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Deng ZD, Robins PL, Regenold W, Rohde P, Dannhauer M, Lisanby SH. How electroconvulsive therapy works in the treatment of depression: is it the seizure, the electricity, or both? Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:150-162. [PMID: 37488281 PMCID: PMC10700353 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
We have known for nearly a century that triggering seizures can treat serious mental illness, but what we do not know is why. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) works faster and better than conventional pharmacological interventions; however, those benefits come with a burden of side effects, most notably memory loss. Disentangling the mechanisms by which ECT exerts rapid therapeutic benefit from the mechanisms driving adverse effects could enable the development of the next generation of seizure therapies that lack the downside of ECT. The latest research suggests that this goal may be attainable because modifications of ECT technique have already yielded improvements in cognitive outcomes without sacrificing efficacy. These modifications involve changes in how the electricity is administered (both where in the brain, and how much), which in turn impacts the characteristics of the resulting seizure. What we do not completely understand is whether it is the changes in the applied electricity, or in the resulting seizure, or both, that are responsible for improved safety. Answering this question may be key to developing the next generation of seizure therapies that lack these adverse side effects, and ushering in novel interventions that are better, faster, and safer than ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-De Deng
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pei L Robins
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Regenold
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Rohde
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moritz Dannhauer
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah H Lisanby
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Belge JB, Mulders P, Van Diermen L, Sienaert P, Sabbe B, Abbott CC, Tendolkar I, Schrijvers D, van Eijndhoven P. Reviewing the neurobiology of electroconvulsive therapy on a micro- meso- and macro-level. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110809. [PMID: 37331685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the one of the most effective of biological antidepressant interventions. However, the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying the efficacy of ECT remain unclear. A gap in the literature is the lack of multimodal research that attempts to integrate findings at different biological levels of analysis METHODS: We searched the PubMed database for relevant studies. We review biological studies of ECT in depression on a micro- (molecular), meso- (structural) and macro- (network) level. RESULTS ECT impacts both peripheral and central inflammatory processes, triggers neuroplastic mechanisms and modulates large scale neural network connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Integrating this vast body of existing evidence, we are tempted to speculate that ECT may have neuroplastic effects resulting in the modulation of connectivity between and among specific large-scale networks that are altered in depression. These effects could be mediated by the immunomodulatory properties of the treatment. A better understanding of the complex interactions between the micro-, meso- and macro- level might further specify the mechanisms of action of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Belge
- Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Mulders
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Van Diermen
- Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Psychiatric Center Bethanië, Andreas Vesaliuslaan 39, Zoersel 2980, Belgium
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation (AcCENT), Leuvensesteenweg 517, Kortenberg 3010, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Didier Schrijvers
- Department of Psychiatry, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center Duffel, Stationstraat 22, Duffel 2570, Belgium
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nelson ED, Maynard KR, Nicholas KR, Tran MN, Divecha HR, Collado-Torres L, Hicks SC, Martinowich K. Activity-regulated gene expression across cell types of the mouse hippocampus. Hippocampus 2023; 33:1009-1027. [PMID: 37226416 PMCID: PMC11129873 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Activity-regulated gene (ARG) expression patterns in the hippocampus (HPC) regulate synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, and are linked to both risk and treatment responses for many neuropsychiatric disorders. The HPC contains discrete classes of neurons with specialized functions, but cell type-specific activity-regulated transcriptional programs are not well characterized. Here, we used single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) in a mouse model of acute electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) to identify cell type-specific molecular signatures associated with induced activity in HPC neurons. We used unsupervised clustering and a priori marker genes to computationally annotate 15,990 high-quality HPC neuronal nuclei from N = 4 mice across all major HPC subregions and neuron types. Activity-induced transcriptomic responses were divergent across neuron populations, with dentate granule cells being particularly responsive to activity. Differential expression analysis identified both upregulated and downregulated cell type-specific gene sets in neurons following ECS. Within these gene sets, we identified enrichment of pathways associated with varying biological processes such as synapse organization, cellular signaling, and transcriptional regulation. Finally, we used matrix factorization to reveal continuous gene expression patterns differentially associated with cell type, ECS, and biological processes. This work provides a rich resource for interrogating activity-regulated transcriptional responses in HPC neurons at single-nuclei resolution in the context of ECS, which can provide biological insight into the roles of defined neuronal subtypes in HPC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Nelson
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R. Maynard
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kyndall R. Nicholas
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Matthew N Tran
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Heena R. Divecha
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Hicks
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205
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Jaggar M, Ghosh S, Janakiraman B, Chatterjee A, Maheshwari M, Dewan V, Hare B, Deb S, Figueiredo D, Duman RS, Vaidya VA. Influence of Chronic Electroconvulsive Seizures on Plasticity-Associated Gene Expression and Perineuronal Nets Within the Hippocampi of Young Adult and Middle-Aged Sprague-Dawley Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:294-306. [PMID: 36879414 PMCID: PMC10109107 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive seizure therapy is often used in both treatment-resistant and geriatric depression. However, preclinical studies identifying targets of chronic electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) are predominantly focused on animal models in young adulthood. Given that putative transcriptional, neurogenic, and neuroplastic mechanisms implicated in the behavioral effects of chronic ECS themselves exhibit age-dependent modulation, it remains unknown whether the molecular and cellular targets of chronic ECS vary with age. METHODS We subjected young adult (2-3 months) and middle-aged (12-13 months), male Sprague Dawley rats to sham or chronic ECS and assessed for despair-like behavior, hippocampal gene expression, hippocampal neurogenesis, and neuroplastic changes in the extracellular matrix, reelin, and perineuronal net numbers. RESULTS Chronic ECS reduced despair-like behavior at both ages, accompanied by overlapping and unique changes in activity-dependent and trophic factor gene expression. Although chronic ECS had a similar impact on quiescent neural progenitor numbers at both ages, the eventual increase in hippocampal progenitor proliferation was substantially higher in young adulthood. We noted a decline in reelin⁺ cell numbers following chronic ECS only in young adulthood. In contrast, an age-invariant, robust dissolution of perineuronal net numbers that encapsulate parvalbumin⁺ neurons in the hippocampus were observed following chronic ECS. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that age is a key variable in determining the nature of chronic ECS-evoked molecular and cellular changes in the hippocampus. This raises the intriguing possibility that chronic ECS may recruit distinct, as well as overlapping, mechanisms to drive antidepressant-like behavioral changes in an age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Jaggar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shreya Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Balaganesh Janakiraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashmita Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Megha Maheshwari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vani Dewan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Brendan Hare
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sukrita Deb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Dwight Figueiredo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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van Verseveld M, Mocking RJT, Scheepens D, Ten Doesschate F, Westra M, Schoevers RA, Schene AH, van Wingen GA, van Waarde JA, Ruhé HG. Polyunsaturated fatty acids changes during electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:232-239. [PMID: 36868104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have important electrochemical properties and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and its treatment. However, the relation of PUFAs with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has never been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to explore the associations between PUFA concentrations and response to ECT in patients with MDD. We included 45 patients with unipolar MDD in a multicentre study. To determine PUFA concentrations, we collected blood samples at the first (T0) and twelfth (T12) ECT-session. We assessed depression severity using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) at T0, T12 and at the end of the ECT-course. ECT-response was defined as 'early response' (at T12), 'late response' (after ECT-course) and 'no' response (after the ECT-course). The PUFA chain length index (CLI), unsaturation index (UI) and peroxidation index (PI) and three individual PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] and nervonic acid [NA]) were associated with response to ECT using linear mixed models. Results showed a significant higher CLI in 'late responders' compared to 'non responders'. For NA, 'late responders' showed significantly higher concentrations compared to 'early'- and 'non responders'. In conclusion, this study provides the first indication that PUFAs are associated with the efficacy of ECT. This indicates that PUFAs' influence on neuronal electrochemical properties and neurogenesis may affect ECT outcomes. Thereby, PUFAs form a potentially modifiable factor predicting ECT outcomes, that warrants further investigation in other ECT-cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Verseveld
- Rijnstate Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Wagnerlaan 55, 6815, AD, Arnhem, the Netherlands.
| | - R J T Mocking
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 5, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Scheepens
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 5, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Ten Doesschate
- Rijnstate Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Wagnerlaan 55, 6815, AD, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - M Westra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R A Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - A H Schene
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - G A van Wingen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 5, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J A van Waarde
- Rijnstate Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Wagnerlaan 55, 6815, AD, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - H G Ruhé
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Huh S, Yu HS, Kang N, Ahn YM, Kim YS, Kim SH. Electroconvulsive Seizure Normalizes Motor Deficits and Induces Autophagy Signaling in the MPTP-Induced Parkinson Disease Mouse Model. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:273-283. [PMID: 36990671 PMCID: PMC10064206 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) is a potent treatment modality for various neuropsychiatric diseases, including Parkinson disease (PD). Recent animal studies showed that repeated ECS activates autophagy signaling, the impairment of which is known to be involved in PD. However, the effectiveness of ECS on PD and its therapeutic mechanisms have not yet been investigated in detail. METHODS Systemic injection of a neurotoxin 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP), which destroys dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc), in mice was utilized to induce an animal model of PD. Mice were treated with ECS 3 times per week for 2 weeks. Behavioral changes were measured with a rotarod test. Molecular changes related to autophagy signaling in midbrain including SNc, striatum, and prefrontal cortex were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analyses. RESULTS Repeated ECS treatments normalized the motor deficits and the loss of dopamiergic neurons in SNc of the MPTP PD mouse model. In the mouse model, LC3-II, an autophagy marker, was increased in midbrain while decreased in prefrontal cortex, both of which were reversed by repeated ECS treatments. In the prefrontal cortex, ECS-induced LC3-II increase was accompanied with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Unc-51-like kinase 1-Beclin1 pathway activation and inhibition of mamalian target of rapamycin signaling which promotes autophagy initiation. CONCLUSION The findings revealed the therapeutic effects of repeated ECS treatments on PD, which could be attributed to the neuroprotective effect of ECS mediated by AMPK-autophagy signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoo Huh
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Yu
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuree Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Nowon Eulji Meical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Elfving B, Liebenberg N, du Jardin K, Sanchez C, Wegener G, Müller HK. Single dose S-ketamine rescues transcriptional dysregulation of Mtor and Nrp2 in the prefrontal cortex of FSL rats 1 hour but not 14 days post dosing. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 65:56-67. [PMID: 36375239 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to identify biological indicators of major depression to help guide proper diagnosis and optimize treatment. Animal models mimicking aspects of depression constitute essential tools for early-stage exploration of relevant pathways. In this study, we used the Flinders Sensitive and Resistant Line (FSL/FRL) to explore central and peripheral transcriptional changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway genes and their temporal regulation after a single dose of S-ketamine (15 mg/kg). We found that S-ketamine induced both rapid (1 hour) and sustained (2 and 14 days) antidepressant-like effects in the FSL rats. Analysis of mRNA expression revealed significant strain effects of Vegf, Vegf164, Vegfr-1, Nrp1, Nrp2, Rictor, and Raptor in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and of Vegf164, GbetaL, and Tsc1 in the hippocampus (HIP), which indicates suppression of VEGF signaling in the FSL rats compared to FRL rats. This notion was further substantiated by reduced expression of Vegf and Mtor in plasma from FSL rats. In the brain, S-ketamine induced transcriptional changes in the acute phase, not the sustained phase. There were significant treatment effects of S-ketamine on Vegfr-2 in both PFC and HIP and on Vegf and Vegfr-1 in HIP. Moreover, we found that S-ketamine specifically restored reduced levels of Nrp2 and Mtor in the PFC of the FSL rats. In conclusion, this study substantiates the use of the FRL/FSL rats to explore the depressive-like behavior at the transcriptional level of the VEGF pathway genes and study their regulation in response to various treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Nico Liebenberg
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kristian du Jardin
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Connie Sanchez
- External Sourcing and Scientific Excellence, Lun Research USA, Inc., Paramus, NJ, United States of America
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Zhao M, Zheng Z, Li C, Wan J, Wang M. Developmental endothelial locus-1 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: A promising biomarker and therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1053175. [PMID: 36518760 PMCID: PMC9742254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (CVMDs) are a leading cause of death worldwide and impose a major socioeconomic burden on individuals and healthcare systems, underscoring the urgent need to develop new drug therapies. Developmental endothelial locus-1 (DEL-1) is a secreted multifunctional domain protein that can bind to integrins and play an important role in the occurrence and development of various diseases. Recently, DEL-1 has attracted increased interest for its pharmacological role in the treatment and/or management of CVMDs. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the predictive and therapeutic role of DEL-1 in a variety of CVMDs, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac remodeling, ischemic heart disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. Collectively, DEL-1 is a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for CVMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihui Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenfei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Menglong Wang, ; Jun Wan,
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Menglong Wang, ; Jun Wan,
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Cai H, Du R, Yang K, Li W, Wang Z. Association between electroconvulsive therapy and depressive disorder from 2012 to 2021: Bibliometric analysis and global trends. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1044917. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1044917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDepressive disorder is a chronic mental illness that is vulnerable to relapse, imposes a huge economic burden on society and patients, and is a major global public health problem. Depressive disorders are characterized by depressed mood, decreased energy and interest, and suicidal ideation and behavior in severe cases. They can be treated through pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy or physical treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In patients with suicidal ideation, behavior, or refractory depressive disorder ECT has a faster onset of action and better efficacy than pharmacotherapy. This study used bibliometric and visual analyses to map the current state of global research on ECT for depressive disorder and to predict future research trends in this area.Materials and methodsA literature search was performed for studies on ECT and depressive disorder in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. All studies considered for this paper were published between 2012 and 2021. Bibliometric and co-occurrence analyses were performed using the CiteSpace software.ResultsIn total, 2,184 publications were retrieved. The number of publications on ECT and depressive disorder have been increasing since 2012, with China being a emerging hub with a growing influence in the field. Zafiris J. Daskalakis is the top author in terms of number of publications, and The Journal of ECT is not only the most published journal but also the most co-cited journal in the field. Co-occurrence analysis showed that electroconvulsive therapy, treatment-resistant depression, bipolar disorder, hippocampus, efficacy, and electrode placement are current research hotspots. Molecular biomarkers, neuroimaging predictors, and late-life depression will become research hotspots in the future.ConclusionOur analysis made it possible to observe an important growth of the field since 2012, to identify key scientific actors in this growth and to predict hot topics for future research.
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Karayağmurlu E, Elboğa G, Şahin ŞK, Karayağmurlu A, Taysı S, Ulusal H, Altındağ A. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on nitrosative stress and oxidative DNA damage parameters in patients with a depressive episode. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2022; 26:259-268. [PMID: 35073501 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.2019788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the relationship between electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and markers of nitrosative stress and oxidative DNA damage. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine changes in nitrosative stress and oxidative DNA damage in patients with a depressive episode treated with ECT. METHODS The current study included 48 patients with a depressive episode treated with ECT and 30 healthy control participants. First, the serum nitrosative stress markers of nitric oxide (NO•), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and the oxidative DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were compared between the study and control groups. These parameters were also compared pre- and post-treatment for the study group. RESULTS NO•, NOS, and ONOO- levels were significantly higher in patients with depressive disorder (DD) than in the control group. NO• and NOS levels significantly decreased in the ECT group after treatment while 8-OHdG levels significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS The study findings suggest that ECT may have reduced nitrosative stress levels while increasing oxidative DNA damage. More research is now needed to better understand the issue.KEY POINTSNitrosative stress levels can increase in patients with depressive disorder.Electroconvulsive therapy may reduce nitrosative stress while increasıng oxidative DNA damage.These results suggest that nitrosative stress plays an important role in the mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Karayağmurlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Haseki Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Elboğa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Şengül Kocamer Şahin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ali Karayağmurlu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyithan Taysı
- Department of Biochemisty, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ulusal
- Department of Biochemisty, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Altındağ
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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11
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Sathyanesan M, Newton SS. Antidepressant-like effects of trophic factor receptor signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:958797. [PMID: 36081576 PMCID: PMC9445421 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.958797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant body of research has demonstrated that antidepressants regulate neurotrophic factors and that neurotrophins themselves are capable of independently producing antidepressant-like effects. While brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) remains the best studied molecule in this context, there are several structurally diverse trophic factors that have shown comparable behavioral effects, including basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this review we discuss the structural and biochemical signaling aspects of these neurotrophic factors with antidepressant activity. We also include a discussion on a cytokine molecule erythropoietin (EPO), widely known and prescribed as a hormone to treat anemia but has recently been shown to function as a neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system (CNS).
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12
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Chen Y, Wang L, Jiang D, Zhu S, Research Team W, Chen G, Gan Y. Vulnerability to early stressful life events: The moderating role of HOMER1 gene in the gene × environment interaction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.2011717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Chen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhong Wang
- WeGene, Shenzhen Zaozhidao Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Shenzhen WeGene Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Jiang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - WeGene Research Team
- WeGene, Shenzhen Zaozhidao Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Shenzhen WeGene Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- WeGene, Shenzhen Zaozhidao Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Shenzhen WeGene Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab on Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Gan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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13
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Maffioletti E, Carvalho Silva R, Bortolomasi M, Baune BT, Gennarelli M, Minelli A. Molecular Biomarkers of Electroconvulsive Therapy Effects and Clinical Response: Understanding the Present to Shape the Future. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091120. [PMID: 34573142 PMCID: PMC8471796 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) represents an effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). One priority of this research field is the clarification of ECT response mechanisms and the identification of biomarkers predicting its outcomes. We propose an overview of the molecular studies on ECT, concerning its course and outcome prediction, including also animal studies on electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an experimental analogue of ECT. Most of these investigations underlie biological systems related to major depressive disorder (MDD), such as the neurotrophic and inflammatory/immune ones, indicating effects of ECT on these processes. Studies about neurotrophins, like the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have shown evidence concerning ECT neurotrophic effects. The inflammatory/immune system has also been studied, suggesting an acute stress reaction following an ECT session. However, at the end of the treatment, ECT produces a reduction in inflammatory-associated biomarkers such as cortisol, TNF-alpha and interleukin 6. Other biological systems, including the monoaminergic and the endocrine, have been sparsely investigated. Despite some promising results, limitations exist. Most of the studies are concentrated on one or few markers and many studies are relatively old, with small sample sizes and methodological biases. Expression studies on gene transcripts and microRNAs are rare and genetic studies are sparse. To date, no conclusive evidence regarding ECT molecular markers has been reached; however, the future may be just around the corner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maffioletti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Rosana Carvalho Silva
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717255; Fax: +39-030-3701157
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14
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Sorri A, Järventausta K, Kampman O, Lehtimäki K, Björkqvist M, Tuohimaa K, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Leinonen E. Electroconvulsive therapy increases temporarily plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02001. [PMID: 34342142 PMCID: PMC8413728 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been related to the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The findings involving the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on the VEGF levels have been conflicting. The aim was to examine the possible changes in the VEGF levels and their associations with clinical outcome in patients with MDD during ECT. METHODS The study comprised 30 patients suffering from MDD. Their plasma VEGF levels were measured at baseline and 2 and 4 hr after the first, fifth, and last ECT session. The severity of depression was quantified by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). RESULTS The VEGF levels increased between the 2-hr and 4-hr measurements during the first (p = .003) and the fifth (p = .017) sessions. The baseline VEGF levels between individual ECT sessions remained unchanged during the ECT series. No correlations were found between the increased VEGF levels and the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Electroconvulsive therapy increased the VEGF levels repeatedly at the same time point in two different ECT sessions. These increases had no association with the response to ECT. Consequently, VEGF may act as a mediator in the mechanism of action of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamari Sorri
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Kaija Järventausta
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Olli Kampman
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Kai Lehtimäki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurology and RehabilitationTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Minna Björkqvist
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Kati Tuohimaa
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Mari Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research GroupFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University and Tampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research GroupFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University and Tampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Esa Leinonen
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
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15
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Moon SY, Kim M, Lho SK, Oh S, Kim SH, Kwon JS. Systematic Review of the Neural Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients with Schizophrenia: Hippocampus and Insula as the Key Regions of Modulation. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:486-499. [PMID: 34218638 PMCID: PMC8256139 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been the most potent treatment option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). However, the underlying neural mechanisms of ECT in schizophrenia remain largely unclear. This paper examines studies that investigated structural and functional changes after ECT in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We carried out a systematic review with following terms: 'ECT', 'schizophrenia', and the terms of various neuroimaging modalities. RESULTS Among the 325 records available from the initial search in May 2020, 17 studies were included. Cerebral blood flow in the frontal, temporal, and striatal structures was shown to be modulated (n=3), although the results were divergent. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies suggested that the ratio of N-acetyl-aspartate/creatinine was increased in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC; n=2) and left thalamus (n=1). The hippocampus and insula (n=6, respectively) were the most common regions of structural/functional modulation, which also showed symptom associations. Functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN; n=5), PFC (n=4), and thalamostriatal system (n=2) were also commonly modulated. CONCLUSION Despite proven effectiveness, there has been a dearth of studies investigating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying ECT. There is preliminary evidence of structural and functional modulation of the hippocampus and insula, functional changes in the DMN, PFC, and thalamostriatal system after ECT in patients with schizophrenia. We discuss the rationale and implications of these findings and the potential mechanism of action of ECT. More studies evaluating the mechanisms of ECT are needed, which could provide a unique window into what leads to treatment response in the otherwise refractory TRS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Kyungjin Lho
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Zheng W, Zhou YL, Wang CY, Lan XF, Zhang B, Zhou SM, Yan S, Yang MZ, Nie S, Ning YP. Association of plasma VEGF levels and the antidepressant effects of ketamine in patients with depression. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2021; 11:20451253211014320. [PMID: 34035893 PMCID: PMC8132091 DOI: 10.1177/20451253211014320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Growing evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may be involved in the neuronal mechanisms underlying both depression aetiology and the response to ketamine treatments. The aim of this study was to examine whether changes in plasma VEGF levels are associated with the antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in patients with depression. METHODS Ninety-six patients with depression were enrolled and received six ketamine infusions during a 12-day period. Depressive symptom severity and plasma VEGF levels were measured by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively, at baseline, 13 days and 26 days. RESULTS Despite a significant improvement in MADRS scores after patients received six ketamine infusions (p < 0.001), no changes in plasma VEGF levels were observed at 13 days when compared with baseline. Moreover, no significant difference in plasma VEGF levels at baseline and 13 days was found between ketamine responders and nonresponders. No association was found between the antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine treatments and plasma VEGF levels. CONCLUSION This study indicated that VEGF may not be a potential predictor of antidepressant response to repeated intravenous administration of ketamine in patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Lan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Miao Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Su Yan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha Nie
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ping Ning
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
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17
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Park MJ, Kim H, Kim EJ, Yook V, Chung IW, Lee SM, Jeon HJ. Recent Updates on Electro-Convulsive Therapy in Patients with Depression. Psychiatry Investig 2021; 18:1-10. [PMID: 33321557 PMCID: PMC7897863 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) has been established as a treatment modality for patients with treatment-resistant depression and with some specific subtypes of depression. This narrative review intends to provide psychiatrists with the latest findings on the use of ECT in depression, devided into total eight sub-topics. METHODS We searched PubMed for English-language articles using combined keywords and tried to analyze journals published from 1995-2020. RESULTS Pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants or maintenance ECT is more effective than a placebo as prevention of recurrence after ECT. The use of ECT in treatment-resistant depression, depressed patients with suicidal risks, elderly depression, bipolar depression, psychotic depression, and depression during pregnancy or postpartum have therapeutic benefits. As possible mechanisms of ECT, the role of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and other findings in the field of neurophysiology, neuro-immunology, and neurogenesis are also supported. CONCLUSION ECT is evolving toward reducing cognitive side effects and maximizing therapeutic effects. If robust evidence for ECT through randomized controlled studies are more established and the mechanism of ECT gets further clarified, the scope of its use in the treatment of depression will be more expanded in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vidal Yook
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Won Chung
- Department of Psychiatry and Electroconvulsive Therapy Center, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Department of Medical Device Management & Research, and Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Expression of Pea3 protein subfamily members in hippocampus and potential regulation following neuronal stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2020; 738:135348. [PMID: 32891673 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pea3 proteins belong to a subfamily of the E-twentysix (ETS) domain superfamily of transcription factors, which play various roles during development. Polyoma Enhancer-Activator 3 (Pea3) proteins Pea3, ERM and Er81 are particularly involved in tissues with branching morphogenesis, including kidney, lung, mammary gland and nervous system development. A recent transcriptomic study on novel targets of Pea3 transcription factor revealed various axon guidance and nervous system development related targets, supporting a role of Pea3 proteins in motor neuron connectivity, as well as novel targets in signaling pathways involved in synaptic plasticity. This study focuses on the expression of Pea3 family members in hippocampal neurons, and regulation of putative Pea3 targets in Pea3-overexpressing cell lines and following induction of long-term potentiation or seizure in vivo. We show that Pea3 proteins are expressed in hippocampus in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and that Pea3 represses Elk-1 but activates Prkca and Nrcam expression in hippocampal cell lines. We also show that mRNA and protein levels of Pea3 family members are differentially regulated in the dentate gyrus and CA1 region upon MECS stimulation, but not upon LTP induction.
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19
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Giacobbe J, Pariante CM, Borsini A. The innate immune system and neurogenesis as modulating mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy in pre-clinical studies. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1086-1097. [PMID: 32648795 PMCID: PMC7672674 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120936538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a powerful and fast-acting anti-depressant strategy, often used in treatment-resistant patients. In turn, patients with treatment-resistant depression often present an increased inflammatory response. The impact of ECT on several pathophysiological mechanisms of depression has been investigated, with a focus which has largely been on cellular and synaptic plasticity. Although changes in the immune system are known to influence neurogenesis, these processes have principally been explored independently from each other in the context of ECT. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to compare the time-dependent consequences of acute and chronic ECT on concomitant innate immune system and neurogenesis-related outcomes measured in the central nervous system in pre-clinical studies. RESULTS During the few hours following acute electroconvulsive shock (ECS), the expression of the astrocytic reactivity marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and inflammatory genes, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), were significantly increased together with the neurogenic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cell proliferation. Similarly, chronic ECS caused an initial upregulation of the same astrocytic marker, immune genes, and neurogenic factors. Interestingly, over time, inflammation appeared to be dampened, while glial activation and neurogenesis were maintained, after either acute or chronic ECS. CONCLUSION Regardless of treatment duration ECS would seemingly trigger a rapid increase in inflammatory molecules, dampened over time, as well as a long-lasting activation of astrocytes and production of growth and neurotrophic factors, leading to cell proliferation. This suggests that both innate immune system response and neurogenesis might contribute to the efficacy of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandra Borsini
- Alessandra Borsini, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Division of Psychological Medicine, Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Lab & Perinatal Psychiatry, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RT, UK.
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20
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Elahi H, Hong V, Ploski JE. Electroconvulsive Shock Does Not Impair the Reconsolidation of Cued and Contextual Pavlovian Threat Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197072. [PMID: 32992904 PMCID: PMC7582782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing memories, when retrieved under certain circumstances, can undergo modification through the protein synthesis-dependent process of reconsolidation. Disruption of this process can lead to the weakening of a memory trace, an approach which is being examined as a potential treatment for disorders characterized by pathological memories, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The success of this approach relies upon the ability to robustly attenuate reconsolidation; however, the available literature brings into question the reliability of the various drugs used to achieve such a blockade. The identification of a drug or intervention that can reliably disrupt reconsolidation without requiring intracranial access for administration would be extremely useful. Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) delivered after memory retrieval has been demonstrated in some studies to disrupt memory reconsolidation; however, there exists a paucity of literature characterizing its effects on Pavlovian fear memory. Considering this, we chose to examine ECS as an inexpensive and facile means to impair reconsolidation in rats. Here we show that electroconvulsive seizure induction, when administered after memory retrieval, (immediately, after 30 min, or after 1 h), does not impair the reconsolidation of cued or contextual Pavlovian fear memories. On the contrary, ECS administration immediately after extinction training may modestly impair the consolidation of fear extinction memory.
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21
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Blues in the Brain and Beyond: Molecular Bases of Major Depressive Disorder and Relative Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091089. [PMID: 32961910 PMCID: PMC7564223 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive research conducted in recent decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) and relative evidence-based treatments remain unclear. Various hypotheses have been successively proposed, involving different biological systems. This narrative review aims to critically illustrate the main pathogenic hypotheses of MDD, ranging from the historical ones based on the monoaminergic and neurotrophic theories, through the subsequent neurodevelopmental, glutamatergic, GABAergic, inflammatory/immune and endocrine explanations, until the most recent evidence postulating a role for fatty acids and the gut microbiota. Moreover, the molecular effects of established both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for MDD are also reviewed. Overall, the existing literature indicates that the molecular mechanisms described in the context of these different hypotheses, rather than representing alternative ones to each other, are likely to contribute together, often with reciprocal interactions, to the development of MDD and to the effectiveness of treatments, and points at the need for further research efforts in this field.
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22
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Poon CH, Heng BC, Lim LW. New insights on brain-derived neurotrophic factor epigenetics: from depression to memory extinction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1484:9-31. [PMID: 32808327 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in characterizing molecular profiles provide valuable insights and opportunities for deciphering the neuropathology of depression. Although abnormal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in depression has gained much support from preclinical and clinical research, how it mediates behavioral alterations in the depressed state remains largely obscure. Environmental factors contribute significantly to the onset of depression and produce robust epigenetic changes. Epigenetic regulation of BDNF, as one of the most characterized gene loci in epigenetics, has recently emerged as a target in research on memory and psychiatric disorders. Specifically, epigenetic alterations of BDNF exons are heavily involved in mediating memory functions and antidepressant effects. In this review, we discuss key research on stress-induced depression from both preclinical and clinical studies, which revealed that differential epigenetic regulation of specific BDNF exons is associated with depression pathophysiology. Considering that BDNF has a central role in depression, we argue that memory extinction, an adaptive response to fear exposure, is dependent on BDNF modulation and holds promise as a prospective target for alleviating or treating depression and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Him Poon
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
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23
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Kubota M, Moriguchi S, Takahata K, Nakajima S, Horita N. Treatment effects on neurometabolite levels in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:122-132. [PMID: 32505446 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is growing evidence of alterations in the neurometabolite status associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, how treatments influence these metabolite levels in patients with schizophrenia remains poorly studied. METHODS We conducted a literature search using Embase, Medline, and PsycINFO to identify proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies that compared neurometabolite levels before and after treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Six neurometabolites (glutamate, glutamine, glutamate + glutamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol) and six regions of interest (frontal cortex, temporal cortex, parieto-occipital cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus) were investigated. RESULTS Thirty-two studies (n = 773 at follow-up) were included in our meta-analysis. Our results demonstrated that the frontal glutamate + glutamine level was significantly decreased (14 groups; n = 292 at follow-up; effect size = -0.35, P = 0.0003; I2 = 22%) and the thalamic N-acetylaspartate level was significantly increased (7 groups; n = 184 at follow-up; effect size = 0.47, P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%) after treatment in schizophrenia patients. No significant associations were found between neurometabolite changes and age, gender, duration of illness, duration of treatment, or baseline symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that glutamatergic neurometabolite levels in the frontal cortex and neuronal integrity in the thalamus in schizophrenia might be modified following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kubota
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Sho Moriguchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Keisuke Takahata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T1R8, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Horita
- Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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24
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Maynard KR, Tippani M, Takahashi Y, Phan BN, Hyde TM, Jaffe AE, Martinowich K. dotdotdot: an automated approach to quantify multiplex single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) images in complex tissues. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e66. [PMID: 32383753 PMCID: PMC7293004 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiplex single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful method for validating RNA sequencing and emerging spatial transcriptomic data, but quantification remains a computational challenge. We present a framework for generating and analyzing smFISH data in complex tissues while overcoming autofluorescence and increasing multiplexing capacity. We developed dotdotdot (https://github.com/LieberInstitute/dotdotdot) as a corresponding software package to quantify RNA transcripts in single nuclei and perform differential expression analysis. We first demonstrate robustness of our platform in single mouse neurons by quantifying differential expression of activity-regulated genes. We then quantify spatial gene expression in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using spectral imaging and dotdotdot to mask lipofuscin autofluorescence. We lastly apply machine learning to predict cell types and perform downstream cell type-specific expression analysis. In summary, we provide experimental workflows, imaging acquisition and analytic strategies for quantification and biological interpretation of smFISH data in complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Maynard
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Madhavi Tippani
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoichiro Takahashi
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - BaDoi N Phan
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Jiang L, Zhang H, Zhou J, Tang X, Luo L, Huang P, Yi W, Xu N, Liu J, Fu W. Involvement of Hippocampal AMPA Receptors in Electroacupuncture Attenuating Depressive-Like Behaviors and Regulating Synaptic Proteins in Rats Subjected to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress. World Neurosurg 2020; 139:e455-e462. [PMID: 32311563 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A large body of evidence has suggested that the disruptions of neural plasticity in the brain play a pivotal role in major depressive disorder (MDD). Electroacupuncture (EA) therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment modality for MDD. However, the mechanism underling the antidepressive effect of EA treatment has not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of EA associated with its protection effect of synaptic structural plasticity. METHODS An MDD model was induced by exposing Sprague Dawley rats to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). EA stimulation (Hegu and Taichong) and AMPA receptor (AMPAR) antagonist NBQX intrahippocampal injection were used to treat the depressed rats. RESULTS We found EA improved behavioral performance, enhanced synaptic structural plasticity, and upregulated gene and protein levels of GluR1, GluR2, Stargazin, Pick1, SYP, PSD-95, and GAP-43. AMPAR antagonist NBQX had the opposite effect on behavioral performance, synaptic plasticity, and the aforementioned genes and proteins. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that EA has a potent antidepressant effect, likely through upregulated expression of the AMPAR and protected neural plasticity in CUMS-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Acupuncture Research Team, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Acupuncture Research Team, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhe Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaorong Tang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Le Luo
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peidong Huang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Yi
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nenggui Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Acupuncture Research Team, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbin Fu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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26
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Shal B, Khan A, Naveed M, Ali H, Seo EK, Choi H, Khan S. Neuroprotective effect of 25-Methoxyhispidol A against CCl 4-induced behavioral alterations by targeting VEGF/BDNF and caspase-3 in mice. Life Sci 2020; 253:117684. [PMID: 32315728 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been implicated in various psychiatric disorders. The current study investigated the effect and mechanism of 25-Methoxyhispidol A (25-MHA) against CCl4-induced anxiety and depression. Mice were challenged with CCl4 (1 ml/kg; i.p.) after 30 min of 25-MHA (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg; i.p.) administration. Pretreatment with 25-MHA (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the anxiety and depression-like behavior in testing models. The oxidative stress induced by CCl4 was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with 25-MHA. The immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis showed a reduction in kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and improvement in expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1. In addition, 25-MHA significantly attenuated the CCl4-mediated depletion of antioxidant enzymes in hippocampus (HC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) region and reduced the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), along with a decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HC and PFC region. Pretreatment with 25-MHA also showed an improved expression of neurotrophic factors i.e., brain derived growth factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, 25-MHA inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) and ammonia level in plasma, liver, HC and PFC regions of mice brain. 25-MHA also exhibited anti-apoptotic effect evident from the reduced expression of caspase-3 and decreased hippocampal DNA damage in comet assay. Furthermore, decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and corticosterone level, along with prevention of CCl4-induced alterations in thickness of dentate gyrus and intact hepatic cells morphology, represented by hippocampal and liver histopathology, indicated the neuroprotective effect of 25-MHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Shal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Eun Kyoung Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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27
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Klorig DC, Alberto GE, Smith T, Godwin DW. Optogenetically-Induced Population Discharge Threshold as a Sensitive Measure of Network Excitability. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0229-18.2019. [PMID: 31619450 PMCID: PMC6838688 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0229-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Network excitability is governed by synaptic efficacy, intrinsic excitability, and the circuitry in which these factors are expressed. The complex interplay between these factors determines how circuits function and, at the extreme, their susceptibility to seizure. We have developed a sensitive, quantitative estimate of network excitability in freely behaving mice using a novel optogenetic intensity-response procedure. Synchronous activation of deep sublayer CA1 pyramidal cells produces abnormal network-wide epileptiform population discharges (PDs) that are nearly indistinguishable from spontaneously-occurring interictal spikes (IISs). By systematically varying light intensity, and therefore the magnitude of the optogenetically-mediated current, we generated intensity-response curves using the probability of PD as the dependent variable. Manipulations known to increase excitability, such as sub-convulsive doses (20 mg/kg) of the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), produced a leftward shift in the curve compared to baseline. The anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV; 40 mk/kg), in combination with PTZ, produced a rightward shift. Optogenetically-induced PD threshold (oPDT) baselines were stable over time, suggesting the metric is appropriate for within-subject experimental designs with multiple pharmacological manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Klorig
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Neuroscience Program
| | - G E Alberto
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Neuroscience Program
| | - T Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
| | - D W Godwin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy
- Neuroscience Program
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
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28
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Ueta Y, Yamamoto R, Kato N. Layer-specific modulation of pyramidal cell excitability by electroconvulsive shock. Neurosci Lett 2019; 709:134383. [PMID: 31325579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cortical excitability crucially involves in behavioral and cognitive deficits of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) changes neuronal excitability and has been used in the therapy of major depressive disorder and mood disorders. However, the action and the targets of the ECS in the cortical circuits are still poorly understood. Here we show that the ECS differently changes intrinsic properties of pyramidal cells (PCs) among superficial and deep layers. In layer 2/3 PCs, the ECS induced membrane hyperpolarization and the reduction of input resistances. In layer 5 PCs, the ECS also induced membrane hyperpolarization but had little effects on input resistances. In layer 6 PCs, the ECS had no effects on both of resting membrane potentials and input resistances. In addition, the ECS reduced the firing frequency of PCs in layer 2/3 but not in both layers 5 and 6. We further examined the ECS-induced changes in the influx of Ca2+ currents, and observed an enhanced Ca2+ currents in PCs of both layers 2/3 and 5 but not of layer 6. Thus, this study suggests the layer-specific suppression of PC excitability which will underlie the mechanism of the ECS action on the cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, Division of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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29
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Crespi BJ. Comparative psychopharmacology of autism and psychotic-affective disorders suggests new targets for treatment. Evol Med Public Health 2019; 2019:149-168. [PMID: 31548888 PMCID: PMC6748779 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first treatments showing effectiveness for some psychiatric disorders, such as lithium for bipolar disorder and chlorpromazine for schizophrenia, were discovered by accident. Currently, psychiatric drug design is seen as a scientific enterprise, limited though it remains by the complexity of brain development and function. Relatively few novel and effective drugs have, however, been developed for many years. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how evolutionary biology can provide a useful framework for psychiatric drug development. The framework is based on a diametrical nature of autism, compared with psychotic-affective disorders (mainly schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression). This paradigm follows from two inferences: (i) risks and phenotypes of human psychiatric disorders derive from phenotypes that have evolved along the human lineage and (ii) biological variation is bidirectional (e.g. higher vs lower, faster vs slower, etc.), such that dysregulation of psychological traits varies in two opposite ways. In this context, the author review the evidence salient to the hypothesis that autism and psychotic-affective disorders represent diametrical disorders in terms of current, proposed and potential psychopharmacological treatments. Studies of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the PI3K pathway, the NMDA receptor, kynurenic acid metabolism, agmatine metabolism, levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and other treatments, demonstrate evidence of diametric effects in autism spectrum disorders and phenotypes compared with psychotic-affective disorders and phenotypes. These findings yield insights into treatment mechanisms and the development of new pharmacological therapies, as well as providing an explanation for the longstanding puzzle of antagonism between epilepsy and psychosis. Lay Summary: Consideration of autism and schizophrenia as caused by opposite alterations to brain development and function leads to novel suggestions for pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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30
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Influence of Tacrolimus on Depressive-Like Behavior in Diabetic Rats Through Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Regulation in the Hippocampus. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:396-410. [PMID: 31201731 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of immunosuppressive agents and diabetes mellitus are known risk factors of neurological complications in kidney transplant recipients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of tacrolimus on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the critical protein for maintenance of neuronal functions, in the hippocampus in a diabetic condition. A diabetic rat model was established by a single streptozotocin injection (60 mg/kg). Control and diabetic rats then received daily tacrolimus (1.5 mg/kg per day) injections for 6 weeks. BDNF expression in the hippocampus was examined in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 region using immunohistochemistry. There was a significant decrease of BDNF expression in the DG and CA3 region in tacrolimus-treated and diabetic rats compared with that of the control group injected with vehicle only. However, there was no difference in BDNF expression between the two experimental groups. Tacrolimus treatment in diabetic rats further decreased the BDNF expression level in the DG and CA3 region. Interestingly, mossy fiber sprouting, demonstrated by prominent punctate immunolabeling of BDNF with synaptoporin, was observed in the diabetic group treated with tacrolimus, which localized at the stratum oriens of the CA3 region. These data suggest that tacrolimus treatment or a diabetic condition decreases BDNF expression in the hippocampus, and that tacrolimus treatment in the diabetic condition further injures the CA3 region of the hippocampus. In addition to BDNF expression, decreased locomotor activity and evident depressive behavior were observed in tacrolimus-treated diabetic rats. Moreover, there were significant decreases of the mRNA levels of γ-aminobutyric acid and serotonin receptors in the diabetic hippocampus with tacrolimus treatment. This finding suggests that tacrolimus treatment may cause further psychiatric and neurological complications for patients with diabetes, and should thus be used with caution.
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31
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Reduced vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with treatment resistant major depression and the effects of electroconvulsive therapy-A pilot study. J Affect Disord 2019; 253:449-453. [PMID: 31103810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence are pointing towards an involvement of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathophysiology of depression. There are studies analyzing blood levels of VEGF in patients with depression compared to controls, but a data on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of VEGF in patients with depression are lacking. METHOD CSF VEGF levels were measured in patients (n = 12) with a severe, treatment-resistant depressive episode before and after the antidepressant treatment by a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and compared to age- and sex-matched controls (n = 20). RESULTS The patients with depression showed lower mean VEGF levels in the CSF prior to ECT than the controls (p = 0.041). Regarding the patients, CSF VEGF concentration at baseline and after the complete ECT treatment did not differ from each other (p = 0.78). LIMITATIONS Major limitations of this study are the small sample size and that data from corresponding serum levels cannot be provided. Another limitation is that the controls were not completely healthy, as they were recruited from a memory clinic with subjective complaints. The timing of the second sample might have been suboptimal, when taking into account that there might be an on-going phase of re-equilibrating after ECT. CONCLUSIONS CSF VEGF concentrations were lower in a clinical sample of patients with treatment-resistant depression compared with matched controls. Additionally, no change in CSF VEGF levels during a course of ECT could be detected.
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32
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Zhang J, Qiao N, Ding X, Wang J. Disruption of the GluA2/GAPDH complex using TAT-GluA2NT1-3-2 peptide protects against AMPAR-mediated excitotoxicity after epilepsy. Neuroreport 2019; 29:432-439. [PMID: 29489588 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity and neuronal death following epilepsy involve α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). It forms a protein complex with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and co-internalizes upon activation of AMPA receptors after epilepsy. Disruption of the GluA2/GAPDH complex with an interfering peptide, TAT-GluA2NT1-3-2, protects cells against AMPAR-mediated excitotoxicity, which have been identified in in-vitro and in-vivo models of brain ischemia. We postulated that disruption of the GluA2/GAPDH interaction with the TAT-GluA2NT1-3-2 peptide would also protect against AMPAR-induced neuronal injury in an in-vivo model of status epilepticus (SE). In the present study, we divided pilocarpine-induced SE Wistar rats into three main groups: the TAT-GluA2NT1-3-2 peptide group, the TAT-GluA2NT-scram peptide group, and the normal saline group, and injected different doses of peptides stereotaxically into the hippocampus of SE rats to investigate whether the GluA2/GAPDH interaction could be disrupted by our TAT-GluA2NT1-3-2 peptide and determine its most appropriate dose. Then, the dose was administered stereotaxically at different time points after SE to determine the best administration time of neuronal protection. We found that the TAT-GluA2NT1-3-2 peptide can disrupt the GluA2/GAPDH interaction and protects against epilepsy-induced neuronal damage. The GluA2/GAPDH interaction may be a novel therapeutic target for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Nana Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Xiufang Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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33
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Kronenberg G, Petermann M, Dormann C, Bader M, Gass P, Hellweg R, Klempin F. Brain serotonin critically contributes to the biological effects of electroconvulsive seizures. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:861-864. [PMID: 30019210 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Compounds targeting serotonin (5-HT) are widely used as antidepressants. However, the role of 5-HT in mediating the effects of electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) therapy remains undefined. Using Tph2-/- mice depleted of brain 5-HT, we studied the effects of ECS on behavior and neurobiology. ECS significantly prolonged the start latency in the elevated O-Maze test, an effect that was abolished in Tph2-/- mice. Furthermore, in the absence of 5-HT, the ECS-induced increase in adult neurogenesis and in brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the hippocampus were significantly reduced. Our results indicate that brain 5-HT critically contributes to the neurobiological responses to ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golo Kronenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, 18147, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Petermann
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christof Dormann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim (CIMH), University of Heidelberg, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10178, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim (CIMH), University of Heidelberg, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Klempin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health, 10178, Berlin, Germany. .,Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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34
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Sun Y, Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Rajji TK, Fitzgerald PB, Barr MS, Downar J, Wong W, Farzan F, Daskalakis ZJ. Magnetic seizure therapy reduces suicidal ideation and produces neuroplasticity in treatment-resistant depression. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:253. [PMID: 30470735 PMCID: PMC6251931 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic seizures may work for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) by producing neuroplasticity. We evaluated whether magnetic seizure therapy (MST) produces changes in suicidal ideation and neuroplasticity as indexed through transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Twenty-three patients with TRD were treated with MST. Changes in suicidal ideation was assessed through the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI). Before and after the treatment course, neuroplasticity in excitatory and inhibitory circuits was assessed with TMS-EEG measures of cortical-evoked activity (CEA) and long-interval cortical inhibition (LICI) from the left DLPFC, and the left motor cortex as a control condition. As in our previous report, the relationship between TMS-EEG measures and suicidal ideation was examined with the SSI. Results show that 44.4% of patients experienced resolution of suicidal ideation. Based on DLPFC assessment, MST produced significant CEA increase over the frontal central electrodes (cluster p < 0.05), but did not change LICI on a group level. MST also reduced the SSI scores (p < 0.005) and the amount of reduction correlated with the decrease in LICI over the right frontal central electrodes (cluster p < 0.05; rho = 0.73 for Cz). LICI change identified patients who were resolved of suicidal ideation with 90% sensitivity and 88% specificity (AUC = 0.9, p = 0.004). There was no significant finding with motor cortex assessment. Overall, MST produced significant rates of resolution of suicidal ideation. MST also produced neuroplasticity in the frontal cortex, likely through long-term potentiation (LTP)-like mechanisms. The largest reduction in suicidal ideation was demonstrated in patients showing concomitant decreases in cortical inhibition-a mechanism linked to enhanced LTP-like plasticity. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms through which patients experience resolution of suicidal ideation following seizure treatments in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinming Sun
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tarek K. Rajji
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- Epworth Healthcare and Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Mera S. Barr
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jonathan Downar
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Willy Wong
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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Ryan KM, Dunne R, McLoughlin DM. BDNF plasma levels and genotype in depression and the response to electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:1123-1131. [PMID: 29802070 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and the antidepressant response. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is reported to increase BDNF levels in blood, though only a small number of studies have been conducted to date. OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to: 1) compare plasma BDNF levels in medicated patients with depression and controls; 2) assess the effect of ECT on plasma BDNF levels in medicated patients with depression; 3) explore the relationship between plasma BDNF levels and the Val66Met (rs6265) BDNF polymorphism; and 4) examine the relationship between plasma BDNF levels and clinical symptoms and outcomes with ECT. METHODS Plasma BDNF levels were analyzed in samples from 61 medicated patients with a major depressive episode and 50 healthy controls, and in patient samples following a course of ECT. Fifty-two samples from the depressed patient group were genotyped for the Val66Met BDNF polymorphism. RESULTS There was no difference in plasma BDNF levels between the control and depressed groups, and there was no difference in plasma BDNF levels in patients following treatment with ECT. In line with previous reports, we show that, in medicated patients with depression, Met-carriers had higher plasma BDNF levels than Val-carriers, though genotype was not related to clinical response. We found no association between plasma BDNF levels and depression severity or the clinical response to ECT. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that plasma BDNF does not represent a suitable candidate biomarker for determining the therapeutic response to ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ross Dunne
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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36
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Meyers KT, Marballi KK, Brunwasser SJ, Renda B, Charbel M, Marrone DF, Gallitano AL. The Immediate Early Gene Egr3 Is Required for Hippocampal Induction of Bdnf by Electroconvulsive Stimulation. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:92. [PMID: 29867393 PMCID: PMC5958205 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Early growth response 3 (Egr3) is an immediate early gene (IEG) that is regulated downstream of a cascade of genes associated with risk for psychiatric disorders, and dysfunction of Egr3 itself has been implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. As an activity-dependent transcription factor, EGR3 is poised to regulate the neuronal expression of target genes in response to environmental events. In the current study, we sought to identify a downstream target of EGR3 with the goal of further elucidating genes in this biological pathway relevant for psychiatric illness risk. We used electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS) to induce high-level expression of IEGs in the brain, and conducted expression microarray to identify genes differentially regulated in the hippocampus of Egr3-deficient (-/-) mice compared to their wildtype (WT) littermates. Our results replicated previous work showing that ECS induces high-level expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) in the hippocampus of WT mice. However, we found that this induction is absent in Egr3-/- mice. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validated the microarray results (performed in males) and replicated the findings in two separate cohorts of female mice. Follow-up studies of activity-dependent Bdnf exons demonstrated that ECS-induced expression of both exons IV and VI requires Egr3. In situ hybridization demonstrated high-level cellular expression of Bdnf in the hippocampal dentate gyrus following ECS in WT, but not Egr3-/-, mice. Bdnf promoter analysis revealed eight putative EGR3 binding sites in the Bdnf promoter, suggesting a mechanism through which EGR3 may directly regulate Bdnf gene expression. These findings do not appear to result from a defect in the development of hippocampal neurons in Egr3-/- mice, as cell counts in tissue sections stained with anti-NeuN antibodies, a neuron-specific marker, did not differ between Egr3-/- and WT mice. In addition, Sholl analysis and counts of dendritic spines in golgi-stained hippocampal sections revealed no difference in dendritic morphology or synaptic spine density in Egr3-/-, compared to WT, mice. These findings indicate that Egr3 is required for ECS-induced expression of Bdnf in the hippocampus and suggest that Bdnf may be a downstream gene in our previously identified biologically pathway for psychiatric illness susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly T Meyers
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Ketan K Marballi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Samuel J Brunwasser
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Briana Renda
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Milad Charbel
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Barrett, The Honors college, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Diano F Marrone
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Amelia L Gallitano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Kielbinski M, Setkowicz Z, Gzielo K, Janeczko K. Profiles of gene expression in the hippocampal formation of rats with experimentally-induced brain dysplasia. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:718-735. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kielbinski
- Department of Neuroanatomy; Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9; Krakow 30-387 Poland
| | - Zuzanna Setkowicz
- Department of Neuroanatomy; Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9; Krakow 30-387 Poland
| | - Kinga Gzielo
- Department of Neuroanatomy; Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9; Krakow 30-387 Poland
| | - Krzysztof Janeczko
- Department of Neuroanatomy; Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9; Krakow 30-387 Poland
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38
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Maynard KR, Hobbs JW, Rajpurohit SK, Martinowich K. Electroconvulsive seizures influence dendritic spine morphology and BDNF expression in a neuroendocrine model of depression. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:856-859. [PMID: 29674117 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a rapid and effective treatment for major depressive disorder. Chronic stress-induced depression causes dendrite atrophy and deficiencies in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which are reversed by anti-depressant drugs. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an animal model of ECT, robustly increase BDNF expression and stimulate dendritic outgrowth. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to understand cellular and molecular plasticity mechanisms contributing to the efficacy of ECS following chronic stress-induced depression. METHODS We quantify Bdnf transcript levels and dendritic spine density and morphology on cortical pyramidal neurons in mice exposed to vehicle or corticosterone and receiving either Sham or ECS treatment. RESULTS ECS rescues corticosterone-induced defects in spine morphology and elevates Bdnf exon 1 and exon 4-containing transcripts in cortex. CONCLUSIONS Dendritic spine remodeling and induction of activity-induced BDNF in the cortex represent important cellular and molecular plasticity mechanisms underlying the efficacy of ECS for treatment of chronic stress-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Maynard
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - John W Hobbs
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Sumita K Rajpurohit
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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39
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Pinna M, Manchia M, Oppo R, Scano F, Pillai G, Loche AP, Salis P, Minnai GP. Clinical and biological predictors of response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a review. Neurosci Lett 2018; 669:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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40
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Eisinger BE, Zhao X. Identifying molecular mediators of environmentally enhanced neurogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 371:7-21. [PMID: 29127518 PMCID: PMC5826587 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis occurs throughout life and supports healthy brain functions. The production of new neurons decreases with age, and deficiencies in adult neurogenesis are associated with neurodevelopmental and degenerative disease. The rate of neurogenesis is dynamically sensitive to an individual's environmental conditions and experiences, and certain stimuli are known robustly to enhance neurogenesis in rodent models, including voluntary exercise, enriched environment, and electroconvulsive shock. In these models, information about an organism's environment and physiological state are relayed to neurogenic cell types within the hippocampus through a series of tissue and cellular interfaces, ultimately eliciting a neurogenic response from neural stem cells and newborn neurons. Therefore, an understanding of the way that novel genes and proteins act in specific cell types within this circuit-level context is of scientific and therapeutic value. Several well-studied neurotrophic factors have been implicated in environmentally enhanced neurogenesis. This review highlights recently discovered, novel molecular mediators of neurogenesis in response to environmental cues and summarizes the contribution of advanced, large-scale gene expression and function assessment technology to past, present, and future efforts aimed at elucidating cell-type-specific molecular mediators of environmentally enhanced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Eisinger
- Waisman Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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41
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Shan W, Nagai T, Tanaka M, Itoh N, Furukawa-Hibi Y, Nabeshima T, Sokabe M, Yamada K. Neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4) controls neuronal homeostasis in pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy through the induction of Homer1a. J Neurochem 2017; 145:19-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shan
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Motoki Tanaka
- Mechanobiology Laboratory; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Norimichi Itoh
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoko Furukawa-Hibi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory; Graduate School of Health Sciences; Fujita Health University; Toyoake Japan
- Aino University; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Mechanobiology Laboratory; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
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42
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Jiang H, Chen S, Lu N, Yue Y, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Liang J, Yuan Y. Reduced serum VGF levels were reversed by antidepressant treatment in depressed patients. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28635540 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1224923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES VGF, a non-acronymic neuropeptide, is important in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and in the functioning and efficacy of some antidepressant drugs. In this study we assessed whether serum VGF levels change in MDD patients and if antidepressant treatments can restore these changes. METHODS We measured serum VGF concentrations using sandwich ELISA in drug-free MDD patients before treatment began (n = 26) and at 8 weeks after antidepressant treatment (n = 26) with escitalopram and duloxetine, two common antidepressants. The severity of depression was assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). RESULTS VGF serum levels were significantly lower in MDD patients compared to controls (P = .002), even after controlling for the effects of age and education (P = .037), and they were reversed by 8 weeks of drug treatment (P < .0001). Both escitalopram and duloxetine restored the decreased serum VGF levels (P < .05). We observed no correlation between VGF levels and HDRS scores in pre-treatment MDD patients (P = .879). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that VGF may be implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD and in the mechanisms underlying the action of antidepressants, and serum VGF may be regarded as a trait parameter for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Jiang
- a Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry , ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Institute of Psychosomatics , Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Suzhen Chen
- a Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry , ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Institute of Psychosomatics , Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Na Lu
- a Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry , ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Institute of Psychosomatics , Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yingying Yue
- a Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry , ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Institute of Psychosomatics , Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yingying Yin
- a Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry , ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Institute of Psychosomatics , Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yuqun Zhang
- a Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry , ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Institute of Psychosomatics , Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- a Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry , ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Institute of Psychosomatics , Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Liang
- a Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry , ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Institute of Psychosomatics , Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- a Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry , ZhongDa Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China.,b Institute of Psychosomatics , Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing , P.R. China
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Miskowiak KW, Macoveanu J, Jørgensen MB, Støttrup MM, Ott CV, Jensen HM, Jørgensen A, Harmer J, Paulson OB, Kessing LV, Siebner HR. Neural Response After a Single ECT Session During Retrieval of Emotional Self-Referent Words in Depression: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled fMRI Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 21:226-235. [PMID: 29718333 PMCID: PMC5838818 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative neurocognitive bias is a core feature of depression that is reversed by antidepressant drug treatment. However, it is unclear whether modulation of neurocognitive bias is a common mechanism of distinct biological treatments. This randomized controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging study explored the effects of a single electroconvulsive therapy session on self-referent emotional processing. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder were randomized to one active or sham electroconvulsive therapy session at the beginning of their electroconvulsive therapy course in a double-blind, between-groups design. The following day, patients were given a self-referential emotional word categorization test and a free recall test. This was followed by an incidental word recognition task during whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. Mood was assessed at baseline, on the functional magnetic resonance imaging day, and after 6 electroconvulsive therapy sessions. Data were complete and analyzed for 25 patients (electroconvulsive therapy: n = 14, sham: n = 11). The functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed using the FMRIB Software Library randomize algorithm, and the Threshold-Free Cluster Enhancement method was used to identify significant clusters (corrected at P < .05). RESULTS A single electroconvulsive therapy session had no effect on hippocampal activity during retrieval of emotional words. However, electroconvulsive therapy reduced the retrieval-specific neural response for positive words in the left frontopolar cortex. This effect occurred in the absence of differences between groups in behavioral performance or mood symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The observed effect of electroconvulsive therapy on prefrontal response may reflect early facilitation of memory for positive self-referent information, which could contribute to improvements in depressive symptoms including feelings of self-worth with repeated treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla W Miskowiak
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Correspondence: Kamilla W. Miskowiak, DPhil, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark ()
| | - Julian Macoveanu
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark,Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen
| | - Martin B Jørgensen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Støttrup
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline V Ott
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Jørgensen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf B Paulson
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark,Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen,Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars V Kessing
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark,Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark
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Carmichael RE, Henley JM. Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of Arc in synaptic plasticity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 77:3-9. [PMID: 28890422 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the most interesting features of Arc-dependent synaptic plasticity is how multiple types of synaptic activity can converge to alter Arc transcription and then diverge to induce different plasticity outcomes, ranging from AMPA receptor internalisation that promotes long-term depression (LTD), to actin stabilisation that promotes long-term potentiation (LTP). This diversity suggests that there must be numerous levels of control to ensure the temporal profile, abundance, localisation and function of Arc are appropriately regulated to effect learning and memory in the correct contexts. The activity-dependent transcription and post-translational modification of Arc are crucial regulators of synaptic plasticity, fine-tuning the function of this key protein depending on the specific situation. The extensive cross-talk between signalling pathways and the numerous routes of Arc regulation provide a complex interplay of processes in which Arc-mediated plasticity can be broadly induced, but specifically tailored to synaptic activity. Here we provide an overview what is currently known about these processes and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Carmichael
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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45
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Miskowiak KW, Kessing LV, Ott CV, Macoveanu J, Harmer CJ, Jørgensen A, Revsbech R, Jensen HM, Paulson OB, Siebner HR, Jørgensen MB. Does a single session of electroconvulsive therapy alter the neural response to emotional faces in depression? A randomised sham-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1215-1224. [PMID: 28351201 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117699615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Negative neurocognitive bias is a core feature of major depressive disorder that is reversed by pharmacological and psychological treatments. This double-blind functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated for the first time whether electroconvulsive therapy modulates negative neurocognitive bias in major depressive disorder. Patients with major depressive disorder were randomised to one active ( n=15) or sham electroconvulsive therapy ( n=12). The following day they underwent whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T while viewing emotional faces and performed facial expression recognition and dot-probe tasks. A single electroconvulsive therapy session had no effect on amygdala response to emotional faces. Whole-brain analysis revealed no effects of electroconvulsive therapy versus sham therapy after family-wise error correction at the cluster level, using a cluster-forming threshold of Z>3.1 ( p<0.001) to secure family-wise error <5%. Groups showed no differences in behavioural measures, mood and medication. Exploratory cluster-corrected whole-brain analysis ( Z>2.3; p<0.01) revealed electroconvulsive therapy-induced changes in parahippocampal and superior frontal responses to fearful versus happy faces as well as in fear-specific functional connectivity between amygdala and occipito-temporal regions. Across all patients, greater fear-specific amygdala - occipital coupling correlated with lower fear vigilance. Despite no statistically significant shift in neural response to faces after a single electroconvulsive therapy session, the observed trend changes after a single electroconvulsive therapy session point to an early shift in emotional processing that may contribute to antidepressant effects of electroconvulsive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla W Miskowiak
- 1 Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,2 Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lars V Kessing
- 1 Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline V Ott
- 1 Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julian Macoveanu
- 1 Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,3 Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Jørgensen
- 1 Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Revsbech
- 1 Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans M Jensen
- 5 Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Denmark
| | - Olaf B Paulson
- 2 Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,3 Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,6 Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- 2 Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,3 Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,7 Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin B Jørgensen
- 1 Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Singh A, Kar SK. How Electroconvulsive Therapy Works?: Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 15:210-221. [PMID: 28783929 PMCID: PMC5565084 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a time tested treatment modality for the management of various psychiatric disorders. There have been a lot of modifications in the techniques of delivering ECT over decades. Despite lots of criticisms encountered, ECT has still been used commonly in clinical practice due to its safety and efficacy. Research evidences found multiple neuro-biological mechanisms for the therapeutic effect of ECT. ECT brings about various neuro-physiological as well as neuro-chemical changes in the macro- and micro-environment of the brain. Diverse changes involving expression of genes, functional connectivity, neurochemicals, permeability of blood-brain-barrier, alteration in immune system has been suggested to be responsible for the therapeutic effects of ECT. This article reviews different neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Sujita Kumar Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
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Jang SS, Jeong HG, Chung HJ. Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28829421 DOI: 10.3791/56016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) is an experimental animal model of electroconvulsive therapy, the most effective treatment for severe depression. ECS induces generalized tonic-clonic seizures with low mortality and neuronal death and is a widely-used model to screen anti-epileptic drugs. Here, we describe an ECS induction method in which a brief 55-mA current is delivered for 0.5 s to male rats 200 - 250 g in weight via ear-clip electrodes. Such bilateral stimulation produced stage 4 - 5 clonic seizures that lasted about 10 s. After the cessation of acute or chronic ECS, most rats recovered to be behaviorally indistinguishable from sham "no seizure" rats. Because ECS globally elevates brain activity, it has also been used to examine activity-dependent alterations of synaptic proteins and their effects on synaptic strength using multiple methods. In particular, subcellular fractionation of the postsynaptic density (PSD) in combination with Western blotting allows for the quantitative determination of the abundance of synaptic proteins at this specialized synaptic structure. In contrast to a previous fractionation method that requires large amount of rodent brains, we describe here a small-scale fractionation method to isolate the PSD from the hippocampi of a single rat, without sucrose gradient centrifugation. Using this method, we show that the isolated PSD fraction contains postsynaptic membrane proteins, including PSD95, GluN2B, and GluA2. Presynaptic marker synaptophysin and soluble cytoplasmic protein α-tubulin were excluded from the PSD fraction, demonstrating successful PSD isolation. Furthermore, chronic ECS decreased GluN2B expression in the PSD, indicating that our small-scale PSD fractionation method can be applied to detect the changes in hippocampal PSD proteins from a single rat after genetic, pharmacological, or mechanical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Soo Jang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Han Gil Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
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Han D, Qiao Z, Chen L, Qiu X, Fang D, Yang X, Ma J, Chen M, Yang J, Wang L, Zhu X, Zhang C, Yang Y, Pan H. Interactions between the vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphism and life events in susceptibility to major depressive disorder in a Chinese population. J Affect Disord 2017; 217:295-298. [PMID: 28448948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in the development of major depressive disorder. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphism (+405G/C, rs2010963) and negative life events in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS DNA genotyping was performed on peripheral blood leukocytes in 274 patients with MDD and 273 age-and sex-matched controls. The frequency and severity of negative life events were assessed by the Life Events Scale (LES). A logistics method was employed to assess the gene-environment interaction (G×E). RESULTS Differences in rs2010963 genotype distributions were observed between MDD patients and controls. Significant G×E interactions between allelic variation of rs2010963 and negative life events were observed. Individuals carrying the C alleles were susceptible to MDD only when exposed to high-negative life events. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that interactions between the VEGF rs2010963 polymorphism and environment increases the risk of developing MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Department of Medical Psychology, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhengxue Qiao
- Department of Medical Psychology, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Department of Medical Psychology, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Deyu Fang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, United States
| | - Xiuxian Yang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jingsong Ma
- Department of Medical Psychology, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mingqi Chen
- Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiarun Yang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province, China
| | - Congpei Zhang
- The First Special Hospital of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Hui Pan
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Medina-Ceja L, García-Barba C. The glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and MPEP decrease fast ripple events in rats treated with kainic acid. Neurosci Lett 2017; 655:137-142. [PMID: 28673833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast ripples (FR) are high frequency oscillations (250-600Hz) that have been associated with epilepsy. FR are assumed to be generated in small areas of the hippocampus (1mm3) that contain pathologically interconnected glutamate pyramidal cell clusters. Additionally, a relation between glutamate neurotransmission and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainite (AMPA/KA) and metabotropic mGluR5 receptors is well established. Therefore, we hypothesized that antagonism of these glutamate receptors would decrease FR activity. For this propose, we induced status epilepticus with a kainic acid injection in the posterior right hippocampus and performed intracranial EEG recordings to detect and evaluate the presence of FR 15days after the injection. The glutamate AMPA/KA receptor antagonist CNQX (10mg/kg) and the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP (20mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally, and the effects of the drugs were evaluated for a period of three hours after their administration. The results show a decrease in the number of FR in the first hour after drug administration in both cases (CNQX, p=0.0125; MPEP, p=0.0132) and a return to basal values in the third hour of the experiment, but not significant differences in the number of oscillations per event of FR, and the frequency and duration of each event of FR. We therefore conclude that blockade of AMPA/KA and mGluR5 receptors transiently decreases the generation of FR; however, the mechanisms by which this effect is achieved are to be further analyzed in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Ceja
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Carla García-Barba
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Neuroprotective Effect of Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2017; 205:480-486. [PMID: 28141630 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) treatment for drug-resistant and catatonic schizophrenia remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate whether MECT exerts its antipsychotic effects through elevating N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentration measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS). Multiple-voxel H-MRS was acquired in the bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and thalamus to obtain measures of neurochemistry in 32 MECT, 34 atypical antipsychotic-treated schizophrenic patients, and 34 healthy controls. We found that both MECT and atypical antipsychotic treatments showed significant antipsychotic efficacy. MECT and atypical antipsychotic treatments reversed the reduced NAA/creatine ratio (NAA/Cr) in the left PFC and left thalamus in schizophrenic patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, the NAA/Cr ratio after treatments was significant higher in the MECT group, but not in the medication group. Our findings demonstrate that eight times of MECT elevated the relative NAA concentration to display neuroprotective effect, which may be the underlying mechanism of rapid antipsychotic efficacy.
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