe spinal cord morphology. Motor function of the hind limbs (BBB score) was monitored for 21 days. RESULTS The expressions of RhoA, ROCK-II, NG2, Neurocan, Brevican, and Nogo-A were downregulated by regional hypothermia (RH) after spinal cord injury. Subsequent observation showed that rats that had received RH had an alleviated demyelinating condition and a greater number of nerve fibers. Furthermore, the RH group achieved higher BBB scores than the spinal cord injury (SCI) group. CONCLUSIONS Recovery of hind limb function in rats can be promoted by local profound hypothermia; this may be caused by the suppression of axon regeneration inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huilin Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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40
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Ohtake Y, Li S. Molecular mechanisms of scar-sourced axon growth inhibitors. Brain Res 2014; 1619:22-35. [PMID: 25192646 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrogliosis is a defense response of the CNS to minimize primary damage and to repair injured tissues, but it ultimately generates harmful effects by upregulating inhibitory molecules to suppress neuronal elongation and forming potent barriers to axon regeneration. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are highly expressed by reactive scars and are potent contributors to the non-permissive environment in mature CNS. Surmounting strong inhibition by CSPG-rich scar is an important therapeutic goal for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. Currently, enzymatic digestion of CSPGs with locally applied chondroitinase ABC is the main in vivo approach to overcome scar inhibition, but several disadvantages may prevent using this bacterial enzyme as a therapeutic option for patients. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying CSPG function may facilitate development of new effective therapies to overcome scar-mediated inhibition. Previous studies support that CSPGs act by non-specifically hindering the binding of matrix molecules to their cell surface receptors through steric interactions, but two members of the leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) phosphatase subfamily, protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and LAR, are functional receptors that bind CSPGs with high affinity and mediate CSPG inhibition. CSPGs may also act by binding two receptors for myelin-associated growth inhibitors, Nogo receptors 1 and 3. Thus, CSPGs inhibit axon growth through multiple mechanisms, making them especially potent and difficult therapeutic targets. Identification of CSPG receptors is not only important for understanding the scar-mediated growth suppression, but also for developing novel and selective therapies to promote axon sprouting and/or regeneration after CNS injuries. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia 19140, PA, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia 19140, PA, USA.
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Role of PPAR γ in the Differentiation and Function of Neurons. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:768594. [PMID: 25246934 PMCID: PMC4160645 DOI: 10.1155/2014/768594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal processes (neurites and axons) have an important role in brain cells communication and, generally, they are damaged in neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence has showed that the activation of PPARγ pathway promoted neuronal differentiation and axon polarity. In addition, activation of PPARγ using thiazolidinediones (TZDs) prevented neurodegeneration by reducing neuronal death, improving mitochondrial function, and decreasing neuroinflammation in neuropathic pain. In this review, we will discuss important evidence that supports a possible role of PPARγ in neuronal development, improvement of neuronal health, and pain signaling. Therefore, activation of PPARγ is a potential target with therapeutic applications against neurodegenerative disorders, brain injury, and pain regulation.
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Ibuprofen protects ventilator-induced lung injury by downregulating Rho-kinase activity in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:749097. [PMID: 25019086 PMCID: PMC4075182 DOI: 10.1155/2014/749097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. Ventilator-induced lung injury-(VILI-) induced endothelial permeability is regulated through the Rho-dependent signaling pathway. Ibuprofen inhibits Rho activation in animal models of spinal-cord injury and Alzheimer's disease. The study aims to investigate ibuprofen effects on high tidal volume associated VILI. Methods. Twenty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive a ventilation strategy with three different interventions for 2 h: (1) a high-volume zero-positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (HVZP) group; (2) an HVZP + ibuprofen 15 mg/kg group; and (3) an HVZP + ibuprofen 30 mg/kg group. A fourth group without ventilation served as the control group. Rho-kinase activity was determined by ratio of phosphorylated ezrin, radixin, and moesin (p-ERM), substrates of Rho-kinase, to total ERM. VILI was characterized by increased pulmonary protein leak, wet-to-dry weight ratio, cytokines level, and Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF-H1), RhoA activity, p-ERM/total ERM, and p-myosin light chain (MLC) protein expression. Results. Ibuprofen pretreatment significantly reduced the HVZP ventilation-induced increase in pulmonary protein leak, wet-to-dry weight ratio, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid interleukin-6 and RANTES levels, and lung GEF-H1, RhoA activity, p-ERM/total ERM, and p-MLC protein expression. Conclusion. Ibuprofen attenuated high tidal volume induced pulmonary endothelial hyperpermeability. This protective effect was associated with a reduced Rho-kinase activity.
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Christie KJ, Krishnan A, Martinez JA, Purdy K, Singh B, Eaton S, Zochodne D. Enhancing adult nerve regeneration through the knockdown of retinoblastoma protein. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3670. [PMID: 24752312 PMCID: PMC5028199 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour suppressor pathways may offer novel targets capable of altering the plasticity of post-mitotic adult neurons. Here we describe a role for the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, widely expressed in adult sensory neurons and their axons, during regeneration. In adult sensory neurons, Rb short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown or Rb1 deletion in vitro enhances neurite outgrowth and branching. Plasticity is achieved in part through upregulation of neuronal PPARυ; its antagonism inhibits Rb siRNA plasticity, whereas a PPARυ agonist increases growth. In an in vivo regenerative paradigm following complete peripheral nerve trunk transection, direct delivery of Rb siRNA prompts increased outgrowth of axons from proximal stumps and entrains Schwann cells to accompany them for greater distances. Similarly, Rb siRNA delivery following a nerve crush improves behavioural indices of motor and sensory recovery in mice. The overall findings indicate that inhibition of tumour suppressor molecules has a role to play in promoting adult neuron regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Christie
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1 [2]
| | - Anand Krishnan
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1 [2]
| | - Jose A Martinez
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Kaylynn Purdy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Bhagat Singh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Shane Eaton
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Douglas Zochodne
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Streijger F, Lee JHT, Duncan GJ, Ng MTL, Assinck P, Bhatnagar T, Plunet WT, Tetzlaff W, Kwon BK. Combinatorial treatment of acute spinal cord injury with ghrelin, ibuprofen, C16, and ketogenic diet does not result in improved histologic or functional outcome. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:870-83. [PMID: 24658967 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Because of the complex, multifaceted nature of spinal cord injury (SCI), it is widely believed that a combination of approaches will be superior to individual treatments. Therefore, we employed a rat model of cervical SCI to evaluate the combination of four noninvasive treatments that individually have been reported to be effective for acute SCI during clinically relevant therapeutic time windows. These treatments included ghrelin, ibuprofen, C16, and ketogenic diet (KD). These were selected not only because of their previously reported efficacy in SCI models but also for their potentially different mechanisms of action. The administration of ghrelin, ibuprofen, C16, and KD several hours to days postinjury was based on previous observations by others that each treatment had profound effects on the pathophysiology and functional outcome following SCI. Here we showed that, with the exception of a modest improvement in performance on the Montoya staircase test at 8-10 weeks postinjury, the combinatorial treatment with ghrelin, ibuprofen, C16, and KD did not result in any significant improvements in the rearing test, grooming test, or horizontal ladder. Histologic analysis of the spinal cords did not reveal any significant differences in tissue sparing between treatment and control groups. Although single approaches of ghrelin, ibuprofen, C16, and KD have been reported to be beneficial after SCI, our results show that the combination of the four interventions did not confer significant functional or histological improvements in a cervical model of SCI. Possible interactions among the treatments may have negated their beneficial effects, emphasizing the challenges that have to be addressed when considering combinatorial drug therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Streijger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ohtake Y, Park D, Abdul-Muneer PM, Li H, Xu B, Sharma K, Smith GM, Selzer ME, Li S. The effect of systemic PTEN antagonist peptides on axon growth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4610-26. [PMID: 24630093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Knockout studies suggest that PTEN limits the regenerative capacities of CNS axons as a dominant antagonist of PI3 kinase, but the transgenic approach is not feasible for treating patients. Although application of bisperoxovanadium may block PTEN function, it is a general inhibitor of phosphotyrosine phosphatases and may target enzymes other than PTEN, causing side effects and preventing firm conclusions about PTEN inhibition on regulating neuronal growth. A pharmacological method to selectively suppress PTEN post-injury could be a valuable strategy for promoting CNS axon regeneration. We identified PTEN antagonist peptides (PAPs) by targeting PTEN critical functional domains and evaluated their efficacy for promoting axon growth. Four PAPs (PAP 1-4) bound to PTEN protein expressed in COS7 cells and blocked PTEN signaling in vivo. Subcutaneous administration of PAPs initiated two days after dorsal over-hemisection injury significantly stimulated growth of descending serotonergic fibers in the caudal spinal cord of adult mice. Systemic PAPs induce significant sprouting of corticospinal fibers in the rostral spinal cord and limited growth of corticospinal axons in the caudal spinal cord. More importantly, PAP treatment enhanced recovery of locomotor function in adult rodents with spinal cord injury. This study may facilitate development of effective therapeutic agents for CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Dongsun Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - P M Abdul-Muneer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kartavya Sharma
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8813, USA
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Birch AM, Katsouri L, Sastre M. Modulation of inflammation in transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:25. [PMID: 24490742 PMCID: PMC3922595 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade the process of inflammation has been a focus of increasing interest in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) field, not only for its potential role in neuronal degeneration but also as a promising therapeutic target. However, recent research in this field has provided divergent outcomes, largely due to the use of different models and different stages of the disease when the investigations have been carried out. It is now accepted that microglia, and possibly astrocytes, change their activation phenotype during ageing and the stage of the disease, and therefore these are important factors to have in mind to define the function of different inflammatory components as well as potential therapies. Modulating inflammation using animal models of AD has offered the possibility to investigate inflammatory components individually and manipulate inflammatory genes in amyloid precursor protein and tau transgenics independently. This has also offered some hints on the mechanisms by which these factors may affect AD pathology. In this review we examine the different transgenic approaches and treatments that have been reported to modulate inflammation using animal models of AD. These studies have provided evidence that enhancing inflammation is linked with increases in amyloid-beta (Aβ) generation, Aβ aggregation and tau phosphorylation. However, the alterations on tau phosphorylation can be independent of changes in Aβ levels by these inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdalena Sastre
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Abstract
Traumatic injury or disease of the spinal cord and brain elicits multiple cellular and biochemical reactions that together cause or are associated with neuropathology. Specifically, injury or disease elicits acute infiltration and activation of immune cells, death of neurons and glia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the secretion of substrates that inhibit axon regeneration. In some diseases, inflammation is chronic or non-resolving. Ligands that target PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of ligand-activated transcription factors, are promising therapeutics for neurologic disease and CNS injury because their activation affects many, if not all, of these interrelated pathologic mechanisms. PPAR activation can simultaneously weaken or reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial function, promote axon growth and induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. PPAR activation has beneficial effects in many pre-clinical models of neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury; however, the mechanisms through which PPARs exert these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. In this review we discuss current literature supporting the role of PPAR activation as a therapeutic target for treating traumatic injury and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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Cullin-3 regulates vascular smooth muscle function and arterial blood pressure via PPARγ and RhoA/Rho-kinase. Cell Metab 2012; 16:462-72. [PMID: 23040068 PMCID: PMC3474846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dominant-negative (DN) mutations in the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) cause hypertension by an unknown mechanism. Hypertension and vascular dysfunction are recapitulated by expression of DN PPARγ specifically in vascular smooth muscle of transgenic mice. DN PPARγ increases RhoA and Rho-kinase activity, and inhibition of Rho-kinase restores normal reactivity and reduces arterial pressure. RhoBTB1, a component of the Cullin-3 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is a PPARγ target gene. Decreased RhoBTB1, Cullin-3, and neddylated Cullin-3 correlated with increased levels of the Cullin-3 substrate RhoA. Knockdown of Cullin-3 or inhibition of cullin-RING ligase activity in aortic smooth muscle cells increased RhoA. Cullin-RING ligase inhibition enhanced agonist-mediated contraction in aortic rings from normal mice by a Rho-kinase-dependent mechanism, and it increased arterial pressure in vivo. We conclude that Cullin-3 regulates vascular function and arterial pressure, thus providing a mechanistic link between mutations in Cullin-3 and hypertension in humans.
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Sharma K, Selzer ME, Li S. Scar-mediated inhibition and CSPG receptors in the CNS. Exp Neurol 2012; 237:370-8. [PMID: 22836147 PMCID: PMC5454774 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Severed axons in adult mammals do not regenerate appreciably after central nervous system (CNS) injury due to developmentally determined reductions in neuron-intrinsic growth capacity and extracellular environment for axon elongation. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which are generated by reactive scar tissues, are particularly potent contributors to the growth-limiting environment in mature CNS. Thus, surmounting the strong inhibition by CSPG-rich scar is an important therapeutic goal for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. As of now, the main in vivo approach to overcoming inhibition by CSPGs is enzymatic digestion with locally applied chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), but several disadvantages may prevent using this bacterial enzyme as a therapeutic option for patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying CSPG action is needed in order to develop more effective therapies to overcome CSPG-mediated inhibition of axon regeneration and/or sprouting. Because of their large size and dense negative charges, CSPGs were thought to act by non-specifically hindering the binding of matrix molecules to their cell surface receptors through steric interactions. Although this may be true, recent studies indicate that two members of the leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) phosphatase subfamily, protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ) and LAR, are functional receptors that bind CSPGs with high affinity and mediate CSPG inhibitory effects. CSPGs also may act by binding to two receptors for myelin-associated growth inhibitors, Nogo receptors 1 and 3 (NgR1 and NgR3). If confirmed, it would suggest that CSPGs have multiple mechanisms by which they inhibit axon growth, making them especially potent and difficult therapeutic targets. Identification of CSPG receptors is not only important for understanding the scar-mediated growth suppression, but also for developing novel and selective therapies to promote axon sprouting and/or regeneration after CNS injuries, including spinal cord injury (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartavya Sharma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8813, USA
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Shuxin Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8813, USA
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Heneka MT, Reyes-Irisarri E, Hüll M, Kummer MP. Impact and Therapeutic Potential of PPARs in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:643-50. [PMID: 22654722 PMCID: PMC3263458 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are well studied for their role of peripheral metabolism, but they also may be involved in the pathogenesis of various disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and, Parkinson's disease. The observation that PPARs are able to suppress the inflammatory response in peripheral macrophages and in several models of human autoimmune diseases, lead to the idea that PPARs might be beneficial for CNS disorders possessing an inflammatory component. The neuroinflammatory response during the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is triggered by the deposition of the β-amyloid peptide in extracellular plaques and ongoing neurodegeneration. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been considered to delay the onset and reduce the risk to develop Alzheimer’s disease, while they also directly activate PPARγ. This led to the hypothesis that NSAID protection in AD may be partly mediated by PPARγ. Several lines of evidence have supported this hypothesis, using AD related transgenic cellular and animal models. Stimulation of PPARγ by synthetic agonist (thiazolidinediones) inducing anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic and insulin sensitizing effects may account for the observed effects. Several clinical trials already revealed promising results using PPARγ agonists, therefore PPARγ represents an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Heneka
- University of Bonn, Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Unit, Bonn, Germany
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