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Amato E, Taroc EZM, Forni PE. Illuminating the terminal nerve: Uncovering the link between GnRH-1 neuron and olfactory development. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25599. [PMID: 38488687 PMCID: PMC10958589 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the olfactory placode (OP) generates migratory neurons, including olfactory pioneer neurons, cells of the terminal nerve (TN), gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons, and other uncharacterized neurons. Pioneer neurons from the OP induce olfactory bulb (OB) morphogenesis. In mice, GnRH-1 neurons appear in the olfactory system around mid-gestation and migrate via the TN axons to different brain regions. The GnRH-1 neurons are crucial in controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Kallmann syndrome is characterized by impaired olfactory system development, defective OBs, secretion of GnRH-1, and infertility. The precise mechanistic link between the olfactory system and GnRH-1 development remains unclear. Studies in humans and mice highlight the importance of the prokineticin-2/prokineticin-receptor-2 (Prokr2) signaling pathway in OB morphogenesis and GnRH-1 neuronal migration. Prokr2 loss-of-function mutations can cause Kallmann syndrome (KS), and hence the Prokr2 signaling pathway represents a unique model to decipher the olfactory/GnRH-1 connection. We discovered that Prokr2 is expressed in the TN neurons during the critical period of GnRH-1 neuron formation, migration, and induction of OB morphogenesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified that the TN is formed by neurons distinct from the olfactory neurons. The TN neurons express multiple genes associated with KS. Our study suggests that the aberrant development of pioneer/TN neurons might cause the KS spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Amato
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Neuroscience Research, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Ed Zandro M. Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Neuroscience Research, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Paolo E. Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Neuroscience Research, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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Amato E, Taroc EZM, Forni PE. Illuminating the Terminal Nerve: Uncovering the Link between GnRH-1 and Olfactory Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.31.555770. [PMID: 37693459 PMCID: PMC10491181 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.555770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the olfactory placode (OP) generates migratory neurons, including olfactory pioneer neurons, cells of the terminal nerve (TN), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons, and other uncharacterized neurons. Pioneer neurons from the olfactory placode induce olfactory bulb morphogenesis. In mice, GnRH-1 neurons appear in the olfactory system around mid-gestation and migrate via the terminal nerve axons to different brain regions. The GnRH-1 neurons are crucial in controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Kallmann syndrome is characterized by impaired olfactory system development, defective olfactory bulbs, defective secretion of GnRH-1, and infertility. The precise mechanistic link between the olfactory system and GnRH-1 development remains unclear. Studies in humans and mice highlight the importance of the Prokineticin-2/Prokineticin-Receptor-2 (Prokr2) signaling pathway in olfactory bulb morphogenesis and GnRH-1 neuronal migration. Prokr2 loss-of-function mutations can cause Kallmann syndrome, and hence the Prokr2 signaling pathway represents a unique model to decipher the olfactory/GnRH-1 connection. We discovered that Prokr2 is expressed in the TN neurons during the critical period of GnRH-1 neuron formation, migration, and induction of olfactory bulb morphogenesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified that the TN is formed by neurons that are distinct from the olfactory neurons. The TN neurons express multiple genes associated with KS. Our study suggests that the aberrant development of pioneer/TN neurons might cause the KS spectrum. Key Points 1) Pioneer or terminal nerve neurons play a crucial role in initiating the development of the olfactory bulbs. We found that the Prokineticin Receptor-2 gene, associated with Kallmann syndrome, is expressed by the olfactory pioneer/terminal nerve neurons.2) We genetically traced, isolated, and conducted Single-cell RNA sequencing on terminal nerve neurons of rodents. This analysis revealed a significant enrichment of gene expression related to Kallmann syndrome.3) Our study indicates that the investigation of Pioneer/terminal nerve neurons should be a pivotal focal point for comprehending developmental defects affecting olfactory and GnRH-1 systems.
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The role of ciliopathy-associated type 3 adenylyl cyclase in infanticidal behavior in virgin adult male mice. iScience 2022; 25:104534. [PMID: 35754726 PMCID: PMC9218507 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Virgin adult male mice often display killing of alien newborns, defined as infanticide, and this behavior is dependent on olfactory signaling. Olfactory perception is achieved by the main olfactory system (MOS) or vomeronasal system (VNS). Although it has been established that the VNS is crucial for infanticide in male mice, the role of the MOS in infanticide remains unknown. Herein, by producing lesions via ZnSO4 perfusion and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid stereotactic injection, we demonstrated that the main olfactory epithelium (MOE), anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), or ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is crucial for infanticide in adult males. By using CRISPR-Cas9 coupled with adeno-associated viruses to induce specific knockdown of type 3 adenylyl cyclase (AC3) in these tissues, we further demonstrated that AC3, a ciliopathy-associated protein, in the MOE and the expression of related proteins in the AON or VMH are necessary for infanticidal behavior in virgin adult male mice. MOE lesions and knockdown of AC3 in the MOE result in abnormal infanticidal behavior The infanticidal behavior of male mice is impaired by lesioning of the AON or VMH AC3 knockdown in the AON or VMH affects the infanticidal behavior of male mice
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Di Schiavi E, Vistoli G, Moretti RM, Corrado I, Zuccarini G, Gervasoni S, Casati L, Bottai D, Merlo GR, Maggi R. Anosmin-1-Like Effect of UMODL1/Olfactorin on the Chemomigration of Mouse GnRH Neurons and Zebrafish Olfactory Axons Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836179. [PMID: 35223856 PMCID: PMC8874799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of development/migration of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is the main cause of Kallmann's syndrome (KS), an inherited disorder characterized by hypogonadism, anosmia, and other developmental defects. Olfactorin is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by the UMODL1 (uromodulin-like 1) gene expressed in the mouse olfactory region along the migratory route of GnRH neurons. It shares a combination of WAP and FNIII repeats, expressed in complementary domains, with anosmin-1, the product of the ANOS1 gene, identified as the causative of KS. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of olfactorin in vitro and in vivo models. The results show that olfactorin exerts an anosmin-1-like strong chemoattractant effect on mouse-immortalized GnRH neurons (GN11 cells) through the activation of the FGFR and MAPK pathways. In silico analysis of olfactorin and anosmin-1 reveals a satisfactory similarity at the N-terminal region for the overall arrangement of corresponding WAP and FNIII domains and marked similarities between WAP domains’ binding modes of interaction with the resolved FGFR1–FGF2 complex. Finally, in vivo experiments show that the down-modulation of the zebrafish z-umodl1 gene (orthologous of UMODL1) in both GnRH3:GFP and omp2k:gap-CFPrw034 transgenic zebrafish strains leads to a clear disorganization and altered fasciculation of the neurites of GnRH3:GFP neurons crossing at the anterior commissure and a significant increase in olfactory CFP + fibers with altered trajectory. Thus, our study shows olfactorin as an additional factor involved in the development of olfactory and GnRH systems and proposes UMODL1 as a gene worthy of diagnostic investigation in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Manuela Moretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences DISFEB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corrado
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Zuccarini
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Department Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DISFARM, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Maggi,
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Li J, Zhong Y, Guo T, Yu Y, Li J. Case Report: A Novel Point Mutation of SOX3 in a Subject With Growth Hormone Deficiency, Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism, and Borderline Intellectual Disability. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:810375. [PMID: 35295983 PMCID: PMC8918540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.810375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX3 is critical for the development of the pituitary, brain, and face, and SOX3 mutations may lead to hypopituitarism, intellectual disability, and craniofacial abnormalities. Common SOX3 mutations are duplications and deletions of the whole or part of SOX3, yet only a few cases with point mutations were reported by far. We present a case with growth retardation, small penis, and learning difficulty. Further assessment confirmed growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), and borderline intellectual disability. He also responded well to gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test, which suggests defects in the hypothalamus, contrary to previous studies that reported defects in the pituitary. A pathogenic frame-shift mutation of SOX3 was found. A heterogeneous missense mutation in SEMA3A was identified in this patient as well, which may also contribute to the development of HH. As far as we know, this is the first report that a frame-shift mutation of SOX3 constitutes rare genetic causes of HH and growth hormone deficiency. Whether mutations in these two genes act synergistically in the pathogenesis of the patient's phenotype remains to be further investigated. We believe that our case extends the phenotypic spectrum and genetic variability of SOX3 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxia Zhong
- Department of Respirology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hongya County People’s Hospital, Meishan, China
| | - Yerong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Li,
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Aerts T, Seuntjens E. Novel Perspectives on the Development of the Amygdala in Rodents. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:786679. [PMID: 34955766 PMCID: PMC8696165 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.786679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is a hyperspecialized brain region composed of strongly inter- and intraconnected nuclei involved in emotional learning and behavior. The cellular heterogeneity of the amygdalar nuclei has complicated straightforward conclusions on their developmental origin, and even resulted in contradictory data. Recently, the concentric ring theory of the pallium and the radial histogenetic model of the pallial amygdala have cleared up several uncertainties that plagued previous models of amygdalar development. Here, we provide an extensive overview on the developmental origin of the nuclei of the amygdaloid complex. Starting from older gene expression data, transplantation and lineage tracing studies, we systematically summarize and reinterpret previous findings in light of the novel perspectives on amygdalar development. In addition, migratory routes that these cells take on their way to the amygdala are explored, and known transcription factors and guidance cues that seemingly drive these cells toward the amygdala are emphasized. We propose some future directions for research on amygdalar development and highlight that a better understanding of its development could prove critical for the treatment of several neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Aerts
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Oleari R, Massa V, Cariboni A, Lettieri A. The Differential Roles for Neurodevelopmental and Neuroendocrine Genes in Shaping GnRH Neuron Physiology and Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9425. [PMID: 34502334 PMCID: PMC8431607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that control sexual reproduction. During embryonic development, GnRH neurons migrate from the nose to the hypothalamus, where they receive inputs from several afferent neurons, following the axonal scaffold patterned by nasal nerves. Each step of GnRH neuron development depends on the orchestrated action of several molecules exerting specific biological functions. Mutations in genes encoding for these essential molecules may cause Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (CHH), a rare disorder characterized by GnRH deficiency, delayed puberty and infertility. Depending on their action in the GnRH neuronal system, CHH causative genes can be divided into neurodevelopmental and neuroendocrine genes. The CHH genetic complexity, combined with multiple inheritance patterns, results in an extreme phenotypic variability of CHH patients. In this review, we aim at providing a comprehensive and updated description of the genes thus far associated with CHH, by dissecting their biological relevance in the GnRH system and their functional relevance underlying CHH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Valentina Massa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy;
- CRC Aldo Ravelli for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
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Guarnieri G, Becatti M, Comeglio P, Vignozzi L, Maggi M, Vannelli GB, Morelli A. Benzo[a]pyrene impairs the migratory pattern of human gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-secreting neuroblasts. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34459573 PMCID: PMC8419627 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a widespread pollutant that can act as an endocrine disrupting compound (EDC) and interferes with reproductive function. The central regulatory network of the reproductive system is mediated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, which originate in the olfactory placode and, during ontogenesis, migrate into the hypothalamus. Given the importance of the migratory process for GnRH neuron maturation, we investigated the effect of BaP (10 μM for 24 h) on GnRH neuroblasts isolated from the human fetal olfactory epithelium (FNCB4). BaP exposure significantly reduced the mRNA level of genes implicated in FNCB4 cell migration and affected their migratory ability. Our findings demonstrate that BaP may interfere with the central neuronal network controlling human reproduction affecting GnRH neuron maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guarnieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence.
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | - Mario Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | | | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence.
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Naulé L, Maione L, Kaiser UB. Puberty, A Sensitive Window of Hypothalamic Development and Plasticity. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqaa209. [PMID: 33175140 PMCID: PMC7733306 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a developmental period characterized by a broad range of physiologic changes necessary for the acquisition of adult sexual and reproductive maturity. These changes mirror complex modifications within the central nervous system, including within the hypothalamus. These modifications result in the maturation of a fully active hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the neuroendocrine cascade ensuring gonadal activation, sex steroid secretion, and gametogenesis. A complex and finely regulated neural network overseeing the HPG axis, particularly the pubertal reactivation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, has been progressively unveiled in the last 3 decades. This network includes kisspeptin, neurokinin B, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons as well as glial cells. In addition to substantial modifications in the expression of key targets, several changes in neuronal morphology, neural connections, and synapse organization occur to establish mature and coordinated neurohormonal secretion, leading to puberty initiation. The aim of this review is to outline the current knowledge of the major changes that neurons secreting GnRH and their neuronal and glial partners undergo before and after puberty. Emerging mediators upstream of GnRH, uncovered in recent years, are also addressed herein. In addition, the effects of sex steroids, particularly estradiol, on changes in hypothalamic neurodevelopment and plasticity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Naulé
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luigi Maione
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Paris Saclay University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Dai W, Li JD, Wang X, Zeng W, Jiang F, Zheng R. Discovery of a Novel Variant of SEMA3A in a Chinese Patient with Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:7752526. [PMID: 34721574 PMCID: PMC8553509 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7752526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin (SEMA) has an important role in nerve development, organ formation, immune response, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. SEMA can regulate the growth and branching of axons, the morphology of dendrites, and the migration of neurons. The loss-of-function in SEMA and its receptors PLXNs and NRP affect the migration of GnRH neurons, leading to idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). As a member of the SEMA family, SEMA3A has an important role in axonal rejection, dendritic branching, synaptic formation, and neuronal migration. There are more and more SEMA3A variants identified in IHH patients. In this study, we identified a novel SEMA3A variant (c.1369A > G (p.T457A)) in a male nIHH patient. Functional studies indicated that the T457A SEMA3A variant led to the defect of FAK phosphorylation and GN11 cell migration, which strongly argued in favor of its pathogenic effect in the nIHH patient. Our findings substantiated that the 435-457 position of SEMA3A might be very important for the secretion of SEMA3A. Haploin-sufficiency of SEMA3A in humans was sufficient to cause the IHH phenotype. SEMA3A variants might have a role in modifying the IHH phenotype, according to the variants at different positions of SEMA3A. SEMAs and its receptors formed a complex network, and other members of the SEMA-signaling pathway might also be involved in the pathogenesis of IHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412007, China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Wang Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
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Cariboni A, Balasubramanian R. Kallmann syndrome and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: The role of semaphorin signaling on GnRH neurons. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 182:307-315. [PMID: 34266601 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819973-2.00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome are rare genetic disorders characterized by isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency (IGD) and delayed or absent puberty. Defective GnRH neuron migration during development or secretion of mature GnRH neurons secondary to molecular defects in several key developmental and neuroendocrine pathways are thought to be the primary causes of these disorders. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of semaphorins and their receptors in this system, by showing that these molecules play distinct roles during the development and plasticity of these neurons. Accordingly, mutations in the semaphoring-signaling pathway genes have been found in patients affected by IGD, underlying the importance of semaphorin-mediated signaling pathways in the neuroendocrine axis that control reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Oleari R, André V, Lettieri A, Tahir S, Roth L, Paganoni A, Eberini I, Parravicini C, Scagliotti V, Cotellessa L, Bedogni F, De Martini LB, Corridori MV, Gulli S, Augustin HG, Gaston-Massuet C, Hussain K, Cariboni A. A Novel SEMA3G Mutation in Two Siblings Affected by Syndromic GnRH Deficiency. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:421-441. [PMID: 32365351 DOI: 10.1159/000508375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), a rare genetic disorder that impairs sexual reproduction. HH can be due to defective GnRH-secreting neuron development or function and may be associated with other clinical signs in overlapping genetic syndromes. With most of the cases being idiopathic, genetics underlying HH is still largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess the contribution of mutated Semaphorin 3G (SEMA3G) in the onset of a syndromic form of HH, characterized by intellectual disability and facial dysmorphic features. METHOD By combining homozygosity mapping with exome sequencing, we identified a novel variant in the SEMA3G gene. We then applied mouse as a model organism to examine SEMA3Gexpression and its functional requirement in vivo. Further, we applied homology modelling in silico and cell culture assays in vitro to validate the pathogenicity of the identified gene variant. RESULTS We found that (i) SEMA3G is expressed along the migratory route of GnRH neurons and in the developing pituitary, (ii) SEMA3G affects GnRH neuron development, but is redundant in the adult hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and (iii) mutated SEMA3G alters binding properties in silico and in vitro to its PlexinA receptors and attenuates its effect on the migration of immortalized GnRH neurons. CONCLUSION In silico, in vitro, and in vivo models revealed that SEMA3G regulates GnRH neuron migration and that its mutation affecting receptor selectivity may be responsible for the HH-related defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina André
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sophia Tahir
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Roth
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alyssa Paganoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovica Cotellessa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bedogni
- San Raffaele Rett Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simona Gulli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Sidra Medical & Research Center, Division of Endocrinology OPC, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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13
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Vanacker C, Trova S, Shruti S, Casoni F, Messina A, Croizier S, Malone S, Ternier G, Hanchate NK, Rasika S, Bouret SG, Ciofi P, Giacobini P, Prevot V. Neuropilin-1 expression in GnRH neurons regulates prepubertal weight gain and sexual attraction. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104633. [PMID: 32761635 PMCID: PMC7527814 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic neurons expressing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the "master molecule" regulating reproduction and fertility, migrate from their birthplace in the nose to their destination using a system of guidance cues, which include the semaphorins and their receptors, the neuropilins and plexins, among others. Here, we show that selectively deleting neuropilin-1 in new GnRH neurons enhances their survival and migration, resulting in excess neurons in the hypothalamus and in their unusual accumulation in the accessory olfactory bulb, as well as an acceleration of mature patterns of activity. In female mice, these alterations result in early prepubertal weight gain, premature attraction to male odors, and precocious puberty. Our findings suggest that rather than being influenced by peripheral energy state, GnRH neurons themselves, through neuropilin-semaphorin signaling, might engineer the timing of puberty by regulating peripheral adiposity and behavioral switches, thus acting as a bridge between the reproductive and metabolic axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vanacker
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sara Trova
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sonal Shruti
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Andrea Messina
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Samuel Malone
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Gaetan Ternier
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Naresh Kumar Hanchate
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - S Rasika
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm U1215Neurocentre MagendieBordeauxFrance
- Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
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14
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Hodžić A, Maver A, Plaseska-Karanfilska D, Ristanović M, Noveski P, Zorn B, Terzic M, Kunej T, Peterlin B. De novo mutations in idiopathic male infertility-A pilot study. Andrology 2020; 9:212-220. [PMID: 32860660 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are de novo mutations in the human genome associated with male infertility? SUMMARY ANSWER We identified de novo mutations in five candidate genes: SEMA5A, NEURL4, BRD2, CD1D, and CD63. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Epidemiological and genetic studies have consistently indicated contribution of genetic factors to the etiology of male infertility, suggesting that more than 1500 genes are involved in spermatogenesis. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION First, we searched for de novo mutations in patients with idiopathic azoospermia with whole-exome sequencing (WES). To evaluate the potential functional impact of de novo identified mutations, we analyzed their expression differences on independent testis samples with normal and impaired spermatogenesis. In the next step, we tested additional group of azoospermic patients for mutations in identified genes with de novo mutations. In addition to the analysis of de novo mutations in patients with idiopathic azoospermia, we considered other models of inheritance and searched for candidate genes harboring rare maternally inherited variants and biallelic autosomal and X-chromosome hemizygous variants. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We performed WES in 13 infertile males with idiopathic azoospermia and their parents. Potential functional impact of de novo identified mutations was evaluated by global gene expression profiling on 20 independent testis samples. To replicate the results, we performed WES in further 16 independent azoospermic males, which were screened for the variants in the same genes. Library preparation was performed with Nextera Coding Exome Capture Kit (Illumina), with subsequent sequencing on Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We identified 11 de novo mutations in 10 genes of which 5 were considered potentially associated with azoospermia: SEMA5A, NEURL4, BRD2, CD1D, and CD63. All candidate genes showed significant differential expression in testis samples composed of patients with severely impaired and normal spermatogenesis. Additionally, we identified rare, potentially pathogenic mutations in the genes previously implicated in male infertility-a maternally inherited heterozygous frameshift variant in FKBPL gene and inframe deletion in UPF2 gene, homozygous frameshift variant in CLCA4 gene, and a heterozygous missense variant NR0B1 gene, which represent promising candidates for further clinical implication. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY, REASONS FOR CAUTION We provided limited functional support for involvement of de novo identified genes in pathogenesis of male infertility, based on expression analysis. Additionally, the sample size was limited. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We provide support that de novo mutations might contribute to male infertility and propose five genes as potentially implicated in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Hodžić
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Maver
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dijana Plaseska-Karanfilska
- Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov" Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Momčilo Ristanović
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Noveski
- Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov" Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Branko Zorn
- Andrology Unit, Reproductive Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Terzic
- Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D. Efremov" Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Borut Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Perera SN, Williams RM, Lyne R, Stubbs O, Buehler DP, Sauka-Spengler T, Noda M, Micklem G, Southard-Smith EM, Baker CVH. Insights into olfactory ensheathing cell development from a laser-microdissection and transcriptome-profiling approach. Glia 2020; 68:2550-2584. [PMID: 32857879 PMCID: PMC7116175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest-derived glia that ensheath bundles of olfactory axons from their peripheral origins in the olfactory epithelium to their central targets in the olfactory bulb. We took an unbiased laser microdissection and differential RNA-seq approach, validated by in situ hybridization, to identify candidate molecular mechanisms underlying mouse OEC development and differences with the neural crest-derived Schwann cells developing on other peripheral nerves. We identified 25 novel markers for developing OECs in the olfactory mucosa and/or the olfactory nerve layer surrounding the olfactory bulb, of which 15 were OEC-specific (that is, not expressed by Schwann cells). One pan-OEC-specific gene, Ptprz1, encodes a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that blocks oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mutant analysis suggests Ptprz1 may also act as a brake on OEC differentiation, and that its loss disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Overall, our results provide new insights into OEC development and the diversification of neural crest-derived glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth M Williams
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Stubbs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Lund C, Yellapragada V, Vuoristo S, Balboa D, Trova S, Allet C, Eskici N, Pulli K, Giacobini P, Tuuri T, Raivio T. Characterization of the human GnRH neuron developmental transcriptome using a GNRH1-TdTomato reporter line in human pluripotent stem cells. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm040105. [PMID: 31996360 PMCID: PMC7075073 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons provide a fundamental signal for the onset of puberty and subsequent reproductive functions by secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Their disrupted development or function leads to congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). To model the development of human GnRH neurons, we generated a stable GNRH1-TdTomato reporter cell line in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. RNA-sequencing of the reporter clone, differentiated into GnRH neurons by dual SMAD inhibition and FGF8 treatment, revealed 6461 differentially expressed genes between progenitors and GnRH neurons. Expression of the transcription factor ISL1, one of the top 50 most upregulated genes in the TdTomato-expressing GnRH neurons, was confirmed in 10.5 gestational week-old human fetal GnRH neurons. Among the differentially expressed genes, we detected 15 genes that are implicated in CHH and several genes that are implicated in human puberty timing. Finally, FGF8 treatment in the neuronal progenitor pool led to upregulation of 37 genes expressed both in progenitors and in TdTomato-expressing GnRH neurons, which suggests upstream regulation of these genes by FGF8 signaling during GnRH neuron differentiation. These results illustrate how hPSC-derived human GnRH neuron transcriptomic analysis can be utilized to dissect signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks involved in human GnRH neuron development.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lund
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Venkatram Yellapragada
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Vuoristo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 00029 Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diego Balboa
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Trova
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, U1172 Lille, France
| | - Cecile Allet
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, U1172 Lille, France
| | - Nazli Eskici
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Pulli
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, U1172 Lille, France
- University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 00029 Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, 00029 Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Lettieri A, Borgo C, Zanieri L, D’Amore C, Oleari R, Paganoni A, Pinna LA, Cariboni A, Salvi M. Protein Kinase CK2 Subunits Differentially Perturb the Adhesion and Migration of GN11 Cells: A Model of Immature Migrating Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235951. [PMID: 31779225 PMCID: PMC6928770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a highly conserved and ubiquitous kinase is involved in crucial biological processes, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation. CK2 holoenzyme is a tetramer composed by two catalytically active (α/α’) and two regulatory (β) subunits and exerts its function on a broad range of targets. In the brain, it regulates different steps of neurodevelopment, such as neural differentiation, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Interestingly, CK2 mutations have been recently linked to neurodevelopmental disorders; however, the functional requirements of the individual CK2 subunits in neurodevelopment have not been yet investigated. Here, we disclose the role of CK2 on the migration and adhesion properties of GN11 cells, an established model of mouse immortalized neurons, by different in vitro experimental approaches. Specifically, the cellular requirement of this kinase has been assessed pharmacologically and genetically by exploiting CK2 inhibitors and by generating subunit-specific CK2 knockout GN11 cells (with a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach). We show that CK2α’ subunit has a primary role in increasing cell adhesion and reducing migration properties of GN11 cells by activating the Akt-GSK3β axis, whereas CK2α subunit is dispensable. Further, the knockout of the CK2β regulatory subunits counteracts cell migration, inducing dramatic alterations in the cytoskeleton not observed in CK2α’ knockout cells. Collectively taken, our data support the view that the individual subunits of CK2 play different roles in cell migration and adhesion properties of GN11 cells, supporting independent roles of the different subunits in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Luca Zanieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Claudio D’Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Alyssa Paganoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (L.Z.); (R.O.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.B.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.S.)
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18
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Oleari R, Caramello A, Campinoti S, Lettieri A, Ioannou E, Paganoni A, Fantin A, Cariboni A, Ruhrberg C. PLXNA1 and PLXNA3 cooperate to pattern the nasal axons that guide gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Development 2019; 146:146/21/dev176461. [PMID: 31690636 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons regulate puberty onset and sexual reproduction by secreting GnRH to activate and maintain the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. During embryonic development, GnRH neurons migrate along olfactory and vomeronasal axons through the nose into the brain, where they project to the median eminence to release GnRH. The secreted glycoprotein SEMA3A binds its receptors neuropilin (NRP) 1 or NRP2 to position these axons for correct GnRH neuron migration, with an additional role for the NRP co-receptor PLXNA1. Accordingly, mutations in SEMA3A, NRP1, NRP2 and PLXNA1 have been linked to defective GnRH neuron development in mice and inherited GnRH deficiency in humans. Here, we show that only the combined loss of PLXNA1 and PLXNA3 phenocopied the full spectrum of nasal axon and GnRH neuron defects of SEMA3A knockout mice. Together with Plxna1, the human orthologue of Plxna3 should therefore be investigated as a candidate gene for inherited GnRH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Oleari
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Caramello
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Sara Campinoti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Ioannou
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Alyssa Paganoni
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fantin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Anna Cariboni
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy .,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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19
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Howard SR, Dunkel L. Delayed Puberty-Phenotypic Diversity, Molecular Genetic Mechanisms, and Recent Discoveries. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1285-1317. [PMID: 31220230 PMCID: PMC6736054 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical condition of delayed puberty, a common presentation to the pediatric endocrinologist, which may present both diagnostic and prognostic challenges. Our understanding of the genetic control of pubertal timing has advanced thanks to active investigation in this field over the last two decades, but it remains in large part a fascinating and mysterious conundrum. The phenotype of delayed puberty is associated with adult health risks and common etiologies, and there is evidence for polygenic control of pubertal timing in the general population, sex-specificity, and epigenetic modulation. Moreover, much has been learned from comprehension of monogenic and digenic etiologies of pubertal delay and associated disorders and, in recent years, knowledge of oligogenic inheritance in conditions of GnRH deficiency. Recently there have been several novel discoveries in the field of self-limited delayed puberty, encompassing exciting developments linking this condition to both GnRH neuronal biology and metabolism and body mass. These data together highlight the fascinating heterogeneity of disorders underlying this phenotype and point to areas of future research where impactful developments can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Howard
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Pandolfi EC, Tonsfeldt KJ, Hoffmann HM, Mellon PL. Deletion of the Homeodomain Protein Six6 From GnRH Neurons Decreases GnRH Gene Expression, Resulting in Infertility. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2151-2164. [PMID: 31211355 PMCID: PMC6821215 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic GnRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) neurons are crucial for the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which regulates mammalian fertility. Insufficient GnRH disrupts the HPG axis and is often associated with the genetic condition idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). The homeodomain protein sine oculis-related homeobox 6 (Six6) is required for the development of GnRH neurons. Although it is known that Six6 is specifically expressed within a more mature GnRH neuronal cell line and that overexpression of Six6 induces GnRH transcription in these cells, the direct role of Six6 within the GnRH neuron in vivo is unknown. Here we find that global Six6 knockout (KO) embryos show apoptosis of GnRH neurons beginning at embryonic day 14.5 with 90% loss of GnRH neurons by postnatal day 1. We sought to determine whether the hypogonadism and infertility reported in the Six6KO mice are generated via actions within the GnRH neuron in vivo by creating a Six6-flox mouse and crossing it with the LHRHcre mouse. Loss of Six6 specifically within the GnRH neuron abolished GnRH expression in ∼0% of GnRH neurons. We further demonstrated that deletion of Six6 only within the GnRH neuron leads to infertility, hypogonadism, hypogonadotropism, and delayed puberty. We conclude that Six6 plays distinct roles in maintaining fertility in the GnRH neuron vs in the migratory environment of the GnRH neuron by maintaining expression of GnRH and survival of GnRH neurons, respectively. These results increase knowledge of the role of Six6 in the brain and may offer insight into the mechanism of IHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Pandolfi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Karen J Tonsfeldt
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hanne M Hoffmann
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Pamela L Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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21
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Oleari R, Lettieri A, Paganoni A, Zanieri L, Cariboni A. Semaphorin Signaling in GnRH Neurons: From Development to Disease. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:193-199. [PMID: 30504719 DOI: 10.1159/000495916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, fertility critically depends on the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by scattered hypothalamic neurons (GnRH neurons). During development, GnRH neurons originate in the nasal placode and migrate first into the nasal compartment and then through the nasal/forebrain junction, before they reach their final position in the hypothalamus. This neurodevelopmental process, which has been extensively studied in mouse models, is regulated by a plethora of factors that might control GnRH neuron migration or survival as well as the fasciculation/targeting of the olfactory/vomeronasal axons along which the GnRH neurons migrate. Defects in GnRH neuron development or release can lead to isolated GnRH deficiency, with the underlying genetic causes still being partially unknown. Recently, semaphorins and their receptors neuropilins and plexins, a large family of molecules implicated in neuronal development and plasticity, are emerging as key regulators of GnRH neuron biology and deficiency. Specifically, semaphorins have been shown to play different roles in GnRH neuron biology by regulating migration and survival during embryonic development as well as secretion in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Oleari
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Lettieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alyssa Paganoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Zanieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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Tan CL, Sheard PW, Jasoni CL. Developing neurites from mouse basal forebrain gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons use Sonic hedgehog to modulate their growth. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 68:89-97. [PMID: 29787797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are required for fertility in all mammalian species studied to date. GnRH neuron cell bodies reside in the basal forebrain, and most extend long neurites in the caudal direction to terminate at the median eminence (ME), the site of hormone secretion. Using in vitro neurite growth assays, histological methods, and genetic deletion strategies in mice we have analysed the role of the morphogen and neurite growth and guidance molecule, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), in the growth of GnRH neurites to their target. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Shh was present in the basal forebrain, the preoptic area (POA) and mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) at gestational day 14.5 (GD 14.5), a time when GnRH neurites grow towards the ME. Furthermore, in situ hybridization revealed that mRNA encoding the Shh receptor, Smoothened (Smo), was present in GnRH neurons from GD 15.5, when the first GnRH neurites are extending towards the MBH. In vitro neurite growth assays using hypothalamic explants from GD 15.5 fetuses in 3-D collagen gels showed that Shh was able to significantly stimulate GnRH neurite outgrowth. Finally, genetic deletion of Smo specifically from GnRH neurons in vivo, using Cre-loxP technology, resulted in a significant decrease in GnRH neurites innervating the ME. These experiments demonstrate that GnRH neurites use Shh for their neurite development, provide further understanding of the mechanisms by which GnRH nerve terminals arrive at their site of hormone secretion, and identify an additional hypothalamic neuronal population for which Shh/Smo signaling is developmentally important.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Tan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - P W Sheard
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - C L Jasoni
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand; Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein family includes secreted, transmembrane and cell surface-attached proteins with diverse structures, each characterized by a single cysteine-rich extracellular sema domain, the defining feature of the family. Early studies revealed that semaphorins function as axon guidance molecules, but it is now understood that semaphorins are key regulators of morphology and motility in many different cell types including those that make up the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, as well as in cancer cells. Semaphorin signaling occurs predominantly through Plexin receptors and results in changes to the cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery that regulate cellular morphology. While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins, exciting work has begun to reveal how semaphorin signaling is fine-tuned through different receptor complexes and other mechanisms to achieve specific outcomes in various cellular contexts and physiological systems. These and future studies will lead to a more complete understanding of semaphorin-mediated development and to a greater understanding of how these proteins function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taylor Alto
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Hoffmann HM, Gong P, Tamrazian A, Mellon PL. Transcriptional interaction between cFOS and the homeodomain-binding transcription factor VAX1 on the GnRH promoter controls Gnrh1 expression levels in a GnRH neuron maturation specific manner. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:143-154. [PMID: 28890143 PMCID: PMC5756504 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is required for pubertal onset and reproduction, thus the control of GnRH transcription is tightly regulated during development and adulthood. GnRH neuron development depends on transcription factors of the homeodomain family. For example, Ventral anterior homeobox 1 (Vax1) is necessary to maintain GnRH expression after embryonic day 13 in the mouse. To further our understanding of the mechanisms by which VAX1 regulates GnRH gene expression, we asked whether VAX1 interacts with other transcription factors to modify GnRH expression levels. Using the GnRH cell lines, GN11 and GT1-7, we found that activation of PKC enhances expression of the immediate early gene cFos in both GN11, and GT1-7, and represses expression of Vax1 in GT1-7. Further, VAX1 interacts with cFOS while bound to the GnRH promoter. In immature GN11 cells, VAX1 and cFOS enhance GnRH expression, whereas VAX1 and cFOS have a repressive role in the mature GT1-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne M Hoffmann
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Anika Tamrazian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Pamela L Mellon
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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VEGF production and signaling in Müller glia are critical to modulating vascular function and neuronal integrity in diabetic retinopathy and hypoxic retinal vascular diseases. Vision Res 2017; 139:108-114. [PMID: 28601428 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia (MG) are major retinal supporting cells that participate in retinal metabolism, function, maintenance, and protection. During the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a neurovascular disease and a leading cause of blindness, MG modulate vascular function and neuronal integrity by regulating the production of angiogenic and trophic factors. In this article, I will (1) briefly summarize our work on delineating the role and mechanism of MG-modulated vascular function through the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and on investigating VEGF signaling-mediated MG viability and neural protection in diabetic animal models, (2) explore the relationship among VEGF and neurotrophins in protecting Müller cells in in vitro models of diabetes and hypoxia and its potential implication to neuroprotection in DR and hypoxic retinal diseases, and (3) discuss the relevance of our work to the effectiveness and safety of long-term anti-VEGF therapies, a widely used strategy to combat DR, diabetic macular edema, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and other hypoxic retinal vascular disorders.
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Killen AC, Barber M, Paulin JJW, Ranscht B, Parnavelas JG, Andrews WD. Protective role of Cadherin 13 in interneuron development. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3567-3585. [PMID: 28386779 PMCID: PMC5676827 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons are generated in the ganglionic eminences and migrate through the ventral and dorsal telencephalon before finding their final positions within the cortical plate. During early stages of migration, these cells are present in two well-defined streams within the developing cortex. In an attempt to identify candidate genes which may play a role in interneuron stream specification, we previously carried out a microarray analysis which identified a number of cadherin receptors that were differentially expressed in these streams, including Cadherin-13 (Cdh13). Expression analysis confirmed Cdh13 to be present in the preplate layer at E13.5 and, later in development, in some cortical interneurons and pyramidal cells. Analysis of Cdh13 knockout mice at E18.5, but not at E15.5, showed a reduction in the number of interneurons and late born pyramidal neurons and a concomitant increase in apoptotic cells in the cortex. These observations were confirmed in dissociated cell cultures using overexpression and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) constructs and dominant negative inhibitory proteins. Our findings identified a novel protective role for Cdh13 in cortical neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Killen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Melissa Barber
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joshua J W Paulin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Ranscht
- Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John G Parnavelas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - William D Andrews
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Marcos S, Monnier C, Rovira X, Fouveaut C, Pitteloud N, Ango F, Dodé C, Hardelin JP. Defective signaling through plexin-A1 compromises the development of the peripheral olfactory system and neuroendocrine reproductive axis in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2006-2017. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sarchielli E, Comeglio P, Squecco R, Ballerini L, Mello T, Guarnieri G, Idrizaj E, Mazzanti B, Vignozzi L, Gallina P, Maggi M, Vannelli GB, Morelli A. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Impairs Kisspeptin Signaling in Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Primary Neurons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:46-56. [PMID: 27736314 PMCID: PMC5413096 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inflammatory pathways may impair central regulatory networks involving gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron activity. Studies in humans are limited by the lack of human GnRH neuron cell lines. OBJECTIVE To establish an in vitro model of human GnRH neurons and analyze the effects of proinflammatory cytokines. DESIGN The primary human fetal hypothalamic cells (hfHypo) were isolated from 12-week-old fetuses. Responsiveness to kisspeptin, the main GnRH neurons' physiological regulator, was evaluated for biological characterization. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was used as a proinflammatory stimulus. Main Outcome Measures: Expression of specific GnRH neuron markers by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry analyses; and GnRH-releasing ability and electrophysiological changes in response to kisspeptin. RESULTS The primary hfHypo showed a high percentage of GnRH-positive cells (80%), expressing a functional kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) and able to release GnRH in response to kisspeptin. TNF-α exposure determined a specific inflammatory intracellular signaling and reduced GnRH secretion, KISS1R expression, and kisspeptin-induced depolarizing effect. Moreover, hfHypo possessed a primary cilium, whose assembly was inhibited by TNF-α. CONCLUSION The hfHypo cells represent a novel tool for investigations on human GnRH neuron biology. TNF-α directly affects GnRH neuron function by interfering with KISS1R expression and ciliogenesis, thereby impairing kisspeptin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lara Ballerini
- Cell Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Mello
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio,” University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Benedetta Mazzanti
- Cell Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | | | - Pasquale Gallina
- Neurosurgery School of Tuscany, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; and
| | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit and
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 00136 Rome, Italy
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Casoni F, Malone SA, Belle M, Luzzati F, Collier F, Allet C, Hrabovszky E, Rasika S, Prevot V, Chédotal A, Giacobini P. Development of the neurons controlling fertility in humans: new insights from 3D imaging and transparent fetal brains. Development 2016; 143:3969-3981. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.139444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fertility in mammals is controlled by hypothalamic neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). These neurons differentiate in the olfactory placodes during embryogenesis and migrate from the nose to the hypothalamus before birth. Information regarding this process in humans is sparse. Here, we adapted new tissue-clearing and whole-mount immunohistochemical techniques to entire human embryos/fetuses to meticulously study this system during the first trimester of gestation in the largest series of human fetuses examined to date. Combining these cutting-edge techniques with conventional immunohistochemistry, we provide the first chronological and quantitative analysis of GnRH neuron origins, differentiation and migration, as well as a 3D atlas of their distribution in the fetal brain. We reveal not only that the number of GnRH-immunoreactive neurons in humans is significantly higher than previously thought, but that GnRH cells migrate into several extrahypothalamic brain regions in addition to the hypothalamus. Their presence in these areas raises the possibility that GnRH has non-reproductive roles, creating new avenues for research on GnRH functions in cognitive, behavioral and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Casoni
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
| | - Samuel A. Malone
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
| | - Morgane Belle
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France
| | - Federico Luzzati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano 10043, Italy
| | - Francis Collier
- FHU 1,000 Days for Health, University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille 5900, France
- CHU Lille, Gynaecology Service - Hospital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille 59000, France
| | - Cecile Allet
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | | | - Vincent Prevot
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
- FHU 1,000 Days for Health, University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille 5900, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris 75012, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- University of Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille 59000, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille 59000, France
- FHU 1,000 Days for Health, University of Lille, School of Medicine, Lille 5900, France
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Latzer P, Schlegel U, Theiss C. Morphological Changes of Cortical and Hippocampal Neurons after Treatment with VEGF and Bevacizumab. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:440-50. [PMID: 26861512 PMCID: PMC5067574 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a hallmark of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and plays an important role in brain development and function. Recently, it has been reported that treatment of GBM patients with bevacizumab, an anti‐VEGF antibody, may cause a decline in neurocognitive function and compromise quality of life. Therefore, we investigated the effects of VEGF and bevacizumab on the morphology and on survival of neurons and glial cells. Methods Dissociated cortical and hippocampal cell cultures of juvenile rats were treated with VEGF, bevacizumab, and VEGF + bevacizumab. Neuronal and glial cell viability was analyzed, and the morphology of neurons was objectified by morphometric analysis. Results In cortical cultures, bevacizumab significantly decreased the number of neurons after 20 days and the number of glial cells subsequent 30 days. Additionally, an increase in the dendritic length of cortical neurons was obvious after 10 days of incubation with bevacizumab, but returned to control level after 30 days. In hippocampal cultures, cell viability was not affected by bevacizumab; however, dendritic length increased at day 10, but decreased after long‐term treatment. Conclusion Therefore, bevacizumab obviously has a cytotoxic effect in cortical cultures and decreases the dendritic length in hippocampal neurons after long‐term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Latzer
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Uwe Schlegel
- Department of Neurology, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Andrews WD, Davidson K, Tamamaki N, Ruhrberg C, Parnavelas JG. Altered proliferative ability of neuronal progenitors in PlexinA1 mutant mice. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:518-34. [PMID: 25975775 PMCID: PMC4737253 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons are generated predominantly in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and migrate through the ventral and dorsal telencephalon before taking their final positions within the developing cortical plate. Previously we demonstrated that interneurons from Robo1 knockout (Robo1(-/-)) mice contain reduced levels of neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) and PlexinA1 receptors, rendering them less responsive to the chemorepulsive actions of semaphorin ligands expressed in the striatum and affecting their course of migration (Hernandez-Miranda et al. [2011] J. Neurosci. 31:6174-6187). Earlier studies have highlighted the importance of Nrp1 and Nrp2 in interneuron migration, and here we assess the role of PlexinA1 in this process. We observed significantly fewer cells expressing the interneuron markers Gad67 and Lhx6 in the cortex of PlexinA1(-/-) mice compared with wild-type littermates at E14.5 and E18.5. Although the level of apoptosis was similar in the mutant and control forebrain, proliferation was significantly reduced in the former. Furthermore, progenitor cells in the MGE of PlexinA1(-/-) mice appeared to be poorly anchored to the ventricular surface and showed reduced adhesive properties, which may account for the observed reduction in proliferation. Together our data uncover a novel role for PlexinA1 in forebrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Andrews
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Davidson
- Division of Visual Science and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860 0862, Japan
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- Division of Visual Science and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - John G Parnavelas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Cariboni A, André V, Chauvet S, Cassatella D, Davidson K, Caramello A, Fantin A, Bouloux P, Mann F, Ruhrberg C. Dysfunctional SEMA3E signaling underlies gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron deficiency in Kallmann syndrome. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2413-28. [PMID: 25985275 DOI: 10.1172/jci78448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with an inherited deficiency in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have impaired sexual reproduction. Previous genetic linkage studies and sequencing of plausible gene candidates have identified mutations associated with inherited GnRH deficiency, but the small number of affected families and limited success in validating candidates have impeded genetic diagnoses for most patients. Using a combination of exome sequencing and computational modeling, we have identified a shared point mutation in semaphorin 3E (SEMA3E) in 2 brothers with Kallmann syndrome (KS), which causes inherited GnRH deficiency. Recombinant wild-type SEMA3E protected maturing GnRH neurons from cell death by triggering a plexin D1-dependent (PLXND1-dependent) activation of PI3K-mediated survival signaling. In contrast, recombinant SEMA3E carrying the KS-associated mutation did not protect GnRH neurons from death. In murine models, lack of either SEMA3E or PLXND1 increased apoptosis of GnRH neurons in the developing brain, reducing innervation of the adult median eminence by GnRH-positive neurites. GnRH neuron deficiency in male mice was accompanied by impaired testes growth, a characteristic feature of KS. Together, these results identify SEMA3E as an essential gene for GnRH neuron development, uncover a neurotrophic function for SEMA3E in the developing brain, and elucidate SEMA3E/PLXND1/PI3K signaling as a mechanism that prevents GnRH neuron deficiency.
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Functional synergy between cholecystokinin receptors CCKAR and CCKBR in mammalian brain development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124295. [PMID: 25875176 PMCID: PMC4398320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone and one of the most abundant neuropeptides in vertebrate brain, mediates its actions via two G-protein coupled receptors, CCKAR and CCKBR, respectively active in peripheral organs and the central nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that the CCK receptors have a dynamic and largely reciprocal expression in embryonic and postnatal brain. Using compound homozygous mutant mice lacking the activity of both CCK receptors, we uncover their additive, functionally synergistic effects in brain development and demonstrate that CCK receptor loss leads to abnormalities of cortical development, including defects in the formation of the midline and corpus callosum, and cortical interneuron migration. Using comparative transcriptome analysis of embryonic neocortex, we define the molecular mechanisms underlying these defects. Thus we demonstrate a developmental, hitherto unappreciated, role of the two CCK receptors in mammalian neocortical development.
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Giacobini P. Shaping the Reproductive System: Role of Semaphorins in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Development and Function. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 102:200-15. [PMID: 25967979 DOI: 10.1159/000431021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The semaphorin proteins, which contribute to the morphogenesis and homeostasis of a wide range of systems, are among the best-studied families of guidance cues. Much recent research has focused on the role of semaphorins in the development and adult activity of hormone systems and, reciprocally, how circulating reproductive hormones regulate their expression and function. Specifically, several reports have focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins on the migration, survival and structural and functional plasticity of neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), essential for the acquisition and maintenance of reproductive competence in mammals. Alterations in the development of this neuroendocrine system lead to anomalous or absent GnRH secretion, resulting in heterogeneous reproductive disorders such as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) or other conditions characterized by infertility or subfertility. This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of semaphorins and their receptors on the development, differentiation and plasticity of the GnRH system. In addition, the involvement of genetic deficits in semaphorin signaling in some forms of CHH in humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, School of Medicine, University of Lille, and Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, IFR114, Lille, France
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Xue H, Gai X, Sun W, Li C, Liu Q. Morphological changes of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the rat preoptic area across puberty. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1303-12. [PMID: 25221583 PMCID: PMC4160857 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.137578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the preoptic area may undergo morphological changes during the pubertal period when their activities are upregulated. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of puberty onset, this study aimed to investigate the morphological changes of GnRH neurons in the preoptic area of GnRH-enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic rats. Under confocal laser microscopy, pubertal GnRH neurons exhibited an inverted Y distribution pattern. Prepubertal GnRH neurons were generally unipolar and bipolar, and were distinguished as smooth type cells with few small processes or irregular type cells with many spine-like processes in the proximal dendrites. The number of GnRH neurons in the preoptic area and spine-like processes were increased during the course of reproductive maturation. There was no significant difference between male and female rats. Immunofluorescence staining revealed synaptophysin punctae close to the distal end of GnRH neurons, indicating that some presynaptic terminals may form a synaptic linkage with these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haogang Xue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Gai
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Weiqi Sun
- College of Public Health, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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CXC chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) affects the migration of GnRH neurons by regulating CXCL12 availability. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17527-37. [PMID: 24174685 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0857-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are neuroendocrine cells, located in the hypothalamus, that play an essential role in mammalian reproduction. These neurons originate in the nasal placode and migrate during embryonic development, in association with olfactory/vomeronasal nerves, first in the nose, then through the cribriform plate to enter the forebrain, before settling in the hypothalamus. One of the molecules required for their early migration in the nose is the chemokine CXCL12, which is expressed in the embryonic nasal mesenchyme in an increasing ventral to dorsal gradient, presumably guiding GnRH neurons toward the forebrain. Mice lacking CXCR4, the receptor for CXCL12, exhibit defective GnRH cell movement and a significant reduction in their number, suggesting that CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling is important in the migration and survival of these neurons. Here, we investigated the role of the more recently identified second CXCL12 receptor, CXCR7, in GnRH neuron development. We demonstrate that CXCR7 is expressed along the migratory path of GnRH neurons in the nasal cavity and, although not expressed by GnRH neurons, it affects their migration as indicated by the ectopic accumulation of these cells in the nasal compartment in CXCR7(-/-) mice. Absence of CXCR7 caused abnormal accumulation of CXCL12-RFP at CXCR4-positive sites in the nasal area of CXCL12-RFP-transgenic mice and excessive CXCL12-dependent intracellular clustering of CXCR4 in GnRH neurons, suggesting internalization. These findings imply that CXCR7 regulates CXCL12 availability by acting as a scavenger along the migratory path of GnRH neurons and, thus, influences the migration of these cells in a noncell-autonomous manner.
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Messina A, Giacobini P. Semaphorin signaling in the development and function of the gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:133. [PMID: 24065959 PMCID: PMC3779810 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The semaphorin proteins are among the best-studied families of guidance cues, contributing to morphogenesis and homeostasis in a wide range of tissue types. The major semaphorin receptors are plexins and neuropilins, however other receptors and co-receptors are capable to mediate signaling by semaphorins. These guidance proteins were originally identified as growth cone "collapsing factors" or as inhibitory signals, crucial for nervous system development. Since those seminal discoveries, the list of functions of semaphorins has rapidly grown. Over the past few years, a growing body of data indicates that semaphorins are involved in the regulation of the immune and vascular systems, in tumor growth/cancer cell metastasis and in neural circuit formation. Recently there has been increasing emphasis on research to determine the potential influence of semaphorins on the development and homeostasis of hormone systems and how circulating reproductive hormones regulate their expression and functions. Here, we focus on the emerging role of semaphorins in the development, differentiation and plasticity of unique neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which are essential for the acquisition and maintenance of reproductive competence in all vertebrates. Genetic evidence is also provided showing that insufficient semaphorin signaling contributes to some forms of reproductive disorders in humans, characterized by the reduction or failure of sexual competence. Finally, we will review some studies with the goal of highlighting how the expression of semaphorins and their receptors might be regulated by gonadal hormones in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Messina
- INSERM, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Unité 837, Lille, France
- School of Medicine, UDSL, Lille, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- INSERM, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Unité 837, Lille, France
- School of Medicine, UDSL, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Paolo Giacobini, INSERM, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Unit 837, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France e-mail:
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Suppression of β1-integrin in gonadotropin-releasing hormone cells disrupts migration and axonal extension resulting in severe reproductive alterations. J Neurosci 2013; 32:16992-7002. [PMID: 23175850 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3057-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction in mammals is dependent on the function of hypothalamic neurons whose axons project to the hypothalamic median eminence (ME) where they release gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into a specialized capillary network for delivery to the anterior pituitary. These neurons originate prenatally in the nasal placode and migrate into the forebrain along the olfactory-vomeronasal nerves. The complex developmental events leading to the correct establishment of the GnRH system are tightly regulated by the specific spatiotemporal expression patterns of guidance cues and extracellular matrix molecules, the functions of which, in part, are mediated by their binding to β1-subunit-containing integrins. To determine the biological role of these cell-surface proteins in reproduction, Cre/LoxP technology was used to generate GnRH neuron-specific β1-integrin conditional KO (GnRH-Itgb1(-/-)) mice. Loss of β1-integrin signaling impaired migration of GnRH neurons, their axonal extension to the ME, timing of pubertal onset, and fertility in these mice. These results identify β1-integrin as a gene involved in normal development of the GnRH system and demonstrate a fundamental role for this protein in acquisition of normal reproductive competence in female mice.
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Larco DO, Cho-Clark M, Mani SK, Wu TJ. The metabolite GnRH-(1-5) inhibits the migration of immortalized GnRH neurons. Endocrinology 2013; 154:783-95. [PMID: 23321696 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The decapeptide GnRH is an important regulator of reproductive behavior and function. In the extracellular matrix, GnRH is metabolized by the endopeptidase EC3.4.24.15 (EP24.15) to generate the pentapeptide GnRH-(1-5). In addition to its expression in the adult hypothalamus, EP24.15 is expressed along the migratory path of GnRH-expressing neurons during development. Although we have previously demonstrated a role for EP24.15 in the generation of the biologically active pentapeptide GnRH-(1-5) in regulating GnRH expression and mediating sexual behavior during adulthood in rodents, the modulatory role of GnRH-(1-5) in the migration of GnRH neurons during development remains unknown. To address this information gap, we examined the effect of GnRH-(1-5) on the cellular migration of a premigratory GnRH-secreting neuronal cell line, the GN11 cell, using a wound-healing assay. Dose- and time-response studies demonstrated that GnRH-(1-5) significantly delayed wound closure. We then sought to identify the mechanism by which GnRH-(1-5) inhibits migration. Because the cognate GnRH receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, we examined whether GnRH-(1-5) regulates migration by also activating a G protein-coupled receptor. Using a high-throughput β-arrestin recruitment assay, we identified an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPR173) that was specifically activated by GnRH-(1-5). Interestingly, small interfering RNA to GPR173 reversed the GnRH-(1-5)-mediated inhibition on migration of GN11 neurons. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that the GnRH-(1-5)-activated GPR173-dependent signal transduction pathway involves the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in GnRH migration. These findings indicate a potential regulatory role for GnRH-(1-5) in GnRH neuronal migration during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin O Larco
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Morelli A, Comeglio P, Sarchielli E, Cellai I, Vignozzi L, Vannelli GB, Maggi M. Negative effects of high glucose exposure in human gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:684659. [PMID: 24489542 PMCID: PMC3893744 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are often associated with male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, suggesting that hypothalamic defects involving GnRH neurons may impair the reproductive function. Among metabolic factors hyperglycemia has been implicated in the control of the reproductive axis at central level, both in humans and in animal models. To date, little is known about the direct effects of pathological high glucose concentrations on human GnRH neurons. In this study, we investigated the high glucose effects in the human GnRH-secreting FNC-B4 cells. Gene expression profiling by qRT-PCR, confirmed that FNC-B4 cells express GnRH and several genes relevant for GnRH neuron function (KISS1R, KISS1, sex steroid and leptin receptors, FGFR1, neuropilin 2, and semaphorins), along with glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4). High glucose exposure (22 mM; 40 mM) significantly reduced gene and protein expression of GnRH, KISS1R, KISS1, and leptin receptor, as compared to normal glucose (5 mM). Consistent with previous studies, leptin treatment significantly induced GnRH mRNA expression at 5 mM glucose, but not in the presence of high glucose concentrations. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a deleterious direct contribution of high glucose on human GnRH neurons, thus providing new insights into pathogenic mechanisms linking metabolic disorders to reproductive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Morelli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Section of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Sarchielli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cellai
- Section of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Section of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella B. Vannelli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Section of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle Basi Molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione (CIRMAR), 20122 Milan, Italy
- *Mario Maggi:
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Giacobini P, Prevot V. Semaphorins in the development, homeostasis and disease of hormone systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:190-8. [PMID: 23219659 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin proteins are among the best-studied families of guidance cues. Initially characterized as repulsive neuronal guidance cues, during the last decade, significant progress has been made in defining their involvement in the regulation of dynamic changes in the cellular cytoskeleton during embryonic and postnatal neuronal development, under both physiological and pathological conditions. However, semaphorins are not restricted to the nervous system but widely expressed in other tissues, where they play key roles in angiogenesis and organogenesis. In recent years, there has been an increasing emphasis on the potential influence of semaphorins on the development and homeostasis of hormone systems, and conversely, how circulating reproductive hormones regulate semaphorin expression. In this review, we summarize recent studies analyzing the contribution of semaphorin signaling to the morphogenesis, differentiation and plasticity of fundamental neuroendocrine and endocrine systems that regulate key physiological processes, such as reproduction, bone formation and the control of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Unit 837, France.
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42
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Cariboni A, Andrews WD, Memi F, Ypsilanti AR, Zelina P, Chedotal A, Parnavelas JG. Slit2 and Robo3 modulate the migration of GnRH-secreting neurons. Development 2012; 139:3326-31. [PMID: 22912413 PMCID: PMC3424043 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are born in the nasal placode and migrate along olfactory and vomeronasal axons to reach the forebrain and settle in the hypothalamus, where they control reproduction. The molecular cues that guide their migration have not been fully identified, but are thought to control either cell movement directly or the patterning of their axonal substrates. Using genetically altered mouse models we show that the migration of GnRH neurons is directly modulated by Slit2 and Robo3, members of the axon guidance Slit ligand and Robo receptor families. Mice lacking Slit2 or Robo3 have a reduced number of GnRH neurons in the forebrain, but a normal complement of their supporting axons, pointing to a direct role for these molecules in GnRH neuron migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cariboni
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT UK.
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43
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Hanchate NK, Giacobini P, Lhuillier P, Parkash J, Espy C, Fouveaut C, Leroy C, Baron S, Campagne C, Vanacker C, Collier F, Cruaud C, Meyer V, García-Piñero A, Dewailly D, Cortet-Rudelli C, Gersak K, Metz C, Chabrier G, Pugeat M, Young J, Hardelin JP, Prevot V, Dodé C. SEMA3A, a gene involved in axonal pathfinding, is mutated in patients with Kallmann syndrome. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002896. [PMID: 22927827 PMCID: PMC3426548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) associates congenital hypogonadism due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency and anosmia. The genetics of KS involves various modes of transmission, including oligogenic inheritance. Here, we report that Nrp1sema/sema mutant mice that lack a functional semaphorin-binding domain in neuropilin-1, an obligatory coreceptor of semaphorin-3A, have a KS–like phenotype. Pathohistological analysis of these mice indeed showed abnormal development of the peripheral olfactory system and defective embryonic migration of the neuroendocrine GnRH cells to the basal forebrain, which results in increased mortality of newborn mice and reduced fertility in adults. We thus screened 386 KS patients for the presence of mutations in SEMA3A (by Sanger sequencing of all 17 coding exons and flanking splice sites) and identified nonsynonymous mutations in 24 patients, specifically, a frameshifting small deletion (D538fsX31) and seven different missense mutations (R66W, N153S, I400V, V435I, T688A, R730Q, R733H). All the mutations were found in heterozygous state. Seven mutations resulted in impaired secretion of semaphorin-3A by transfected COS-7 cells (D538fsX31, R66W, V435I) or reduced signaling activity of the secreted protein in the GN11 cell line derived from embryonic GnRH cells (N153S, I400V, T688A, R733H), which strongly suggests that these mutations have a pathogenic effect. Notably, mutations in other KS genes had already been identified, in heterozygous state, in five of these patients. Our findings indicate that semaphorin-3A signaling insufficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of KS and further substantiate the oligogenic pattern of inheritance in this developmental disorder. Kallmann syndrome is a hereditary developmental disease that affects both the hormonal reproductive axis and the sense of smell. There is a developmental link between the reproductive and olfactory disorders: neuroendocrine cells producing the gonadotropin-releasing hormone that is deficient in the patients normally migrate from the nose to the forebrain along olfactory nerve fibers during embryonic life, and they fail to do so in the patients. Affected individuals usually do not undergo spontaneous puberty. Hormone replacement therapy is the treatment to initiate virilization in males or breast development in females and later to develop fertility in both sexes. This is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Mutations in any of eight causative genes identified so far have been found in approximately 30% of the affected individuals, thus indicating that other genes remain to be discovered. We report on the identification, in 6% of the KS patients, of various loss-of-function mutations in the gene coding for semaphorin-3A, a secreted protein involved in the navigation of olfactory nerve fibers during embryogenesis. The fact that many of these mutations were also detected in clinically unaffected individuals indicates that they must combine with other genetic defects to produce the disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar Hanchate
- Inserm U837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Postnatal, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Ecole de Médecine, Lille, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm U837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Postnatal, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Ecole de Médecine, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Lhuillier
- Institut Cochin, Département de Génétique et Développement, Inserm U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Inserm U837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Postnatal, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Ecole de Médecine, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Espy
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Fouveaut
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Chrystel Leroy
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Baron
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Céline Campagne
- Inserm U837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Postnatal, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Ecole de Médecine, Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Vanacker
- Inserm U837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Postnatal, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Ecole de Médecine, Lille, France
| | - Francis Collier
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Ecole de Médecine, Lille, France
- CHRU Lille, Service de Gynécologie Endocrinienne et Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille, France
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, CEA, DSV, Evry, France
| | - Vincent Meyer
- Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, CEA, DSV, Evry, France
| | | | - Didier Dewailly
- Inserm U837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Postnatal, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Ecole de Médecine, Lille, France
- CHRU Lille, Service de Gynécologie Endocrinienne et Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille, France
| | | | - Ksenija Gersak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chantal Metz
- Pôle Femme, Mère, et Enfant, CHU Morvan, Brest, France
| | | | - Michel Pugeat
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital Neurologique et Neurochirurgical, Bron, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hardelin
- Inserm U587, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 06, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (J-P Hardelin); (V Prevot)
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm U837, Développement et Plasticité du Cerveau Postnatal, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Ecole de Médecine, Lille, France
- * E-mail: (J-P Hardelin); (V Prevot)
| | - Catherine Dodé
- Institut Cochin, Département de Génétique et Développement, Inserm U1016, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Paris, France
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Tang K, Rubenstein JLR, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. COUP-TFII controls amygdala patterning by regulating neuropilin expression. Development 2012; 139:1630-9. [PMID: 22492355 DOI: 10.1242/dev.075564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of the progenitor zones in the pallium, lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) in the subpallium has been well studied; however, so far the role of the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE), a posterior subpallial domain, in telencephalon patterning remains poorly understood. COUP-TFII, an orphan nuclear receptor, is preferentially expressed in the CGE. We generated COUP-TFII mouse mutants, using Rx-Cre (RxCre;COUP-TFII(F/F)), to study its function in telencephalon development. In these mutants, we found severe defects in the formation of the amygdala complex, including the lateral (LA), basolateral (BLA) and basomedial (BMA) amygdala nuclei. Molecular analysis provided evidence that the migration of CGE-derived Pax6(+) cells failed to settle into the BMA nucleus, owing to reduced expression of neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) and Nrp2, two semaphorin receptors that regulate neuronal cell migration and axon guidance. Our ChIP assays revealed that Nrp1 and Nrp2 genes are the direct targets of COUP-TFII in the telencephalon in vivo. Furthermore, our results showed that the coordinated development between the CGE originated subpallial population (Pax6(+) cells) and pallial populations (Tbr1(+) and Lhx2(+) cells) was essential for patterning the amygdala assembly. Our study presented novel genetic evidence that the caudal ganglionic eminence, a distinct subpallial progenitor zone, contributes cells to the basal telencephalon, such as the BMA nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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45
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Chiara F, Badaloni A, Croci L, Yeh ML, Cariboni A, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Consalez GG, Eickholt B, Shimogori T, Parnavelas JG, Rakić S. Early B-cell factors 2 and 3 (EBF2/3) regulate early migration of Cajal-Retzius cells from the cortical hem. Dev Biol 2012; 365:277-89. [PMID: 22421355 PMCID: PMC3368273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells play a crucial role in the formation of the cerebral cortex, yet the molecules that control their development are largely unknown. Here, we show that Ebf transcription factors are expressed in forebrain signalling centres—the septum, cortical hem and the pallial–subpallial boundary—known to generate CR cells. We identified Ebf2, through fate mapping studies, as a novel marker for cortical hem- and septum-derived CR cells. Loss of Ebf2 in vivo causes a transient decrease in CR cell numbers on the cortical surface due to a migratory defect in the cortical hem, and is accompanied by upregulation of Ebf3 in this and other forebrain territories that produce CR cells, without affecting proper cortical lamination. Accordingly, using in vitro preparations, we demonstrated that both Ebf2 and Ebf3, singly or together, control the migration of CR cells arising in the cortical hem. These findings provide evidence that Ebfs directly regulate CR cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
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46
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Cariboni A, Davidson K, Dozio E, Memi F, Schwarz Q, Stossi F, Parnavelas JG, Ruhrberg C. VEGF signalling controls GnRH neuron survival via NRP1 independently of KDR and blood vessels. Development 2011; 138:3723-33. [PMID: 21828096 PMCID: PMC3152927 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are neuroendocrine cells that are born in the nasal placode during embryonic development and migrate through the nose and forebrain to the hypothalamus, where they regulate reproduction. Many molecular pathways that guide their migration have been identified, but little is known about the factors that control the survival of the migrating GnRH neurons as they negotiate different environments. We previously reported that the class 3 semaphorin SEMA3A signals through its neuropilin receptors, NRP1 and NRP2, to organise the axons that guide migrating GnRH neurons from their birthplace into the brain. By combining analysis of genetically altered mice with in vitro models, we show here that the alternative neuropilin ligand VEGF164 promotes the survival of migrating GnRH neurons by co-activating the ERK and AKT signalling pathways through NRP1. We also demonstrate that survival signalling relies on neuronal, but not endothelial, NRP1 expression and that it occurs independently of KDR, the main VEGF receptor in blood vessels. Therefore, VEGF164 provides survival signals directly to developing GnRH neurons, independently of its role in blood vessels. Finally, we show that the VEGF164-mediated neuronal survival and SEMA3A-mediated axon guidance cooperate to ensure that migrating GnRH neurons reach the brain. Thus, the loss of both neuropilin ligands leads to an almost complete failure to establish the GnRH neuron system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cariboni
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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47
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Messina A, Ferraris N, Wray S, Cagnoni G, Donohue DE, Casoni F, Kramer PR, Derijck AA, Adolfs Y, Fasolo A, Pasterkamp RJ, Giacobini P. Dysregulation of Semaphorin7A/β1-integrin signaling leads to defective GnRH-1 cell migration, abnormal gonadal development and altered fertility. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4759-74. [PMID: 21903667 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction in mammals is dependent on the function of specific neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1). These neurons originate prenatally in the nasal placode and migrate into the forebrain along the olfactory-vomeronasal nerves. Alterations in this migratory process lead to defective GnRH-1 secretion, resulting in heterogeneous genetic disorders such as idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), and other reproductive diseases characterized by the reduction or failure of sexual competence. Combining mouse genetics with in vitro models, we demonstrate that Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A) is essential for the development of the GnRH-1 neuronal system. Loss of Sema7A signaling alters the migration of GnRH-1 neurons, resulting in significantly reduced numbers of these neurons in the adult brain as well as in reduced gonadal size and subfertility. We also show that GnRH-1 cells differentially express the Sema7 receptors β1-integrin and Plexin C1 as a function of their migratory stage, whereas the ligand is robustly expressed along developing olfactory/vomeronasal fibers. Disruption of Sema7A function in vitro inhibits β1-integrin-mediated migration. Analysis of Plexin C1(-/-) mice did not reveal any difference in the migratory process of GnRH-1 neurons, indicating that Sema7A mainly signals through β1-integrin to regulate GnRH-1 cell motility. In conclusion, we have identified Sema7A as a gene implicated in the normal development of the GnRH-1 system in mice and as a genetic marker for the elucidation of some forms of GnRH-1 deficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Messina
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy
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48
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Ariano P, Dalmazzo S, Owsianik G, Nilius B, Lovisolo D. TRPC channels are involved in calcium-dependent migration and proliferation in immortalized GnRH neurons. Cell Calcium 2011; 49:387-94. [PMID: 21511334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting neurons are key regulators of the reproductive behaviour in vertebrates. These neurons show a peculiar migratory pattern during embryonic development, and its perturbations have profound impact on fertility and other related functional aspects. Changes in the intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca(2+)](i), induced by different extracellular signals, play a central role in the control of neuronal migration, but the available knowledge regarding GnRH neurons is still limited. Our goal was to investigate mechanisms that may be involved in the Ca(2+) dependence of the migratory behaviour in these neurons. We focused on the "classical" Transient Receptor Potential (TRPC) subfamily of Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels, recently shown to be involved in other aspects of neuronal development. Using GN11 cells, immortalized early stage GnRH neurons, we set to investigate Ca(2+) signals under basal conditions and in the presence of a well-established motogen, fetal calf serum (FCS), and the effect of pharmacological TRPC agonists and antagonists on Ca(2+) oscillations, cell motility and proliferation. We have found that a subpopulation of GN11 cells shows spontaneous Ca(2+) transients and that this activity is increased in the presence of serum. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that transcripts of some TRPC members are expressed in GN11 cells. Interestingly, pharmacological experiments with inhibitors, SKF-96365, lanthanum, anti-TRPC1 antibody, and activators, 1-oleil 2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, of TRPCs suggested that the activation of these channels can account for both the basal Ca(2+) oscillations and the increased activity in the presence of FCS. Moreover, functional studies using the same pharmacological tools supported their involvement in the control of motility and proliferation. Thus, our data provide evidence for the involvement of Ca(2+)-permeable channels of the TRPC subfamily in the control of functional properties of neurosecretory cells and neuronal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ariano
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Torino, Italy
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49
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Hernández-Miranda LR, Cariboni A, Faux C, Ruhrberg C, Cho JH, Cloutier JF, Eickholt BJ, Parnavelas JG, Andrews WD. Robo1 regulates semaphorin signaling to guide the migration of cortical interneurons through the ventral forebrain. J Neurosci 2011; 31:6174-87. [PMID: 21508241 PMCID: PMC3088089 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5464-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons, generated predominantly in the medial ganglionic eminence, migrate around and avoid the developing striatum in the subpallium en route to the cortex. This is attributable to the chemorepulsive cues of class 3 semaphorins expressed in the striatal mantle and acting through neuropilin (Nrp1 and Nrp2) receptors expressed in these cells. Cortical interneurons also express Robo receptors, and we show here that in mice lacking Robo1, but not Robo2, these cells migrate aberrantly through the striatum. In vitro experiments demonstrated that interneurons lacking Robo1 function are significantly less responsive to the effects of semaphorins. Failure to respond to semaphorin appears to be attributable to a reduction in Nrp1 and PlexinA1 receptors within these cells. Biochemical studies further demonstrated that Robo1 binds directly to Nrp1, but not to semaphorins, and this interaction is mediated by a region contained within its first two Ig domains. Thus, we show for the first time that Robo1 interacts with Nrp1 to modulate semaphorin signaling in the developing forebrain and direct the migration of interneurons through the subpallium and into the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Hernández-Miranda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Faux
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Hyung Cho
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival and
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada, and
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival and
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada, and
| | - Britta J. Eickholt
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Parnavelas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - William D. Andrews
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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50
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Zaninetti R, Fornarelli A, Ciarletta M, Lim D, Caldarelli A, Pirali T, Cariboni A, Owsianik G, Nilius B, Canonico PL, Distasi C, Genazzani AA. Activation of TRPV4 channels reduces migration of immortalized neuroendocrine cells. J Neurochem 2011; 116:606-15. [PMID: 21166676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is a universal signal, and its capacity to encode intracellular messages via spatial, temporal and amplitude characteristics allows it to participate in most cellular events. In a specific context, calcium plays a pivotal role in migration, although its role has not been elucidated fully. By using immortalized gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreting neurons (GN11), we have now investigated the role of TRPV4, a member of the vanilloid family of Ca(2+) channels, in neuronal migration. Our results show that TRPV4 channels are present and functional in GN11 cells and their localization is polarized and enriched in lamellipodial structures. TRPV4 activation leads to a retraction of the lamellipodia and to a decrease in migratory behaviour; moreover cells migrate slower and in a more random manner. We therefore provide evidence for a new regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and a new role for calcium at the leading edge of migratory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zaninetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy
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