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Khalilpour J, Zangbar HS, Alipour MR, Pakdel FQ, Zavari Z, Shahabi P. Chronic Sustained Hypoxia Leads to Brainstem Tauopathy and Declines the Power of Rhythms in the Ventrolateral Medulla: Shedding Light on a Possible Mechanism. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3121-3143. [PMID: 37976025 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, especially the chronic type, leads to disruptive results in the brain that may contribute to the pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ventrolateral medulla (VLM) contains clusters of interneurons, such as the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC), that generate the main respiratory rhythm drive. We hypothesized that exposing animals to chronic sustained hypoxia (CSH) might develop tauopathy in the brainstem, consequently changing the rhythmic manifestations of respiratory neurons. In this study, old (20-22 months) and young (2-3 months) male rats were subjected to CSH (10 ± 0.5% O2) for ten consecutive days. Western blotting and immunofluorescence (IF) staining were used to evaluate phosphorylated tau. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP or ∆ψm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured to assess mitochondrial function. In vivo diaphragm's electromyography (dEMG) and local field potential (LFP) recordings from preBötC were employed to assess the respiratory factors and rhythmic representation of preBötC, respectively. Findings showed that ROS production increased significantly in hypoxic groups, associated with a significant decline in ∆ψm. In addition, tau phosphorylation elevated in the brainstem of hypoxic groups. On the other hand, the power of rhythms declined significantly in the preBötC of hypoxic rats, parallel with changes in the respiratory rate, total respiration time, and expiration time. Moreover, there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between LFP rhythm's power and inspiration time. Our data showed that besides CSH, aging also contributed to mitochondrial dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, LFP rhythms' power decline, and changes in respiratory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Khalilpour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Alipour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Firouz Qaderi Pakdel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zohre Zavari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
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2
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Trevizan-Baú P, Stanić D, Furuya WI, Dhingra RR, Dutschmann M. Neuroanatomical frameworks for volitional control of breathing and orofacial behaviors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 323:104227. [PMID: 38295924 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Breathing is the only vital function that can be volitionally controlled. However, a detailed understanding how volitional (cortical) motor commands can transform vital breathing activity into adaptive breathing patterns that accommodate orofacial behaviors such as swallowing, vocalization or sniffing remains to be developed. Recent neuroanatomical tract tracing studies have identified patterns and origins of descending forebrain projections that target brain nuclei involved in laryngeal adductor function which is critically involved in orofacial behavior. These nuclei include the midbrain periaqueductal gray and nuclei of the respiratory rhythm and pattern generating network in the brainstem, specifically including the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the pre-Bötzinger complex in the medulla oblongata. This review discusses the functional implications of the forebrain-brainstem anatomical connectivity that could underlie the volitional control and coordination of orofacial behaviors with breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Trevizan-Baú
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Davor Stanić
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Werner I Furuya
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rishi R Dhingra
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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3
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Zhong MZ, Peng T, Duarte ML, Wang M, Cai D. Updates on mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:23. [PMID: 38462606 PMCID: PMC10926682 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the United States (US). Animal models, specifically mouse models have been developed to better elucidate disease mechanisms and test therapeutic strategies for AD. A large portion of effort in the field was focused on developing transgenic (Tg) mouse models through over-expression of genetic mutations associated with familial AD (FAD) patients. Newer generations of mouse models through knock-in (KI)/knock-out (KO) or CRISPR gene editing technologies, have been developed for both familial and sporadic AD risk genes with the hope to more accurately model proteinopathies without over-expression of human AD genes in mouse brains. In this review, we summarized the phenotypes of a few commonly used as well as newly developed mouse models in translational research laboratories including the presence or absence of key pathological features of AD such as amyloid and tau pathology, synaptic and neuronal degeneration as well as cognitive and behavior deficits. In addition, advantages and limitations of these AD mouse models have been elaborated along with discussions of any sex-specific features. More importantly, the omics data from available AD mouse models have been analyzed to categorize molecular signatures of each model reminiscent of human AD brain changes, with the hope to guide future selection of most suitable models for specific research questions to be addressed in the AD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Peng
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Science Research Program, Scarsdale High School, New York, NY, 10583, USA
| | - Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Research & Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Dongming Cai
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Research & Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center (GRECC), The Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
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Wrzesień A, Andrzejewski K, Jampolska M, Kaczyńska K. Respiratory Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease-Consequence or Underlying Cause? Applying Animal Models to the Study of Respiratory Malfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2327. [PMID: 38397004 PMCID: PMC10888758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disease that is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. In addition to dementia, which is the loss of cognitive function, including thinking, remembering, and reasoning, and behavioral abilities, AD patients also experience respiratory disturbances. The most common respiratory problems observed in AD patients are pneumonia, shortness of breath, respiratory muscle weakness, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The latter is considered an outcome of Alzheimer's disease and is suggested to be a causative factor. While this narrative review addresses the bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease and reports on existing studies describing the most common respiratory disorders found in patients with Alzheimer's disease, its main purpose is to review all currently available studies using animal models of Alzheimer's disease to study respiratory impairments. These studies on animal models of AD are few in number but are crucial for establishing mechanisms, causation, implementing potential therapies for respiratory disorders, and ultimately applying these findings to clinical practice. This review summarizes what is already known in the context of research on respiratory disorders in animal models, while pointing out directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (K.A.); (M.J.)
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Marciante AB, Lurk C, Mata L, Lewis J, Reznikov LR, Mitchell GS. Progressive tauopathy disrupts breathing stability and chemoreflexes during presumptive sleep in mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1272980. [PMID: 37811498 PMCID: PMC10551153 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1272980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Although sleep apnea occurs in over 50% of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) or related tauopathies, little is known concerning the potential role of tauopathy in the pathogenesis of sleep apnea. Here, we tested the hypotheses that, during presumptive sleep, a murine model of tauopathy (rTg4510) exhibits: 1) increased breathing instability; 2) impaired chemoreflex function; and 3) exacerbation of these effects with tauopathy progression. Methods: rTg4510 mice initially develop robust tauopathy in the hippocampus and cortex, and eventually progresses to the brainstem. Type I and II post-sigh apnea, Type III (spontaneous) apnea, sigh, and hypopnea incidence were measured in young adult (5-6 months; n = 10-14/group) and aged (13-15 months; n = 22-24/group) non-transgenic (nTg), monogenic control tetracycline transactivator, and bigenic rTg4510 mice using whole-body plethysmography during presumptive sleep (i.e., eyes closed, curled/laying posture, stable breathing for >200 breaths) while breathing room air (21% O2). Peripheral and central chemoreceptor sensitivity were assessed with transient exposures (5 min) to hyperoxia (100% O2) or hypercapnia (3% and 5% CO2 in 21% O2), respectively. Results: We report significant increases in Type I, II, and III apneas (all p < 0.001), sighs (p = 0.002) and hypopneas (p < 0.001) in aged rTg4510 mice, but only Type III apneas in young adult rTg4510 mice (p < 0.001) versus age-matched nTg controls. Aged rTg4510 mice exhibited profound chemoreflex impairment versus age matched nTg and tTA mice. In rTg4510 mice, breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation were not affected by hyperoxic or hypercapnic challenges, in striking contrast to controls. Histological examination revealed hyperphosphorylated tau in brainstem regions involved in the control of breathing (e.g., pons, medullary respiratory column, retrotrapezoid nucleus) in aged rTg4510 mice. Neither breathing instability nor hyperphosphorylated tau in brainstem tissues were observed in young adult rTg4510 mice. Conclusion: Older rTg4510 mice exhibit profound impairment in the neural control of breathing, with greater breathing instability and near absence of oxygen and carbon-dioxide chemoreflexes. Breathing impairments paralleled tauopathy progression into brainstem regions that control breathing. These findings are consistent with the idea that tauopathy per se undermines chemoreflexes and promotes breathing instability during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria B. Marciante
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Carter Lurk
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Luz Mata
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jada Lewis
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Leah R. Reznikov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gordon S. Mitchell
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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6
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Vacher MC, Durrant CS, Rose J, Hall AJ, Spires‐Jones TL, Gunn‐Moore F, Dagleish MP. Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in three species of oceanic dolphin. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:1161-1179. [PMID: 36514861 PMCID: PMC10947196 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the primary cause of disability and dependency among elderly humans worldwide. AD is thought to be a disease unique to humans although several other animals develop some aspects of AD-like pathology. Odontocetes (toothed whales) share traits with humans that suggest they may be susceptible to AD. The brains of 22 stranded odontocetes of five different species were examined using immunohistochemistry to investigate the presence or absence of neuropathological hallmarks of AD: amyloid-beta plaques, phospho-tau accumulation and gliosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that all aged animals accumulated amyloid plaque pathology. In three animals of three different species of odontocete, there was co-occurrence of amyloid-beta plaques, intraneuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, neuropil threads and neuritic plaques. One animal showed well-developed neuropil threads, phospho-tau accumulation and neuritic plaques, but no amyloid plaques. Microglia and astrocytes were present as expected in all brain samples examined, but we observed differences in cell morphology and numbers between individual animals. The simultaneous occurrence of amyloid-beta plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau pathology in the brains of odontocetes shows that these three species develop AD-like neuropathology spontaneously. The significance of this pathology with respect to the health and, ultimately, death of the animals remains to be determined. However, it may contribute to the cause(s) of unexplained live-stranding in some odontocete species and supports the 'sick-leader' theory whereby healthy conspecifics in a pod mass strand due to high social cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire S. Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jamie Rose
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ailsa J. Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans InstituteUniversity of St. AndrewsFifeUK
| | - Tara L. Spires‐Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Mark P. Dagleish
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, Pathology DepartmentUniversity of GlasgowScotlandUK
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7
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Permanne B, Sand A, Ousson S, Nény M, Hantson J, Schubert R, Wiessner C, Quattropani A, Beher D. O-GlcNAcase Inhibitor ASN90 is a Multimodal Drug Candidate for Tau and α-Synuclein Proteinopathies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1296-1314. [PMID: 35357812 PMCID: PMC9026285 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative proteinopathies are characterized by the intracellular formation of insoluble and toxic protein aggregates in the brain that are closely linked to disease progression. In Alzheimer's disease and in rare tauopathies, aggregation of the microtubule-associated tau protein leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). In Parkinson's disease (PD) and other α-synucleinopathies, intracellular Lewy bodies containing aggregates of α-synuclein constitute the pathological hallmark. Inhibition of the glycoside hydrolase O-GlcNAcase (OGA) prevents the removal of O-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties from intracellular proteins and has emerged as an attractive therapeutic approach to prevent the formation of tau pathology. Like tau, α-synuclein is known to be modified with O-GlcNAc moieties and in vitro these have been shown to prevent its aggregation and toxicity. Here, we report the preclinical discovery and development of a novel small molecule OGA inhibitor, ASN90. Consistent with the substantial exposure of the drug and demonstrating target engagement in the brain, the clinical OGA inhibitor ASN90 promoted the O-GlcNAcylation of tau and α-synuclein in brains of transgenic mice after daily oral dosing. Across human tauopathy mouse models, oral administration of ASN90 prevented the development of tau pathology (NFT formation), functional deficits in motor behavior and breathing, and increased survival. In addition, ASN90 slowed the progression of motor impairment and reduced astrogliosis in a frequently utilized α-synuclein-dependent preclinical rodent model of PD. These findings provide a strong rationale for the development of OGA inhibitors as disease-modifying agents in both tauopathies and α-synucleinopathies. Since tau and α-synuclein pathologies frequently co-exist in neurodegenerative diseases, OGA inhibitors represent unique, multimodal drug candidates for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Permanne
- Asceneuron S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment B, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Sand
- Asceneuron S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment B, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solenne Ousson
- Asceneuron S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment B, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maud Nény
- Asceneuron S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment B, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Hantson
- Asceneuron S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment B, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Schubert
- Asceneuron S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment B, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Wiessner
- Asceneuron S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment B, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Quattropani
- Asceneuron S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment B, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Beher
- Asceneuron S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment B, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Paton JFR, Machado BH, Moraes DJA, Zoccal DB, Abdala AP, Smith JC, Antunes VR, Murphy D, Dutschmann M, Dhingra RR, McAllen R, Pickering AE, Wilson RJA, Day TA, Barioni NO, Allen AM, Menuet C, Donnelly J, Felippe I, St-John WM. Advancing respiratory-cardiovascular physiology with the working heart-brainstem preparation over 25 years. J Physiol 2022; 600:2049-2075. [PMID: 35294064 PMCID: PMC9322470 DOI: 10.1113/jp281953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty‐five years ago, a new physiological preparation called the working heart–brainstem preparation (WHBP) was introduced with the claim it would provide a new platform allowing studies not possible before in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, autonomic and respiratory research. Herein, we review some of the progress made with the WHBP, some advantages and disadvantages along with potential future applications, and provide photographs and technical drawings of all the customised equipment used for the preparation. Using mice or rats, the WHBP is an in situ experimental model that is perfused via an extracorporeal circuit benefitting from unprecedented surgical access, mechanical stability of the brain for whole cell recording and an uncompromised use of pharmacological agents akin to in vitro approaches. The preparation has revealed novel mechanistic insights into, for example, the generation of distinct respiratory rhythms, the neurogenesis of sympathetic activity, coupling between respiration and the heart and circulation, hypothalamic and spinal control mechanisms, and peripheral and central chemoreceptor mechanisms. Insights have been gleaned into diseases such as hypertension, heart failure and sleep apnoea. Findings from the in situ preparation have been ratified in conscious in vivo animals and when tested have translated to humans. We conclude by discussing potential future applications of the WHBP including two‐photon imaging of peripheral and central nervous systems and adoption of pharmacogenetic tools that will improve our understanding of physiological mechanisms and reveal novel mechanisms that may guide new treatment strategies for cardiorespiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian F R Paton
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Faculty of Medical & Health Science, University of Auckland, Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Benedito H Machado
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Abdala
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Smith
- Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vagner R Antunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Rishi R Dhingra
- Florey institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Robin McAllen
- Florey institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony E Pickering
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Richard J A Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor A Day
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole O Barioni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew M Allen
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Clément Menuet
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, INMED UMR1249, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Joseph Donnelly
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Igor Felippe
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Faculty of Medical & Health Science, University of Auckland, Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Walter M St-John
- Emeritus Professor, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth, New Hampshire, USA
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9
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Preclinical validation of a novel oral Edaravone formulation for treatment of frontotemporal dementia. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1689-1707. [PMID: 34599751 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key factor in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders and is involved in the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and Tau inclusions. Edaravone (EDR) is a free radical scavenger that is approved for motor neuron disease and acute ischemic stroke. EDR alleviates pathologies and cognitive impairment of AD via targeting multiple key pathways in transgenic mice. Herein, we aimed to study the effect of EDR on Tau pathology in P301L mice; an animal model of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), at two age time points representing the early and late stages of the disease. A novel EDR formulation was utilized in the study and the drug was delivered orally in drinking water for 3 months. Then, behavioral tests were conducted followed by animal sacrifice and brain dissection. Treatment with EDR improved the reference memory and accuracy in the probe trial as evaluated in Morris water maze, as well as novel object recognition and significantly alleviated motor deficits in these mice. EDR also reduced the levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 3-nitrotyrosine adducts. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed that EDR reduced tau phosphorylation and neuroinflammation and partially rescued neurons against oxidative neurotoxicity. Moreover, EDR attenuated downstream pathologies involved in Tau hyperphosphorylation. These results suggest that EDR may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of FTD.
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10
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Sex-Related Motor Deficits in the Tau-P301L Mouse Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091160. [PMID: 34572348 PMCID: PMC8471835 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of mouse models for basic and translational research at different levels is important to understand neurodegenerative diseases, including tauopathies, by studying the alterations in the corresponding mouse models in detail. Moreover, several studies demonstrated that pathological as well as behavioral changes are influenced by the sex. For this purpose, we performed an in-depth characterization of the behavioral alterations in the transgenic Tau-P301L mouse model. Sex-matched wild type and homozygous Tau-P301L mice were tested in a battery of behavioral tests at different ages. Tau-P301L male mice showed olfactory and motor deficits as well as increased Tau pathology, which was not observed in Tau-P301L female mice. Both Tau-P301L male and female mice had phenotypic alterations in the SHIRPA test battery and cognitive deficits in the novel object recognition test. This study demonstrated that Tau-P301L mice have phenotypic alterations, which are in line with the histological changes and with a sex-dependent performance in those tests. Summarized, the Tau-P301L mouse model shows phenotypic alterations due to the presence of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
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Trevizan-Baú P, Dhingra RR, Burrows EL, Dutschmann M, Stanić D. Tauopathy in the periaqueductal gray, kölliker-fuse nucleus and nucleus retroambiguus is not predicted by ultrasonic vocalization in tau-P301L mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 369:111916. [PMID: 31004684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Upper airway and vocalization control areas such as the periaqueductal gray (PAG), kölliker-fuse nucleus (KF) and nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) are prone to developing tauopathy in mice expressing the mutant human tau P301L protein. Consequently, impaired ultrasonic vocalization (USV) previously identified in tau-P301L mice at the terminal disease stage of 8-9 months of age, was attributed to the presence of tauopathy in these regions. Our aim was to establish whether the onset of USV disorders manifest prior to the terminal stage, and if USV disorders are predictive of the presence of tauopathy in the PAG, KF and NRA. USVs produced by tau-P301L and wildtype mice aged 3-4, 5-6 or 8-9 months were recorded during male-female interaction. Immunohistochemistry was then performed to assess the presence or degree of tauopathy in the PAG, KF and NRA of mice displaying normal or abnormal USV patterns. Comparing various USV measurements, including the number, duration and frequency of calls, revealed no differences between tau-P301L and wildtype mice across all age groups, and linear discriminant analysis also failed to identify separate USV populations. Finally, the presence of tauopathy in the PAG, KF and NRA in individual tau-P301L mice did not reliably associate with USV disorders. Our findings that tauopathy in designated mammalian vocalization centres, such as the PAG, KF and NRA, did not associate with USV disturbances in tau-P301L mice questions whether USV phenotypes in this transgenic mouse are valid for studying tauopathy-related human voice and speech disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Trevizan-Baú
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme, Australia
| | - Rishi R Dhingra
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme, Australia
| | - Emma L Burrows
- Mental Health Theme, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme, Australia.
| | - Davor Stanić
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Discovery Neuroscience Theme, Australia.
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12
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An arterially perfused brainstem preparation of guinea pig to study central mechanisms of airway defense. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 317:49-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Rojo AI, Pajares M, García-Yagüe AJ, Buendia I, Van Leuven F, Yamamoto M, López MG, Cuadrado A. Deficiency in the transcription factor NRF2 worsens inflammatory parameters in a mouse model with combined tauopathy and amyloidopathy. Redox Biol 2018; 18:173-180. [PMID: 30029164 PMCID: PMC6052199 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is a hallmark of the onset and progression of brain proteinopathies such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and it is suspected to participate in the neurodegenerative process. Transcription factor NRF2, a master regulator of redox homeostasis, controls acute inflammation but its relevance in low-grade chronic inflammation of AD is inconclusive due to lack of good mouse models. We have addressed this question in a transgenic mouse that combines amyloidopathy and tauopathy with either wild type (AT-NRF2-WT) or NRF2-deficiency (AT-NRF2-KO). AT-NRF2-WT mice died prematurely, at around 14 months of age, due to motor deficits and a terminal spinal deformity but AT-NRF2-KO mice died roughly 2 months earlier. NRF2-deficiency correlated with exacerbated astrogliosis and microgliosis, as determined by an increase in GFAP, IBA1 and CD11b levels. The immunomodulatory molecule dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a drug already used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis whose main target is accepted to be NRF2, was tested in this preclinical model. Daily oral gavage of DMF during six weeks reduced glial and inflammatory markers and improved cognition and motor complications in the AT-NRF2-WT mice compared with the vehicle-treated animals. This study demonstrates the relevance of the inflammatory response in experimental AD, tightly regulated by NRF2 activity, and provides a new strategy to fight AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Rojo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", UAM-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz) and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of MadridMadrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Pajares
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", UAM-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz) and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Angel J García-Yagüe
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", UAM-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz) and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Izaskun Buendia
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28029. Madrid, Spain
| | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group-LEGTEGG, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Manuela G López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28029. Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", UAM-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz) and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of MadridMadrid, Spain; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Radiobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
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14
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No evidence in support of a prodromal respiratory control signature in the TgF344-AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 265:55-67. [PMID: 29969703 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition disturbing major brain networks, including those pivotal to the motor control of breathing. The aim of this study was to examine respiratory control in the TgF344-AD transgenic rat model of AD. At 8-11 months of age, basal minute ventilation and ventilatory responsiveness to chemostimulation were equivalent in conscious wild-type (WT) and TgF344-AD rats. Under urethane anesthesia, basal diaphragm and genioglossus EMG activities were similar in WT and TgF344-AD rats. The duration of phenylbiguanide-induced apnoea was significantly shorter in TgF344-AD rats compared with WT. Following bilateral cervical vagotomy, diaphragm and genioglossus EMG responsiveness to chemostimulation were intact in TgF344-AD rats. Amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments were elevated in the TgF344-AD brainstem, in the absence of amyloid-β accumulation or alterations in tau phosphorylation. Brainstem pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were not increased in TgF344-AD rats. We conclude that neural control of breathing is preserved in TgF344-AD rats at this stage of the disease.
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15
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Breath-stacking and incentive spirometry in Parkinson's disease: Randomized crossover clinical trial. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 255:11-16. [PMID: 29727719 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease often exhibit respiratory disorders and there are no Respiratory Therapy protocols which are suggested as interventions in Parkinson's patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Breathing-Stacking (BS) and incentive spirometer (IS) techniques in volume variations of the chest wall in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). 14 patients with mild-moderate PD were included in this randomized cross-over study. Volume variations of the chest wall were assessed before, immediately after, then 15 and 30 min after BS and IS performance by optoelectronic plethysmography. Tidal volume (VT) and minute ventilation (MV) significantly increased after BS and IS techniques (p < 0.05). There was greater involvement of pulmonary and abdominal compartments after IS. The results suggest that these re-expansion techniques can be performed to immediately improve volume.
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16
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de Campos PS, Kawamura LRSM, Hasegawa K, Kumei Y, Zeredo JL. Analysis of respiratory movements in a mouse model of late Parkinson's disease submitted to stress. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 251:50-56. [PMID: 29481879 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to cause tremor and rigidity, but other symptoms such as respiratory and autonomic dysfunctions are a major cause of disability and mortality in patients. In this study, we examined respiratory movements by using cineradiography on a murine model of late/advanced PD. Under surgical anesthesia, C57BL/6J mice received an injection of either 6-OHDA or vehicle solution to the right striatum. Two weeks after surgery, the animals had their respiratory movements recorded by video X-ray without any restraint. During recordings the animals were submitted to a mild acute-stress challenge. Behavioral tests were performed to assess the severity of the 6-OHDA lesion. As a result, behavioral tests confirmed severe motor impairments in 6-OHDA mice as compared to controls. 6-OHDA mice showed a predominantly thoracic respiratory pattern with reduced diaphragmatic excursion, and reduced respiratory frequency after stress. These results suggest that advanced nigrostrial degeneration may cause respiratory alterations with the features of obstructive-type respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S de Campos
- Graduate Program in Health Science and Technology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - L R S M Kawamura
- Graduate Program in Health Science and Technology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - K Hasegawa
- JAXA/Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Y Kumei
- Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J L Zeredo
- Graduate Program in Health Science and Technology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
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17
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Rojo AI, Pajares M, Rada P, Nuñez A, Nevado-Holgado AJ, Killik R, Van Leuven F, Ribe E, Lovestone S, Yamamoto M, Cuadrado A. NRF2 deficiency replicates transcriptomic changes in Alzheimer's patients and worsens APP and TAU pathology. Redox Biol 2017; 13:444-451. [PMID: 28704727 PMCID: PMC5508523 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure to translate successful neuroprotective preclinical data to a clinical setting in Alzheimer's disease (AD) indicates that amyloidopathy and tauopathy alone provide an incomplete view of disease. We have tested here the relevance of additional homeostatic deviations that result from loss of activity of transcription factor NRF2, a crucial regulator of multiple stress responses whose activity declines with ageing. A transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that NRF2-KO mouse brains reproduce 7 and 10 of the most dysregulated pathways of human ageing and AD brains, respectively. Then, we generated a mouse that combines amyloidopathy and tauopathy with either wild type (AT-NRF2-WT) or NRF2-deficiency (AT-NRF2-KO). AT-NRF2-KO brains presented increased markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as well as higher levels of insoluble phosphorylated-TAU and Aβ*56 compared to AT-NRF2-WT mice. Young adult AT-NRF2-KO mice exhibited deficits in spatial learning and memory and reduced long term potentiation in the perforant pathway. This study demonstrates the relevance of normal homeostatic responses that decline with ageing, such as NRF2 activity, in the protection against proteotoxic, inflammatory and oxidative stress and provide a new strategy to fight AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Rojo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Pajares
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz); and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Nuñez
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Richard Killik
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Camberwell, London, UK
| | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group-LEGTEGG, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Ribe
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Radiobiology Laboratory, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
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18
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Ebel DL, Torkilsen CG, Ostrowski TD. Blunted Respiratory Responses in the Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 56:1197-1211. [PMID: 28106557 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known for the progressive decline of cognition and memory. In addition to these disease-defining symptoms, impairment of respiratory function is frequently observed and often expressed by sleep-disordered breathing or reduced ability to adjust respiration when oxygen demand is elevated. The mechanisms for this are widely unknown. Postmortem analysis from the brainstem of AD patients reveals pathological alterations, including in nuclei responsible for respiratory control. In this study, we analyzed respiratory responses and morphological changes in brainstem nuclei following intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of streptozotocin (STZ), a rat model commonly used to mimic sporadic AD. ICV-STZ induced significant astrogliosis in the commissural part of the nucleus tractus solitarii, an area highly involved in respiration control. The astrogliosis was identified by a significant increase in S100B-immunofluorescence that is similar to the astrogliosis found in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Using plethysmography, the control group displayed a typical age-dependent decrease of ventilation that was absent in the STZ rat group. This is indicative of elevated minute ventilation at rest after STZ treatment. Peripheral chemoreflex responses were significantly blunted in STZ rats as seen by a reduced respiratory rate and minute ventilation to hypoxia. Central chemoreflex responses to hypercapnia, on the other hand, only decreased in respiratory rate following STZ treatment. Overall, our results show that ICV-STZ induces respiratory dysfunction at rest and in response to hypoxia. This provides a new tool to study the underlying mechanisms of breathing disorders in clinical AD.
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19
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Dhingra RR, Dutschmann M, Galán RF, Dick TE. Kölliker-Fuse nuclei regulate respiratory rhythm variability via a gain-control mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 312:R172-R188. [PMID: 27974314 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00238.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiration varies from breath to breath. On the millisecond timescale of spiking, neuronal circuits exhibit variability due to the stochastic properties of ion channels and synapses. Does this fast, microscopic source of variability contribute to the slower, macroscopic variability of the respiratory period? To address this question, we modeled a stochastic oscillator with forcing; then, we tested its predictions experimentally for the respiratory rhythm generated by the in situ perfused preparation during vagal nerve stimulation (VNS). Our simulations identified a relationship among the gain of the input, entrainment strength, and rhythm variability. Specifically, at high gain, the periodic input entrained the oscillator and reduced variability, whereas at low gain, the noise interacted with the input, causing events known as "phase slips", which increased variability on a slow timescale. Experimentally, the in situ preparation behaved like the low-gain model: VNS entrained respiration but exhibited phase slips that increased rhythm variability. Next, we used bilateral muscimol microinjections in discrete respiratory compartments to identify areas involved in VNS gain control. Suppression of activity in the nucleus tractus solitarii occluded both entrainment and amplification of rhythm variability by VNS, confirming that these effects were due to the activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex. Suppressing activity of the Kölliker-Fuse nuclei (KFn) enhanced entrainment and reduced rhythm variability during VNS, consistent with the predictions of the high-gain model. Together, the model and experiments suggest that the KFn regulates respiratory rhythm variability via a gain control mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R Dhingra
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Roberto F Galán
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thomas E Dick
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; .,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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20
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Gelpi E, Höftberger R, Graus F, Ling H, Holton JL, Dawson T, Popovic M, Pretnar-Oblak J, Högl B, Schmutzhard E, Poewe W, Ricken G, Santamaria J, Dalmau J, Budka H, Revesz T, Kovacs GG. Neuropathological criteria of anti-IgLON5-related tauopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:531-43. [PMID: 27358064 PMCID: PMC5023728 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported a novel neurological syndrome characterized by a unique NREM and REM parasomnia with sleep apnea and stridor, accompanied by bulbar dysfunction and specific association with antibodies against the neuronal cell-adhesion protein IgLON5. All patients had the HLA-DRB1*1001 and HLA-DQB1*0501 alleles. Neuropathological findings in two patients revealed a novel tauopathy restricted to neurons and predominantly involving the hypothalamus and tegmentum of the brainstem. The aim of the current study is to describe the neuropathological features of the anti-IgLON5 syndrome and to provide diagnostic levels of certainty based on the presence of associated clinical and immunological data. The brains of six patients were examined and the features required for the neuropathological diagnosis were established by consensus. Additional clinical and immunological criteria were used to define “definite”, “probable” and “possible” diagnostic categories. The brains of all patients showed remarkably similar features consistent with a neurodegenerative disease with neuronal loss and gliosis and absence of inflammatory infiltrates. The most relevant finding was the neuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau composed of both three-repeat (3R) and four-repeat (4R) tau isoforms, preferentially involving the hypothalamus, and more severely the tegmental nuclei of the brainstem with a cranio-caudal gradient of severity until the upper cervical cord. A “definite” diagnosis of anti-IgLON5-related tauopathy is established when these neuropathological features are present along with the detection of serum or CSF IgLON5 antibodies. When the antibody status is unknown, a “probable” diagnosis requires neuropathological findings along with a compatible clinical history or confirmation of possession of HLA-DRB1*1001 and HLA-DQB1*0501 alleles. A “possible” diagnosis should be considered in cases with compatible neuropathology but without information about a relevant clinical presentation and immunological status. These criteria should help to identify undiagnosed cases among archival tissue, and will assist future clinicopathological studies of this novel disorder.
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Menuet C, Khemiri H, de la Poëze d'Harambure T, Gestreau C. Polycythemia and high levels of erythropoietin in blood and brain blunt the hypercapnic ventilatory response in adult mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R979-91. [PMID: 26936784 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00474.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in arterial Po2, Pco2, and pH are the strongest stimuli sensed by peripheral and central chemoreceptors to adjust ventilation to the metabolic demand. Erythropoietin (Epo), the main regulator of red blood cell production, increases the hypoxic ventilatory response, an effect attributed to the presence of Epo receptors in both carotid bodies and key brainstem structures involved in integration of peripheral inputs and control of breathing. However, it is not known whether Epo also has an effect on the hypercapnic chemoreflex. In a first attempt to answer this question, we tested the hypothesis that Epo alters the ventilatory response to increased CO2 levels. Basal ventilation and hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) were recorded from control mice and from two transgenic mouse lines constitutively expressing high levels of human Epo in brain only (Tg21) or in brain and plasma (Tg6), the latter leading to polycythemia. To tease apart the potential effects of polycythemia and levels of plasma Epo in the HCVR, control animals were injected with an Epo analog (Aranesp), and Tg6 mice were treated with the hemolytic agent phenylhydrazine after splenectomy. Ventilatory parameters measured by plethysmography in conscious mice were consistent with data from electrophysiological recordings in anesthetized animals and revealed a blunted HCVR in Tg6 mice. Polycythemia alone and increased levels of plasma Epo blunt the HCVR. In addition, Tg21 mice with an augmented level of cerebral Epo also had a decreased HCVR. We discuss the potential implications of these findings in several physiopathological conditions.
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Hansen HH, Barkholt P, Fabricius K, Jelsing J, Terwel D, Pyke C, Knudsen LB, Vrang N. The GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide reduces pathology-specific tau phosphorylation and improves motor function in a transgenic hTauP301L mouse model of tauopathy. Brain Res 2016; 1634:158-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Cineradiographic analysis of respiratory movements in a mouse model for early Parkinson's disease. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 218:40-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Multiscale fingerprinting of neuronal functional connectivity. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2967-82. [PMID: 25056933 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current cellular-based connectomics approaches aim to delineate the functional or structural organizations of mammalian brain circuits through neuronal activity mapping and/or axonal tracing. To discern possible connectivity between functionally identified neurons in widely distributed brain circuits, reliable and efficient network-based approaches of cross-registering or cross-correlating such functional-structural data are essential. Here, a novel cross-correlation approach that exploits multiple timing-specific, response-specific, and cell-specific neuronal characteristics as coincident fingerprint markers at the systems, network, and cellular levels is proposed. Application of this multiscale temporal-cellular coincident fingerprinting assay to the respiratory central pattern generator network in rats revealed a descending excitatory pathway with characteristic activity pattern and projecting from a distinct neuronal population in pons to its counterparts in medulla that control the post-inspiratory phase of the respiratory rhythm important for normal breathing, airway protection, and respiratory-vocalization coordination. This enabling neurotracing approach may prove valuable for functional connectivity mapping of other brain circuits.
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25
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Crespo-Biel N, Theunis C, Borghgraef P, Lechat B, Devijver H, Maurin H, Van Leuven F. Phosphorylation of protein Tau by GSK3β prolongs survival of bigenic Tau.P301L×GSK3β mice by delaying brainstem tauopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 67:119-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Maurin H, Lechat B, Borghgraef P, Devijver H, Jaworski T, Van Leuven F. Terminal hypothermic Tau.P301L mice have increased Tau phosphorylation independently of glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2442-53. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Maurin
- Experimental Genetics Group LEGTEGG; Department of Human Genetics; KU Leuven; Campus Gasthuisberg ON1 06.602 Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Benoit Lechat
- Experimental Genetics Group LEGTEGG; Department of Human Genetics; KU Leuven; Campus Gasthuisberg ON1 06.602 Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Peter Borghgraef
- Experimental Genetics Group LEGTEGG; Department of Human Genetics; KU Leuven; Campus Gasthuisberg ON1 06.602 Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Herman Devijver
- Experimental Genetics Group LEGTEGG; Department of Human Genetics; KU Leuven; Campus Gasthuisberg ON1 06.602 Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group LEGTEGG; Department of Human Genetics; KU Leuven; Campus Gasthuisberg ON1 06.602 Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
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Sabater L, Gaig C, Gelpi E, Bataller L, Lewerenz J, Torres-Vega E, Contreras A, Giometto B, Compta Y, Embid C, Vilaseca I, Iranzo A, Santamaría J, Dalmau J, Graus F. A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:575-86. [PMID: 24703753 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmunity might be associated with or implicated in sleep and neurodegenerative disorders. We aimed to describe the features of a novel neurological syndrome associated with prominent sleep dysfunction and antibodies to a neuronal antigen. METHODS In this observational study, we used clinical and video polysomnography to identify a novel sleep disorder in three patients referred to the Sleep Unit of Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain, for abnormal sleep behaviours and obstructive sleep apnoea. These patients had antibodies against a neuronal surface antigen, which were also present in five additional patients referred to our laboratory for antibody studies. These five patients had been assessed with polysomnography, which was done in our sleep unit in one patient and the recording reviewed in a second patient. Two patients underwent post-mortem brain examination. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were used to characterise the antigen and develop an assay for antibody testing. Serum or CSF from 298 patients with neurodegenerative, sleep, or autoimmune disorders served as control samples. FINDINGS All eight patients (five women; median age at disease onset 59 years [range 52-76]) had abnormal sleep movements and behaviours and obstructive sleep apnoea, as confirmed by polysomnography. Six patients had chronic progression with a median duration from symptom onset to death or last visit of 5 years (range 2-12); in four the sleep disorder was the initial and most prominent feature, and in two it was preceded by gait instability followed by dysarthria, dysphagia, ataxia, or chorea. Two patients had a rapid progression with disequilibrium, dysarthria, dysphagia, and central hypoventilation, and died 2 months and 6 months, respectively, after symptom onset. In five of five patients, video polysomnography showed features of obstructive sleep apnoea, stridor, and abnormal sleep architecture (undifferentiated non-rapid-eye-movement [non-REM] sleep or poorly structured stage N2, simple movements and finalistic behaviours, normalisation of non-REM sleep by the end of the night, and, in the four patients with REM sleep recorded, REM sleep behaviour disorder). Four of four patients had HLA-DRB1*1001 and HLA-DQB1*0501 alleles. All patients had antibodies (mainly IgG4) against IgLON5, a neuronal cell adhesion molecule. Only one of the 298 controls, who had progressive supranuclear palsy, had IgLON5 antibodies. Neuropathology showed neuronal loss and extensive deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau mainly involving the tegmentum of the brainstem and hypothalamus in the two patients studied. INTERPRETATION IgLON5 antibodies identify a unique non-REM and REM parasomnia with sleep breathing dysfunction and pathological features suggesting a tauopathy. FUNDING Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) and Respiratorias (CIBERES), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fundació la Marató TV3, and the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sabater
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Gaig
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Bataller
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Bruno Giometto
- Department of Neurology, Regional Hospital "Ca' Foncello" Treviso, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Embid
- Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Vilaseca
- Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Iranzo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Multidisciplinary Sleep Disorders Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Santamaría
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Dalmau
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Graus
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
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Bautista TG, Dutschmann M. Ponto-medullary nuclei involved in the generation of sequential pharyngeal swallowing and concomitant protective laryngeal adduction in situ. J Physiol 2014; 592:2605-23. [PMID: 24639482 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both swallowing and respiration involve postinspiratory laryngeal adduction. Swallowing-related postinspiratory neurons are likely to be located in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and those involved in respiration are found in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF). The function of KF and NTS in the generation of swallowing and its coordination with respiration was investigated in perfused brainstem preparations of juvenile rats (n = 41). Orally injected water evoked sequential pharyngeal swallowing (s-PSW) seen as phasic, spindle-shaped bursting of vagal nerve activity (VNA) against tonic postinspiratory discharge. KF inhibition by microinjecting isoguvacine (GABAA receptor agonist) selectively attenuated tonic postinspiratory VNA (n = 10, P < 0.001) but had no effect on frequency or timing of s-PSW. KF disinhibition after bicuculline (GABAA receptor antagonist) microinjections caused an increase of the tonic VNA (n = 8, P < 0.01) resulting in obscured and delayed phasic s-PSW. Occurrence of spontaneous PSW significantly increased after KF inhibition (P < 0.0001) but not after KF disinhibition (P = 0.14). NTS isoguvacine microinjections attenuated the occurrence of all PSW (n = 5, P < 0.01). NTS bicuculline microinjections (n = 6) resulted in spontaneous activation of a disordered PSW pattern and long-lasting suppression of respiratory activity. Pharmacological manipulation of either KF or NTS also triggered profound changes in respiratory postinspiratory VNA. Our results indicate that the s-PSW comprises two functionally distinct components. While the primary s-PSW is generated within the NTS, a KF-mediated laryngeal adductor reflex safeguards the lower airways from aspiration. Synaptic interaction between KF and NTS is required for s-PSW coordination with respiration as well as for proper gating and timing of s-PSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara G Bautista
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Gate 11, Royal Parade, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Gate 11, Royal Parade, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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Early structural and functional defects in synapses and myelinated axons in stratum lacunosum moleculare in two preclinical models for tauopathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87605. [PMID: 24498342 PMCID: PMC3912020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The stratum lacunosum moleculare (SLM) is the connection hub between entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, two brain regions that are most vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease. We recently identified a specific synaptic deficit of Nectin-3 in transgenic models for tauopathy. Here we defined cognitive impairment and electrophysiological problems in the SLM of Tau.P301L mice, which corroborated the structural defects in synapses and dendritic spines. Reduced diffusion of DiI from the ERC to the hippocampus indicated defective myelinated axonal pathways. Ultrastructurally, myelinated axons in the temporoammonic pathway (TA) that connects ERC to CA1 were damaged in Tau.P301L mice at young age. Unexpectedly, the myelin defects were even more severe in bigenic biGT mice that co-express GSK3β with Tau.P301L in neurons. Combined, our data demonstrate that neuronal expression of protein Tau profoundly affected the functional and structural organization of the entorhinal-hippocampal complex, in particular synapses and myelinated axons in the SLM. White matter pathology deserves further attention in patients suffering from tauopathy and Alzheimer's disease.
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30
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The physiological significance of postinspiration in respiratory control. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 212:113-30. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63488-7.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bautista TG, Sun QJ, Pilowsky PM. The generation of pharyngeal phase of swallow and its coordination with breathing: interaction between the swallow and respiratory central pattern generators. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 212:253-75. [PMID: 25194202 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63488-7.00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Swallowing and breathing utilize common muscles and an anatomical passage: the pharynx. The risk of aspiration of ingested material is minimized not only by the laryngeal adduction of the vocal folds and laryngeal elevation but also by the precise coordination of swallows with breathing. Namely, swallows: (1) are preferentially initiated in the postinspiratory/expiratory phase, (2) are accompanied by a brief apnea, and (3) are often followed by an expiration and delay of the next breath. This review summarizes the expiratory evidence on the brainstem regions comprising the central pattern generator (CPG) that produces the pharyngeal stage of swallow, how the motor acts of swallowing and breathing are coordinated, and lastly, brainstem regions where the swallowing and respiratory CPGs may interact in order to ensure "safe" swallows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara G Bautista
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Qi-Jian Sun
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul M Pilowsky
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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Borghgraef P, Menuet C, Theunis C, Louis JV, Devijver H, Maurin H, Smet-Nocca C, Lippens G, Hilaire G, Gijsen H, Moechars D, Van Leuven F. Increasing brain protein O-GlcNAc-ylation mitigates breathing defects and mortality of Tau.P301L mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84442. [PMID: 24376810 PMCID: PMC3871570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule associated protein tau causes primary and secondary tauopathies by unknown molecular mechanisms. Post-translational O-GlcNAc-ylation of brain proteins was demonstrated here to be beneficial for Tau.P301L mice by pharmacological inhibition of O-GlcNAc-ase. Chronic treatment of ageing Tau.P301L mice mitigated their loss in body-weight and improved their motor deficits, while the survival was 3-fold higher at the pre-fixed study endpoint at age 9.5 months. Moreover, O-GlcNAc-ase inhibition significantly improved the breathing parameters of Tau.P301L mice, which underpinned pharmacologically the close correlation of mortality and upper-airway defects. O-GlcNAc-ylation of brain proteins increased rapidly and stably by systemic inhibition of O-GlcNAc-ase. Conversely, biochemical evidence for protein Tau.P301L to become O-GlcNAc-ylated was not obtained, nor was its phosphorylation consistently or markedly affected. We conclude that increasing O-GlcNAc-ylation of brain proteins improved the clinical condition and prolonged the survival of ageing Tau.P301L mice, but not by direct biochemical action on protein tau. The pharmacological effect is proposed to be located downstream in the pathological cascade initiated by protein Tau.P301L, opening novel venues for our understanding, and eventually treating the neurodegeneration mediated by protein tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Borghgraef
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clément Menuet
- MP3-Respiration, UMR CNRS 6231, Faculté Saint-Jérôme, Marseille, France
| | - Clara Theunis
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justin V. Louis
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Devijver
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hervé Maurin
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Smet-Nocca
- Groupe RMN-Glycobiologie, CNRS, University de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Guy Lippens
- Groupe RMN-Glycobiologie, CNRS, University de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Gerard Hilaire
- MP3-Respiration, UMR CNRS 6231, Faculté Saint-Jérôme, Marseille, France
| | - Harrie Gijsen
- Department Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Department Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Whittington RA, Bretteville A, Dickler MF, Planel E. Anesthesia and tau pathology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:147-55. [PMID: 23535147 PMCID: PMC3741335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and remains a growing worldwide health problem. As life expectancy continues to increase, the number of AD patients presenting for surgery and anesthesia will steadily rise. The etiology of sporadic AD is thought to be multifactorial, with environmental, biological and genetic factors interacting together to influence AD pathogenesis. Recent reports suggest that general anesthetics may be such a factor and may contribute to the development and exacerbation of this neurodegenerative disorder. Intra-neuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), composed of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein are one of the main neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Tau pathology is important in AD as it correlates very well with cognitive dysfunction. Lately, several studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms by which anesthetic exposure might affect the phosphorylation, aggregation and function of this microtubule-associated protein. Here, we specifically review the literature detailing the impact of anesthetic administration on aberrant tau hyperphosphorylation as well as the subsequent development of neurofibrillary pathology and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Whittington
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032,Corresponding Author: Robert A. Whittington, MD, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Anesthesiology, 622 West 168th Street PH 5, New York, NY 10032, Tel: 212-305-1567, Fax: 212-305-0777,
| | - Alexis Bretteville
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec (QC), Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Maya F. Dickler
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec (QC), Canada, G1V 4G2
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec (QC), Canada, G1V 4G2,Université Laval, Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec (QC), Canada, G1V 0A6
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Abstract
Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on appreciating breathing as a behavior, rather than a stereotypic rhythm. In this review, we focus on the pontine-mediated inspiratory off-switch (IOS) associated with postinspiratory glottal constriction. Further, IOS is examined in the context of pontine regulation of glottal resistance in response to multimodal sensory inputs and higher commands, which in turn rules timing, duration, and patterning of respiratory airflow. In addition, network plasticity in respiratory control emerges during the development of the pons. Synaptic plasticity is required for dynamic and efficient modulation of the expiratory breathing pattern to cope with rapid changes from eupneic to adaptive breathing linked to exploratory (foraging and sniffing) and expulsive (vocalizing, coughing, sneezing, and retching) behaviors, as well as conveyance of basic emotions. The speed and complexity of changes in the breathing pattern of behaving animals implies that "learning to breathe" is necessary to adjust to changing internal and external states to maintain homeostasis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Neurosciences Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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35
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Viemari JC, Menuet C, Hilaire G. [Electrophysiological, molecular and genetic identifications of the pre-Bötzinger complex]. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 29:875-82. [PMID: 24148126 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20132910015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From birth onwards, rhythmic breathing is required for blood oxygenation and survival in mammals. During their lifespan, human or mouse or elephant will spontaneously produce several hundreds of millions of respiratory movements. The central nervous command responsible for these spontaneous rhythmic movements is elaborated by a complex neural network extending within the brainstem. In the medulla, a special part of this network contains respiratory pacemaker neurons that play a crucial role in respiratory rhythmogenesis: the pre-Bötzinger complex. This review summarizes and discusses the main electrophysiological, molecular and genetic mechanisms contributing to the function and the perinatal maturation of the pre-Bötzinger complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Viemari
- Équipe P3M (plasticité et physiopathologie de la motricité), institut de neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS-Aix-Marseille université, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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36
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Theunis C, Crespo-Biel N, Gafner V, Pihlgren M, López-Deber MP, Reis P, Hickman DT, Adolfsson O, Chuard N, Ndao DM, Borghgraef P, Devijver H, Van Leuven F, Pfeifer A, Muhs A. Efficacy and safety of a liposome-based vaccine against protein Tau, assessed in tau.P301L mice that model tauopathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72301. [PMID: 23977276 PMCID: PMC3747157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive aggregation of protein Tau into oligomers and fibrils correlates with cognitive decline and synaptic dysfunction, leading to neurodegeneration in vulnerable brain regions in Alzheimer's disease. The unmet need of effective therapy for Alzheimer's disease, combined with problematic pharmacological approaches, led the field to explore immunotherapy, first against amyloid peptides and recently against protein Tau. Here we adapted the liposome-based amyloid vaccine that proved safe and efficacious, and incorporated a synthetic phosphorylated peptide to mimic the important phospho-epitope of protein Tau at residues pS396/pS404. We demonstrate that the liposome-based vaccine elicited, rapidly and robustly, specific antisera in wild-type mice and in Tau.P301L mice. Long-term vaccination proved to be safe, because it improved the clinical condition and reduced indices of tauopathy in the brain of the Tau.P301L mice, while no signs of neuro-inflammation or other adverse neurological effects were observed. The data corroborate the hypothesis that liposomes carrying phosphorylated peptides of protein Tau have considerable potential as safe and effective treatment against tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Theunis
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia Crespo-Biel
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Borghgraef
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Devijver
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Bonis JM, Neumueller SE, Krause KL, Pan LG, Hodges MR, Forster HV. Contributions of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus to coordination of breathing and swallowing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 189:10-21. [PMID: 23774145 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we compare the effects of perturbations in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN) and the lateral (LPBN) and medial (MPBN) parabrachial nuclei on the coordination of breathing and swallowing. Cannula was chronically implanted in goats through which ibotenic acid (IA) was injected while awake. Swallows in late expiration (E) always reset while swallows in early inspiration (I) never reset the respiratory rhythm. Before cannula implantation, all other E and I swallows did not reset the respiratory rhythm, and had small effects on E and I duration and tidal volume (VT). However, after cannula implantation in the MPBN and KFN, E and I swallows reset the respiratory rhythm and increased the effects on I and E duration and VT. Subsequent injection of IA into the KFN eliminated the respiratory phase resetting of swallows but exacerbated the effects on I and E duration and VT. We conclude that the KFN and to a lesser extent the MPBN contribute to coordination of breathing and swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bonis
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Physiology, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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Maurin H, Lechat B, Dewachter I, Ris L, Louis JV, Borghgraef P, Devijver H, Jaworski T, Van Leuven F. Neurological characterization of mice deficient in GSK3α highlight pleiotropic physiological functions in cognition and pathological activity as Tau kinase. Mol Brain 2013; 6:27. [PMID: 23705847 PMCID: PMC3671145 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK3β is involved in a wide range of physiological functions, and is presumed to act in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, from bipolar disorder to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast, the GSK3α isozyme remained largely ignored with respect to both aspects. RESULTS We generated and characterized two mouse strains with neuron-specific or with total GSK3α deficiency. Behavioral and electrophysiological analysis demonstrated the physiological importance of neuronal GSK3α, with GSK3β not compensating for impaired cognition and reduced LTP. Interestingly, the passive inhibitory avoidance task proved to modulate the phosphorylation status of both GSK3 isozymes in wild-type mice, further implying both to function in cognition. Moreover, GSK3α contributed to the neuronal architecture of the hippocampal CA1 sub-region that is most vulnerable in AD. Consequently, practically all parameters and characteristics indicated that both GSK3 isoforms were regulated independently, but that they acted on the same physiological functions in learning and memory, in mobility and in behavior. CONCLUSIONS GSK3α proved to be regulated independently from GSK3β, and to exert non-redundant physiological neurological functions in general behavior and in cognition. Moreover, GSK3α contributes to the pathological phosphorylation of protein Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Maurin
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, Department Human Genetics, KULeuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Lechat
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, Department Human Genetics, KULeuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, Department Human Genetics, KULeuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurence Ris
- Department Neurosciences, University Mons-Hainaut, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Justin V Louis
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, Department Human Genetics, KULeuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Borghgraef
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, Department Human Genetics, KULeuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Devijver
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, Department Human Genetics, KULeuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Jaworski
- Present address: Nencki Institute Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, Department Human Genetics, KULeuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Morcinek K, Köhler C, Götz J, Schröder H. Pattern of tau hyperphosphorylation and neurotransmitter markers in the brainstem of senescent tau filament forming transgenic mice. Brain Res 2013; 1497:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Irmler M, Gentier RJG, Dennissen FJA, Schulz H, Bolle I, Hölter SM, Kallnik M, Cheng JJ, Klingenspor M, Rozman J, Ehrhardt N, Hermes DJHP, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Hrabě de Angelis M, Meyer HE, Hopkins DA, Van Leeuwen FW, Beckers J. Long-term proteasomal inhibition in transgenic mice by UBB(+1) expression results in dysfunction of central respiration control reminiscent of brainstem neuropathology in Alzheimer patients. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:187-97. [PMID: 22730000 PMCID: PMC3400757 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging and neurodegeneration are often accompanied by a functionally impaired ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). In tauopathies and polyglutamine diseases, a mutant form of ubiquitin B (UBB+1) accumulates in disease-specific aggregates. UBB+1 mRNA is generated at low levels in vivo during transcription from the ubiquitin B locus by molecular misreading. The resulting mutant protein has been shown to inhibit proteasome function. To elucidate causative effects and neuropathological consequences of UBB+1 accumulation, we used a UBB+1 expressing transgenic mouse line that models UPS inhibition in neurons and exhibits behavioral phenotypes reminiscent of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In order to reveal affected organs and functions, young and aged UBB+1 transgenic mice were comprehensively phenotyped for more than 240 parameters. This revealed unexpected changes in spontaneous breathing patterns and an altered response to hypoxic conditions. Our findings point to a central dysfunction of respiratory regulation in transgenic mice in comparison to wild-type littermate mice. Accordingly, UBB+1 was strongly expressed in brainstem regions of transgenic mice controlling respiration. These regions included, e.g., the medial part of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the lateral subdivisions of the parabrachial nucleus. In addition, UBB+1 was also strongly expressed in these anatomical structures of AD patients (Braak stage #6) and was not expressed in non-demented controls. We conclude that long-term UPS inhibition due to UBB+1 expression causes central breathing dysfunction in a transgenic mouse model of AD. The UBB+1 expression pattern in humans is consistent with the contribution of bronchopneumonia as a cause of death in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Irmler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Romina J. G. Gentier
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. A. Dennissen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Schulz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Epidemiology I, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ines Bolle
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M. Hölter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Kallnik
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jing Jun Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Technische Universität München, ZIEL—Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, ZIEL—Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nicole Ehrhardt
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Denise J. H. P. Hermes
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, WZW—Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Chair of Experimental Genetics, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Helmut E. Meyer
- Medical Proteome Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - David A. Hopkins
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fred W. Van Leeuwen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, GmbH, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, WZW—Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Chair of Experimental Genetics, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Cleary DR, Phillips RS, Wallisch M, Heinricher MM. A novel, non-invasive method of respiratory monitoring for use with stereotactic procedures. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:337-43. [PMID: 22771713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of respiration is often needed for neurophysiological studies, as either a dependent experimental variable or an indicator of physiological state. Current options for respiratory monitoring of animals held in a stereotaxic frame include EMG recordings, pneumotachograph measurements, inductance-plethysmography, whole-body plethysmography (WBP), and visual monitoring. While powerful, many of these methods prevent access to the animal's body, interfere with experimental manipulations, or require deep anesthesia and additional surgery. For experiments where these issues may be problematic, we developed a non-invasive method of recording respiratory parameters specifically for use with animals held in a stereotaxic frame. This system, ventilation pressure transduction (VPT), measures variations in pressure at the animal's nostril from inward and outward airflow during breathing. These pressure changes are detected by a sensitive pressure transducer, then filtered and amplified. The output is an analog signal representing each breath. VPT was validated against WBP using 10% carbon dioxide and systemic morphine (4mg/kg) challenges in lightly anesthetized animals. VPT accurately represented breathing rate and tidal volume changes under both baseline and challenge conditions. This novel technique can therefore be used to measure respiratory rate and relative tidal volume when stereotaxic procedures are needed for neuronal manipulations and recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Cleary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd.,Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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42
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Crespo-Biel N, Theunis C, Van Leuven F. Protein tau: prime cause of synaptic and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:251426. [PMID: 22720188 PMCID: PMC3376502 DOI: 10.1155/2012/251426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) is a major component of the pathogenesis of a wide variety of brain-damaging disorders, known as tauopathies. These include Alzheimer's disease (AD), denoted as secondary tauopathy because of the obligatory combination with amyloid pathology. In all tauopathies, protein Tau becomes aberrantly phosphorylated, adopts abnormal conformations, and aggregates into fibrils that eventually accumulate as threads in neuropil and as tangles in soma. The argyrophilic neurofibrillary threads and tangles, together denoted as NFT, provide the postmortem pathological diagnosis for all tauopathies. In AD, neurofibrillary threads and tangles (NFTs) are codiagnostic with amyloid depositions but their separated and combined contributions to clinical symptoms remain elusive. Importantly, NFTs are now considered a late event and not directly responsible for early synaptic dysfunctions. Conversely, the biochemical and pathological timeline is not exactly known in human tauopathy, but experimental models point to smaller Tau-aggregates, termed oligomers or multimers, as synaptotoxic in early stages. The challenge is to molecularly define these Tau-isoforms that cause early cognitive and synaptic impairments. Here, we discuss relevant studies and data obtained in our mono- and bigenic validated preclinical models, with the perspective of Tau as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group (LEGTEGG), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg ON1-06.602, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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43
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Lo Monte F, Kramer T, Gu J, Anumala UR, Marinelli L, La Pietra V, Novellino E, Franco B, Demedts D, Van Leuven F, Fuertes A, Dominguez JM, Plotkin B, Eldar-Finkelman H, Schmidt B. Identification of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitors with a Selective Sting for Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3α. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4407-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lo Monte
- Clemens Schöpf—Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Kramer
- Clemens Schöpf—Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jiamin Gu
- Clemens Schöpf—Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Upendra Rao Anumala
- Clemens Schöpf—Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”,
80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria La Pietra
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”,
80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli “Federico II”,
80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Bénédicte Franco
- Experimental
Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Demedts
- Experimental
Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental
Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Fuertes
- Noscira SA, Drug Discovery, Tres Cantos 28760-Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Batya Plotkin
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics
and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University,
69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagit Eldar-Finkelman
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics
and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University,
69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Boris Schmidt
- Clemens Schöpf—Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Menuet C, Borghgraef P, Voituron N, Gestreau C, Gielis L, Devijver H, Dutschmann M, Van Leuven F, Hilaire G. Isoflurane anesthesia precipitates tauopathy and upper airways dysfunction in pre-symptomatic Tau.P301L mice: Possible implication for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:234-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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45
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Expiratory-modulated laryngeal motoneurons exhibit a hyperpolarization preceding depolarization during superior laryngeal nerve stimulation in the in vivo adult rat. Brain Res 2012; 1445:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Early improved and late defective cognition is reflected by dendritic spines in Tau.P301L mice. J Neurosci 2012; 31:18036-47. [PMID: 22159117 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4859-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive demise correlates with progressive brain tauopathy in dementing patients. Improved cognition of young Tau.P301L mice contrasts with dysfunction later in life and remains unexplained (Boekhoorn et al., 2006). To unravel early mechanisms, we composed a correlative time line of clinical symptoms, cognitive defects, and biochemical and pathological traits, including comprehensive analysis of dendritic spines in specified regions of the cortex and hippocampus of young and adult Tau.P301L mice. Remarkably, young Tau.P301L mice have not more, but more mature spines than wild-type mice, revealing the anatomical substrate for their improved cognition and LTP. Spine maturation remained high in the hippocampus of adult Tau.P301L mice. However, spines regressed in length paralleling impaired cognition and increased Tau phosphorylation (Terwel et al., 2005). Conversely, spine maturation was unaffected in adult Tau.4R mice, while spine density was increased and length reduced similar to Tau.P301L mice. To explain how protein Tau promoted spinogenesis, we analyzed hippocampal synaptosomes and dendritic spines for mouse and human Tau. While synaptosomes were positive for both mouse and human Tau, weak variable reaction in spines was observed only after fixation according to Bouin. Mouse Tau was absent from spines in wild-type mice, dissociating the pathological actions of Tau in transgenic mice by relocalization into dendrites and spines from the physiological actions of protein Tau in axons only. We conclude that mutant protein Tau modulates cognition and morphology of spines similarly and in both directions, with pathology later in life coinciding with increased phosphorylation and relocalization of Tau from axons to soma and processes.
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47
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Menuet C, Cazals Y, Gestreau C, Borghgraef P, Gielis L, Dutschmann M, Van Leuven F, Hilaire G. Age-related impairment of ultrasonic vocalization in Tau.P301L mice: possible implication for progressive language disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25770. [PMID: 22022446 PMCID: PMC3192129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's Disease, are the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases in elderly people and cause various cognitive, behavioural and motor defects, but also progressive language disorders. For communication and social interactions, mice produce ultrasonic vocalization (USV) via expiratory airflow through the larynx. We examined USV of Tau.P301L mice, a mouse model for tauopathy expressing human mutant tau protein and developing cognitive, motor and upper airway defects. Methodology/Principal Findings At age 4–5 months, Tau.P301L mice had normal USV, normal expiratory airflow and no brainstem tauopathy. At age 8–10 months, Tau.P301L mice presented impaired USV, reduced expiratory airflow and severe tauopathy in the periaqueductal gray, Kolliker-Fuse and retroambiguus nuclei. Tauopathy in these nuclei that control upper airway function and vocalization correlates well with the USV impairment of old Tau.P301L mice. Conclusions In a mouse model for tauopathy, we report for the first time an age-related impairment of USV that correlates with tauopathy in midbrain and brainstem areas controlling vocalization. The vocalization disorder of old Tau.P301L mice could be, at least in part, reminiscent of language disorders of elderly suffering tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Menuet
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Cazals
- Neurovegetative physiology laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Gestreau
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Peter Borghgraef
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Gielis
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gérard Hilaire
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Kremer A, Louis JV, Jaworski T, Van Leuven F. GSK3 and Alzheimer's Disease: Facts and Fiction…. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:17. [PMID: 21904524 PMCID: PMC3162188 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions and pathological roles of the Glycogen synthase kinase-type 3 (GSK3) kinases in peripheral and central systems are diverse and complex, and therefore hard to unravel in molecular detail in vivo. Our assignment to review and discuss available data to clarify the actual position of these kinases in the pathology of Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) was both ambitious and easy. On the one hand, numerous studies are available in isolated, recombinant, or cell-based systems, which have resulted in very diverse data-sets that are hardly informative for the brain in vivo. At the other extreme, reliable, and relevant models for the role of GSK3 in CNS are rare, if not lacking. Moreover, (too) many in vivo studies used Li+ as “specific” inhibitor of GSK3, which is factually not valid because lithium ions are neither specific nor potent inhibitors of GSK3 in vivo. More specific pharmacological inhibitors of GSK3 have met with considerable problems, and are reviewed by others in this issue or elsewhere. We concentrate here on AD-related aspects of GSK3 in brain in vivo, mainly studied in transgenic mice and highlight some of the more important issues, among many remaining: activation of GSK3 by amyloid, phosphorylation of protein tau, effects on or interference with synaptic activity, differentiation between both GSK3 isoforms. These relate directly to brain function, and brain dysfunction in AD, and are to be resolved if we want to understand the molecular pathology of this dreadful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kremer
- Experimental Genetics Group - LEGTEGG, Department Human Genetics KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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49
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Chong SA, Benilova I, Shaban H, De Strooper B, Devijver H, Moechars D, Eberle W, Bartic C, Van Leuven F, Callewaert G. Synaptic dysfunction in hippocampus of transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: a multi-electrode array study. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 44:284-91. [PMID: 21807097 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
APP.V717I and Tau.P301L transgenic mice develop Alzheimer's disease pathology comprising important aspects of human disease including increased levels of amyloid peptides, cognitive and motor impairment, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The combined model, APP.V717I×Tau.P301L bigenic mice (biAT mice) exhibit aggravated amyloid and tau pathology with severe cognitive and behavioral defects. In the present study, we investigated early changes in synaptic function in the CA1 and CA3 regions of acute hippocampal slices of young APP.V717I, Tau.P301L and biAT transgenic animals. We have used planar multi-electrode arrays (MEA) and improved methods for simultaneous multi-site recordings from two hippocampal sub-regions. In the CA1 region, long-term potentiation (LTP) was severely impaired in all transgenic animals when compared with age-matched wild-type controls, while basal synaptic transmission and paired-pulse facilitation were minimally affected. In the CA3 region, LTP was normal in Tau.P301L and APP.V717I but clearly impaired in biAT mice. Surprisingly, frequency facilitation in CA3 was significantly enhanced in Tau.P301L mice, while not affected in APP.V717I mice and depressed in biAT mice. The findings demonstrate important synaptic changes that differ considerably in the hippocampal sub-regions already at young age, well before the typical amyloid or tau pathology is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ah Chong
- Bio-Electronic Systems, Imec, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, Belgium
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50
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Menuet C, Borghgraef P, Matarazzo V, Gielis L, Lajard AM, Voituron N, Gestreau C, Dutschmann M, Van Leuven F, Hilaire G. Raphé tauopathy alters serotonin metabolism and breathing activity in terminal Tau.P301L mice: possible implications for tauopathies and Alzheimer's disease. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 178:290-303. [PMID: 21763469 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease are the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders in elderly people. Patients develop cognitive and behaviour defects induced by the tauopathy in the forebrain, but most also display early brainstem tauopathy, with oro-pharyngeal and serotoninergic (5-HT) defects. We studied these aspects in Tau.P301L mice, that express human mutant tau protein and develop tauopathy first in hindbrain, with cognitive, motor and upper airway defects from 7 to 8 months onwards, until premature death before age 12 months. Using plethysmography, immunohistochemistry and biochemistry, we examined the respiratory and 5-HT systems of aging Tau.P301L and control mice. At 8 months, Tau.P301L mice developed upper airway dysfunction but retained normal respiratory rhythm and normal respiratory regulations. In the following weeks, Tau.P301L mice entered terminal stages with reduced body weight, progressive limb clasping and lethargy. Compared to age 8 months, terminal Tau.P301L mice showed aggravated upper airway dysfunction, abnormal respiratory rhythm and abnormal respiratory regulations. In addition, they showed severe tauopathy in Kolliker-Fuse, raphé obscurus and raphé magnus nuclei but not in medullary respiratory-related areas. Although the raphé tauopathy concerned mainly non-5-HT neurons, the 5-HT metabolism of terminal Tau.P301L mice was altered. We propose that the progressive raphé tauopathy affects the 5-HT metabolism, which affects the 5-HT modulation of the respiratory network and therefore the breathing pattern. Then, 5-HT deficits contribute to the moribund phenotype of Tau.P301L mice, and possibly in patients suffering from tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Menuet
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration (MP3-Respiration), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Faculté Saint Jérôme (Service 362), 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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