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Chang P, Pérez-González M, Constable J, Bush D, Cleverley K, Tybulewicz VLJ, Fisher EMC, Walker MC. Neuronal oscillations in cognition: Down syndrome as a model of mouse to human translation. Neuroscientist 2024:10738584241271414. [PMID: 39316548 DOI: 10.1177/10738584241271414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), a prevalent cognitive disorder resulting from trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), poses a significant global health concern. Affecting approximately 1 in 800 live births worldwide, DS is the leading genetic cause of intellectual disability and a major predisposing factor for early-onset Alzheimer's dementia. The estimated global population of individuals with DS is 6 million, with increasing prevalence due to advances in DS health care. Global efforts are dedicated to unraveling the mechanisms behind the varied clinical outcomes in DS. Recent studies on DS mouse models reveal disrupted neuronal circuits, providing insights into DS pathologies. Yet, translating these findings to humans faces challenges due to limited systematic electrophysiological analyses directly comparing human and mouse. Additionally, disparities in experimental procedures between the two species pose hurdles to successful translation. This review provides a concise overview of neuronal oscillations in human and rodent cognition. Focusing on recent DS mouse model studies, we highlight disruptions in associated brain function. We discuss various electrophysiological paradigms and suggest avenues for exploring molecular dysfunctions contributing to DS-related cognitive impairments. Deciphering neuronal oscillation intricacies holds promise for targeted therapies to alleviate cognitive disabilities in DS individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pishan Chang
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Jessica Constable
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Daniel Bush
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Karen Cleverley
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- Immune Cell Biology and Down Syndrome Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Matthew C Walker
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Jiang Y, Sachdeva K, Goulbourne CN, Berg MJ, Peddy J, Stavrides PH, Pensalfini A, Pawlik M, Whyte L, Balapal BS, Shivakumar S, Bleiwas C, Smiley JF, Mathews PM, Nixon RA. Increased neuronal expression of the early endosomal adaptor APPL1 leads to endosomal and synaptic dysfunction with cholinergic neurodegeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.19.613736. [PMID: 39345644 PMCID: PMC11430014 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.19.613736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endolysosomal system within neurons is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Multiple AD-risk factors are known to cause hyper-activity of the early-endosome small GTPase rab5, resulting in neuronal endosomal pathway disruption. APPL1, an important rab5 effector protein, is an interface between endosomal and neuronal function through a rab5-activating interaction with the BACE1-generated C-terminal fragment (βCTF or C99) of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a pathogenic APP fragment generated within endolysosomal compartments. To better understand the role of APPL1 in the AD endosomal phenotype, we generated a transgenic mouse model over-expressing human APPL1 within neurons (Thy1-APPL1 mice). Consistent with the important endosomal regulatory role of APPL1, Thy1-APPL1 mice have enlarged neuronal early endosomes and increased synaptic endocytosis due to increased rab5 activation. We additionally demonstrate pathological consequences of APPL1 overexpression, including functional changes in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), as well as degeneration of the large projection cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and impairment of hippocampal-dependent memory. Our findings show that increased neuronal APPL1 levels lead to a cascade of pathological effects within neurons, including early endosomal alterations, synaptic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. Multiple risk factors and molecular regulators, including APPL1 activity, are known to contribute to the endosomal dysregulation seen in the early stages of AD, and these findings further highlight the shared pathobiology and consequences to a neuron of early endosomal pathway disruption. Significance Statement Dysfunction in the endolysosomal system within neurons is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Multiple AD risk factors lead to hyperactivity of the early-endosome GTPase rab5, disrupting neuronal pathways including the cholinergic circuits involved early in memory decline. APPL1, a crucial rab5 effector, connects endosomal and neuronal functions through its interaction with a specific amyloid precursor protein (APP) fragment generated within endosomes. To understand APPL1's role, a transgenic mouse model over-expressing human APPL1 in neurons (Thy1-APPL1 mice) was developed. These mice show enlarged early endosomes and increased synaptic endocytosis due to rab5 activation, resulting in impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation and depression, the degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, and memory deficits, highlighting a pathological cascade mediated through APPL1 at the early endosome.
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D'Acunzo P, Argyrousi EK, Ungania JM, Kim Y, DeRosa S, Pawlik M, Goulbourne CN, Arancio O, Levy E. Mitovesicles secreted into the extracellular space of brains with mitochondrial dysfunction impair synaptic plasticity. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:34. [PMID: 38616258 PMCID: PMC11017499 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypometabolism tied to mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the aging brain and in neurodegenerative disorders, including in Alzheimer's disease, in Down syndrome, and in mouse models of these conditions. We have previously shown that mitovesicles, small extracellular vesicles (EVs) of mitochondrial origin, are altered in content and abundance in multiple brain conditions characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. However, given their recent discovery, it is yet to be explored what mitovesicles regulate and modify, both under physiological conditions and in the diseased brain. In this study, we investigated the effects of mitovesicles on synaptic function, and the molecular players involved. METHODS Hippocampal slices from wild-type mice were perfused with the three known types of EVs, mitovesicles, microvesicles, or exosomes, isolated from the brain of a mouse model of Down syndrome or of a diploid control and long-term potentiation (LTP) recorded. The role of the monoamine oxidases type B (MAO-B) and type A (MAO-A) in mitovesicle-driven LTP impairments was addressed by treatment of mitovesicles with the irreversible MAO inhibitors pargyline and clorgiline prior to perfusion of the hippocampal slices. RESULTS Mitovesicles from the brain of the Down syndrome model reduced LTP within minutes of mitovesicle addition. Mitovesicles isolated from control brains did not trigger electrophysiological effects, nor did other types of brain EVs (microvesicles and exosomes) from any genotype tested. Depleting mitovesicles of their MAO-B, but not MAO-A, activity eliminated their ability to alter LTP. CONCLUSIONS Mitovesicle impairment of LTP is a previously undescribed paracrine-like mechanism by which EVs modulate synaptic activity, demonstrating that mitovesicles are active participants in the propagation of cellular and functional homeostatic changes in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale D'Acunzo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elentina K Argyrousi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan M Ungania
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Yohan Kim
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven DeRosa
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10027, New York, NY, USA.
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY, USA.
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Faralli A, Fucà E, Lazzaro G, Menghini D, Vicari S, Costanzo F. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in neurogenetic syndromes: new treatment perspectives for Down syndrome? Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1328963. [PMID: 38456063 PMCID: PMC10917937 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1328963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This perspective review aims to explore the potential neurobiological mechanisms involved in the application of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Down syndrome (DS), the leading cause of genetically-based intellectual disability. The neural mechanisms underlying tDCS interventions in genetic disorders, typically characterized by cognitive deficits, are grounded in the concept of brain plasticity. We initially present the neurobiological and functional effects elicited by tDCS applications in enhancing neuroplasticity and in regulating the excitatory/inhibitory balance, both associated with cognitive improvement in the general population. The review begins with evidence on tDCS applications in five neurogenetic disorders, including Rett, Prader-Willi, Phelan-McDermid, and Neurofibromatosis 1 syndromes, as well as DS. Available evidence supports tDCS as a potential intervention tool and underscores the importance of advancing neurobiological research into the mechanisms of tDCS action in these conditions. We then discuss the potential of tDCS as a promising non-invasive strategy to mitigate deficits in plasticity and promote fine-tuning of the excitatory/inhibitory balance in DS, exploring implications for cognitive treatment perspectives in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Faralli
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Fucà
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Lazzaro
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Deny Menghini
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Life Sciences and Public Health Department, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Floriana Costanzo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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Abukhaled Y, Hatab K, Awadhalla M, Hamdan H. Understanding the genetic mechanisms and cognitive impairments in Down syndrome: towards a holistic approach. J Neurol 2024; 271:87-104. [PMID: 37561187 PMCID: PMC10769995 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The most common genetic cause of intellectual disability is Down syndrome (DS), trisomy 21. It commonly results from three copies of human chromosome 21 (HC21). There are no mutations or deletions involved in DS. Instead, the phenotype is caused by altered transcription of the genes on HC21. These transcriptional variations are responsible for a myriad of symptoms affecting every organ system. A very debilitating aspect of DS is intellectual disability (ID). Although tremendous advances have been made to try and understand the underlying mechanisms of ID, there is a lack of a unified, holistic view to defining the cause and managing the cognitive impairments. In this literature review, we discuss the mechanisms of neuronal over-inhibition, abnormal morphology, and other genetic factors in contributing to the development of ID in DS patients and to gain a holistic understanding of ID in DS patients. We also highlight potential therapeutic approaches to improve the quality of life of DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Abukhaled
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kenana Hatab
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Awadhalla
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Alldred MJ, Pidikiti H, Ibrahim KW, Lee SH, Heguy A, Hoffman GE, Mufson EJ, Stutzmann GE, Ginsberg SD. Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Display Sublayer and Circuitry Dependent Degenerative Expression Profiles in Aged Female Down Syndrome Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:S341-S362. [PMID: 39031371 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have intellectual disability and develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology during midlife, particularly in the hippocampal component of the medial temporal lobe memory circuit. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons remains a major knowledge gap during DS/AD onset. This is compounded by evidence showing spatial (e.g., deep versus superficial) localization of pyramidal neurons (PNs) has profound effects on activity and innervation within the CA1 region. Objective We investigated whether there is a spatial profiling difference in CA1 PNs in an aged female DS/AD mouse model. We posit dysfunction may be dependent on spatial localization and innervation patterns within discrete CA1 subfields. Methods Laser capture microdissection was performed on trisomic CA1 PNs in an established mouse model of DS/AD compared to disomic controls, isolating the entire CA1 pyramidal neuron layer and sublayer microisolations of deep and superficial PNs from the distal CA1 (CA1a) region. Results RNA sequencing and bioinformatic inquiry revealed dysregulation of CA1 PNs based on spatial location and innervation patterns. The entire CA1 region displayed the most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in trisomic mice reflecting innate DS vulnerability, while trisomic CA1a deep PNs exhibited fewer but more physiologically relevant DEGs, as evidenced by bioinformatic inquiry. Conclusions CA1a deep neurons displayed numerous DEGs linked to cognitive functions whereas CA1a superficial neurons, with approximately equal numbers of DEGs, were not linked to pathways of dysregulation, suggesting the spatial location of vulnerable CA1 PNs plays an important role in circuit dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harshitha Pidikiti
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Kryillos W Ibrahim
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel E Hoffman
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Psychiatry and the Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Grace E Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Gautier MK, Kelley CM, Lee SH, Alldred MJ, McDaid J, Mufson EJ, Stutzmann GE, Ginsberg SD. Maternal choline supplementation protects against age-associated cholinergic and GABAergic basal forebrain neuron degeneration in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106332. [PMID: 37890559 PMCID: PMC10752300 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by triplication of human chromosome 21. In addition to intellectual disability, DS is defined by a premature aging phenotype and Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, including septohippocampal circuit vulnerability and degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). The Ts65Dn mouse model recapitulates key aspects of DS/AD pathology, namely age-associated atrophy of BFCNs and cognitive decline in septohippocampal-dependent behavioral tasks. We investigated whether maternal choline supplementation (MCS), a well-tolerated treatment modality, protects vulnerable BFCNs from age- and genotype-associated degeneration in trisomic offspring. We also examined the effect of trisomy, and MCS, on GABAergic basal forebrain parvalbumin neurons (BFPNs), an unexplored neuronal population in this DS model. Unbiased stereological analyses of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive BFCNs and parvalbumin-immunoreactive BFPNs were conducted using confocal z-stacks of the medial septal nucleus and the vertical limb of the diagonal band (MSN/VDB) in Ts65Dn mice and disomic (2N) littermates at 3-4 and 10-12 months of age. MCS trisomic offspring displayed significant increases in ChAT-immunoreactive neuron number and density compared to unsupplemented counterparts, as well as increases in the area of the MSN/VDB occupied by ChAT-immunoreactive neuropil. MCS also rescued BFPN number and density in Ts65Dn offspring, a novel rescue of a non-cholinergic cell population. Furthermore, MCS prevented age-associated loss of BFCNs and MSN/VDB regional area in 2N offspring, indicating genotype-independent neuroprotective benefits. These findings demonstrate MCS provides neuroprotection of vulnerable BFCNs and non-cholinergic septohippocampal BFPNs, indicating this modality has translational value as an early life therapy for DS, as well as extending benefits to the aging population at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Gautier
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Pathobiology and Translational Medicine Program, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christy M Kelley
- Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Institute for Future Health, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John McDaid
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Departments of Translational Neuroscience and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Grace E Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Alldred MJ, Pidikiti H, Heguy A, Roussos P, Ginsberg SD. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are vulnerable in a mouse model of Down syndrome and their molecular fingerprint is rescued by maternal choline supplementation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22944. [PMID: 37191946 PMCID: PMC10292934 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202111rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) degeneration is a hallmark of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current therapeutics in these disorders have been unsuccessful in slowing disease progression, likely due to poorly understood complex pathological interactions and dysregulated pathways. The Ts65Dn trisomic mouse model recapitulates both cognitive and morphological deficits of DS and AD, including BFCN degeneration and has shown lifelong behavioral changes due to maternal choline supplementation (MCS). To test the impact of MCS on trisomic BFCNs, we performed laser capture microdissection to individually isolate choline acetyltransferase-immunopositive neurons in Ts65Dn and disomic littermates, in conjunction with MCS at the onset of BFCN degeneration. We utilized single population RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to interrogate transcriptomic changes within medial septal nucleus (MSN) BFCNs. Leveraging multiple bioinformatic analysis programs on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by genotype and diet, we identified key canonical pathways and altered physiological functions within Ts65Dn MSN BFCNs, which were attenuated by MCS in trisomic offspring, including the cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways. We linked differential gene expression bioinformatically to multiple neurological functions, including motor dysfunction/movement disorder, early onset neurological disease, ataxia and cognitive impairment via Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. DEGs within these identified pathways may underlie aberrant behavior in the DS mice, with MCS attenuating the underlying gene expression changes. We propose MCS ameliorates aberrant BFCN gene expression within the septohippocampal circuit of trisomic mice through normalization of principally the cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic signaling pathways, resulting in attenuation of underlying neurological disease functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harshitha Pidikiti
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Psychiatry and the Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Huang M, Bin NR, Rai J, Ma K, Chow CH, Eide S, Harada H, Xiao J, Feng D, Sun HS, Feng ZP, Gaisano HY, Pessin JE, Monnier PP, Okamoto K, Zhang L, Sugita S. Neuronal SNAP-23 is critical for synaptic plasticity and spatial memory independently of NMDA receptor regulation. iScience 2023; 26:106664. [PMID: 37168570 PMCID: PMC10165271 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SNARE-mediated membrane fusion plays a crucial role in presynaptic vesicle exocytosis and also in postsynaptic receptor delivery. The latter is considered particularly important for synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, yet the identity of the key SNARE proteins remains elusive. Here, we investigate the role of neuronal synaptosomal-associated protein-23 (SNAP-23) by analyzing pyramidal-neuron specific SNAP-23 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Electrophysiological analysis of SNAP-23 deficient neurons using acute hippocampal slices showed normal basal neurotransmission in CA3-CA1 synapses with unchanged AMPA and NMDA currents. Nevertheless, we found theta-burst stimulation-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) was vastly diminished in SNAP-23 cKO slices. Moreover, unlike syntaxin-4 cKO mice where both basal neurotransmission and LTP decrease manifested changes in a broad set of behavioral tasks, deficits of SNAP-23 cKO are more limited to spatial memory. Our data reveal that neuronal SNAP-23 is selectively crucial for synaptic plasticity and spatial memory without affecting basal glutamate receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Huang
- Division of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Na-Ryum Bin
- Division of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jayant Rai
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ke Ma
- Division of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chun Hin Chow
- Division of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah Eide
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hidekiyo Harada
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Jianbing Xiao
- Division of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Daorong Feng
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Herbert Y. Gaisano
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E. Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Philippe P. Monnier
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kenichi Okamoto
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Division of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shuzo Sugita
- Division of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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10
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Bartesaghi R. Brain circuit pathology in Down syndrome: from neurons to neural networks. Rev Neurosci 2022; 34:365-423. [PMID: 36170842 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), a genetic pathology caused by triplication of chromosome 21, is characterized by brain hypotrophy and impairment of cognition starting from infancy. While studies in mouse models of DS have elucidated the major neuroanatomical and neurochemical defects of DS, comparatively fewer investigations have focused on the electrophysiology of the DS brain. Electrical activity is at the basis of brain functioning. Therefore, knowledge of the way in which brain circuits operate in DS is fundamental to understand the causes of behavioral impairment and devise targeted interventions. This review summarizes the state of the art regarding the electrical properties of the DS brain, starting from individual neurons and culminating in signal processing in whole neuronal networks. The reported evidence derives from mouse models of DS and from brain tissues and neurons derived from individuals with DS. EEG data recorded in individuals with DS are also provided as a key tool to understand the impact of brain circuit alterations on global brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Preclinical and randomized clinical evaluation of the p38α kinase inhibitor neflamapimod for basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5308. [PMID: 36130946 PMCID: PMC9492778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosome-associated GTPase Rab5 is a central player in the molecular mechanisms leading to degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN), a long-standing target for drug development. As p38α is a Rab5 activator, we hypothesized that inhibition of this kinase holds potential as an approach to treat diseases associated with BFCN loss. Herein, we report that neflamapimod (oral small molecule p38α inhibitor) reduces Rab5 activity, reverses endosomal pathology, and restores the numbers and morphology of BFCNs in a mouse model that develops BFCN degeneration. We also report on the results of an exploratory (hypothesis-generating) phase 2a randomized double-blind 16-week placebo-controlled clinical trial (Clinical trial registration: NCT04001517/EudraCT #2019-001566-15) of neflamapimod in mild-to-moderate dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), a disease in which BFCN degeneration is an important driver of disease expression. A total of 91 participants, all receiving background cholinesterase inhibitor therapy, were randomized 1:1 between neflamapimod 40 mg or matching placebo capsules (taken orally twice-daily if weight <80 kg or thrice-daily if weight >80 kg). Neflamapimod does not show an effect in the clinical study on the primary endpoint, a cognitive-test battery. On two secondary endpoints, a measure of functional mobility and a dementia rating-scale, improvements were seen that are consistent with an effect on BFCN function. Neflamapimod treatment is well-tolerated with no study drug associated treatment discontinuations. The combined preclinical and clinical observations inform on the validity of the Rab5-based pathogenic model of cholinergic degeneration and provide a foundation for confirmatory (hypothesis-testing) clinical evaluation of neflamapimod in DLB.
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12
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Panagaki T, Pecze L, Randi EB, Nieminen AI, Szabo C. Role of the cystathionine β-synthase / H 2S pathway in the development of cellular metabolic dysfunction and pseudohypoxia in down syndrome. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102416. [PMID: 35921774 PMCID: PMC9356176 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of the transsulfuration enzyme cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), and overproduction of its product, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are recognized as potential pathogenetic factors in Down syndrome (DS). The purpose of the study was to determine how the mitochondrial function and core metabolic pathways are affected by DS and how pharmacological inhibition of CBS affects these parameters. METHODS 8 human control and 8 human DS fibroblast cell lines have been subjected to bioenergetic and fluxomic and proteomic analysis with and without treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of CBS. RESULTS DS cells exhibited a significantly higher CBS expression than control cells, and produced more H2S. They also exhibited suppressed mitochondrial electron transport and oxygen consumption and suppressed Complex IV activity, impaired cell proliferation and increased ROS generation. Inhibition of H2S biosynthesis with aminooxyacetic acid reduced cellular H2S, improved cellular bioenergetics, attenuated ROS and improved proliferation. 13C glucose fluxomic analysis revealed that DS cells exhibit a suppression of the Krebs cycle activity with a compensatory increase in glycolysis. CBS inhibition restored the flux from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and reactivated oxidative phosphorylation. Proteomic analysis revealed no CBS-dependent alterations in the expression level of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and the pentose phosphate pathway. DS was associated with the dysregulation of several components of the autophagy network; CBS inhibition normalized several of these parameters. CONCLUSIONS Increased H2S generation in DS promotes pseudohypoxia and contributes to cellular metabolic dysfunction by causing a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Panagaki
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laszlo Pecze
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisa B Randi
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anni I Nieminen
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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13
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Lemieux M, Thiry L, Laflamme OD, Bretzner F. Role of DSCAM in the Development of Neural Control of Movement and Locomotion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168511. [PMID: 34445216 PMCID: PMC8395195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion results in an alternance of flexor and extensor muscles between left and right limbs generated by motoneurons that are controlled by the spinal interneuronal circuit. This spinal locomotor circuit is modulated by sensory afferents, which relay proprioceptive and cutaneous inputs that inform the spatial position of limbs in space and potential contacts with our environment respectively, but also by supraspinal descending commands of the brain that allow us to navigate in complex environments, avoid obstacles, chase prey, or flee predators. Although signaling pathways are important in the establishment and maintenance of motor circuits, the role of DSCAM, a cell adherence molecule associated with Down syndrome, has only recently been investigated in the context of motor control and locomotion in the rodent. DSCAM is known to be involved in lamination and delamination, synaptic targeting, axonal guidance, dendritic and cell tiling, axonal fasciculation and branching, programmed cell death, and synaptogenesis, all of which can impact the establishment of motor circuits during development, but also their maintenance through adulthood. We discuss herein how DSCAM is important for proper motor coordination, especially for breathing and locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lemieux
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL-Neurosciences P09800, 2705 boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.L.); (L.T.); (O.D.L.)
| | - Louise Thiry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL-Neurosciences P09800, 2705 boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.L.); (L.T.); (O.D.L.)
| | - Olivier D. Laflamme
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL-Neurosciences P09800, 2705 boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.L.); (L.T.); (O.D.L.)
| | - Frédéric Bretzner
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, CHUL-Neurosciences P09800, 2705 boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (M.L.); (L.T.); (O.D.L.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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14
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Alldred MJ, Penikalapati SC, Lee SH, Heguy A, Roussos P, Ginsberg SD. Profiling Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons Reveals a Molecular Basis for Vulnerability Within the Ts65Dn Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5141-5162. [PMID: 34263425 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) degeneration is a hallmark of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current therapeutics have been unsuccessful in slowing disease progression, likely due to complex pathological interactions and dysregulated pathways that are poorly understood. The Ts65Dn trisomic mouse model recapitulates both cognitive and morphological deficits of DS and AD, including BFCN degeneration. We utilized Ts65Dn mice to understand mechanisms underlying BFCN degeneration to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention. We performed high-throughput, single population RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to interrogate transcriptomic changes within medial septal nucleus (MSN) BFCNs, using laser capture microdissection to individually isolate ~500 choline acetyltransferase-immunopositive neurons in Ts65Dn and normal disomic (2N) mice at 6 months of age (MO). Ts65Dn mice had unique MSN BFCN transcriptomic profiles at ~6 MO clearly differentiating them from 2N mice. Leveraging Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and KEGG analysis, we linked differentially expressed gene (DEG) changes within MSN BFCNs to several canonical pathways and aberrant physiological functions. The dysregulated transcriptomic profile of trisomic BFCNs provides key information underscoring selective vulnerability within the septohippocampal circuit. We propose both expected and novel therapeutic targets for DS and AD, including specific DEGs within cholinergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and neurotrophin pathways, as well as select targets for repairing oxidative phosphorylation status in neurons. We demonstrate and validate this interrogative quantitative bioinformatic analysis of a key dysregulated neuronal population linking single population transcript changes to an established pathological hallmark associated with cognitive decline for therapeutic development in human DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sai C Penikalapati
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Departments of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Psychiatry and the Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA. .,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Kida E, Walus M, Albertini G, Golabek AA. Long-term voluntary running modifies the levels of proteins of the excitatory/inhibitory system and reduces reactive astrogliosis in the brain of Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome. Brain Res 2021; 1766:147535. [PMID: 34043998 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that voluntary long-term running improved cognition and motor skills, but in an age-dependent manner, in the Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome (DS). Presently, we investigated the effect of running on the levels of some key proteins of the excitatory/inhibitory system, which is impaired in the trisomic brain, and on astroglia, a vital component of this system. Ts65Dn mice had free access to a running wheel for 9-13 months either from weaning or from the age of 7 months. Sedentary Ts65Dn mice served as controls. We found that running modified the levels of four of the seven proteins we tested that are associated with the glutamatergic/GABA-ergic system. Thus, Ts65Dn runners demonstrated increased levels of glutamine synthetase and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and decreased levels of glutamate transporter 1 and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) versus sedentary mice, but of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and GAD65 only in the post-weaning cohort. GAD67, ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate type receptor subunit 1, and GABAAα5 receptors' levels were similar in runners and sedentary animals. The number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes and the levels of GFAP were significantly reduced in runners relative to sedentary mice. Our study provides new insight into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of voluntary, sustained running on function of the trisomic brain by identifying the involvement of proteins associated with glutamatergic and GABAergic systems and reduction in reactive astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kida
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Marius Walus
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Giorgio Albertini
- Child Development Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome and San Raffaele Cassino, Italy
| | - Adam A Golabek
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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16
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Phenotype microarrays reveal metabolic dysregulations of neurospheres derived from embryonic Ts1Cje mouse model of Down syndrome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236826. [PMID: 32730314 PMCID: PMC7392322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), is the most common cause of intellectual disability, and is characterized by defective neurogenesis during perinatal development. To identify metabolic aberrations in early neurogenesis, we profiled neurospheres derived from the embryonic brain of Ts1Cje, a mouse model of Down syndrome. High-throughput phenotypic microarray revealed a significant decrease in utilisation of 17 out of 367 substrates and significantly higher utilisation of 6 substrates in the Ts1Cje neurospheres compared to controls. Specifically, Ts1Cje neurospheres were less efficient in the utilisation of glucose-6-phosphate suggesting a dysregulation in the energy-producing pathway. T Cje neurospheres were significantly smaller in diameter than the controls. Subsequent preliminary study on supplementation with 6-phosphogluconic acid, an intermediate of glucose-6-phosphate metabolism, was able to rescue the Ts1Cje neurosphere size. This study confirmed the perturbed pentose phosphate pathway, contributing to defects observed in Ts1Cje neurospheres. We show for the first time that this comprehensive energetic assay platform facilitates the metabolic characterisation of Ts1Cje cells and confirmed their distinguishable metabolic profiles compared to the controls.
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17
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APOE4 is Associated with Differential Regional Vulnerability to Bioenergetic Deficits in Aged APOE Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4277. [PMID: 32152337 PMCID: PMC7062695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the dominant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the reason for the association between APOE4 and AD remains unclear. While much of the research has focused on the ability of the apoE4 protein to increase the aggregation and decrease the clearance of Aβ, there is also an abundance of data showing that APOE4 negatively impacts many additional processes in the brain, including bioenergetics. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of APOE4′s role in AD pathogenesis, we performed a transcriptomics analysis of APOE4 vs. APOE3 expression in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and primary visual cortex (PVC) of aged APOE mice. This study revealed EC-specific upregulation of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Follow-up analysis utilizing the Seahorse platform showed decreased mitochondrial respiration with age in the hippocampus and cortex of APOE4 vs. APOE3 mice, but not in the EC of these mice. Additional studies, as well as the original transcriptomics data, suggest that multiple bioenergetic pathways are differentially regulated by APOE4 expression in the EC of aged APOE mice in order to increase the mitochondrial coupling efficiency in this region. Given the importance of the EC as one of the first regions to be affected by AD pathology in humans, the observation that the EC is susceptible to differential bioenergetic regulation in response to a metabolic stressor such as APOE4 may point to a causative factor in the pathogenesis of AD.
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18
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Liang ZM, Peng YH, Chen Y, Long LL, Luo HJ, Chen YJ, Liang YL, Tian YH, Li SJ, Shi YS, Zhang XM. The BACE1-Specific DNA Aptamer A1 Rescues Amyloid-β Pathology and Behavioral Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Nucleic Acid Ther 2019; 29:359-366. [PMID: 31513457 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2019.0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposits in the brain are considered to be one of the main pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The sequential proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the aspartyl proteases β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase produces Aβ. Therefore, BACE1 inhibition is a very attractive target for the treatment of AD. Our previous work identified a DNA aptamer named A1 that can bind to BACE1 with high affinity and specificity and exhibits a distinct inhibitory effect on BACE1 activity in an AD cell model. The purpose of this research was to test the effect of aptamer A1 in Tg6799 mice. Four-month-old Tg6799 mice were randomly divided into two groups and treated with aptamer A1 and ineffective aptamer A1scr, respectively, by intracerebroventricular injection. Subsequent behavioral experiments showed that treatment with the aptamer A1 improved the cognitive abilities of the AD mice. Western blot indicated that BACE1 and soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ) expression significantly decreased in the A1-treated mice. Moreover, aptamer A1 reduced the content of Aβ42 and the number and density of senile plaques in AD mice. Therefore, our results indicate that aptamer A1 is a novel specific and potent BACE1 inhibitor and is a promising potential target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Man Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Long
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Jie Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Hong Tian
- Experiment Teaching & Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Pérez-González R, Gauthier SA, Sharma A, Miller C, Pawlik M, Kaur G, Kim Y, Levy E. A pleiotropic role for exosomes loaded with the amyloid β precursor protein carboxyl-terminal fragments in the brain of Down syndrome patients. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:26-32. [PMID: 31479861 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by cognitive deficits throughout the life span and with the development of aging-dependent Alzheimer's type neuropathology, which is related to the triplication of the amyloid β precursor protein (APP) gene. A dysfunctional endosomal system in neurons is an early characteristic of DS and APP metabolites accumulate in endosomes in DS neurons. We have previously shown enhanced release of exosomes in the brain of DS patients and the mouse model of DS Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje (Ts2), and by DS fibroblasts, as compared with diploid controls. Here, we demonstrate that exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles (hereafter called EVs) isolated from DS and Ts2 brains, and from the culture media of human DS fibroblasts are enriched in APP carboxyl-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) as compared with diploid controls. Moreover, APP-CTFs levels increase in an age-dependent manner in EVs isolated from the brain of Ts2 mice. The release of APP-CTFs-enriched exosomes may have a pathogenic role by transporting APP-CTFs into naïve neurons and propagating these neurotoxic metabolites, which are also a source of amyloid β, throughout the brain, but also provides a benefit to DS neurons by shedding APP-CTFs accumulated intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Pérez-González
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sébastien A Gauthier
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Chelsea Miller
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Gurjinder Kaur
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Yohan Kim
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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20
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D'Acunzo P, Hargash T, Pawlik M, Goulbourne CN, Pérez-González R, Levy E. Enhanced generation of intraluminal vesicles in neuronal late endosomes in the brain of a Down syndrome mouse model with endosomal dysfunction. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:656-663. [PMID: 31278881 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a human genetic disease caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 and characterized by early developmental brain abnormalities. Dysfunctional endosomal pathway in neurons is an early event of DS and Alzheimer's disease. Recently, we have demonstrated that exosome secretion is upregulated in human DS postmortem brains, in the brain of the trisomic mouse model Ts[Rb(12.1716 )]2Cje (Ts2) and by DS fibroblasts as compared with disomic controls. High levels of the tetraspanin CD63, a regulator of exosome biogenesis, were observed in DS brains. Partially blocking exosome secretion by DS fibroblasts exacerbated a pre-existing early endosomal pathology. We thus hypothesized that enhanced CD63 expression induces generation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) in late endosomes/multivesicular bodies (MVBs), increasing exosome release as an endogenous mechanism to mitigate endosomal abnormalities in DS. Herein, we show a high-resolution electron microscopy analysis of MVBs in neurons of the frontal cortex of 12-month-old Ts2 mice and littermate diploid controls. Our quantitative analysis revealed that Ts2 MVBs are larger, more abundant, and contain a higher number of ILVs per neuron compared to controls. These findings were further corroborated biochemically by Western blot analysis of purified endosomal fractions showing higher levels of ILVs proteins in the same fractions containing endosomal markers in the brain of Ts2 mice compared to controls. These data suggest that upregulation of ILVs production may be a key homeostatic mechanism to alleviate endosomal dysregulation via the endosomal-exosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale D'Acunzo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Tal Hargash
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Rocío Pérez-González
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
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21
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Chiquita S, Ribeiro M, Castelhano J, Oliveira F, Sereno J, Batista M, Abrunhosa A, Rodrigues-Neves AC, Carecho R, Baptista F, Gomes C, Moreira PI, Ambrósio AF, Castelo-Branco M. A longitudinal multimodal in vivo molecular imaging study of the 3xTg-AD mouse model shows progressive early hippocampal and taurine loss. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:2174-2188. [PMID: 30816415 PMCID: PMC6586150 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the natural history of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and temporal trajectories of in vivo molecular mechanisms requires longitudinal approaches. A behavioral and multimodal imaging study was performed at 4/8/12 and 16 months of age in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). Behavioral assessment included the open field and novel object recognition tests. Molecular characterization evaluated hippocampal levels of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) included assessment of hippocampal structural integrity, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and neurospectroscopy to determine levels of the endogenous neuroprotector taurine. Longitudinal brain amyloid accumulation was assessed using 11C Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PET), and neuroinflammation/microglia activation was investigated using 11C-PK1195. We found altered locomotor activity at months 4/8 and 16 months and recognition memory impairment at all time points. Substantial early reduction of hippocampal volume started at month 4 and progressed over 8/12 and 16 months. Hippocampal taurine levels were significantly decreased in the hippocampus at months 4/8 and 16. No differences were found for amyloid and neuroinflammation with PET, and BBB was disrupted only at month 16. In summary, 3xTg-AD mice showed exploratory and recognition memory impairments, early hippocampal structural loss, increased Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau and decreased levels of taurine. In sum, the 3xTg-AD animal model mimics pathological and neurobehavioral features of AD, with early-onset recognition memory loss and MRI-documented hippocampal damage. The early-onset profile suggests temporal windows and opportunities for therapeutic intervention, targeting endogenous neuroprotectors such as taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chiquita
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário Ribeiro
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Castelhano
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Oliveira
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Sereno
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Batista
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antero Abrunhosa
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Rodrigues-Neves
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Carecho
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Lysosomal Dysfunction in Down Syndrome Is APP-Dependent and Mediated by APP-βCTF (C99). J Neurosci 2019; 39:5255-5268. [PMID: 31043483 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0578-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal failure underlies pathogenesis of numerous congenital neurodegenerative disorders and is an early and progressive feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here, we report that lysosomal dysfunction in Down ayndrome (trisomy 21), a neurodevelopmental disorder and form of early onset AD, requires the extra gene copy of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is specifically mediated by the β cleaved carboxy terminal fragment of APP (APP-βCTF, C99). In primary fibroblasts from individuals with DS, lysosomal degradation of autophagic and endocytic substrates is selectively impaired, causing them to accumulate in enlarged autolysosomes/lysosomes. Direct measurements of lysosomal pH uncovered a significant elevation (0.6 units) as a basis for slowed LC3 turnover and the inactivation of cathepsin D and other lysosomal hydrolases known to be unstable or less active when lysosomal pH is persistently elevated. Normalizing lysosome pH by delivering acidic nanoparticles to lysosomes ameliorated lysosomal deficits, whereas RNA sequencing analysis excluded a transcriptional contribution to hydrolase declines. Cortical neurons cultured from the Ts2 mouse model of DS exhibited lysosomal deficits similar to those in DS cells. Lowering APP expression with siRNA or BACE1 inhibition reversed cathepsin deficits in both fibroblasts and neurons. Deleting one Bace1 allele from adult Ts2 mice had similar rescue effects in vivo The modest elevation of endogenous APP-βCTF needed to disrupt lysosomal function in DS is relevant to sporadic AD where APP-βCTF, but not APP, is also elevated. Our results extend evidence that impaired lysosomal acidification drives progressive lysosomal failure in multiple forms of AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Down syndrome (trisomy 21) (DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder invariably leading to early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). We showed in cells from DS individuals and neurons of DS models that one extra copy of a normal amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene impairs lysosomal acidification, thereby depressing lysosomal hydrolytic activities and turnover of autophagic and endocytic substrates, processes vital to neuronal survival. These deficits, which were reversible by correcting lysosomal pH, are mediated by elevated levels of endogenous β-cleaved carboxy-terminal fragment of APP (APP-βCTF). Notably, similar endosomal-lysosomal pathobiology emerges early in sporadic AD, where neuronal APP-βCTF is also elevated, underscoring its importance as a therapeutic target and underscoring the functional and pathogenic interrelationships between the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and genes causing AD.
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23
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Down syndrome: Neurobiological alterations and therapeutic targets. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:234-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Kaur G, Gauthier SA, Perez-Gonzalez R, Pawlik M, Singh AB, Cosby B, Mohan PS, Smiley JF, Levy E. Cystatin C prevents neuronal loss and behavioral deficits via the endosomal pathway in a mouse model of down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:165-173. [PMID: 30176349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C (CysC) plays diverse protective roles under conditions of neuronal challenge. We investigated whether CysC protects from trisomy-induced pathologies in a mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), the most common cause of developmental cognitive and behavioral impairments in humans. We have previously shown that the segmental trisomy mouse model, Ts[Rb(12.1716)]2Cje (Ts2) has DS-like neuronal and behavioral deficiencies. The current study reveals that transgene-mediated low levels of human CysC overexpression has a preventive effect on numerous neuropathologies in the brains of Ts2 mice, including reducing early and late endosome enlargement in cortical neurons and decreasing loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). Consistent with these cellular benefits, behavioral dysfunctions were also prevented, including deficits in nesting behavior and spatial memory. We determined that the CysC-induced neuroprotective mechanism involves activation of the phosphotidylinositol kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. Activating this pathway leads to enhanced clearance of accumulated endosomal substrates, protecting cells from DS-mediated dysfunctions in the endosomal system and, for BFCNs, from neurodegeneration. Our findings suggest that modulation of the PI3/AKT pathway offers novel therapeutic interventions for patients with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monika Pawlik
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA 10962
| | | | | | | | - John F Smiley
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA 10962; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016
| | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA 10962; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA 10016.
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25
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Yuan A, Veeranna, Sershen H, Basavarajappa BS, Smiley JF, Hashim A, Bleiwas C, Berg M, Guifoyle DN, Subbanna S, Darji S, Kumar A, Rao MV, Wilson DA, Julien JP, Javitt DC, Nixon RA. Neurofilament light interaction with GluN1 modulates neurotransmission and schizophrenia-associated behaviors. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:167. [PMID: 30143609 PMCID: PMC6109052 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament (NFL) proteins have recently been found to play unique roles in synapses. NFL is known to interact with the GluN1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDAR) and be reduced in schizophrenia though functional consequences are unknown. Here we investigated whether the interaction of NFL with GluN1 modulates synaptic transmission and schizophrenia-associated behaviors. The interaction of NFL with GluN1 was assessed by means of molecular, pharmacological, electrophysiological, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and schizophrenia-associated behavior analyses. NFL deficits cause an NMDAR hypofunction phenotype including abnormal hippocampal function, as seen in schizophrenia. NFL-/- deletion in mice reduces dendritic spines and GluN1 protein levels, elevates ubiquitin-dependent turnover of GluN1 and hippocampal glutamate measured by MRS, and depresses hippocampal long-term potentiation. NMDAR-related behaviors are also impaired, including pup retrieval, spatial and social memory, prepulse inhibition, night-time activity, and response to NMDAR antagonist, whereas motor deficits are minimal. Importantly, partially lowering NFL in NFL+/- mice to levels seen regionally in schizophrenia, induced similar but milder NMDAR-related synaptic and behavioral deficits. Our findings support an emerging view that central nervous system neurofilament subunits including NFL in the present report, serve distinctive, critical roles in synapses relevant to neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Yuan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Veeranna
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Henry Sershen
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Neurochemistry Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Balapal S Basavarajappa
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Analytical Psychopharmacology Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - John F Smiley
- Neurochemistry Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Audrey Hashim
- Neurochemistry Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Neurochemistry Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Martin Berg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - David N Guifoyle
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- Analytical Psychopharmacology Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Sandipkumar Darji
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Asok Kumar
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Mala V Rao
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Département d'anatomie et physiologie de l'Université Laval, 2795 boul. Laurier, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Schizophrenia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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26
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Alldred MJ, Chao HM, Lee SH, Beilin J, Powers BE, Petkova E, Strupp BJ, Ginsberg SD. CA1 pyramidal neuron gene expression mosaics in the Ts65Dn murine model of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease following maternal choline supplementation. Hippocampus 2018; 28:251-268. [PMID: 29394516 PMCID: PMC5874173 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although there are changes in gene expression and alterations in neuronal density and afferent inputs in the forebrain of trisomic mouse models of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a lack of systematic assessments of gene expression and encoded proteins within individual vulnerable cell populations, precluding translational investigations at the molecular and cellular level. Further, no effective treatment exists to combat intellectual disability and basal forebrain cholinergic neurodegeneration seen in DS. To further our understanding of gene expression changes before and following cholinergic degeneration in a well-established mouse model of DS/AD, the Ts65Dn mouse, we assessed RNA expression levels from CA1 pyramidal neurons at two adult ages (∼6 months of age and ∼11 months of age) in both Ts65Dn and their normal disomic (2N) littermates. We further examined a therapeutic intervention, maternal choline supplementation (MCS), which has been previously shown to lessen dysfunction in spatial cognition and attention, and have protective effects on the survival of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the Ts65Dn mouse model. Results indicate that MCS normalized expression of several genes in key gene ontology categories, including synaptic plasticity, calcium signaling, and AD-associated neurodegeneration related to amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) clearance. Specifically, normalized expression levels were found for endothelin converting enzyme-2 (Ece2), insulin degrading enzyme (Ide), Dyrk1a, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (Camk2a), among other relevant genes. Single population expression profiling of vulnerable CA1 pyramidal neurons indicates that MCS is a viable therapeutic for long-term reprogramming of key transcripts involved in neuronal signaling that are dysregulated in the trisomic mouse brain which have translational potential for DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Helen M. Chao
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Child Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Judah Beilin
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
| | | | - Eva Petkova
- Child Psychiatry, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Barbara J. Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
- Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
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27
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Colacurcio DJ, Pensalfini A, Jiang Y, Nixon RA. Dysfunction of autophagy and endosomal-lysosomal pathways: Roles in pathogenesis of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:40-51. [PMID: 28988799 PMCID: PMC5748263 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD), largely owing to a triplication of the APP gene, located on chromosome 21. In DS and AD, defects in endocytosis and lysosomal function appear at the earliest stages of disease development and progress to widespread failure of intraneuronal waste clearance, neuritic dystrophy and neuronal cell death. The same genetic factors that cause or increase AD risk are also direct causes of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, underscoring the essential partnership between this dysfunction and APP metabolites in AD pathogenesis. The appearance of APP-dependent endosome anomalies in DS beginning in infancy and evolving into the full range of AD-related endosomal-lysosomal deficits provides a unique opportunity to characterize the earliest pathobiology of AD preceding the classical neuropathological hallmarks. Facilitating this characterization is the authentic recapitulation of this endosomal pathobiology in peripheral cells from people with DS and in trisomy mouse models. Here, we review current research on endocytic-lysosomal dysfunction in DS and AD, the emerging importance of APP/βCTF in initiating this dysfunction, and the potential roles of additional trisomy 21 genes in accelerating endosomal-lysosomal impairment in DS. Collectively, these studies underscore the growing value of investigating DS to probe the biological origins of AD as well as to understand and ameliorate the developmental disability of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Colacurcio
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna Pensalfini
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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28
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Lowe SA, Hodge JJL, Usowicz MM. A third copy of the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) causes synaptic and locomotor dysfunction in Drosophila. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 110:93-101. [PMID: 29196216 PMCID: PMC5773243 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by triplication of chromosome 21 (HSA21). It is characterised by intellectual disability and impaired motor coordination that arise from changes in brain volume, structure and function. However, the contribution of each HSA21 gene to these various phenotypes and to the causal alterations in neuronal and synaptic structure and function are largely unknown. Here we have investigated the effect of overexpression of the HSA21 gene DSCAM (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule), on glutamatergic synaptic transmission and motor coordination, using Drosophila expressing three copies of Dscam1. Electrophysiological recordings of miniature and evoked excitatory junction potentials at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae showed that the extra copy of Dscam1 changed the properties of spontaneous and electrically-evoked transmitter release and strengthened short-term synaptic depression during high-frequency firing of the motor nerve. Behavioural analyses uncovered impaired locomotor coordination despite preserved gross motor function. This work identifies DSCAM as a candidate causative gene in DS that is sufficient to modify synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity and cause a DS behavioural phenotype. Drosophila expressing a third copy of Dscam have altered neuromuscular transmission. Drosophila expressing a third copy of Dscam have deficits in locomotor coordination. Drosophila are a powerful system for studying single-gene effects in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Lowe
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - James J L Hodge
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Maria M Usowicz
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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29
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Gauthier SA, Pérez-González R, Sharma A, Huang FK, Alldred MJ, Pawlik M, Kaur G, Ginsberg SD, Neubert TA, Levy E. Enhanced exosome secretion in Down syndrome brain - a protective mechanism to alleviate neuronal endosomal abnormalities. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:65. [PMID: 28851452 PMCID: PMC5576289 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysfunctional endosomal pathway and abnormally enlarged early endosomes in neurons are an early characteristic of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have hypothesized that endosomal material can be released by endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs) into the extracellular space via exosomes to relieve neurons of accumulated endosomal contents when endosomal pathway function is compromised. Supporting this, we found that exosome secretion is enhanced in the brains of DS patients and a mouse model of the disease, and by DS fibroblasts. Furthermore, increased levels of the tetraspanin CD63, a regulator of exosome biogenesis, were observed in DS brains. Importantly, CD63 knockdown diminished exosome release and worsened endosomal pathology in DS fibroblasts. Taken together, these data suggest that increased CD63 expression enhances exosome release as an endogenous mechanism mitigating endosomal abnormalities in DS. Thus, the upregulation of exosome release represents a potential therapeutic goal for neurodegenerative disorders with endosomal pathology.
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30
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Kaur G, Pawlik M, Gandy SE, Ehrlich ME, Smiley JF, Levy E. Lysosomal dysfunction in the brain of a mouse model with intraneuronal accumulation of carboxyl terminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:981-989. [PMID: 27777419 PMCID: PMC5405008 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that intraneuronal accumulation of metabolites of the amyloid-β-precursor protein (APP) is neurotoxic. We observed that transgenic mice overexpressing in neurons a human APP gene harboring the APPE693Q (Dutch) mutation have intraneuronal lysosomal accumulation of APP carboxylterminal fragments (APP-CTFs) and oligomeric amyloid β (oAβ) but no histological evidence of amyloid deposition. Morphometric quantification using the lysosomal marker protein 2 (LAMP-2) immunolabeling showed higher neuronal lysosomal counts in brain of 12-months-old APPE693Q as compared with age-matched non-transgenic littermates, and western blots showed increased lysosomal proteins including LAMP-2, cathepsin D and LC3. At 24 months of age, these mice also exhibited an accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain, along with increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, an autophagosomal/autolysosomal marker. In addition to lysosomal changes at 12 months of age, these mice developed cholinergic neuronal loss in the basal forebrain, GABAergic neuronal loss in the cortex, hippocampus and basal forebrain and gliosis and microgliosis in the hippocampus. These findings suggest a role for the intraneuronal accumulation of oAβ and APP-CTFs and resultant lysosomal pathology at early stages of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sam E. Gandy
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, and James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John F. Smiley
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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M Lee Y, Zampieri BL, Scott-McKean JJ, Johnson MW, Costa ACS. Generation of Integration-Free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Urine-Derived Cells Isolated from Individuals with Down Syndrome. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1465-1476. [PMID: 28371411 PMCID: PMC5689751 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy 21 (T21). Over the past two decades, the use of mouse models has led to significant advances in the understanding of mechanisms underlying various phenotypic features and comorbidities secondary to T21 and even informed the design of clinical trials aimed at enhancing the cognitive abilities of persons with DS. In spite of its success, this approach has been plagued by all the typical limitations of rodent modeling of human disorders and diseases. Recently, several laboratories have succeeded in producing T21 human induced pluripotent stem cells (T21-iPSCs) from individuals with DS, which is emerging as a promising complementary tool for the study of DS. Here, we describe the method by which we generated 10 T21-iPSC lines from epithelial cells in urine samples, presumably from kidney epithelial origin, using nonintegrating episomal vectors. We also show that these iPSCs maintain chromosomal stability for well over 20 passages and are more sensitive to proteotoxic stress than euploid iPSCs. Furthermore, these iPSC lines can be differentiated into glutamatergic neurons and cardiomyocytes. By culturing urine-derived cells and maximizing the efficiency of episomal vector transfection, we have been able to generate iPSCs noninvasively and effectively from participants with DS in an ongoing clinical trial, and thus address most shortcomings of previously generated T21-iPSC lines. These techniques should extend the application of iPSCs in modeling DS and other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, and may lead to future human cell-based platforms for high-throughput drug screening. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1465-1476.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young M Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | | | - Mark W Johnson
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Alberto C S Costa
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Brady LJ, Bartley AF, Li Q, McMeekin LJ, Hablitz JJ, Cowell RM, Dobrunz LE. Transcriptional dysregulation causes altered modulation of inhibition by haloperidol. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:304-313. [PMID: 27480797 PMCID: PMC5207497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism involve interneuron transcriptional dysregulation. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α regulates gene expression in GABAergic interneurons, which are important for regulating hippocampal network activity. Genetic deletion of PGC-1α causes a decrease in parvalbumin expression, similar to what is observed in schizophrenia postmortem tissue. Our lab has previously shown that PGC-1α-/- mice have enhanced GABAergic inhibition onto CA1 pyramidal cells, which increases the inhibition/excitation (I/E) ratio, alters hippocampal circuit function, and impairs hippocampal dependent behavior. The typical antipsychotic haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist with selectivity for D2-like receptors, has previously been shown to increase excitation in the CA1 region of hippocampus. We therefore tested whether haloperidol could normalize the I/E balance in CA1 of PGC-1α-/- mice, potentially improving circuit function and behavior. Surprisingly, we discovered instead that interneuron transcriptional dysregulation caused by loss of PGC-1α alters the effects of haloperidol on hippocampal synaptic transmission and circuit function. Acute administration of haloperidol causes disinhibition in CA1 and decreases the I/E ratio onto CA1 pyramidal cells in slices from PGC-1α+/+ mice, but not PGC-1α-/- mice. The spread of activity in CA1, assessed by voltage sensitive dye imaging, is increased by haloperidol in slices from PGC-1α+/+ mice; however haloperidol decreases the spread of activity in slices from PGC-1α-/- mice. Haloperidol increased the power of hippocampal gamma oscillation in slices from PGC-1α+/+ mice but reduced the power of gamma oscillations in slices from PGC-1α-/- mice. Nest construction, an innate hippocampal-dependent behavior, is inhibited by haloperidol in PGC-1α+/+ mice, but not in PGC-1α-/- mice, which already have impaired nest building. The effects of haloperidol are mimicked and occluded by a D2 receptor antagonist in slices from PGC-1α+/+ mice, and the effects of blocking D2 receptors are lost in slices from PGC-1α-/- mice, although there is no change in D2 receptor transcript levels. Together, our results show that hippocampal inhibitory synaptic transmission, CA1 circuit function, and hippocampal dependent behavior are modulated by the antipsychotic haloperidol, and that these effects of haloperidol are lost in PGC-1α-/- mice. These results have implications for the treatment of individuals with conditions involving PGC-1α deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian J Brady
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Aundrea F Bartley
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Laura J McMeekin
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - John J Hablitz
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Rita M Cowell
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Lynn E Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, USA; Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Ave. S., Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Powers BE, Velazquez R, Kelley CM, Ash JA, Strawderman MS, Alldred MJ, Ginsberg SD, Mufson EJ, Strupp BJ. Attentional function and basal forebrain cholinergic neuron morphology during aging in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:4337-4352. [PMID: 26719290 PMCID: PMC4929047 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit intellectual disability and develop Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology during the third decade of life. The Ts65Dn mouse model of DS exhibits key features of both disorders, including impairments in learning, attention and memory, as well as atrophy of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). The present study evaluated attentional function in relation to BFCN morphology in young (3 months) and middle-aged (12 months) Ts65Dn mice and disomic (2N) controls. Ts65Dn mice exhibited attentional dysfunction at both ages, with greater impairment in older trisomics. Density of BFCNs was significantly lower for Ts65Dn mice independent of age, which may contribute to attentional dysfunction since BFCN density was positively associated with performance on an attention task. BFCN volume decreased with age in 2N but not Ts65Dn mice. Paradoxically, BFCN volume was greater in older trisomic mice, suggestive of a compensatory response. In sum, attentional dysfunction occurred in both young and middle-aged Ts65Dn mice, which may in part reflect reduced density and/or phenotypic alterations in BFCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Powers
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ramon Velazquez
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christy M Kelley
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jessica A Ash
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Myla S Strawderman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Barbara J Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Gong DY, Choi YS. Development of New Analytical Method Evaluating Working Memory on Y Maze. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2016.26.2.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hamlett ED, Boger HA, Ledreux A, Kelley CM, Mufson EJ, Falangola MF, Guilfoyle DN, Nixon RA, Patterson D, Duval N, Granholm ACE. Cognitive Impairment, Neuroimaging, and Alzheimer Neuropathology in Mouse Models of Down Syndrome. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 13:35-52. [PMID: 26391050 PMCID: PMC5034871 DOI: 10.2174/1567205012666150921095505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common non-lethal genetic condition that affects approximately 1 in 700 births in the United States of America. DS is characterized by complete or segmental chromosome 21 trisomy, which leads to variable intellectual disabilities, progressive memory loss, and accelerated neurodegeneration with age. During the last three decades, people with DS have experienced a doubling of life expectancy due to progress in treatment of medical comorbidities, which has allowed this population to reach the age when they develop early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals with DS develop cognitive and pathological hallmarks of AD in their fourth or fifth decade, and are currently lacking successful prevention or treatment options for dementia. The profound memory deficits associated with DS-related AD (DS-AD) have been associated with degeneration of several neuronal populations, but mechanisms of neurodegeneration are largely unexplored. The most successful animal model for DS is the Ts65Dn mouse, but several new models have also been developed. In the current review, we discuss recent findings and potential treatment options for the management of memory loss and AD neuropathology in DS mouse models. We also review agerelated neuropathology, and recent findings from neuroimaging studies. The validation of appropriate DS mouse models that mimic neurodegeneration and memory loss in humans with DS can be valuable in the study of novel preventative and treatment interventions, and may be helpful in pinpointing gene-gene interactions as well as specific gene segments involved in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ann-Charlotte E Granholm
- Department Neurosciences, Director, Center on Aging, Medical Univ. South Carolina, Basic Science Bldg, Room 403, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Jiang Y, Rigoglioso A, Peterhoff CM, Pawlik M, Sato Y, Bleiwas C, Stavrides P, Smiley JF, Ginsberg SD, Mathews PM, Levy E, Nixon RA. Partial BACE1 reduction in a Down syndrome mouse model blocks Alzheimer-related endosomal anomalies and cholinergic neurodegeneration: role of APP-CTF. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 39:90-8. [PMID: 26923405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) are strongly implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, although recent evidence has linked APP-βCTF generated by BACE1 (β-APP cleaving enzyme 1) to the development of endocytic abnormalities and cholinergic neurodegeneration in early AD. We show that partial BACE1 genetic reduction prevents these AD-related pathological features in the Ts2 mouse model of Down syndrome. Partially reducing BACE1 by deleting one BACE1 allele blocked development of age-related endosome enlargement in the medial septal nucleus, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus and loss of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive medial septal nucleus neurons. BACE1 reduction normalized APP-βCTF elevation but did not alter Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptide levels in brain, supporting a critical role in vivo for APP-βCTF in the development of these abnormalities. Although ameliorative effects of BACE1 inhibition on β-amyloidosis and synaptic proteins levels have been previously noted in AD mouse models, our results highlight the additional potential value of BACE1 modulation in therapeutic targeting of endocytic dysfunction and cholinergic neurodegeneration in Down syndrome and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Rigoglioso
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | | | - Monika Pawlik
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Philip Stavrides
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - John F Smiley
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Chen R, Deng Y, Yao J, Kamal GM, Wang J, Xu F. Assessment of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters in Rat Brain Microdialysis Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Coulometric Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Kamal
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
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Belichenko PV, Kleschevnikov AM, Becker A, Wagner GE, Lysenko LV, Yu YE, Mobley WC. Down Syndrome Cognitive Phenotypes Modeled in Mice Trisomic for All HSA 21 Homologues. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134861. [PMID: 26230397 PMCID: PMC4521889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy for chromosome 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. The genomic regions on human chromosome 21 (HSA21) are syntenically conserved with regions on mouse chromosomes 10, 16, and 17 (Mmu10, Mmu16, and Mmu17). Recently, we created a genetic model of DS which carries engineered duplications of all three mouse syntenic regions homologous to HSA21. This 'triple trisomic' or TTS model thus represents the most complete and accurate murine model currently available for experimental studies of genotype-phenotype relationships in DS. Here we extended our initial studies of TTS mice. Locomotor activity, stereotypic and repetitive behavior, anxiety, working memory, long-term memory, and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus were examined in the TTS and wild-type (WT) control mice. Changes in locomotor activity were most remarkable for a significant increase in ambulatory time and a reduction in average velocity of TTS mice. No changes were detected in repetitive and stereotypic behavior and in measures of anxiety. Working memory showed no changes when tested in Y-maze, but deficiency in a more challenging T-maze test was detected. Furthermore, long-term object recognition memory was significantly reduced in the TTS mice. These changes were accompanied by deficient long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus, which was restored to the WT levels following blockade of GABAA receptors with picrotoxin (100 μM). TTS mice thus demonstrated a number of phenotypes characteristic of DS and may serve as a new standard by which to evaluate and direct findings in other less complete models of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V. Belichenko
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
| | - Alexander M. Kleschevnikov
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
| | - Grant E. Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
| | - Larisa V. Lysenko
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
| | - Y. Eugene Yu
- Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, United States of America
| | - William C. Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
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Abstract
Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are novel and powerful tools to investigate discrete neuronal populations in the brain. We have used DREADDs to stimulate degenerating neurons in a Down syndrome (DS) model, Ts65Dn mice. Individuals with DS develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology and have elevated risk for dementia starting in their 30s and 40s. Individuals with DS often exhibit working memory deficits coupled with degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) neurons. It is thought that LC degeneration precedes other AD-related neuronal loss, and LC noradrenergic integrity is important for executive function, working memory, and attention. Previous studies have shown that LC-enhancing drugs can slow the progression of AD pathology, including amyloid aggregation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. We have shown that LC degeneration in Ts65Dn mice leads to exaggerated memory loss and neuronal degeneration. We used a DREADD, hM3Dq, administered via adeno-associated virus into the LC under a synthetic promoter, PRSx8, to selectively stimulate LC neurons by exogenous administration of the inert DREADD ligand clozapine-N-oxide. DREADD stimulation of LC-NE enhanced performance in a novel object recognition task and reduced hyperactivity in Ts65Dn mice, without significant behavioral effects in controls. To confirm that the noradrenergic transmitter system was responsible for the enhanced memory function, the NE prodrug l-threo-dihydroxyphenylserine was administered in Ts65Dn and normosomic littermate control mice, and produced similar behavioral results. Thus, NE stimulation may prevent memory loss in Ts65Dn mice, and may hold promise for treatment in individuals with DS and dementia.
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Evidence of altered age-related brain cytoarchitecture in mouse models of down syndrome: a diffusional kurtosis imaging study. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 33:437-47. [PMID: 25527393 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of Down syndrome (DS) exhibit abnormal brain developmental and neurodegenerative changes similar to those seen in individuals with DS. Although DS mice have been well characterized cognitively and morphologically there are no prior reports utilizing diffusion MRI. In this study we investigated the ability of diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) to detect the progressive developmental and neurodegenerative changes in the Ts65Dn (TS) DS mouse model. TS mice displayed higher diffusional kurtosis (DK) in the frontal cortex (FC) compared to normal mice at 2months of age. At 5months of age, TS mice had lower radial kurtosis in the striatum (ST), which persisted in the 8-month-old mice. The TS mice exhibited lower DK metrics values in the dorsal hippocampus (HD) at all ages, and the group difference in this region was larger at 8-months. Regression analysis showed that normal mice had a significant age-related increase in DK metrics in FC, ST and HD. On the contrary, the TS mice lacked significant age-related increase in DK metrics in FC and ST. Although preliminary, these results demonstrate that DK metrics can detect TS brain developmental and neurodegenerative abnormalities.
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Das D, Phillips C, Hsieh W, Sumanth K, Dang V, Salehi A. Neurotransmitter-based strategies for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in Down syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:140-8. [PMID: 24842803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a multisystem disorder affecting the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, hematopoietic, and musculoskeletal systems and is characterized by significant cognitive disability and a possible common pathogenic mechanism with Alzheimer's disease. During the last decade, numerous studies have supported the notion that the triplication of specific genes on human chromosome 21 plays a significant role in cognitive dysfunction in DS. Here we reviewed studies in trisomic mouse models and humans, including children and adults with DS. In order to identify groups of genes that contribute to cognitive disability in DS, multiple mouse models of DS with segmental trisomy have been generated. Over-expression of these particular genes in DS can lead to dysfunction of several neurotransmitter systems. Therapeutic strategies for DS have either focused on normalizing the expression of triplicated genes with important roles in DS or restoring the function of these systems. Indeed, our extensive review of studies on the pathogenesis of DS suggests that one plausible strategy for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction is to target the cholinergic, serotonergic, GABA-ergic, glutamatergic, and norepinephrinergic system. However, a fundamental strategy for treatment of cognitive dysfunction in DS would include reducing to normal levels the expression of specific triplicated genes in affected systems before the onset of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devsmita Das
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cristy Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, P.O. Box 910, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | - Wayne Hsieh
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Krithika Sumanth
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Van Dang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ahmad Salehi
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
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Dekker AD, De Deyn PP, Rots MG. Epigenetics: The neglected key to minimize learning and memory deficits in Down syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Alldred MJ, Lee SH, Petkova E, Ginsberg SD. Expression profile analysis of vulnerable CA1 pyramidal neurons in young-Middle-Aged Ts65Dn mice. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:61-74. [PMID: 25131634 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most prevalent cause of intellectual disability (ID). Individuals with DS show a variety of cognitive deficits, most notably in hippocampal learning and memory, and display pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with neurodegeneration of cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons. Elucidation of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of neuropathology has been assessed via gene expression analysis in a relevant animal model, termed the Ts65Dn mouse. The Ts65Dn mouse is a segmental trisomy model of DS that mimics DS/AD pathology, notably age-related cognitive dysfunction and degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). To determine expression level changes, molecular fingerprinting of cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons was performed in adult (4-9 month-old) Ts65Dn mice, at the initiation of BFCN degeneration. To quantitate transcriptomic changes during this early time period, laser capture microdissection (LCM), terminal continuation (TC) RNA amplification, custom-designed microarray analysis, and subsequent validation of individual transcripts by qPCR and protein analysis via immunoblotting was performed. The results indicate significant alterations within CA1 pyramidal neurons of Ts65Dn mice compared with normal disomic (2N) littermates, notably in the downregulation of neurotrophins and their cognate neurotrophin receptors among other classes of transcripts relevant to neurodegeneration. The results of this single-population gene expression analysis at the time of septohippocampal deficits in a trisomic mouse model shed light on a vulnerable circuit that may cause the AD-like pathology invariably seen in DS that could help to identify mechanisms of degeneration, and provide novel gene targets for therapeutic interventions. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:61-74, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, 10962; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016
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Alldred MJ, Lee SH, Petkova E, Ginsberg SD. Expression profile analysis of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in aged Ts65Dn mice, a model of Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2983-96. [PMID: 25031177 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21 (HSA21) and is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, with individuals having deficits in cognitive function including hippocampal learning and memory and neurodegeneration of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, the molecular underpinnings driving this pathology have not been elucidated. The Ts65Dn mouse is a segmental trisomy model of DS and like DS/AD pathology, displays age-related cognitive dysfunction and basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) degeneration. To determine molecular and cellular changes important for elucidating mechanisms of neurodegeneration in DS/AD pathology, expression profiling studies were performed. Molecular fingerprinting of homogeneous populations of Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons was performed via laser capture microdissection followed by Terminal Continuation RNA amplification combined with custom-designed microarray analysis and subsequent validation of individual transcripts by qPCR and protein analysis via immunoblotting. Significant alterations were observed within CA1 pyramidal neurons of aged Ts65Dn mice compared to normal disomic (2N) littermates, notably in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission receptor families and neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor as well as several cognate neurotrophin receptors. Examining gene and protein expression levels after the onset of BFCN degeneration elucidated transcriptional and translational changes in neurons within a vulnerable circuit that may cause the AD-like pathology seen in DS as these individuals age, and provide rational targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
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Johnston MV, Ammanuel S, O'Driscoll C, Wozniak A, Naidu S, Kadam SD. Twenty-four hour quantitative-EEG and in-vivo glutamate biosensor detects activity and circadian rhythm dependent biomarkers of pathogenesis in Mecp2 null mice. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:118. [PMID: 25018705 PMCID: PMC4072927 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (Mecp2) cause most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT). Currently there is no cure for RTT. Abnormal EEGs are found in 100% of RTT cases and are associated with severe sleep dysfunction, the cause of which is not well understood. Mice deficient in MeCP2 protein have been studied and characterized for their neuropathological and behavioral deficits to better understand RTT. With the goal to study the non-ictal EEG correlates in symptomatic Mecp2 KO mice (Mecp2(tm1.1Bird/y)), and determine novel EEG biomarkers of their reported progressive neurodegeneration, we used 24 h video-EEG/EMG with synchronous in-vivo cortical glutamate biosensor in the frontal cortex. We scored the EEG for activity states and spectral analysis was performed to evaluate correlations to the synchronous extracellular glutamate fluctuations underlying Mecp2 inactivation as compared to WT. Significant alterations in sleep structure due to dark cycle-specific long wake states and poor quality of slow-wave sleep were associated with a significant increase in glutamate loads per activity cycle. The dynamics of the activity-state-dependent physiological rise and fall of glutamate indicative of glutamate homeostasis were significantly altered in the KO mice. Colorimetric quantitation of absolute glutamate levels in frontal cortex also indicated the presence of significantly higher levels in KO. This study for the first time found evidence of uncompensated sleep deprivation-like EEG biomarkers that were associated with glutamate homeostatic dysfunction in the Mecp2 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Johnston
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Simon Ammanuel
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cliona O'Driscoll
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Wozniak
- Biostatistics Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sakkubai Naidu
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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