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Mi X, Li M, Zhang Y, Qu L, Xu A, Xie J, Song N. Intracerebroventricular injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils do not induce motor and olfactory impairment in C57BL/6 mice. Neuroscience 2024; 559:293-301. [PMID: 39251058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha-synuclein (αSyn) is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total αSyn were significantly lower in PD patients, whereas the aggregates were higher, and this phenomenon was further exacerbated with longer disease duration. However, whether CSF αSyn can be the cause and/or a consequence in PD is not fully elucidated. METHOD We administered 2 ng or 200 ng αSyn preformed fibrils (PFFs) by intracerebroventricular injection for consecutive 7 days in C57BL/6 mice. The olfactory function was assessed by the olfactory discrimination test and buried food-seeking test. The locomotor function was assessed by the rotarod test, pole test, open field test and CatWalk gait analysis. Phosphorylated αSyn at serine 129 was detected by the immunohistochemistry staining. Iron levels was determined by Perl's-diaminobenzidine iron staining and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence. RESULTS The mice did not exhibit any diffuse synucleinopathy in the brain for up to 30 weeks, although αSyn PFFs induced aggregation in SH-SY5Y cells and in the substantia nigra and striatum of mice with stereotactic injection. No impairment of motor behaviors or olfactory functions were observed, although there was a temporary motor enhancement at 1 week. We then demonstrated iron levels were comparable in certain brain regions, suggesting there was no iron deposition/redistribution occurred. CONCLUSION The intraventricular injection of αSyn PFFs does not induce synucleinopathy or behavioral symptoms. These findings have implications that CSF αSyn aggregates may not necessarily contribute to the onset or progression in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Mi
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Le Qu
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Aoyang Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ning Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Chu HY, Chen L, Chehade HD. Motor Cortical Neuronal Hyperexcitability Associated with α-Synuclein Aggregation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4797540. [PMID: 39281856 PMCID: PMC11398582 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4797540/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the cerebral cortex is thought to underlie motor and cognitive impairments in Parkinson disease (PD). While cortical function is known to be suppressed by abnormal basal ganglia output following dopaminergic degeneration, it remains to be determined how the deposition of Lewy pathology disrupts cortical circuit integrity and function. Moreover, it is also unknown whether cortical Lewy pathology and midbrain dopaminergic degeneration interact to disrupt cortical function in late-stage. To begin to address these questions, we injected α-synuclein (αSyn) preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the dorsolateral striatum of mice to seed αSyn pathology in the cortical cortex and induce degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Using this model system, we reported that αSyn aggregates accumulate in the motor cortex in a layer- and cell-subtype-specific pattern. Particularly, intratelencephalic neurons (ITNs) showed earlier accumulation and greater extent of αSyn aggregates relative to corticospinal neurons (CSNs). Moreover, we demonstrated that the intrinsic excitability and inputs resistance of αSyn aggregates-bearing ITNs in the secondary motor cortex (M2) are increased, along with a noticeable shrinkage of cell bodies and loss of dendritic spines. Last, neither the intrinsic excitability of CSNs nor their thalamocortical input was altered by a partial striatal dopamine depletion associated with αSyn pathology. Our results documented motor cortical neuronal hyperexcitability associated with αSyn aggregation and provided a novel mechanistic understanding of cortical circuit dysfunction in PD.
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Magliocca G, Esposito E, Tufano M, Piccialli I, Rubino V, Tedeschi V, Sisalli MJ, Carriero F, Ruggiero G, Secondo A, Annunziato L, Scorziello A, Pannaccione A. Involvement of K V3.4 Channel in Parkinson's Disease: A Key Player in the Control of Midbrain and Striatum Differential Vulnerability during Disease Progression? Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:999. [PMID: 39199246 PMCID: PMC11351402 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, is characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn), mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, and neuroinflammation. Since current treatments for PD merely address symptoms, there is an urgent need to identify the PD pathophysiological mechanisms to develop better therapies. Increasing evidence has identified KV3.4, a ROS-sensitive KV channel carrying fast-inactivating currents, as a potential therapeutic target against neurodegeneration. In fact, it has been hypothesized that KV3.4 channels could play a role in PD etiopathogenesis, controlling astrocytic activation and detrimental pathways in A53T mice, a well-known model of familial PD. Here, we showed that the A53T midbrain, primarily involved in the initial phase of PD pathogenesis, displayed an early upregulation of the KV3.4 channel at 4 months, followed by its reduction at 12 months, compared with age-matched WT. On the other hand, in the A53T striatum, the expression of KV3.4 remained high at 12 months, decreasing thereafter, in 16-month-old mice. The proteomic profile highlighted a different detrimental phenotype in A53T brain areas. In fact, the A53T striatum and midbrain differently expressed neuroprotective/detrimental pathways, with the variation of astrocytic p27kip1, XIAP, and Smac/DIABLO expression. Of note, a switch from protective to detrimental phenotype was characterized by the upregulation of Smac/DIABLO and downregulation of p27kip1 and XIAP. This occurred earlier in the A53T midbrain, at 12 months, compared with the striatum proteomic profile. In accordance, an upregulation of Smac/DIABLO and a downregulation of p27kip1 occurred in the A53T striatum only at 16 months, showing the slowest involvement of this brain area. Of interest, HIF-1α overexpression was associated with the detrimental profile in midbrain and its major vulnerability. At the cellular level, patch-clamp recordings revealed that primary A53T striatum astrocytes showed hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials and lower firing frequency associated with KV3.4 ROS-dependent hyperactivity, whereas primary A53T midbrain astrocytes displayed a depolarized resting membrane potential accompanied by a slight increase of KV3.4 currents. Accordingly, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis was significantly altered in A53T midbrain astrocytes, in which the ER Ca2+ level was lower than in A53T striatum astrocytes and the respective littermate controls. Collectively, these results suggest that the early KV3.4 overexpression and ROS-dependent hyperactivation in astrocytes could take part in the different vulnerabilities of midbrain and striatum, highlighting astrocytic KV3.4 as a possible new therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Magliocca
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.E.); (M.T.); (I.P.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Emilia Esposito
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.E.); (M.T.); (I.P.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Michele Tufano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.E.); (M.T.); (I.P.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilaria Piccialli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.E.); (M.T.); (I.P.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Valentina Rubino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (M.J.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.E.); (M.T.); (I.P.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Jose Sisalli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (M.J.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Flavia Carriero
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Ruggiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.R.); (M.J.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.E.); (M.T.); (I.P.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Antonella Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.E.); (M.T.); (I.P.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.M.); (E.E.); (M.T.); (I.P.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
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Chen L, Chehade HD, Chu HY. Motor Cortical Neuronal Hyperexcitability Associated with α-Synuclein Aggregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.24.604995. [PMID: 39091827 PMCID: PMC11291145 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.24.604995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the cerebral cortex is thought to underlie motor and cognitive impairments in Parkinson disease (PD). While cortical function is known to be suppressed by abnormal basal ganglia output following dopaminergic degeneration, it remains to be determined how the deposition of Lewy pathology disrupts cortical circuit integrity and function. Moreover, it is also unknown whether cortical Lewy pathology and midbrain dopaminergic degeneration interact to disrupt cortical function in late-stage. To begin to address these questions, we injected α-synuclein (αSyn) preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the dorsolateral striatum of mice to seed αSyn pathology in the cortical cortex and induce degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Using this model system, we reported that αSyn aggregates accumulate in the motor cortex in a layer- and cell-subtype-specific pattern. Particularly, intratelencephalic neurons (ITNs) showed earlier accumulation and greater extent of αSyn aggregates relative to corticospinal neurons (CSNs). Moreover, we demonstrated that the intrinsic excitability and inputs resistance of αSyn aggregates-bearing ITNs in the secondary motor cortex (M2) are increased, along with a noticeable shrinkage of cell bodies and loss of dendritic spines. Last, neither the intrinsic excitability of CSNs nor their thalamocortical input was altered by a partial striatal dopamine depletion associated with αSyn pathology. Our results documented motor cortical neuronal hyperexcitability associated with αSyn aggregation and provided a novel mechanistic understanding of cortical circuit dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Chen
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20852, United States
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University of Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, United States
| | - Hiba Douja Chehade
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20852, United States
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University of Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, United States
| | - Hong-Yuan Chu
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20852, United States
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University of Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, United States
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5
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Liu R, Collier JM, Abdul-Rahman NH, Capuk O, Zhang Z, Begum G. Dysregulation of Ion Channels and Transporters and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1748-1770. [PMID: 38300642 PMCID: PMC11272208 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in maintaining ion and fluid homeostasis, essential for brain metabolism and neuronal function. Regulation of nutrient, water, and ion transport across the BBB is tightly controlled by specialized ion transporters and channels located within its unique cellular components. These dynamic transport processes not only influence the BBB's structure but also impact vital signaling mechanisms, essential for its optimal function. Disruption in ion, pH, and fluid balance at the BBB is associated with brain pathology and has been implicated in various neurological conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, knowledge gaps exist regarding the impact of ion transport dysregulation on BBB function in neurodegenerative dementias. Several factors contribute to this gap: the complex nature of these conditions, historical research focus on neuronal mechanisms and technical challenges in studying the ion transport mechanisms in in vivo models and the lack of efficient in vitro BBB dementia models. This review provides an overview of current research on the roles of ion transporters and channels at the BBB and poses specific research questions: 1) How are the expression and activity of key ion transporters altered in AD and vascular dementia (VaD); 2) Do these changes contribute to BBB dysfunction and disease progression; and 3) Can restoring ion transport function mitigate BBB dysfunction and improve clinical outcomes. Addressing these gaps will provide a greater insight into the vascular pathology of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jenelle M Collier
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | - Okan Capuk
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Chiu WH, Wattad N, Goldberg JA. Ion channel dysregulation and cellular adaptations to alpha-synuclein in stressful pacemakers of the parkinsonian brainstem. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108683. [PMID: 38950869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is diagnosed by its cardinal motor symptoms that are associated with the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). However, PD patients suffer from various non-motor symptoms years before diagnosis. These prodromal symptoms are thought to be associated with the appearance of Lewy body pathologies (LBP) in brainstem regions such as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), the locus coeruleus (LC) and others. The neurons in these regions that are vulnerable to LBP are all slow autonomous pacemaker neurons that exhibit elevated oxidative stress due to their perpetual influx of Ca2+ ions. Aggregation of toxic α-Synuclein (aSyn) - the main constituent of LBP - during the long prodromal period challenges these vulnerable neurons, presumably altering their biophysics and physiology. In contrast to pathophysiology of late stage parkinsonism which is well-documented, little is known about the pathophysiology of the brainstem during prodromal PD. In this review, we discuss ion channel dysregulation associated with aSyn aggregation in brainstem pacemaker neurons and their cellular responses to them. While toxic aSyn elevates oxidative stress in SNc and LC pacemaker neurons and exacerbates their phenotype, DMV neurons mount an adaptive response that mitigates the oxidative stress. Ion channel dysregulation and cellular adaptations may be the drivers of the prodromal symptoms of PD. For example, selective targeting of toxic aSyn to DMV pacemakers, elevates the surface density of K+ channels, which slows their firing rate, resulting in reduced parasympathetic tone to the gastrointestinal tract, which resembles the prodromal PD symptoms of dysphagia and constipation. The divergent responses of SNc & LC vs. DMV pacemaker neurons may explain why the latter outlive the former despite presenting LBPs earlier. Elucidation the brainstem pathophysiology of prodromal PD could pave the way for physiological biomarkers, earlier diagnosis and novel neuroprotective therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Chiu
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nadine Wattad
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua A Goldberg
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Urrutia J, Arrizabalaga-Iriondo A, Sanchez-del-Rey A, Martinez-Ibargüen A, Gallego M, Casis O, Revuelta M. Therapeutic role of voltage-gated potassium channels in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1406709. [PMID: 38827782 PMCID: PMC11140135 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1406709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels are essential for membrane potential maintenance, homeostasis, electrical signal production and controlling the Ca2+ flow through the membrane. Among all ion channels, the key regulators of neuronal excitability are the voltage-gated potassium channels (KV), the largest family of K+ channels. Due to the ROS high levels in the aging brain, K+ channels might be affected by oxidative agents and be key in aging and neurodegeneration processes. This review provides new insight about channelopathies in the most studied neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington Disease or Spinocerebellar Ataxia. The main affected KV channels in these neurodegenerative diseases are the KV1, KV2.1, KV3, KV4 and KV7. Moreover, in order to prevent or repair the development of these neurodegenerative diseases, previous KV channel modulators have been proposed as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janire Urrutia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ane Arrizabalaga-Iriondo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Sanchez-del-Rey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Agustín Martinez-Ibargüen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mónica Gallego
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Oscar Casis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Miren Revuelta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Rademacher K, Doric Z, Haddad D, Mamaligas A, Liao SC, Creed RB, Kano K, Chatterton Z, Fu Y, Garcia JH, Vance V, Sei Y, Kreitzer A, Halliday GM, Nelson AB, Margolis EB, Nakamura K. Chronic hyperactivation of midbrain dopamine neurons causes preferential dopamine neuron degeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.05.588321. [PMID: 38645054 PMCID: PMC11030348 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.588321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the death of substantia nigra (SNc) dopamine (DA) neurons, but the pathophysiological mechanisms that precede and drive their death remain unknown. The activity of DA neurons is likely altered in PD, but we understand little about if or how chronic changes in activity may contribute to degeneration. To address this question, we developed a chemogenetic (DREADD) mouse model to chronically increase DA neuron activity, and confirmed this increase using ex vivo electrophysiology. Chronic hyperactivation of DA neurons resulted in prolonged increases in locomotor activity during the light cycle and decreases during the dark cycle, consistent with chronic changes in DA release and circadian disturbances. We also observed early, preferential degeneration of SNc projections, recapitulating the PD hallmarks of selective vulnerability of SNc axons and the comparative resilience of ventral tegmental area axons. This was followed by eventual loss of midbrain DA neurons. Continuous DREADD activation resulted in a sustained increase in baseline calcium levels, supporting an important role for increased calcium in the neurodegeneration process. Finally, spatial transcriptomics from DREADD mice examining midbrain DA neurons and striatal targets, and cross-validation with human patient samples, provided insights into potential mechanisms of hyperactivity-induced toxicity and PD. Our results thus reveal the preferential vulnerability of SNc DA neurons to increased neural activity, and support a potential role for increased neural activity in driving degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Rademacher
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco , CA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Zak Doric
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco , CA
| | - Dominik Haddad
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aphroditi Mamaligas
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
| | - Szu-Chi Liao
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Endocrinology Graduate Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Rose B. Creed
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kohei Kano
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Zac Chatterton
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuhong Fu
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joseph H. Garcia
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Victoria Vance
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Yoshitaka Sei
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - Anatol Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco , CA
- UCSF Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, CA
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexandra B. Nelson
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco , CA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Elyssa B. Margolis
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco , CA
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute for Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco , CA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
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Do QB, Noor H, Marquez-Gomez R, Cramb KML, Ng B, Abbey A, Ibarra-Aizpurua N, Caiazza MC, Sharifi P, Lang C, Beccano-Kelly D, Baleriola J, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Wade-Martins R. Early deficits in an in vitro striatal microcircuit model carrying the Parkinson's GBA-N370S mutation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:82. [PMID: 38609392 PMCID: PMC11014935 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding medium spiny neuron (MSN) physiology is essential to understand motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) given the architecture of the basal ganglia. Here, we developed a custom three-chambered microfluidic platform and established a cortico-striato-nigral microcircuit partially recapitulating the striatal presynaptic landscape in vitro using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. We found that, cortical glutamatergic projections facilitated MSN synaptic activity, and dopaminergic transmission enhanced maturation of MSNs in vitro. Replacement of wild-type iPSC-derived dopamine neurons (iPSC-DaNs) in the striatal microcircuit with those carrying the PD-related GBA-N370S mutation led to a depolarisation of resting membrane potential and an increase in rheobase in iPSC-MSNs, as well as a reduction in both voltage-gated sodium and potassium currents. Such deficits were resolved in late microcircuit cultures, and could be reversed in younger cultures with antagonism of protein kinase A activity in iPSC-MSNs. Taken together, our results highlight the unique utility of modelling striatal neurons in a modular physiological circuit to reveal mechanistic insights into GBA1 mutations in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen B Do
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Humaira Noor
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- Nuffield Department of Medicine (NDM), University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ricardo Marquez-Gomez
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M L Cramb
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Bryan Ng
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ajantha Abbey
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Naroa Ibarra-Aizpurua
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maria Claudia Caiazza
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Parnaz Sharifi
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Charmaine Lang
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Dayne Beccano-Kelly
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jimena Baleriola
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.
- Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Department of Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
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10
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Rademacher K, Nakamura K. Role of dopamine neuron activity in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114645. [PMID: 38092187 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Neural activity is finely tuned to produce normal behaviors, and disruptions in activity likely occur early in the course of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, how neural activity is altered, and how these changes influence neurodegeneration is poorly understood. Here, we focus on evidence that the activity of dopamine neurons is altered in Parkinson's disease (PD), either as a compensatory response to degeneration or as a result of circuit dynamics or pathologic proteins, based on available human data and studies in animal models of PD. We then discuss how this abnormal activity may augment other neurotoxic phenomena in PD, including mitochondrial deficits, protein aggregation and spread, dopamine toxicity, and excitotoxicity. A more complete picture of how activity is altered and the resulting effects on dopaminergic neuron health and function may inform future therapeutic interventions to target and protect dopamine neurons from degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Rademacher
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA.
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11
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Burkert N, Roy S, Häusler M, Wuttke D, Müller S, Wiemer J, Hollmann H, Oldrati M, Ramirez-Franco J, Benkert J, Fauler M, Duda J, Goaillard JM, Pötschke C, Münchmeyer M, Parlato R, Liss B. Deep learning-based image analysis identifies a DAT-negative subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons in the lateral Substantia nigra. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1146. [PMID: 37950046 PMCID: PMC10638391 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present a deep learning-based image analysis platform (DLAP), tailored to autonomously quantify cell numbers, and fluorescence signals within cellular compartments, derived from RNAscope or immunohistochemistry. We utilised DLAP to analyse subtypes of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic midbrain neurons in mouse and human brain-sections. These neurons modulate complex behaviour, and are differentially affected in Parkinson's and other diseases. DLAP allows the analysis of large cell numbers, and facilitates the identification of small cellular subpopulations. Using DLAP, we identified a small subpopulation of TH-positive neurons (~5%), mainly located in the very lateral Substantia nigra (SN), that was immunofluorescence-negative for the plasmalemmal dopamine transporter (DAT), with ~40% smaller cell bodies. These neurons were negative for aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1, with a lower co-expression rate for dopamine-D2-autoreceptors, but a ~7-fold higher likelihood of calbindin-d28k co-expression (~70%). These results have important implications, as DAT is crucial for dopamine signalling, and is commonly used as a marker for dopaminergic SN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Burkert
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shoumik Roy
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Max Häusler
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Sonja Müller
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Wiemer
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helene Hollmann
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marvin Oldrati
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jorge Ramirez-Franco
- UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France
- INT, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Campus Santé Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Julia Benkert
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Duda
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Goaillard
- UMR_S 1072, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, Marseille, France
- INT, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Campus Santé Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Christina Pötschke
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Moritz Münchmeyer
- Wolution GmbH & Co. KG, 82152, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Linacre College & New College, Oxford University, OX1 2JD, Oxford, UK.
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12
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Kim HJ, Hwang B, Reva M, Lee J, Lee BE, Lee Y, Cho EJ, Jeong M, Lee SE, Myung K, Baik JH, Park JH, Kim JI. GABAergic-like dopamine synapses in the brain. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113239. [PMID: 37819757 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine synapses play a crucial role in volitional movement and reward-related behaviors, while dysfunction of dopamine synapses causes various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Despite this significance, the true biological nature of dopamine synapses remains poorly understood. Here, we show that dopamine transmission is strongly correlated with GABA co-transmission across the brain and dopamine synapses are structured and function like GABAergic synapses with marked regional heterogeneity. In addition, GABAergic-like dopamine synapses are clustered on the dendrites, and GABA transmission at dopamine synapses has distinct physiological properties. Interestingly, the knockdown of neuroligin-2, a key postsynaptic protein at GABAergic synapses, unexpectedly does not weaken GABA co-transmission but instead facilitates it at dopamine synapses in the striatal neurons. More importantly, the attenuation of GABA co-transmission precedes deficits in dopaminergic transmission in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Our findings reveal the spatial and functional nature of GABAergic-like dopamine synapses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjae Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Reva
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Synapse and Circuit Dynamics, CNRS UMR, 3571 Paris, France; Sorbonne University, ED3C, Paris, France
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngeun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Baik
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Toh HSY, Choo XY, Sun AX. Midbrain organoids-development and applications in Parkinson's disease. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad009. [PMID: 38596240 PMCID: PMC10913847 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Human brain development is spatially and temporally complex. Insufficient access to human brain tissue and inadequacy of animal models has limited the study of brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advancements of brain organoid technology have created novel opportunities to model human-specific neurodevelopment and brain diseases. In this review, we discuss the use of brain organoids to model the midbrain and Parkinson's disease. We critically evaluate the extent of recapitulation of PD pathology by organoids and discuss areas of future development that may lead to the model to become a next-generation, personalized therapeutic strategy for PD and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Y Toh
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
| | - Xin Yi Choo
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
| | - Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jln Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
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14
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Kwon YJ, Kwon OI, Hwang HJ, Shin HC, Yang S. Therapeutic effects of phlorotannins in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1193590. [PMID: 37305552 PMCID: PMC10249478 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1193590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlorotannins are natural polyphenolic compounds produced by brown marine algae and are currently found in nutritional supplements. Although they are known to cross the blood-brain barrier, their neuropharmacological actions remain unclear. Here we review the potential therapeutic benefits of phlorotannins in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, ethanol intoxication and fear stress, the phlorotannin monomer phloroglucinol and the compounds eckol, dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol A have been shown to improve cognitive function. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, phloroglucinol treatment led to improved motor performance. Additional neurological benefits associated with phlorotannin intake have been demonstrated in stroke, sleep disorders, and pain response. These effects may stem from the inhibition of disease-inducing plaque synthesis and aggregation, suppression of microglial activation, modulation of pro-inflammatory signaling, reduction of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Clinical trials of phlorotannins have not reported significant adverse effects, suggesting these compounds to be promising bioactive agents in the treatment of neurological diseases. We therefore propose a putative biophysical mechanism of phlorotannin action in addition to future directions for phlorotannin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ji Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Oh Ig Kwon
- Botamedi Brain Health and Medical Care Company Limited, Central, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hye Jeong Hwang
- Center for Molecular Intelligence, SUNY Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Shin
- Botamedi Brain Health and Medical Care Company Limited, Central, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Molecular Intelligence, SUNY Korea, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchil Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Ledonne A, Massaro Cenere M, Paldino E, D'Angelo V, D'Addario SL, Casadei N, Nobili A, Berretta N, Fusco FR, Ventura R, Sancesario G, Guatteo E, Mercuri NB. Morpho-Functional Changes of Nigral Dopamine Neurons in an α-Synuclein Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:256-266. [PMID: 36350188 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils in intraneuronal inclusions called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is a pathological signature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although several aspects linked to α-syn-dependent pathology (concerning its spreading, aggregation, and activation of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes) have been under intense investigation, less attention has been devoted to the real impact of α-syn overexpression on structural and functional properties of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopamine (DA) neurons, particularly at tardive stages of α-syn buildup, despite this has obvious relevance to comprehending mechanisms beyond PD progression. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the consequences of a prolonged α-syn overexpression on somatodendritic morphology and functions of SNpc DA neurons. METHODS We performed immunohistochemistry, stereological DA cell counts, analyses of dendritic arborization, ex vivo patch-clamp recordings, and in vivo DA microdialysis measurements in a 12- to 13-month-old transgenic rat model overexpressing the full-length human α-syn (Snca+/+ ) and age-matched wild-type rats. RESULTS Aged Snca+/+ rats have mild loss of SNpc DA neurons and decreased basal DA levels in the SN. Residual nigral DA neurons display smaller soma and compromised dendritic arborization and, in parallel, increased firing activity, switch in firing mode, and hyperexcitability associated with hypofunction of fast activating/inactivating voltage-gated K+ channels and Ca2+ - and voltage-activated large conductance K+ channels. These intrinsic currents underlie the repolarization/afterhyperpolarization phase of action potentials, thus affecting neuronal excitability. CONCLUSIONS Besides clarifying α-syn-induced pathological landmarks, such evidence reveals compensatory functional mechanisms that nigral DA neurons could adopt during PD progression to counteract neurodegeneration. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ledonne
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Massaro Cenere
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Paldino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza D'Angelo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastian Luca D'Addario
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Berretta
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca R Fusco
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ezia Guatteo
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Motor Science and Wellness, Parthenope University, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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16
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Tomagra G, Franchino C, Cesano F, Chiarion G, de lure A, Carbone E, Calabresi P, Mesin L, Picconi B, Marcantoni A, Carabelli V. Alpha-synuclein oligomers alter the spontaneous firing discharge of cultured midbrain neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1078550. [PMID: 36744002 PMCID: PMC9896582 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1078550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to monitor the effects of extracellular α-synuclein on the firing activity of midbrain neurons dissociated from substantia nigra TH-GFP mice embryos and cultured on microelectrode arrays (MEA). We monitored the spontaneous firing discharge of the network for 21 days after plating and the role of glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs in regulating burst generation and network synchronism. Addition of GABA A , AMPA and NMDA antagonists did not suppress the spontaneous activity but allowed to identify three types of neurons that exhibited different modalities of firing and response to applied L-DOPA: high-rate (HR) neurons, low-rate pacemaking (LR-p), and low-rate non-pacemaking (LR-np) neurons. Most HR neurons were insensitive to L-DOPA, while the majority of LR-p neurons responded with a decrease of the firing discharge; less defined was the response of LR-np neurons. The effect of exogenous α-synuclein (α-syn) on the firing discharge of midbrain neurons was then studied by varying the exposure time (0-48 h) and the α-syn concentration (0.3-70 μM), while the formation of α-syn oligomers was monitored by means of AFM. Independently of the applied concentration, acute exposure to α-syn monomers did not exert any effect on the spontaneous firing rate of HR, LR-p, and LR-np neurons. On the contrary, after 48 h exposure, the firing activity was drastically altered at late developmental stages (14 days in vitro, DIV, neurons): α-syn oligomers progressively reduced the spontaneous firing discharge (IC50 = 1.03 μM), impaired burst generation and network synchronism, proportionally to the increased oligomer/monomer ratio. Different effects were found on early-stage developed neurons (9 DIV), whose firing discharge remained unaltered, regardless of the applied α-syn concentration and the exposure time. Our findings unravel, for the first time, the variable effects of exogenous α-syn at different stages of midbrain network development and provide new evidence for the early detection of neuronal function impairment associated to aggregated forms of α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tomagra
- Drug Science Department, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Inter-Departmental Research Centre, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Federico Cesano
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Inter-Departmental Research Centre, Turin, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM-UdR Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chiarion
- Mathematical Biology and Physiology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio de lure
- Laboratory Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Drug Science Department, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Inter-Departmental Research Centre, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurological Clinic, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Università Cattolica del “Sacro Cuore,”Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Mesin
- Mathematical Biology and Physiology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Rome, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Promozione della Qualitá della Vita, Telematic University San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Drug Science Department, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Inter-Departmental Research Centre, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Drug Science Department, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Inter-Departmental Research Centre, Turin, Italy
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17
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Shi L, Jia L, Wang Y, Xiu M, Xie J. 4-Aminopyridine Protects Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1707-1715. [PMID: 36602724 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Various pharmacological blockers targeting K+ channel have been identified to be related to the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies showed that 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP), a wide-spectrum K+ channel blocker, was able to attenuate apomorphine-induced rotation in parkinsonism rats, indicating the possible beneficial effects in attenuation of PD motor symptoms. However, it is unclear whether 4-AP exhibits neuroprotective effects against the neurodegeneration of substantia nigra (SN)-striatum system in PD. In this study, the 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mouse model was employed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of 4-AP. Results showed that 4-AP inhibited MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in the SN as well as dopamine depletion in the striatum. Behavior indexes of open field test and rotarod test confirmed that 4-AP attenuated MPTP-induced motor deficits. We also showed that 4-AP treatment could significantly attenuate the MPTP-induced increase in malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Additionally, MPTP significantly reduced the Bcl-2 expression and promoted the Caspase-3 activation; 4-AP protected dopaminergic neurons against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity by reversing these changes. These results indicate that 4-AP exerts a neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons against MPTP by decreasing oxidative stress and apoptosis. This provides a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Minxia Xiu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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18
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Chen XY, Liu C, Xue Y, Chen L. Changed firing activity of nigra dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105465. [PMID: 36563966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The intrinsic neuronal firing activity is critical for the functional organization of brain and the specific deficits of neuronal firing activity may be associated with different brain disorders. It is known that the surviving nigra dopaminergic neurons exhibit altered firing activity, such as decreased spontaneous firing frequency, reduced number of firing neurons and increased burst firing in Parkinson's disease. Several ionic mechanisms are involved in changed firing activity of dopaminergic neurons under parkinsonian state. In this review, we summarize the changes of spontaneous firing activity as well as the possible mechanisms of nigra dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. This review may let us clearly understand the involvement of neuronal firing activity of nigra dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Chen
- Department of International Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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19
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The complex role of inflammation and gliotransmitters in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105940. [PMID: 36470499 PMCID: PMC10372760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immune cell function in brain health and how it goes awry during aging and neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy. Inflammation and immunological dysfunction are common components of Parkinson's disease (PD), both in terms of motor and non-motor components of PD. In recent decades, the antiquated notion that the central nervous system (CNS) in disease states is an immune-privileged organ, has been debunked. The immune landscape in the CNS influences peripheral systems, and peripheral immunological changes can alter the CNS in health and disease. Identifying immune and inflammatory pathways that compromise neuronal health and survival is critical in designing innovative and effective strategies to limit their untoward effects on neuronal health.
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20
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Boal AM, McGrady NR, Risner ML, Calkins DJ. Sensitivity to extracellular potassium underlies type-intrinsic differences in retinal ganglion cell excitability. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:966425. [PMID: 35990894 PMCID: PMC9390602 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.966425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal type-specific physiologic heterogeneity can be driven by both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms. In retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which carry visual information from the retina to central targets, evidence suggests intrinsic properties shaping action potential (AP) generation significantly impact the responses of RGCs to visual stimuli. Here, we explored how differences in intrinsic excitability further distinguish two RCG types with distinct presynaptic circuits, alpha ON-sustained (αON-S) cells and alpha OFF-sustained (αOFF-S) cells. We found that αOFF-S RGCs are more excitable to modest depolarizing currents than αON-S RGCs but excitability plateaued earlier as depolarization increased (i.e., depolarization block). In addition to differences in depolarization block sensitivity, the two cell types also produced distinct AP shapes with increasing stimulation. αOFF-S AP width and variability increased with depolarization magnitude, which correlated with the onset of depolarization block, while αON-S AP width and variability remained stable. We then tested if differences in depolarization block observed in αON-S and αOFF-S RGCs were due to sensitivity to extracellular potassium. We found αOFF-S RGCs more sensitive to increased extracellular potassium concentration, which shifted αON-S RGC excitability to that of αOFF-S cells under baseline potassium conditions. Finally, we investigated the influence of the axon initial segment (AIS) dimensions on RGC spiking. We found that the relationship between AIS length and evoked spike rate varied not only by cell type, but also by the strength of stimulation, suggesting AIS structure alone cannot fully explain the observed differences RGC excitability. Thus, sensitivity to extracellular potassium contributes to differences in intrinsic excitability, a key factor that shapes how RGCs encode visual information.
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21
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Du Y, Choi S, Pilski A, Graves SM. Differential vulnerability of locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe neurons to chronic methamphetamine-induced degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:949923. [PMID: 35936499 PMCID: PMC9354074 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.949923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth) increases monoamine oxidase (MAO)-dependent mitochondrial stress in axons of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons. Chronic administration of meth results in SNc degeneration and MAO inhibition is neuroprotective, whereas, the VTA is resistant to degeneration. This differential vulnerability is attributed, at least in part, to the presence of L-type Ca2+ channel-dependent mitochondrial stress in SNc but not VTA dopamine neurons. MAO is also expressed in other monoaminergic neurons such as noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and serotonergic dorsal raphe (DR) neurons. The impact of meth on mitochondrial stress in LC and DR neurons is unknown. In the current study we used a genetically encoded redox biosensor to investigate meth-induced MAO-dependent mitochondrial stress in LC and DR neurons. Similar to SNc and VTA neurons, meth increased MAO-dependent mitochondrial stress in axonal but not somatic compartments of LC norepinephrine and DR serotonin neurons. Chronic meth administration (5 mg/kg; 28-day) resulted in degeneration of LC neurons and MAO inhibition was neuroprotective whereas DR neurons were resistant to degeneration. Activating L-type Ca2+ channels increased mitochondrial stress in LC but not DR axons and inhibiting L-type Ca2+ channels in vivo with isradipine prevented meth-induced LC degeneration. These data suggest that similar to recent findings in SNc and VTA dopamine neurons, the differential vulnerability between LC and DR neurons can be attributed to the presence of L-type Ca2+ channel-dependent mitochondrial stress. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that both meth-induced MAO- and L-type Ca2+ channel-dependent mitochondrial stress are necessary for chronic meth-induced neurodegeneration.
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Siller A, Hofer NT, Tomagra G, Burkert N, Hess S, Benkert J, Gaifullina A, Spaich D, Duda J, Poetschke C, Vilusic K, Fritz EM, Schneider T, Kloppenburg P, Liss B, Carabelli V, Carbone E, Ortner NJ, Striessnig J. β2-subunit alternative splicing stabilizes Cav2.3 Ca 2+ channel activity during continuous midbrain dopamine neuron-like activity. eLife 2022; 11:e67464. [PMID: 35792082 PMCID: PMC9307272 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In dopaminergic (DA) Substantia nigra (SN) neurons Cav2.3 R-type Ca2+-currents contribute to somatodendritic Ca2+-oscillations. This activity may contribute to the selective degeneration of these neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) since Cav2.3-knockout is neuroprotective in a PD mouse model. Here, we show that in tsA-201-cells the membrane-anchored β2-splice variants β2a and β2e are required to stabilize Cav2.3 gating properties allowing sustained Cav2.3 availability during simulated pacemaking and enhanced Ca2+-currents during bursts. We confirmed the expression of β2a- and β2e-subunit transcripts in the mouse SN and in identified SN DA neurons. Patch-clamp recordings of mouse DA midbrain neurons in culture and SN DA neurons in brain slices revealed SNX-482-sensitive R-type Ca2+-currents with voltage-dependent gating properties that suggest modulation by β2a- and/or β2e-subunits. Thus, β-subunit alternative splicing may prevent a fraction of Cav2.3 channels from inactivation in continuously active, highly vulnerable SN DA neurons, thereby also supporting Ca2+ signals contributing to the (patho)physiological role of Cav2.3 channels in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Siller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Nadja T Hofer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Giulia Tomagra
- Department of Drug Science, NIS Centre, University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Nicole Burkert
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanyUlmGermany
| | - Simon Hess
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Julia Benkert
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanyUlmGermany
| | - Aisylu Gaifullina
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanyUlmGermany
| | - Desiree Spaich
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanyUlmGermany
| | - Johanna Duda
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanyUlmGermany
| | | | - Kristina Vilusic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Eva Maria Fritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Toni Schneider
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Peter Kloppenburg
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, University of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, GermanyUlmGermany
- Linacre College & New College, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug Science, NIS Centre, University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Nadine Jasmin Ortner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jörg Striessnig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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23
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Liu M, Liu C, Xiao X, Han S, Bi M, Jiao Q, Chen X, Yan C, Du X, Jiang H. Role of upregulation of the K ATP channel subunit SUR1 in dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13618. [PMID: 35441806 PMCID: PMC9124303 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that ATP‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channels play an important role in the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Furthermore, the expression of the KATP channel subunit sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) is upregulated in the remaining nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanism underlying this selective upregulation of the SUR1 subunit and its subsequent roles in PD progression are largely unknown. In 3‐, 6‐, and 9‐month‐old A53T α‐synuclein transgenic (α‐SynA53T+/+) mice, only the SUR1 subunit and not SUR2B or Kir6.2 was upregulated, accompanied by neuronal damage. Moreover, the occurrence of burst firing in dopaminergic neurons was increased with the upregulation of the SUR1 subunit, whereas no changes in the firing rate were observed except in 9‐month‐old α‐SynA53T+/+ mice. After interference with SUR1 expression by injection of lentivirus into the SN, the progression of dopaminergic neuron degeneration was delayed. Further studies showed that elevated expression of the transcription factors FOXA1 and FOXA2 could cause the upregulation of the SUR1 subunit in α‐SynA53T+/+ mice. Our findings revealed the regulatory mechanism of the SUR1 subunit and the role of KATP channels in the progression of dopaminergic neuron degeneration, providing a new target for PD drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Shuai‐Shuai Han
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ming‐Xia Bi
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Chun‐Ling Yan
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Xi‐Xun Du
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
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24
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Guatteo E, Berretta N, Monda V, Ledonne A, Mercuri NB. Pathophysiological Features of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094508. [PMID: 35562898 PMCID: PMC9102081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons is considered the hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and it is triggered by different factors, including mitochondrial dysfunction, Lewy body accumulation, neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity and metal accumulation. Despite the extensive literature devoted to unravelling the signalling pathways involved in neuronal degeneration, little is known about the functional impairments occurring in these cells during illness progression. Of course, it is not possible to obtain direct information on the properties of the dopaminergic cells in patients. However, several data are available in the literature reporting changes in the function of these cells in PD animal models. In the present manuscript, we focus on dopaminergic neuron functional properties and summarize shared or peculiar features of neuronal dysfunction in different PD animal models at different stages of the disease in an attempt to design a picture of the functional modifications occurring in nigral dopaminergic neurons during disease progression preceding their eventual death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezia Guatteo
- Department of Motor Science and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (V.M.)
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nicola Berretta
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Motor Science and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy; (E.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Ada Ledonne
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (N.B.M.)
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (N.B.M.)
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25
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Nam SH, Lim MH, Park TW. Stimulant Induced Movement Disorders in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak 2022; 33:27-34. [PMID: 35418800 PMCID: PMC8984208 DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.210034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulants, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate, are one of the most effective treatment modalities for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and may cause various movement disorders. This review discusses various movement disorders related to stimulant use in the treatment of ADHD. We reviewed the current knowledge on various movement disorders that may be related to the therapeutic use of stimulants in patients with ADHD. Recent findings suggest that the use of stimulants and the onset/aggravation of tics are more likely to be coincidental. In rare cases, stimulants may cause stereotypies, chorea, and dyskinesia, in addition to tics. Some epidemiological studies have suggested that stimulants used for the treatment of ADHD may cause Parkinson’s disease (PD) after adulthood. However, there is still a lack of evidence that the use of stimulants in patients with ADHD may cause PD, and related studies are only in the early stages. As stimulants are one of the most commonly used medications in children and adolescents, close observations and studies are necessary to assess the effects of stimulants on various movement disorders, including tic disorders and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Hyun Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Myung Ho Lim
- Department of Psychology, College of Public Human Resources, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Tae Won Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
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26
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Radulovic J, Ivkovic S, Adzic M. From chronic stress and anxiety to neurodegeneration: Focus on neuromodulation of the axon initial segment. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:481-495. [PMID: 35034756 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To adapt to the sustained demands of chronic stress, discrete brain circuits undergo structural and functional changes often resulting in anxiety disorders. In some individuals, anxiety disorders precede the development of motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) caused by degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Here, we present a circuit framework for probing a causal link between chronic stress, anxiety, and PD, which postulates a central role of abnormal neuromodulation of the SN's axon initial segment by brainstem inputs. It is grounded in findings demonstrating that the earliest PD pathologies occur in the stress-responsive, emotion regulation network of the brainstem, which provides the SN with dense aminergic and cholinergic innervation. SN's axon initial segment (AIS) has unique features that support the sustained and bidirectional propagation of activity in response to synaptic inputs. It is therefore, especially sensitive to circuit-mediated stress-induced imbalance of neuromodulation, and thus a plausible initiating site of neurodegeneration. This could explain why, although secondary to pathophysiologies in other brainstem nuclei, SN degeneration is the most extensive. Consequently, the cardinal symptom of PD, severe motor deficits, arise from degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway rather than other brainstem nuclei. Understanding when and how circuit dysfunctions underlying anxiety can progress to neurodegeneration, raises the prospect of timed interventions for reversing, or at least impeding, the early pathophysiologies that lead to PD and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein Medical College, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein Medical College, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Sanja Ivkovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Adzic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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Hobson BD, Sulzer D. Neuronal Presentation of Antigen and Its Possible Role in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S137-S147. [PMID: 35253783 PMCID: PMC9440948 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies often exhibit autoimmune features, including CD4+ and some CD8+ T lymphocytes that recognize epitopes derived from alpha-synuclein. While neurons have long been considered to not present antigens, recent data indicate that they can be induced to do so, particularly in response to interferons and other forms of stress. Here, we review literature on neuronal antigen presentation and its potential role in PD. Although direct evidence for CD8+ T cell-mediated neuronal death is lacking in PD, neuronal antigen presentation appears central to the pathology of Rasmussen's encephalitis, a pediatric neurological disorder driven by cytotoxic T cell infiltration and neuroinflammation. Emerging data suggest that T cells enter the brain in PD and other synucleinopathies, where the majority of neuromelanin-containing substantia nigra and locus coeruleus neurons express MHC Class I molecules. In cell culture, CD8+ T cell recognition of antigen:MHC Class I complexes on neuronal membranes leads to cytotoxic responses and neuronal cell death. Recent animal models suggest the possibility of T cell autoreactivity to mitochondrial antigens in PD. It remains unclear if neuronal antigen presentation plays a role in PD or other neurodegenerative disorders, and efforts are underway to better elucidate the potential impact of autoimmune responses on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Hobson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Correspondence to: David Sultzer, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
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28
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Daniel NH, Aravind A, Thakur P. Are ion channels potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease? Neurotoxicology 2021; 87:243-257. [PMID: 34699791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily associated with the progressive neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. The resulting motor symptoms are managed with the help of dopamine replacement therapies. However, these therapeutics do not prevent the neurodegeneration underlying the disease and therefore lose their effectiveness in managing disease symptoms over time. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop newer therapeutics for the benefit of patients. The release of dopamine and the firing activity of substantia nigra neurons is regulated by several ion channels that act in concert. Dysregulations of these channels cause the aberrant movement of various ions in the intracellular milieu. This eventually leads to disruption of intracellular signalling cascades, alterations in cellular homeostasis, and bioenergetic deficits. Therefore, ion channels play a central role in driving the high vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to degenerate during PD. Targeting ion channels offers an attractive mechanistic strategy to combat the process of neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight the evidence pointing to the role of various ion channels in driving the PD processes. In addition, we also discuss the various drugs or compounds that target the ion channels and have shown neuroprotective potential in the in-vitro and in-vivo models of PD. We also discuss the current clinical status of various drugs targeting the ion channels in the context of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Hanna Daniel
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Ananya Aravind
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Poonam Thakur
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
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Carmichael K, Sullivan B, Lopez E, Sun L, Cai H. Diverse midbrain dopaminergic neuron subtypes and implications for complex clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. AGEING AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2021; 1. [PMID: 34532720 PMCID: PMC8442626 DOI: 10.20517/and.2021.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most common degenerative movement disorder, is clinically manifested with various motor and non-motor symptoms. Degeneration of midbrain substantia nigra pas compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons (DANs) is generally attributed to the motor syndrome. The underlying neuronal mechanisms of non-motor syndrome are largely unexplored. Besides SNc, midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) DANs also produce and release dopamine and modulate movement, reward, motivation, and memory. Degeneration of VTA DANs also occurs in postmortem brains of PD patients, implying an involvement of VTA DANs in PD-associated non-motor symptoms. However, it remains to be established that there is a distinct segregation of different SNc and VTA DAN subtypes in regulating different motor and non-motor functions, and that different DAN subpopulations are differentially affected by normal ageing or PD. Traditionally, the distinction among different DAN subtypes was mainly based on the location of cell bodies and axon terminals. With the recent advance of single cell RNA sequencing technology, DANs can be readily classified based on unique gene expression profiles. A combination of specific anatomic and molecular markers shows great promise to facilitate the identification of DAN subpopulations corresponding to different behavior modules under normal and disease conditions. In this review, we first summarize the recent progress in characterizing genetically, anatomically, and functionally diverse midbrain DAN subtypes. Then, we provide perspectives on how the preclinical research on the connectivity and functionality of DAN subpopulations improves our current understanding of cell-type and circuit specific mechanisms of the disease, which could be critically informative for designing new mechanistic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Carmichael
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,The Graduate Partnership Program of NIH and Brown University, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Breanna Sullivan
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena Lopez
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Porciúncula LO, Goto-Silva L, Ledur PF, Rehen SK. The Age of Brain Organoids: Tailoring Cell Identity and Functionality for Normal Brain Development and Disease Modeling. Front Neurosci 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.674563
expr 918028134 + 817050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, brain development has been investigated in rodent models, which were particularly relevant to establish the role of specific genes in this process. However, the cytoarchitectonic features, which determine neuronal network formation complexity, are unique to humans. This implies that the developmental program of the human brain and neurological disorders can only partly be reproduced in rodents. Advancement in the study of the human brain surged with cultures of human brain tissue in the lab, generated from induced pluripotent cells reprogrammed from human somatic tissue. These cultures, termed brain organoids, offer an invaluable model for the study of the human brain. Brain organoids reproduce the cytoarchitecture of the cortex and can develop multiple brain regions and cell types. Integration of functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids with genetic, cellular, and morphological data in a comprehensive model for human development and disease is key to advance in the field. Because the functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids relies on cell repertoire and time in culture, here, we review data supporting the gradual formation of complex neural networks in light of cell maturity within brain organoids. In this context, we discuss how the technology behind brain organoids brought advances in understanding neurodevelopmental, pathogen-induced, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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31
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Porciúncula LO, Goto-Silva L, Ledur PF, Rehen SK. The Age of Brain Organoids: Tailoring Cell Identity and Functionality for Normal Brain Development and Disease Modeling. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:674563. [PMID: 34483818 PMCID: PMC8414411 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.674563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, brain development has been investigated in rodent models, which were particularly relevant to establish the role of specific genes in this process. However, the cytoarchitectonic features, which determine neuronal network formation complexity, are unique to humans. This implies that the developmental program of the human brain and neurological disorders can only partly be reproduced in rodents. Advancement in the study of the human brain surged with cultures of human brain tissue in the lab, generated from induced pluripotent cells reprogrammed from human somatic tissue. These cultures, termed brain organoids, offer an invaluable model for the study of the human brain. Brain organoids reproduce the cytoarchitecture of the cortex and can develop multiple brain regions and cell types. Integration of functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids with genetic, cellular, and morphological data in a comprehensive model for human development and disease is key to advance in the field. Because the functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids relies on cell repertoire and time in culture, here, we review data supporting the gradual formation of complex neural networks in light of cell maturity within brain organoids. In this context, we discuss how the technology behind brain organoids brought advances in understanding neurodevelopmental, pathogen-induced, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiane O. Porciúncula
- Department of Biochemistry, Program of Biological Sciences - Biochemistry, Institute of Health and Basic Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Livia Goto-Silva
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pitia F. Ledur
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stevens K. Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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32
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Graves SM, Schwarzschild SE, Tai RA, Chen Y, Surmeier DJ. Mitochondrial oxidant stress mediates methamphetamine neurotoxicity in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 156:105409. [PMID: 34082123 PMCID: PMC8686177 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine abuse is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, it was found that methamphetamine increases mitochondrial oxidant stress in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons by releasing vesicular dopamine (DA) and stimulating mitochondrially-anchored monoamine oxidase (MAO). As mitochondrial oxidant stress is widely thought to be a driver of SNc degeneration in PD, these observations provide a potential explanation for the epidemiological linkage. To test this hypothesis, mice were administered methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days with or without pretreatment with an irreversible MAO inhibitor. Chronic methamphetamine administration resulted in the degeneration of SNc dopaminergic neurons and this insult was blocked by pretreatment with a MAO inhibitor - confirming the linkage between methamphetamine, MAO and SNc degeneration. To determine if shorter bouts of consumption were as damaging, mice were given methamphetamine for two weeks and then studied. Methamphetamine treatment elevated both axonal and somatic mitochondrial oxidant stress in SNc dopaminergic neurons, was associated with a modest but significant increase in firing frequency, and caused degeneration after drug cessation. While axonal stress was sensitive to MAO inhibition, somatic stress was sensitive to Cav1 Ca2+ channel inhibition. Inhibiting either MAO or Cav1 Ca2+ channels after methamphetamine treatment attenuated subsequent SNc degeneration. Our results not only establish a mechanistic link between methamphetamine abuse and PD, they point to pharmacological strategies that could lessen PD risk for patients with a methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Sarah E Schwarzschild
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States of America
| | - Rex A Tai
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States of America
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States of America
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States of America.
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33
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Tozzi A, Sciaccaluga M, Loffredo V, Megaro A, Ledonne A, Cardinale A, Federici M, Bellingacci L, Paciotti S, Ferrari E, La Rocca A, Martini A, Mercuri NB, Gardoni F, Picconi B, Ghiglieri V, De Leonibus E, Calabresi P. Dopamine-dependent early synaptic and motor dysfunctions induced by α-synuclein in the nigrostriatal circuit. Brain 2021; 144:3477-3491. [PMID: 34297092 PMCID: PMC8677552 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein are specific features of Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases defined as synucleinopathies. Parkinson’s disease progression has been correlated with the formation and extracellular release of α-synuclein aggregates, as well as with their spread from neuron to neuron. Therapeutic interventions in the initial stages of Parkinson’s disease require a clear understanding of the mechanisms by which α-synuclein disrupts the physiological synaptic and plastic activity of the basal ganglia. For this reason, we identified two early time points to clarify how the intrastriatal injection of α-synuclein-preformed fibrils in rodents via retrograde transmission induces time-dependent electrophysiological and behavioural alterations. We found that intrastriatal α-synuclein-preformed fibrils perturb the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, while the discharge of putative GABAergic cells of the substantia nigra pars reticulata is unchanged. The α-synuclein-induced dysregulation of nigrostriatal function also impairs, in a time-dependent manner, the two main forms of striatal synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation and long-term depression. We also observed an increased glutamatergic transmission measured as an augmented frequency of spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents. These changes in neuronal function in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum were observed before overt neuronal death occurred. In an additional set of experiments, we were able to rescue α-synuclein-induced alterations of motor function, striatal synaptic plasticity and increased spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents by subchronic treatment with l-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine widely used in the therapy of Parkinson’s disease, clearly demonstrating that a dysfunctional dopamine system plays a critical role in the early phases of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Miriam Sciaccaluga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Loffredo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo scalo, Italy
| | - Alfredo Megaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ada Ledonne
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cardinale
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Federici
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bellingacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Ferrari
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino La Rocca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo scalo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy.,Telematic University San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo scalo, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurological Clinic, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", 00168 Rome, Italy
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34
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Beckstead MJ, Howell RD. Progressive parkinsonism due to mitochondrial impairment: Lessons from the MitoPark mouse model. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113707. [PMID: 33753138 PMCID: PMC8169575 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal pathophysiological finding of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra, which is responsible for the motor and some of the non-motor symptomatology. While the primary causes of nigrostriatal degeneration are hotly debated, considerable evidence supports a central role for impaired mitochondrial function. Postmortem analysis of PD patients reveals impaired respiratory chains and increased mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in addition to increased markers of oxidative stress indicative of mitochondrial impairment. Most animal models of PD, both genetic and toxin-based, target some component of mitochondrial function to reproduce aspects of the human disease. One model that continues to gain attention is the MitoPark mouse, created through a cell type-specific knockout of mitochondrial transcription factor A specifically in midbrain DA neurons. This model effectively recapitulates the slowly developing, adult onset motor decline seen in PD due to mass loss of DA neurons. MitoPark mice therefore represent an effective tool for studying the sequence of events that occurs in the early stages of DA neuron degeneration following mitochondrial impairment, as well as for testing the efficacy of potential disease-modifying therapies in a progressive model of neurodegeneration. A targeted review of key findings from MitoPark mice has not been published since the early years following the initial report of the model in 2007. The current review synthesizes findings from several groups that are exploring MitoPark mice and discusses implications for the future identification of disease-modifying treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Beckstead
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Aging & Metabolism Research Program, USA.
| | - Rebecca D Howell
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Aging & Metabolism Research Program, USA
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35
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La Barbera L, Vedele F, Nobili A, Krashia P, Spoleti E, Latagliata EC, Cutuli D, Cauzzi E, Marino R, Viscomi MT, Petrosini L, Puglisi-Allegra S, Melone M, Keller F, Mercuri NB, Conti F, D'Amelio M. Nilotinib restores memory function by preventing dopaminergic neuron degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 202:102031. [PMID: 33684513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
What happens precociously to the brain destined to develop Alzheimer's Disease (AD) still remains to be elucidated and this is one reason why effective AD treatments are missing. Recent experimental and clinical studies indicate that the degeneration of the dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) could be one of the first events occurring in AD. However, the causes of the increased vulnerability of DA neurons in AD are missing. Here, we deeply investigate the physiology of DA neurons in the VTA before, at the onset, and after onset of VTA neurodegeneration. We use the Tg2576 mouse model of AD, overexpressing a mutated form of the human APP, to identify molecular targets that can be manipulated pharmacologically. We show that in Tg2576 mice, DA neurons of the VTA at the onset of degeneration undergo slight but functionally relevant changes in their electrophysiological properties and cell morphology. Importantly, these changes are associated with accumulation of autophagosomes, suggestive of a dysfunctional autophagy, and with enhanced activation of c-Abl, a tyrosine kinase previously implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic treatment of Tg2576 mice with Nilotinib, a validated c-Abl inhibitor, reduces c-Abl phosphorylation, improves autophagy, reduces Aβ levels and - more importantly - prevents degeneration as well as functional and morphological alterations in DA neurons of the VTA. Interestingly, the drug prevents the reduction of DA outflow to the hippocampus and ameliorates hippocampal-related cognitive functions. Our results strive to identify early pathological brain changes in AD, to provide a rational basis for new therapeutic interventions able to slow down the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia La Barbera
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Francescangelo Vedele
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Paraskevi Krashia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Spoleti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Debora Cutuli
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Emma Cauzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ramona Marino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy; Department of Life Science and Public Health Section of Histology and Embryology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Melone
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60020, Ancona, Italy; Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura Anziani (INRCA), 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Flavio Keller
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), 60020, Ancona, Italy; Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura Anziani (INRCA), 60020, Ancona, Italy; Foundation for Molecular Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Sciences and Technologies for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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Chiu WH, Kovacheva L, Musgrove RE, Arien-Zakay H, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Yaka R, Ben-Zvi D, Hanani M, Roeper J, Goldberg JA. α-Synuclein-induced Kv4 channelopathy in mouse vagal motoneurons drives nonmotor parkinsonian symptoms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd3994. [PMID: 33692101 PMCID: PMC7946367 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
No disease-modifying therapy is currently available for Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The long nonmotor prodromal phase of PD is a window of opportunity for early detection and intervention. However, we lack the pathophysiological understanding to develop selective biomarkers and interventions. By using a mutant α-synuclein selective-overexpression mouse model of prodromal PD, we identified a cell-autonomous selective Kv4 channelopathy in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons. This functional remodeling of intact DMV neurons leads to impaired pacemaker function in vitro and in vivo, which, in turn, reduces gastrointestinal motility, a common early symptom of prodromal PD. We identify a chain of events from α-synuclein via a biophysical dysfunction of a specific neuronal population to a clinically relevant prodromal symptom. These findings will facilitate the rational design of clinical biomarkers to identify people at risk for developing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Chiu
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lora Kovacheva
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ruth E Musgrove
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Arien-Zakay
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - James B Koprich
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
- Atuka Inc., Toronto, ON M5X 1C9, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Brotchie
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
- Atuka Inc., Toronto, ON M5X 1C9, Canada
| | - Rami Yaka
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Danny Ben-Zvi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Menachem Hanani
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Mount Scopus, 91240 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joshua A Goldberg
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel.
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37
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Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased risk for diseases of the basal ganglia and cerebellum, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The evidence reviewed here indicates that deficits in striatal dopamine are a shared component of the causal chains that produce these disorders. Neuropsychological studies of adult ADHD, prodromal PD, and early-stage PD reveal similar deficits in executive functions, memory, attention, and inhibition that are mediated by similar neural substrates. These and other findings are consistent with the possibility that ADHD may be part of the PD prodrome. The mechanisms that may mediate the association between PD and ADHD include neurotoxic effects of stimulants, other environmental exposures, and Lewy pathology. Understanding the nature of the association between PD and ADHD may provide insight into the etiology and pathogenesis of both disorders. The possible contribution of stimulants to this association may have important clinical and public health implications.
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38
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Mannal N, Kleiner K, Fauler M, Dougalis A, Poetschke C, Liss B. Multi-Electrode Array Analysis Identifies Complex Dopamine Responses and Glucose Sensing Properties of Substantia Nigra Neurons in Mouse Brain Slices. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:635050. [PMID: 33716704 PMCID: PMC7952765 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.635050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) midbrain neurons within the substantia nigra (SN) display an autonomous pacemaker activity that is crucial for dopamine release and voluntary movement control. Their progressive degeneration is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Their metabolically demanding activity-mode affects Ca2+ homeostasis, elevates metabolic stress, and renders SN DA neurons particularly vulnerable to degenerative stressors. Accordingly, their activity is regulated by complex mechanisms, notably by dopamine itself, via inhibitory D2-autoreceptors and the neuroprotective neuronal Ca2+ sensor NCS-1. Analyzing regulation of SN DA neuron activity-pattern is complicated by their high vulnerability. We studied this activity and its control by dopamine, NCS-1, and glucose with extracellular multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings from midbrain slices of juvenile and adult mice. Our tailored MEA- and spike sorting-protocols allowed high throughput and long recording times. According to individual dopamine-responses, we identified two distinct SN cell-types, in similar frequency: dopamine-inhibited and dopamine-excited neurons. Dopamine-excited neurons were either silent in the absence of dopamine, or they displayed pacemaker-activities, similar to that of dopamine-inhibited neurons. Inhibition of pacemaker-activity by dopamine is typical for SN DA neurons, and it can undergo prominent desensitization. We show for adult mice, that the number of SN DA neurons with desensitized dopamine-inhibition was increased (~60–100%) by a knockout of NCS-1, or by prevention of NCS-1 binding to D2-autoreceptors, while time-course and degrees of desensitization were not altered. The number of neurons with desensitized D2-responses was also higher (~65%) at high glucose-levels (25 mM), compared to lower glucose (2.5 mM), while again desensitization-kinetics were unaltered. However, spontaneous firing-rates were significantly higher at high glucose-levels (~20%). Moreover, transient glucose-deprivation (1 mM) induced a fast and fully-reversible pacemaker frequency reduction. To directly address and quantify glucose-sensing properties of SN DA neurons, we continuously monitored their electrical activity, while altering extracellular glucose concentrations stepwise from 0.5 mM up to 25 mM. SN DA neurons were excited by glucose, with EC50 values ranging from 0.35 to 2.3 mM. In conclusion, we identified a novel, common subtype of dopamine-excited SN neurons, and a complex, joint regulation of dopamine-inhibited neurons by dopamine and glucose, within the range of physiological brain glucose-levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mannal
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Linacre and New College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Wulansari N, Darsono WHW, Woo HJ, Chang MY, Kim J, Bae EJ, Sun W, Lee JH, Cho IJ, Shin H, Lee SJ, Lee SH. Neurodevelopmental defects and neurodegenerative phenotypes in human brain organoids carrying Parkinson's disease-linked DNAJC6 mutations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabb1540. [PMID: 33597231 PMCID: PMC7888924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of DNAJC6, encoding HSP40 auxilin, have recently been identified in patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). To study the roles of DNAJC6 in PD pathogenesis, we used human embryonic stem cells with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing. Here, we show that DNAJC6 mutations cause key PD pathologic features, i.e., midbrain-type dopamine (mDA) neuron degeneration, pathologic α-synuclein aggregation, increase of intrinsic neuronal firing frequency, and mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions in human midbrain-like organoids (hMLOs). In addition, neurodevelopmental defects were also manifested in hMLOs carrying the mutations. Transcriptomic analyses followed by experimental validation revealed that defects in DNAJC6-mediated endocytosis impair the WNT-LMX1A signal during the mDA neuron development. Furthermore, reduced LMX1A expression during development caused the generation of vulnerable mDA neurons with the pathologic manifestations. These results suggest that the human model of DNAJC6-PD recapitulates disease phenotypes and reveals mechanisms underlying disease pathology, providing a platform for assessing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noviana Wulansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahyu Handoko Wibowo Darsono
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Woo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Bae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogeun Shin
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Maqoud F, Scala R, Hoxha M, Zappacosta B, Tricarico D. ATP-sensitive potassium channel subunits in the neuroinflammation: novel drug targets in neurodegenerative disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:130-149. [PMID: 33463481 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210119095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acids and its metabolites modulate plenty of ligand-gated, voltage-dependent ion channels, and metabolically regulated potassium channels including ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP). KATP channels are hetero-multimeric complexes of sulfonylureas receptors (SUR1, SUR2A or SUR2B) and the pore-forming subunits (Kir6.1 and Kir6.2) likewise expressed in the pre-post synapsis of neurons and inflammatory cells, thereby affecting their proliferation and activity. KATP channels are involved in amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced pathology, therefore emerging as therapeutic targets against Alzheimer's and related diseases. The modulation of these channels can represent an innovative strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders; nevertheless, the currently available drugs are not selective for brain KATP channels and show contrasting effects. This phenomenon can be a consequence of the multiple physiological roles of the different varieties of KATP channels. Openings of cardiac and muscular KATP channel subunits, is protective against caspase-dependent atrophy in these tissues and some neurodegenerative disorders, whereas in some neuroinflammatory diseases benefits can be obtained through the inhibition of neuronal KATP channel subunits. For example, glibenclamide exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in respiratory, digestive, urological, and central nervous system (CNS) diseases, as well as in ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with abnormal SUR1-Trpm4/TNF-α or SUR1-Trpm4/ Nos2/ROS signaling. Despite this strategy is promising, glibenclamide may have limited clinical efficacy due to its unselective blocking action of SUR2A/B subunits also expressed in cardiovascular apparatus with pro-arrhythmic effects and SUR1 expressed in pancreatic beta cells with hypoglycemic risk. Alternatively, neuronal selective dual modulators showing agonist/antagonist actions on KATP channels can be an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Maqoud
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125-I. Italy
| | - Rosa Scala
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125-I. Italy
| | - Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana. Albania
| | - Bruno Zappacosta
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana. Albania
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125-I. Italy
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Xiao Y, Yang J, Ji W, He Q, Mao L, Shu Y. A- and D-type potassium currents regulate axonal action potential repolarization in midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuropharmacology 2021; 185:108399. [PMID: 33400937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons (DANs) regulate various brain functions such as motor control and motivation. Alteration of spiking activities of these neurons could contribute to severe brain disorders including Parkinson's disease and depression. Previous studies showed important roles of somatodendritic voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv) of DANs in governing neuronal excitability and dopamine release. However, it remains largely unclear about the biophysical properties and the function of Kv channels distributed at DAN axons. We performed whole-cell recordings from the axons of DANs in acute mouse midbrain and striatal slices. We detected both rapidly activating/inactivating Kv current (i.e. A-current) and rapidly activating but slowly inactivating current (i.e. D-current) in DAN axons. Pharmacological experiments with channel blockers revealed that these currents are predominantly mediated by Kv1.4 and Kv1.2 subunits, respectively. Blocking these currents could substantially prolong axonal action potentials (APs) via a reduction of their repolarization slope. Together, our results show that Kv channels mediating A- and D-currents shape AP waveforms in midbrain DAN axons, through this regulation they may control dopamine release at the axonal terminals. Therefore, these axonal Kv channels could be drug targets for brain disorders with abnormal dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Quansheng He
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Otomo K, Perkins J, Kulkarni A, Stojanovic S, Roeper J, Paladini CA. In vivo patch-clamp recordings reveal distinct subthreshold signatures and threshold dynamics of midbrain dopamine neurons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6286. [PMID: 33293613 PMCID: PMC7722714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo firing patterns of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons are controlled by afferent and intrinsic activity to generate sensory cue and prediction error signals that are essential for reward-based learning. Given the absence of in vivo intracellular recordings during the last three decades, the subthreshold membrane potential events that cause changes in dopamine neuron firing patterns remain unknown. To address this, we established in vivo whole-cell recordings and obtained over 100 spontaneously active, immunocytochemically-defined midbrain dopamine neurons in isoflurane-anaesthetized adult mice. We identified a repertoire of subthreshold membrane potential signatures associated with distinct in vivo firing patterns. Dopamine neuron activity in vivo deviated from single-spike pacemaking by phasic increases in firing rate via two qualitatively distinct biophysical mechanisms: 1) a prolonged hyperpolarization preceding rebound bursts, accompanied by a hyperpolarizing shift in action potential threshold; and 2) a transient depolarization leading to high-frequency plateau bursts, associated with a depolarizing shift in action potential threshold. Our findings define a mechanistic framework for the biophysical implementation of dopamine neuron firing patterns in the intact brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Otomo
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jessica Perkins
- University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, USA
| | - Anand Kulkarni
- University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, USA
| | - Strahinja Stojanovic
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Carlos A Paladini
- University of Texas at San Antonio Neurosciences Institute, San Antonio, USA.
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A dual role for α-synuclein in facilitation and depression of dopamine release from substantia nigra neurons in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32701-32710. [PMID: 33273122 PMCID: PMC7768743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013652117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a long-sought& in vivo& physiological role for& α-synuclein (α-syn) in dopamine signaling. The results indicate that& α-syn is critical for activity-dependent dopamine plasticity, and that short repeated burst activity produces rapid presynaptic facilitation, while prolonged burst activity slowly depresses evoked dopamine release. We propose that the rapid facilitation is due to an enhanced fusion of synaptic vesicles at active zones during exocytosis while the depression is due to synaptic exhaustion. These results identify a& dynamic role of& α-syn, and are critical for defining& molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for various neurological disorders, where the firing properties of neurons are severely altered. α-Synuclein is expressed at high levels at presynaptic terminals, but defining its role in the regulation of neurotransmission under physiologically relevant conditions has proven elusive. We report that, in vivo, α-synuclein is responsible for the facilitation of dopamine release triggered by action potential bursts separated by short intervals (seconds) and a depression of release with longer intervals between bursts (minutes). These forms of presynaptic plasticity appear to be independent of the presence of β- and γ-synucleins or effects on presynaptic calcium and are consistent with a role for synucleins in the enhancement of synaptic vesicle fusion and turnover. These results indicate that the presynaptic effects of α-synuclein depend on specific patterns of neuronal activity.
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Regoni M, Cattaneo S, Mercatelli D, Novello S, Passoni A, Bagnati R, Davoli E, Croci L, Consalez GG, Albanese F, Zanetti L, Passafaro M, Serratto GM, Di Fonzo A, Valtorta F, Ciammola A, Taverna S, Morari M, Sassone J. Pharmacological antagonism of kainate receptor rescues dysfunction and loss of dopamine neurons in a mouse model of human parkin-induced toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:963. [PMID: 33173027 PMCID: PMC7656261 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the PARK2 gene encoding the protein parkin cause autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (ARJP), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by dysfunction and death of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Since a neuroprotective therapy for ARJP does not exist, research efforts aimed at discovering targets for neuroprotection are critically needed. A previous study demonstrated that loss of parkin function or expression of parkin mutants associated with ARJP causes an accumulation of glutamate kainate receptors (KARs) in human brain tissues and an increase of KAR-mediated currents in neurons in vitro. Based on the hypothesis that such KAR hyperactivation may contribute to the death of nigral DA neurons, we investigated the effect of KAR antagonism on the DA neuron dysfunction and death that occur in the parkinQ311X mouse, a model of human parkin-induced toxicity. We found that early accumulation of KARs occurs in the DA neurons of the parkinQ311X mouse, and that chronic administration of the KAR antagonist UBP310 prevents DA neuron loss. This neuroprotective effect is associated with the rescue of the abnormal firing rate of nigral DA neurons and downregulation of GluK2, the key KAR subunit. This study provides novel evidence of a causal role of glutamate KARs in the DA neuron dysfunction and loss occurring in a mouse model of human parkin-induced toxicity. Our results support KAR as a potential target in the development of neuroprotective therapy for ARJP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Regoni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Cattaneo
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Mercatelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Novello
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Davoli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Albanese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Letizia Zanetti
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Passafaro
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Via Luigi Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Maia Serratto
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Via Luigi Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neuroscience Section, Via Francesco Sforza 28, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Valtorta
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciammola
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Taverna
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jenny Sassone
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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Parkinson disease and the gut: new insights into pathogenesis and clinical relevance. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:673-685. [PMID: 32737460 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The classic view portrays Parkinson disease (PD) as a motor disorder resulting from loss of substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons. Multiple studies, however, describe prodromal, non-motor dysfunctions that affect the quality of life of patients who subsequently develop PD. These prodromal dysfunctions comprise a wide array of gastrointestinal motility disorders including dysphagia, delayed gastric emptying and chronic constipation. The histological hallmark of PD - misfolded α-synuclein aggregates that form Lewy bodies and neurites - is detected in the enteric nervous system prior to clinical diagnosis, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract and its neural (vagal) connection to the central nervous system could have a major role in disease aetiology. This Review provides novel insights on the pathogenesis of PD, including gut-to-brain trafficking of α-synuclein as well as the newly discovered nigro-vagal pathway, and highlights how vagal connections from the gut could be the conduit by which ingested environmental pathogens enter the central nervous system and ultimately induce, or accelerate, PD progression. The pathogenic potential of various environmental neurotoxicants and the suitability and translational potential of experimental animal models of PD will be highlighted and appraised. Finally, the clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal involvement in PD and medications will be discussed briefly.
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The environmental toxicant ziram enhances neurotransmitter release and increases neuronal excitability via the EAG family of potassium channels. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104977. [PMID: 32553709 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental toxicants have the potential to contribute to the pathophysiology of multiple complex diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. One such toxicant is the widely used fungicide ziram, a dithiocarbamate known to have neurotoxic effects and to increase the risk of Parkinson's disease. We have used Drosophila melanogaster as an unbiased discovery tool to identify novel molecular pathways by which ziram may disrupt neuronal function. Consistent with previous results in mammalian cells, we find that ziram increases the probability of synaptic vesicle release by dysregulation of the ubiquitin signaling system. In addition, we find that ziram increases neuronal excitability. Using a combination of live imaging and electrophysiology, we find that ziram increases excitability in both aminergic and glutamatergic neurons. This increased excitability is phenocopied and occluded by null mutant animals of the ether a-go-go (eag) potassium channel. A pharmacological inhibitor of the temperature sensitive hERG (human ether-a-go-go related gene) phenocopies the excitability effects of ziram but only at elevated temperatures. seizure (sei), a fly ortholog of hERG, is thus another candidate target of ziram. Taken together, the eag family of potassium channels emerges as a candidate for mediating some of the toxic effects of ziram. We propose that ziram may contribute to the risk of complex human diseases by blockade of human eag and sei orthologs, such as hERG.
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Petridi S, Middleton CA, Ugbode C, Fellgett A, Covill L, Elliott CJH. In Vivo Visual Screen for Dopaminergic Rab ↔ LRRK2-G2019S Interactions in Drosophila Discriminates Rab10 from Rab3. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:1903-1914. [PMID: 32321836 PMCID: PMC7263684 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
LRRK2 mutations cause Parkinson's, but the molecular link from increased kinase activity to pathological neurodegeneration remains undetermined. Previous in vitro assays indicate that LRRK2 substrates include at least 8 Rab GTPases. We have now examined this hypothesis in vivo in a functional, electroretinogram screen, expressing each Rab with/without LRRK2-G2019S in selected Drosophila dopaminergic neurons. Our screen discriminated Rab10 from Rab3. The strongest Rab/LRRK2-G2019S interaction is with Rab10; the weakest with Rab3. Rab10 is expressed in a different set of dopaminergic neurons from Rab3. Thus, anatomical and physiological patterns of Rab10 are related. We conclude that Rab10 is a valid substrate of LRRK2 in dopaminergic neurons in vivo We propose that variations in Rab expression contribute to differences in the rate of neurodegeneration recorded in different dopaminergic nuclei in Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Petridi
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - C Adam Middleton
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Chris Ugbode
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Alison Fellgett
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Laura Covill
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Christopher J H Elliott
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, YO1 5DD, UK
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Janitzky K. Impaired Phasic Discharge of Locus Coeruleus Neurons Based on Persistent High Tonic Discharge-A New Hypothesis With Potential Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2020; 11:371. [PMID: 32477246 PMCID: PMC7235306 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem nucleus with widely distributed noradrenergic projections to the whole brain, and loss of LC neurons is a prominent feature of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). This article discusses the hypothesis that in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, the discharge mode of LC neurons could be changed to a persistent high tonic discharge, which in turn might impair phasic discharge. Since phasic discharge of LC neurons is required for the release of high amounts of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain to promote anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, persistent high tonic discharge of LC neurons could be a key factor in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Transcutaneous vagal stimulation (t-VNS), a non-invasive technique that potentially increases phasic discharge of LC neurons, could therefore provide a non-pharmacological treatment approach in specific disease stages. This article focuses on LC vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases, discusses the hypothesis that a persistent high tonic discharge of LC neurons might affect neurodegenerative processes, and finally reflects on t-VNS as a potentially useful clinical tool in specific stages of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Janitzky
- Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez P, Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:61-89. [PMID: 32247375 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, disabling millions worldwide. Despite the imperative PD poses, at present, there is no cure or means of slowing progression. This gap is attributable to our incomplete understanding of the factors driving pathogenesis. Research over the past several decades suggests that both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous processes contribute to the neuronal dysfunction underlying PD symptoms. The thesis of this review is that an intersection of these processes governs the pattern of pathology in PD. Studies of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons, whose loss is responsible for the core motor symptoms of PD, suggest that they have a combination of traits-a long, highly branched axon, autonomous activity, and elevated mitochondrial oxidant stress-that predispose them to non-cell autonomous drivers of pathogenesis, like misfolded forms of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and inflammation. The literature surrounding these issues will be briefly summarized, and the translational implications of an intersectional hypothesis of PD pathogenesis discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Zampese
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Inhibition of histone deacetylation rescues phenotype in a mouse model of Birk-Barel intellectual disability syndrome. Nat Commun 2020; 11:480. [PMID: 31980599 PMCID: PMC6981138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the actively expressed, maternal allele of the imprinted KCNK9 gene cause Birk-Barel intellectual disability syndrome (BBIDS). Using a BBIDS mouse model, we identify here a partial rescue of the BBIDS-like behavioral and neuronal phenotypes mediated via residual expression from the paternal Kcnk9 (Kcnk9pat) allele. We further demonstrate that the second-generation HDAC inhibitor CI-994 induces enhanced expression from the paternally silenced Kcnk9 allele and leads to a full rescue of the behavioral phenotype suggesting CI-994 as a promising molecule for BBIDS therapy. Thus, these findings suggest a potential approach to improve cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model of an imprinting disorder. Birk-Barel intellectual disability is an imprinting syndrome due to maternally-only transmitted mutations of KCNK9/TASK3. Here authors are using a heterozygous deletion of the active maternal Kcnk9 allele to model the disease and show phenotypic rescue by HDAC inhibition.
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