1
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Carretero-Guillén A, Treviño M, Gómez-Climent MÁ, Dogbevia GK, Bertocchi I, Sprengel R, Larkum ME, Vlachos A, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM, Hasan MT. Dentate gyrus is needed for memory retrieval. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02546-0. [PMID: 38609585 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus is crucial for acquiring and retrieving episodic and contextual memories. In previous studies, the inactivation of dentate gyrus (DG) neurons by chemogenetic- and optogenetic-mediated hyperpolarization led to opposing conclusions about DG's role in memory retrieval. One study used Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD)-mediated clozapine N-oxide (CNO)-induced hyperpolarization and reported that the previously formed memory was erased, thus concluding that denate gyrus is needed for memory maintenance. The other study used optogenetic with halorhodopsin induced hyperpolarization and reported and dentate gyrus is needed for memory retrieval. We hypothesized that this apparent discrepancy could be due to the length of hyperpolarization in previous studies; minutes by optogenetics and several hours by DREADD/CNO. Since hyperpolarization interferes with anterograde and retrograde neuronal signaling, it is possible that the memory engram in the dentate gyrus and the entorhinal to hippocampus trisynaptic circuit was erased by long-term, but not with short-term hyperpolarization. We developed and applied an advanced chemogenetic technology to selectively silence synaptic output by blocking neurotransmitter release without hyperpolarizing DG neurons to explore this apparent discrepancy. We performed in vivo electrophysiology during trace eyeblink in a rabbit model of associative learning. Our work shows that the DG output is required for memory retrieval. Based on previous and recent findings, we propose that the actively functional anterograde and retrograde neuronal signaling is necessary to preserve synaptic memory engrams along the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carretero-Guillén
- Division of Neuroscience, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Mario Treviño
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44130, México
| | | | - Godwin K Dogbevia
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ilaria Bertocchi
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neuroscience, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Mazahir T Hasan
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
- NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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2
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Forte N, Nicois A, Marfella B, Mavaro I, D'Angelo L, Piscitelli F, Scandurra A, De Girolamo P, Baldelli P, Benfenati F, Di Marzo V, Cristino L. Early endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of excitation delays the appearance of the epileptic phenotype in synapsin II knockout mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:37. [PMID: 38214769 PMCID: PMC11072294 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the transition from the pre-symptomatic to the symptomatic state is a crucial aspect of epileptogenesis. SYN2 is a member of a multigene family of synaptic vesicle phosphoproteins playing a fundamental role in controlling neurotransmitter release. Human SYN2 gene mutations are associated with epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder. Mice knocked out for synapsin II (SynII KO) are prone to epileptic seizures that appear after 2 months of age. However, the involvement of the endocannabinoid system, known to regulate seizure development and propagation, in the modulation of the excitatory/inhibitory balance in the epileptic hippocampal network of SynII KO mice has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the impact of endocannabinoids on glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses at hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells in young pre-symptomatic (1-2 months old) and adult symptomatic (5-8 months old) SynII KO mice. We observed an increase in endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of excitation in young SynII KO mice, compared to age-matched wild-type controls. In contrast, the endocannabinoid-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition remained unchanged in SynII KO mice at both ages. This selective alteration of excitatory synaptic transmission was accompanied by changes in hippocampal endocannabinoid levels and cannabinoid receptor type 1 distribution among glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic terminals contacting the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Finally, inhibition of type-1 cannabinoid receptors in young pre-symptomatic SynII KO mice induced seizures during a tail suspension test. Our results suggest that endocannabinoids contribute to maintaining network stability in a genetic mouse model of human epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Forte
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Alessandro Nicois
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Brenda Marfella
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Isabella Mavaro
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo De Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Baldelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Heart and Lung Research Institute of Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
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3
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Kouchaeknejad A, Van Der Walt G, De Donato MH, Puighermanal E. Imaging and Genetic Tools for the Investigation of the Endocannabinoid System in the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15829. [PMID: 37958825 PMCID: PMC10648052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders present an increasing cause of global morbidity, mortality, and high pressure on our healthcare system, there is an urgent need for new insights and treatment options. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a critical network of endogenous compounds, receptors, and enzymes that contribute to CNS development and regulation. Given its multifaceted involvement in neurobiology and its significance in various CNS disorders, the ECS as a whole is considered a promising therapeutic target. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the ECS's role in the CNS, its complex architecture and extensive crosstalk with other biological systems present challenges for research and clinical advancements. To bridge these knowledge gaps and unlock the full therapeutic potential of ECS interventions in CNS-related disorders, a plethora of molecular-genetic tools have been developed in recent years. Here, we review some of the most impactful tools for investigating the neurological aspects of the ECS. We first provide a brief introduction to the ECS components, including cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids, and metabolic enzymes, emphasizing their complexity. This is followed by an exploration of cutting-edge imaging tools and genetic models aimed at elucidating the roles of these principal ECS components. Special emphasis is placed on their relevance in the context of CNS and its associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emma Puighermanal
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.K.); (G.V.D.W.); (M.H.D.D.)
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4
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Oddi S, Fiorenza MT, Maccarrone M. Endocannabinoid signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis: A mechanistic and integrated perspective. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101239. [PMID: 37385352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus continuously gives rise to new neurons, namely, adult-born granule cells, which contribute to conferring plasticity to the mature brain throughout life. Within this neurogenic region, the fate and behavior of neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny result from a complex balance and integration of a variety of cell-autonomous and cell-to-cell-interaction signals and underlying pathways. Among these structurally and functionally diverse signals, there are endocannabinoids (eCBs), the main brain retrograde messengers. These pleiotropic bioactive lipids can directly and/or indirectly influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) by modulating, both positively and negatively, multiple molecular and cellular processes in the hippocampal niche, depending on the cell type or stage of differentiation. Firstly, eCBs act directly as cell-intrinsic factors, cell-autonomously produced by NSCs following their stimulation. Secondly, in many, if not all, niche-associated cells, including some local neuronal and nonneuronal elements, the eCB system indirectly modulates the neurogenesis, linking neuronal and glial activity to regulating distinct stages of AHN. Herein, we discuss the crosstalk of the eCB system with other neurogenesis-relevant signal pathways and speculate how the hippocampus-dependent neurobehavioral effects elicited by (endo)cannabinergic medications are interpretable in light of the key regulatory role that eCBs play on AHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Oddi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Division of Neuroscience and "Daniel Bovet" Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio Snc, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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5
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Maroto IB, Costas-Insua C, Berthoux C, Moreno E, Ruiz-Calvo A, Montero-Fernández C, Macías-Camero A, Martín R, García-Font N, Sánchez-Prieto J, Marsicano G, Bellocchio L, Canela EI, Casadó V, Galve-Roperh I, Núñez Á, Fernández de Sevilla D, Rodríguez-Crespo I, Castillo PE, Guzmán M. Control of a hippocampal recurrent excitatory circuit by cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein Gap43. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2303. [PMID: 37085487 PMCID: PMC10121561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) is widely expressed in excitatory and inhibitory nerve terminals, and by suppressing neurotransmitter release, its activation modulates neural circuits and brain function. While the interaction of CB1R with various intracellular proteins is thought to alter receptor signaling, the identity and role of these proteins are poorly understood. Using a high-throughput proteomic analysis complemented with an array of in vitro and in vivo approaches in the mouse brain, we report that the C-terminal, intracellular domain of CB1R interacts specifically with growth-associated protein of 43 kDa (GAP43). The CB1R-GAP43 interaction occurs selectively at mossy cell axon boutons, which establish excitatory synapses with dentate granule cells in the hippocampus. This interaction impairs CB1R-mediated suppression of mossy cell to granule cell transmission, thereby inhibiting cannabinoid-mediated anti-convulsant activity in mice. Thus, GAP43 acts as a synapse type-specific regulatory partner of CB1R that hampers CB1R-mediated effects on hippocampal circuit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene B Maroto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Costas-Insua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coralie Berthoux
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Calvo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Montero-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Macías-Camero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Font
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sánchez-Prieto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Enric I Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Núñez
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma University, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández de Sevilla
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma University, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rodríguez-Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Seelman A, Vu K, Buckmaster P, Mackie K, Field C, Johnson S, Wyeth M. Cannabinoid receptor 1-labeled boutons in the sclerotic dentate gyrus of epileptic sea lions. Epilepsy Res 2022; 184:106965. [PMID: 35724601 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pathology in the dentate gyrus, including sclerosis, is a hallmark of temporal lobe epilepsy, and reduced inhibition to dentate granule cells may contribute to epileptogenesis. The perisomatic-targeting axonal boutons of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons decrease in proportion with granule cells in temporal lobe epilepsy. In contrast, dendrite-targeting axonal boutons of somatostatin-expressing interneurons sprout exuberantly in temporal lobe epilepsy. A third major class of GABAergic interneurons expresses cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) on their terminal boutons, but there is conflicting evidence as to whether these boutons are increased or decreased in temporal lobe epilepsy. Naturally occurring temporal lobe epilepsy in California sea lions, with unilateral or bilateral sclerosis, offers the benefit of neuroanatomy and neuropathology akin to humans, but with the advantage that the entirety of both hippocampi from control and epileptic brains can be studied. Stereological quantification in the dentate gyrus revealed that sclerotic hippocampi from epileptic sea lions had fewer CB1-labeled boutons than controls. However, the reduction in the number of granule cells was greater, resulting in increased CB1-labeled boutons per granule cell in sclerotic hippocampi at temporal levels. This suggests that although CB1-expressing boutons are decreased in sclerotic dentate gyri, surviving cells have enhanced innervation from these boutons in epileptic sea lions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Seelman
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Kristina Vu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 602 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Paul Buckmaster
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Gill Centre for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, 702 North Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cara Field
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA
| | - Shawn Johnson
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA
| | - Megan Wyeth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Beeson KA, Westbrook GL, Schnell E. α2δ-2 is required for depolarization-induced suppression of excitation in Purkinje cells. J Physiol 2022; 600:111-122. [PMID: 34783012 PMCID: PMC8724408 DOI: 10.1113/jp282438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
α2δ proteins (CACNA2D1-4) are required for normal neurological function and contribute to membrane trafficking of voltage-gated calcium channels, through which calcium entry initiates numerous physiological processes. However, it remains unclear how α2δ proteins influence calcium-mediated signalling to control neuronal output. Using whole-cell recordings of mouse Purkinje cells, we show that α2δ-2 is required for functional coupling of postsynaptic voltage-dependent calcium entry with calcium-dependent effector mechanisms controlling two different outputs, depolarization-induced suppression of excitation and spike afterhyperpolarization. Our findings indicate an important role for α2δ-2 proteins in regulating functional postsynaptic calcium channel coupling in neurons, providing new context for understanding the effects of α2δ mutations on neuronal circuit function and presenting additional potential avenues to manipulate α2δ-mediated signalling for therapeutic gain. KEY POINTS: Calcium influx, via voltage-dependent calcium channels, drives numerous neuronal signalling processes with precision achieved in part by tight coupling between calcium entry and calcium-dependent effectors. α2δ proteins are important for neurological function and contribute to calcium channel membrane trafficking, although how α2δ proteins influence postsynaptic calcium-dependent signalling is largely unexplored. Here it is shown that loss of α2δ-2 proteins disrupts functional calcium coupling to two different postsynaptic calcium-dependent signals in mouse Purkinje cell neurons, retrograde endocannabinoid signalling and the action potential afterhyperpolarization. The findings provide new insights into the control of calcium coupling as well as new roles for α2δ-2 proteins in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. Beeson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239
| | | | - Eric Schnell
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239,Operative Care Division, Portland VA Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239,Eric Schnell, MD, PhD,
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8
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Patzke C, Dai J, Brockmann MM, Sun Z, Fenske P, Rosenmund C, Südhof TC. Cannabinoid receptor activation acutely increases synaptic vesicle numbers by activating synapsins in human synapses. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6253-6268. [PMID: 33931733 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabinoid drugs are central agents that are used widely recreationally and are employed broadly for treating psychiatric conditions. Cannabinoids primarily act by stimulating presynaptic CB1 receptors (CB1Rs), the most abundant G-protein-coupled receptors in brain. CB1R activation decreases neurotransmitter release by inhibiting presynaptic Ca2+ channels and induces long-term plasticity by decreasing cellular cAMP levels. Here we identified an unanticipated additional mechanism of acute cannabinoid signaling in presynaptic terminals that regulates the size of synaptic vesicle pools available for neurotransmitter release. Specifically, we show that activation of CB1Rs in human and mouse neurons rapidly recruits vesicles to nerve terminals by suppressing the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of synapsins. We confirmed this unanticipated mechanism using conditional deletion of synapsin-1, the predominant synapsin isoform in human neurons, demonstrating that synapsin-1 significantly contributes to the CB1R-dependent regulation of neurotransmission. Interestingly, acute activation of the Gi-DREADD hM4D mimics the effect of CB1R activation in a synapsin-1-dependent manner, suggesting that the control of synaptic vesicle numbers by synapsin-1 phosphorylation is a general presynaptic mechanism of neuromodulation. Thus, we uncovered a CB1R-dependent presynaptic mechanism that rapidly regulates the organization and neurotransmitter release properties of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Patzke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, 109A Galvin Life Science Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
| | - Jinye Dai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marisa M Brockmann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zijun Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pascal Fenske
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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9
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Multiple cannabinoid signaling cascades powerfully suppress recurrent excitation in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017590118. [PMID: 33468648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017590118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent excitatory neural networks are unstable. In the hippocampus, excitatory mossy cells (MCs) receive strong excitatory inputs from dentate granule cells (GCs) and project back onto the proximal dendrites of GCs. By targeting the ipsi- and contralateral dentate gyrus (DG) along the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus, MCs form an extensive recurrent excitatory circuit (GC-MC-GC) whose dysregulation can promote epilepsy. We recently reported that a physiologically relevant pattern of MC activity induces a robust form of presynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) of MC-GC transmission which enhances GC output. Left unchecked, this LTP may interfere with DG-dependent learning, like pattern separation-which relies on sparse GC firing-and may even facilitate epileptic activity. Intriguingly, MC axons display uniquely high expression levels of type-1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs), but their role at MC-GC synapses is poorly understood. Using rodent hippocampal slices, we report that constitutively active CB1Rs, presumably via βγ subunits, selectively inhibited MC inputs onto GCs but not MC inputs onto inhibitory interneurons or CB1R-sensitive inhibitory inputs onto GCs. Tonic CB1R activity also inhibited LTP and GC output. Furthermore, brief endocannabinoid release from GCs dampened MC-GC LTP in two mechanistically distinct ways: during induction via βγ signaling and before induction via αi/o signaling in a form of presynaptic metaplasticity. Lastly, a single in vivo exposure to exogenous cannabinoids was sufficient to induce this presynaptic metaplasticity. By dampening excitatory transmission and plasticity, tonic and phasic CB1R activity at MC axon terminals may preserve the sparse nature of the DG and protect against runaway excitation.
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10
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Egaña-Huguet J, Bonilla-Del Río I, Gómez-Urquijo SM, Mimenza A, Saumell-Esnaola M, Borrega-Roman L, García Del Caño G, Sallés J, Puente N, Gerrikagoitia I, Elezgarai I, Grandes P. The Absence of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Directly Impacts on the Expression and Localization of the Endocannabinoid System in the Mouse Hippocampus. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:645940. [PMID: 33692673 PMCID: PMC7937815 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.645940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective ligand-gated cation channel involved in synaptic transmission, plasticity, and brain pathology. In the hippocampal dentate gyrus, TRPV1 localizes to dendritic spines and dendrites postsynaptic to excitatory synapses in the molecular layer (ML). At these same synapses, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) activated by exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids localizes to the presynaptic terminals. Hence, as both receptors are activated by endogenous anandamide, co-localize, and mediate long-term depression of the excitatory synaptic transmission at the medial perforant path (MPP) excitatory synapses though by different mechanisms, it is plausible that they might be exerting a reciprocal influence from their opposite synaptic sites. In this anatomical scenario, we tested whether the absence of TRPV1 affects the endocannabinoid system. The results obtained using biochemical techniques and immunoelectron microscopy in a mouse with the genetic deletion of TRPV1 show that the expression and localization of components of the endocannabinoid system, included CB1R, change upon the constitutive absence of TRPV1. Thus, the expression of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) drastically increased in TRPV1-/- whole homogenates. Furthermore, CB1R and MAGL decreased and the cannabinoid receptor interacting protein 1a (CRIP1a) increased in TRPV1-/- synaptosomes. Also, CB1R positive excitatory terminals increased, the number of excitatory terminals decreased, and CB1R particles dropped significantly in inhibitory terminals in the dentate ML of TRPV1-/- mice. In the outer 2/3 ML of the TRPV1-/- mutants, the proportion of CB1R particles decreased in dendrites, and increased in excitatory terminals and astrocytes. In the inner 1/3 ML, the proportion of labeling increased in excitatory terminals, neuronal mitochondria, and dendrites. Altogether, these observations indicate the existence of compensatory changes in the endocannabinoid system upon TRPV1 removal, and endorse the importance of the potential functional adaptations derived from the lack of TRPV1 in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Egaña-Huguet
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Itziar Bonilla-Del Río
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Sonia M Gómez-Urquijo
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Amaia Mimenza
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Miquel Saumell-Esnaola
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, CIBERSAM, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Leire Borrega-Roman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, CIBERSAM, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Gontzal García Del Caño
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Joan Sallés
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, CIBERSAM, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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11
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Wang W, Jia Y, Pham DT, Palmer LC, Jung KM, Cox CD, Rumbaugh G, Piomelli D, Gall CM, Lynch G. Atypical Endocannabinoid Signaling Initiates a New Form of Memory-Related Plasticity at a Cortical Input to Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2253-2266. [PMID: 28520937 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (ECBs) depress transmitter release at sites throughout the brain. Here, we describe another form of ECB signaling that triggers a novel form of long-term potentiation (LTP) localized to the lateral perforant path (LPP) which conveys semantic information from cortex to hippocampus. Two cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) signaling cascades were identified in hippocampus. The first is pregnenolone sensitive, targets vesicular protein Munc18-1 and depresses transmitter release; this cascade is engaged by CB1Rs in Schaffer-Commissural afferents to CA1 but not in the LPP, and it does not contribute to LTP. The second cascade is pregnenolone insensitive and LPP specific; it entails co-operative CB1R/β1-integrin signaling to effect synaptic potentiation via stable enhancement of transmitter release. The latter cascade is engaged during LPP-dependent learning. These results link atypical ECB signaling to the encoding of a fundamental component of episodic memory and suggest a novel route whereby endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids affect cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yousheng Jia
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Danielle T Pham
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Linda C Palmer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Conor D Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Drug Discovery and Development, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Christine M Gall
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gary Lynch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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12
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Martínez-Torres S, Cutando L, Pastor A, Kato A, Sakimura K, de la Torre R, Valjent E, Maldonado R, Kano M, Ozaita A. Monoacylglycerol lipase blockade impairs fine motor coordination and triggers cerebellar neuroinflammation through cyclooxygenase-2. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:399-409. [PMID: 31251974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the main enzyme implicated in the degradation of the most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), producing arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol. MAGL pharmacological inhibition with JZL184 or genetic deletion results in an exacerbated 2-AG signaling and reduced synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs), due to the reduced AA precursor levels. We found that acute JZL184 administration, previously described to exert anti-inflammatory effects, and MAGL knockout (KO) mice display cerebellar, but not hippocampal, microglial reactivity, accompanied with increased expression of the mRNA levels of neuroinflammatory markers, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Notably, this neuroinflammatory phenotype correlated with relevant motor coordination impairment in the beam-walking and the footprint tests. Treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 during 5 days prevented the deficits in cerebellar function and the cerebellar microglia reactivity in MAGL KO, without affecting hippocampal reactivity. Altogether, this study reveals the brain region-specific response to MAGL inhibition, with an important role of COX-2 in the cerebellar deficits associated, which should be taken into account for the use of MAGL inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Torres
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cutando
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoni Pastor
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ako Kato
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Andrés Ozaita
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-NeuroPhar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Peñasco S, Rico-Barrio I, Puente N, Gómez-Urquijo SM, Fontaine CJ, Egaña-Huguet J, Achicallende S, Ramos A, Reguero L, Elezgarai I, Nahirney PC, Christie BR, Grandes P. Endocannabinoid long-term depression revealed at medial perforant path excitatory synapses in the dentate gyrus. Neuropharmacology 2019; 153:32-40. [PMID: 31022405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system modulates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, but a link between long-term synaptic plasticity and the type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor at medial perforant path (MPP) synapses remains elusive. Here, immuno-electron microscopy in adult mice showed that ∼26% of the excitatory synaptic terminals in the middle 1/3 of the dentate molecular layer (DML) contained CB1 receptors, and field excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by MPP stimulation were inhibited by CB1 receptor activation. In addition, MPP stimulation at 10 Hz for 10 min triggered CB1 receptor-dependent excitatory long-term depression (eCB-eLTD) at MPP synapses of wild-type mice but not on CB1-knockout mice. This eCB-eLTD was group I mGluR-dependent, required intracellular calcium influx and 2-arachydonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) synthesis but did not depend on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Overall, these results point to a functional role for CB1 receptors with eCB-eLTD at DML MPP synapses and further involve these receptors in memory processing within the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Peñasco
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Irantzu Rico-Barrio
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Sonia María Gómez-Urquijo
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Christine J Fontaine
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jon Egaña-Huguet
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Svein Achicallende
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Almudena Ramos
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Reguero
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Patrick C Nahirney
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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14
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Ruiz-Calvo A, Bajo-Grañeras R, Maroto IB, Zian D, Grabner GF, García-Taboada E, Resel E, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, Galve-Roperh I, Bellocchio L, Guzmán M. Astroglial monoacylglycerol lipase controls mutant huntingtin-induced damage of striatal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2019; 150:134-144. [PMID: 30914306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids exert neuroprotection in a wide array of preclinical models. A number of these studies has focused on cannabinoid CB1 receptors in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and the most characteristic MSN-degenerative disease, Huntington's disease (HD). Accruing evidence supports that astrocytes contribute to drive HD progression, and that they express CB1 receptors, degrade endocannabinoids, and modulate endocannabinergic transmission. However, the possible role of the astroglial endocannabinoid system in controlling MSN integrity remains unknown. Here, we show that JZL-184, a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the key enzyme that deactivates the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, prevented the mutant huntingtin-induced up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in primary mouse striatal astrocytes via CB1 receptors. To study the role of astroglial MGL in vivo, we injected stereotactically into the mouse dorsal striatum viral vectors that encode mutant or normal huntingtin under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. We observed that, in wild-type mice, pharmacological blockade of MGL with JZL-184 (8 mg/kg/day, i.p.) conferred neuroprotection against mutant huntingtin-induced striatal damage, as evidenced by the prevention of MSN loss, astrogliosis, and motor coordination impairment. We next found that conditional mutant mice bearing a genetic deletion of MGL selectively in astroglial cells (MGLfloxed/floxed;GFAP-Cre/+ mice) were resistant to mutant huntingtin-induced MSN loss, astrogliosis, and motor coordination impairment. Taken together, these data support that astroglial MGL controls the availability of a 2-arachidonoylglycerol pool that ensues protection of MSNs in the mouse striatum in vivo, thus providing a potential druggable target for reducing striatal neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruiz-Calvo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bajo-Grañeras
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene B Maroto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Debora Zian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elena García-Taboada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Resel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Bonilla-Del Rίo I, Puente N, Peñasco S, Rico I, Gutiérrez-Rodrίguez A, Elezgarai I, Ramos A, Reguero L, Gerrikagoitia I, Christie BR, Nahirney P, Grandes P. Adolescent ethanol intake alters cannabinoid type-1 receptor localization in astrocytes of the adult mouse hippocampus. Addict Biol 2019; 24:182-192. [PMID: 29168269 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid type-1 (CB1 ) receptors are widely distributed in the brain and play important roles in astrocyte function and the modulation of neuronal synaptic transmission and plasticity. However, it is currently unknown how CB1 receptor expression in astrocytes is affected by long-term exposure to stressors. Here we examined CB1 receptors in astrocytes of ethanol (EtOH)-exposed adolescent mice to determine its effect on CB1 receptor localization and density in adult brain. 4-8-week-old male mice were exposed to 20 percent EtOH over a period of 4 weeks, and receptor localization was examined after 4 weeks in the hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum by pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy. Our results revealed a significant reduction in CB1 receptor immunoparticles in astrocytic processes of EtOH-exposed mice when compared with controls (positive astrocyte elements: 21.50 ± 2.80 percent versus 37.22 ± 3.12 percent, respectively), as well as a reduction in particle density (0.24 ± 0.02 versus 0.35 ± 0.02 particles/μm). The majority of CB1 receptor metal particles were in the range of 400-1200 nm from synaptic terminals in both control and EtOH. Altogether, the decrease in the CB1 receptor expression in hippocampal astrocytes of adult mice exposed to EtOH during adolescence reveals a long lasting effect of EtOH on astrocytic CB1 receptors. This deficiency may also have negative consequences for synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Bonilla-Del Rίo
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Sara Peñasco
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Irantzu Rico
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez-Rodrίguez
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Almudena Ramos
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Leire Reguero
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | | | | | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience; Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
- Division of Medical Sciences; University of Victoria; Canada
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16
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Uchigashima M, Cheung A, Suh J, Watanabe M, Futai K. Differential expression of neurexin genes in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1940-1965. [PMID: 30761534 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Synapses, highly specialized membrane junctions between neurons, connect presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites and postsynaptic ligand-gated channels. Neurexins (Nrxns), a family of presynaptic adhesion molecules, have been characterized as major regulators of synapse development and function. Via their extracellular domains, Nrxns bind to different postsynaptic proteins, generating highly diverse functional readouts through their postsynaptic binding partners. Not surprisingly given these versatile protein interactions, mutations and deletions of Nrxn genes have been identified in patients with autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disabilities, and schizophrenia. Therefore, elucidating the expression profiles of Nrxns in the brain is of high significance. Here, using chromogenic and fluorescent in situ hybridization, we characterize the expression patterns of Nrxn isoforms throughout the brain. We found that each Nrxn isoform displays a unique expression profile in a region-, cell type-, and sensory system-specific manner. Interestingly, we also found that αNrxn1 and αNrxn2 mRNAs are expressed in non-neuronal cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Lastly, we found diverse expression patterns of genes that encode Nrxn binding proteins, such as Neuroligins (Nlgns), Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal protein (Lrrtms) and Latrophilins (Adgrls), suggesting that Nrxn proteins can mediate numerous combinations of trans-synaptic interactions. Together, our anatomical profiling of Nrxn gene expression reflects the diverse roles of Nrxn molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motokazu Uchigashima
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Amy Cheung
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Suh
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kensuke Futai
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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17
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Yoshida K, Kita Y, Tokuoka SM, Hamano F, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Kano M, Shimizu T. Monoacylglycerol lipase deficiency affects diet-induced obesity, fat absorption, and feeding behavior in CB 1 cannabinoid receptor-deficient mice. FASEB J 2018; 33:2484-2497. [PMID: 30265576 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801203r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excess energy intake causes obesity, which leads to insulin resistance and various other complications of metabolic syndrome, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although recent studies have depicted altered lipid metabolism as an underlying feature, the detailed mechanisms are still unclear. Here we describe a possible role in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity for monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), an enzyme that is also known to hydrolyze the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in brain. MGL-deficient [MGL-knockout (KO)] mice fed a HFD gained less body weight than wild-type mice and were protected from insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Food intake and energy expenditure were not altered in MGL-KO mice, but blood triglyceride levels after oral olive oil gavage were suppressed, indicating a role for MGL in intestinal fat absorption. Experiments with cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1)/MGL double-KO mice revealed that these phenotypes may include mechanisms that are independent of CB1-receptor-mediated endocannabinoid functions. We also noted that MGL-KO mice had less preference for HFD over normal chow diet. Oral but not intraperitoneal lipid administration strongly suppressed the appetites of MGL-KO and CB1/MGL double-KO mice, but not of wild-type and CB1-KO mice. Appetite suppression was reversed by vagotomy, suggesting involvement of MGL in the gut-brain axis regulation of appetite. Our results provide mechanistic insights of MGL's role in diet-induced obesity, lipid metabolic disorder, and regulation of appetite.-Yoshida, K., Kita, Y., Tokuoka, S. M., Hamano, F., Yamazaki, M., Sakimura, K., Kano, M., Shimizu, T. Monoacylglycerol lipase deficiency affects diet-induced obesity, fat absorption, and feeding behavior in CB1 cannabinoid receptor-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yoshida
- Department of Lipidomics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Life Sciences Core Facility The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Fumie Hamano
- Department of Lipidomics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Life Sciences Core Facility The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Sugaya Y, Kano M. Control of excessive neural circuit excitability and prevention of epileptic seizures by endocannabinoid signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2793-2811. [PMID: 29737364 PMCID: PMC11105219 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in research on endocannabinoid signaling has greatly advanced our understanding of how it controls neural circuit excitability in health and disease. In general, endocannabinoid signaling at excitatory synapses suppresses seizures by inhibiting glutamate release. In contrast, endocannabinoid signaling promotes seizures by inhibiting GABA release at inhibitory synapses. The physiological distribution of endocannabinoid signaling molecules becomes disrupted with the development of epileptic focus in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and in animal models of experimentally induced epilepsy. Augmentation of endocannabinoid signaling can promote the development of epileptic focus at initial stages. However, at later stages, increased endocannabinoid signaling delays it and suppresses spontaneous seizures. Thus, the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling at specific synapses that cause hyperexcitability during particular stages of disease development may be effective for treating epilepsy and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugaya
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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19
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Gorzkiewicz A, Szemraj J. Brain endocannabinoid signaling exhibits remarkable complexity. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:33-46. [PMID: 29953913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system is one of the most extensive of the mammalian brain. Despite the involvement of only few specific ligands and receptors, the system encompasses a vast diversity of triggered mechanisms and driven effects. It mediates a wide range of phenomena, including the regulation of transmitter release, neural excitability, synaptic plasticity, impulse spread, long-term neuronal potentiation, neurogenesis, cell death, lineage segregation, cell migration, inflammation, oxidative stress, nociception and the sleep cycle. It is also known to be involved in the processes of learning and memory formation. This extensive scope of action is attained by combining numerous variables. In a properly functioning brain, the correlations of these variables are kept in a strictly controlled balance; however, this balance is disrupted in many pathological conditions. However, while this balance is known to be disrupted by drugs in the case of addicts, the stimuli and mechanisms influencing the neurodegenerating brain remain elusive. This review examines the multiple factors and phenomena affecting the eCB signaling system in the brain. It evaluates techniques of controlling the eCB system to identify the obstacles in their applications and highlights the crucial interdependent variables that may influence biomedical research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorzkiewicz
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Medical University of Lodz, ul.Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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20
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Gutiérrez-Rodríguez A, Bonilla-Del Río I, Puente N, Gómez-Urquijo SM, Fontaine CJ, Egaña-Huguet J, Elezgarai I, Ruehle S, Lutz B, Robin LM, Soria-Gómez E, Bellocchio L, Padwal JD, van der Stelt M, Mendizabal-Zubiaga J, Reguero L, Ramos A, Gerrikagoitia I, Marsicano G, Grandes P. Localization of the cannabinoid type-1 receptor in subcellular astrocyte compartments of mutant mouse hippocampus. Glia 2018; 66:1417-1431. [PMID: 29480581 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial type-1 cannabinoid (CB1 ) receptors are involved in synaptic transmission, plasticity and behavior by interfering with the so-called tripartite synapse formed by pre- and post-synaptic neuronal elements and surrounding astrocyte processes. However, little is known concerning the subcellular distribution of astroglial CB1 receptors. In particular, brain CB1 receptors are mostly localized at cells' plasmalemma, but recent evidence indicates their functional presence in mitochondrial membranes. Whether CB1 receptors are present in astroglial mitochondria has remained unknown. To investigate this issue, we included conditional knock-out mice lacking astroglial CB1 receptor expression specifically in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-containing astrocytes (GFAP-CB1 -KO mice) and also generated genetic rescue mice to re-express CB1 receptors exclusively in astrocytes (GFAP-CB1 -RS). To better identify astroglial structures by immunoelectron microscopy, global CB1 knock-out (CB1 -KO) mice and wild-type (CB1 -WT) littermates were intra-hippocampally injected with an adeno-associated virus expressing humanized renilla green fluorescent protein (hrGFP) under the control of human GFAP promoter to generate GFAPhrGFP-CB1 -KO and -WT mice, respectively. Furthermore, double immunogold (for CB1 ) and immunoperoxidase (for GFAP or hrGFP) revealed that CB1 receptors are present in astroglial mitochondria from different hippocampal regions of CB1 -WT, GFAP-CB1 -RS and GFAPhrGFP-CB1 -WT mice. Only non-specific gold particles were detected in mouse hippocampi lacking CB1 receptors. Altogether, we demonstrated the existence of a precise molecular architecture of the CB1 receptor in astrocytes that will have to be taken into account in evaluating the functional activity of cannabinergic signaling at the tripartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gutiérrez-Rodríguez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Itziar Bonilla-Del Río
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Sonia M Gómez-Urquijo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Christine J Fontaine
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jon Egaña-Huguet
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Sabine Ruehle
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and German Resilience Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and German Resilience Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Laurie M Robin
- INSERM, U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, F-33077, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33077, France
| | - Edgar Soria-Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM, U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, F-33077, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33077, France
| | - Jalindar D Padwal
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, CC, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, CC, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Mendizabal-Zubiaga
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Reguero
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Almudena Ramos
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, F-33077, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33077, France
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
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21
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Colangeli R, Pierucci M, Benigno A, Campiani G, Butini S, Di Giovanni G. The FAAH inhibitor URB597 suppresses hippocampal maximal dentate afterdischarges and restores seizure-induced impairment of short and long-term synaptic plasticity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11152. [PMID: 28894217 PMCID: PMC5593993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids and phytocannabinoids have been shown to suppress seizures both in humans and experimental models of epilepsy. However, they generally have a detrimental effect on memory and memory-related processes. Here we compared the effect of the inhibition of the endocannabinoid (eCB) degradation versus synthetic CB agonist on limbic seizures induced by maximal dentate activation (MDA) acute kindling. Moreover, we investigated the dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell reactivity and synaptic plasticity in naïve and in MDA-kindled anaesthetised rats. We found that both the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 and the synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 displayed AM251-sensitive anti-seizure effects. WIN55,212-2, dose-dependently (0.5-2 mg/kg, i.p.) impaired short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) at perforant path-DG synapses in naïve rats. Strikingly, URB597 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was devoid of any deleterious effects in normal conditions, while it prevented seizure-induced alterations of both STP and LTP. Our evidence indicates that boosting the eCB tone rather than general CB1 activation might represent a potential strategy for the development of a new class of drugs for treatment of both seizures and comorbid memory impairments associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Colangeli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
| | - Massimo Pierucci
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Arcangelo Benigno
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), Human Physiology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs) and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs) and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. .,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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22
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Hashimotodani Y, Nasrallah K, Jensen KR, Chávez AE, Carrera D, Castillo PE. LTP at Hilar Mossy Cell-Dentate Granule Cell Synapses Modulates Dentate Gyrus Output by Increasing Excitation/Inhibition Balance. Neuron 2017; 95:928-943.e3. [PMID: 28817805 PMCID: PMC5609819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory hilar mossy cells (MCs) in the dentate gyrus receive inputs from dentate granule cells (GCs) and project back to GCs locally, contralaterally, and along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, thereby establishing an associative positive-feedback loop and connecting functionally diverse hippocampal areas. MCs also synapse with GABAergic interneurons that mediate feed-forward inhibition onto GCs. Surprisingly, although these circuits have been implicated in both memory formation (e.g., pattern separation) and temporal lobe epilepsy, little is known about activity-dependent plasticity of their synaptic connections. Here, we report that MC-GC synapses undergo a presynaptic, NMDA-receptor-independent form of long-term potentiation (LTP) that requires postsynaptic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB and presynaptic cyclic AMP (cAMP)/PKA signaling. This LTP is input specific and selectively expressed at MC-GC synapses, but not at the disynaptic inhibitory loop. By increasing the excitation/inhibition balance, MC-GC LTP enhances GC output at the associative MC-GC recurrent circuit and may contribute to dentate-dependent forms of learning and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hashimotodani
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kaoutsar Nasrallah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kyle R Jensen
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrés E Chávez
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Daniel Carrera
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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23
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Araque A, Castillo PE, Manzoni OJ, Tonini R. Synaptic functions of endocannabinoid signaling in health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2017. [PMID: 28625718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are a family of lipid molecules that act as key regulators of synaptic transmission and plasticity. They are synthetized "on demand" following physiological and/or pathological stimuli. Once released from postsynaptic neurons, eCBs typically act as retrograde messengers to activate presynaptic type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) and induce short- or long-term depression of neurotransmitter release. Besides this canonical mechanism of action, recent findings have revealed a number of less conventional mechanisms by which eCBs regulate neural activity and synaptic function, suggesting that eCB-mediated plasticity is mechanistically more diverse than anticipated. These mechanisms include non-retrograde signaling, signaling via astrocytes, participation in long-term potentiation, and the involvement of mitochondrial CB1. Focusing on paradigmatic brain areas, such as hippocampus, striatum, and neocortex, we review typical and novel signaling mechanisms, and discuss the functional implications in normal brain function and brain diseases. In summary, eCB signaling may lead to different forms of synaptic plasticity through activation of a plethora of mechanisms, which provide further complexity to the functional consequences of eCB signaling. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Olivier J Manzoni
- Institut National de la Santé et et de la Recherche Médicale U901 Marseille, France, Université de la Méditerranée UMR S901 Aix-Marseille Marseille, France, INMED Marseille, France.
| | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
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24
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Grabner GF, Zimmermann R, Schicho R, Taschler U. Monoglyceride lipase as a drug target: At the crossroads of arachidonic acid metabolism and endocannabinoid signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:35-46. [PMID: 28213089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoglyerides (MGs) are short-lived, intermediary lipids deriving from the degradation of phospho- and neutral lipids, and monoglyceride lipase (MGL), also designated as monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), is the major enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of MGs into glycerol and fatty acids. This distinct function enables MGL to regulate a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes since both MGs and fatty acids can act as signaling lipids or precursors thereof. The most prominent MG species acting as signaling lipid is 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) which is the most abundant endogenous agonist of cannabinoid receptors in the body. Importantly, recent observations demonstrate that 2-AG represents a quantitatively important source for arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators. Accordingly, MGL-mediated 2-AG degradation affects lipid signaling by cannabinoid receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms. Recent genetic and pharmacological studies gave important insights into MGL's role in (patho-)physiological processes, and the enzyme is now considered as a promising drug target for a number of disorders including cancer, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the basics of MG (2-AG) metabolism and provides an overview on the therapeutic potential of MGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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25
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Volkow ND, Hampson AJ, Baler RD. Don't Worry, Be Happy: Endocannabinoids and Cannabis at the Intersection of Stress and Reward. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 57:285-308. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| | - Aidan J. Hampson
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| | - Ruben D. Baler
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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26
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Ligresti A, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1593-659. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from having been used and misused for at least four millennia for, among others, recreational and medicinal purposes, the cannabis plant and its most peculiar chemical components, the plant cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), have the merit to have led humanity to discover one of the most intriguing and pleiotropic endogenous signaling systems, the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This review article aims to describe and critically discuss, in the most comprehensive possible manner, the multifaceted aspects of 1) the pharmacology and potential impact on mammalian physiology of all major phytocannabinoids, and not only of the most famous one Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 2) the adaptive pro-homeostatic physiological, or maladaptive pathological, roles of the ECS in mammalian cells, tissues, and organs. In doing so, we have respected the chronological order of the milestones of the millennial route from medicinal/recreational cannabis to the ECS and beyond, as it is now clear that some of the early steps in this long path, which were originally neglected, are becoming important again. The emerging picture is rather complex, but still supports the belief that more important discoveries on human physiology, and new therapies, might come in the future from new knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
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27
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Peripheral and central CB1 cannabinoid receptors control stress-induced impairment of memory consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9904-9. [PMID: 27528659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525066113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful events can generate emotional memories linked to the traumatic incident, but they also can impair the formation of nonemotional memories. Although the impact of stress on emotional memories is well studied, much less is known about the influence of the emotional state on the formation of nonemotional memories. We used the novel object-recognition task as a model of nonemotional memory in mice to investigate the underlying mechanism of the deleterious effect of stress on memory consolidation. Systemic, hippocampal, and peripheral blockade of cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors abolished the stress-induced memory impairment. Genetic deletion and rescue of CB1 receptors in specific cell types revealed that the CB1 receptor population specifically in dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH)-expressing cells is both necessary and sufficient for stress-induced impairment of memory consolidation, but CB1 receptors present in other neuronal populations are not involved. Strikingly, pharmacological manipulations in mice expressing CB1 receptors exclusively in DBH(+) cells revealed that both hippocampal and peripheral receptors mediate the impact of stress on memory consolidation. Thus, CB1 receptors on adrenergic and noradrenergic cells provide previously unrecognized cross-talk between central and peripheral mechanisms in the stress-dependent regulation of nonemotional memory consolidation, suggesting new potential avenues for the treatment of cognitive aspects on stress-related disorders.
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28
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A Primary Cortical Input to Hippocampus Expresses a Pathway-Specific and Endocannabinoid-Dependent Form of Long-Term Potentiation. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0160-16. [PMID: 27517090 PMCID: PMC4976302 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0160-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), a key modulator of synaptic transmission in mammalian brain, is produced in dendritic spines and then crosses the synaptic junction to depress neurotransmitter release. Here we report that 2-AG-dependent retrograde signaling also mediates an enduring enhancement of glutamate release, as assessed with independent tests, in the lateral perforant path (LPP), one of two cortical inputs to the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Induction of this form of long-term potentiation (LTP) involved two types of glutamate receptors, changes in postsynaptic calcium, and the postsynaptic enzyme that synthesizes 2-AG. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy confirmed that CB1 cannabinoid receptors are localized presynaptically to LPP terminals, while the inhibition or knockout of the receptors eliminated LPP-LTP. Suppressing the enzyme that degrades 2-AG dramatically enhanced LPP potentiation, while overexpressing it produced the opposite effect. Priming with a CB1 agonist markedly reduced the threshold for LTP. Latrunculin A, which prevents actin polymerization, blocked LPP-LTP when applied extracellularly but had no effect when infused postsynaptically into granule cells, indicating that critical actin remodeling resides in the presynaptic compartment. Importantly, there was no evidence for the LPP form of potentiation in the Schaffer-commissural innervation of field CA1 or in the medial perforant path. Peripheral injections of compounds that block or enhance LPP-LTP had corresponding effects on the formation of long-term memory for cues conveyed to the dentate gyrus by the LPP. Together, these results indicate that the encoding of information carried by a principal hippocampal afferent involves an unusual, regionally differentiated form of plasticity.
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29
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Sugaya Y, Yamazaki M, Uchigashima M, Kobayashi K, Watanabe M, Sakimura K, Kano M. Crucial Roles of the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in the Suppression of Epileptic Seizures. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1405-1415. [PMID: 27452464 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid signaling is considered to suppress excessive excitability of neural circuits and to protect the brain from seizures. However, the precise mechanisms of this effect are poorly understood. Here, we report that 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), one of the two major endocannabinoids, is crucial for suppressing seizures. We found that kainate-induced seizures in mice lacking the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme, diacylglycerol lipase α, were much more severe compared with those in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice and were comparable to those in mice lacking both CB1- and CB2-receptor-mediated signaling. In the dentate gyrus, 2-AG suppressed excitatory input around the inner and middle molecular layers through CB1 and presumably CB2 receptors, respectively. This 2-AG-mediated suppression contributed to decreased granule cell excitability and the dampening of seizures. Furthermore, lack of 2-AG signaling enhanced kindling epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures after kainate-induced status epilepticus. These results highlight critical roles of 2-AG signaling in the suppression of epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugaya
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Motokazu Uchigashima
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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30
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Gutiérrez-Rodríguez A, Puente N, Elezgarai I, Ruehle S, Lutz B, Reguero L, Gerrikagoitia I, Marsicano G, Grandes P. Anatomical characterization of the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor in cell-type-specific mutant mouse rescue models. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:302-318. [PMID: 27339436 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 cannabinoid (CB1 ) receptors are widely distributed in the brain. Their physiological roles depend on their distribution pattern, which differs remarkably among cell types. Hence, subcellular compartments with little but functionally relevant CB1 receptors can be overlooked, fostering an incomplete mapping. To overcome this, knockin mice with cell-type-specific rescue of CB1 receptors have emerged as excellent tools for investigating CB1 receptors' cell-type-specific localization and sufficient functional role with no bias. However, to know whether these rescue mice maintain endogenous CB1 receptor expression level, detailed anatomical studies are necessary. The subcellular distribution of hippocampal CB1 receptors of rescue mice that express the gene exclusively in dorsal telencephalic glutamatergic neurons (Glu-CB1 -RS) or GABAergic neurons (GABA-CB1 -RS) was studied by immunoelectron microscopy. Results were compared with conditional CB1 receptor knockout lines. As expected, CB1 immunoparticles appeared at presynaptic plasmalemma, making asymmetric and symmetric synapses. In the hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum, the values of the CB1 receptor-immunopositive excitatory and inhibitory synapses were Glu-CB1 -RS, 21.89% (glutamatergic terminals); 2.38% (GABAergic terminals); GABA-CB1 -RS, 1.92% (glutamatergic terminals); 77.92% (GABAergic terminals). The proportion of CB1 receptor-immunopositive excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the inner one-third of the dentate molecular layer was Glu-CB1 -RS, 53.19% (glutamatergic terminals); 2.30% (GABAergic terminals); GABA-CB1 -RS, 3.19% (glutamatergic terminals); 85.07% (GABAergic terminals). Taken together, Glu-CB1 -RS and GABA-CB1 -RS mice show the usual CB1 receptor distribution and expression in hippocampal cell types with specific rescue of the receptor, thus being ideal for in-depth anatomical and functional investigations of the endocannabinoid system. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:302-318, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gutiérrez-Rodríguez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48170, Zamudio, Spain.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33076, France
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48170, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48170, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Sabine Ruehle
- Division of Neurobiology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom.,Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leire Reguero
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48170, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48170, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.,INSERM, U1215 Neurocentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, 33077, France
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48170, Zamudio, Spain.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8P 5C2, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Lutz B, Marsicano G, Maldonado R, Hillard CJ. The endocannabinoid system in guarding against fear, anxiety and stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 16:705-18. [PMID: 26585799 DOI: 10.1038/nrn4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has emerged as a central integrator linking the perception of external and internal stimuli to distinct neurophysiological and behavioural outcomes (such as fear reaction, anxiety and stress-coping), thus allowing an organism to adapt to its changing environment. eCB signalling seems to determine the value of fear-evoking stimuli and to tune appropriate behavioural responses, which are essential for the organism's long-term viability, homeostasis and stress resilience; and dysregulation of eCB signalling can lead to psychiatric disorders. An understanding of the underlying neural cell populations and cellular processes enables the development of therapeutic strategies to mitigate behavioural maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Group Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux 33077, France.,University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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32
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Nakazawa T, Hashimoto R, Sakoori K, Sugaya Y, Tanimura A, Hashimotodani Y, Ohi K, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Umeda-Yano S, Kiyama Y, Konno K, Inoue T, Yokoyama K, Inoue T, Numata S, Ohnuma T, Iwata N, Ozaki N, Hashimoto H, Watanabe M, Manabe T, Yamamoto T, Takeda M, Kano M. Emerging roles of ARHGAP33 in intracellular trafficking of TrkB and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10594. [PMID: 26839058 PMCID: PMC4742909 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of receptor proteins is essential for neurons to detect various extracellular factors during the formation and refinement of neural circuits. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the trafficking of neurotrophin receptors to synapses remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that a brain-enriched sorting nexin, ARHGAP33, is a new type of regulator for the intracellular trafficking of TrkB, a high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor. ARHGAP33 knockout (KO) mice exhibit reduced expression of synaptic TrkB, impaired spine development and neuropsychiatric disorder-related behavioural abnormalities. These deficits are rescued by specific pharmacological enhancement of TrkB signalling in ARHGAP33 KO mice. Mechanistically, ARHGAP33 interacts with SORT1 to cooperatively regulate TrkB trafficking. Human ARHGAP33 is associated with brain phenotypes and reduced SORT1 expression is found in patients with schizophrenia. We propose that ARHGAP33/SORT1-mediated TrkB trafficking is essential for synapse development and that the dysfunction of this mechanism may be a new molecular pathology of neuropsychiatric disorders. The molecular mechanisms of neurotrophin receptor trafficking are only partially understood. Here the authors show that ARHGAP33 interacts with SORT1 to regulate TrkB trafficking, the dysfunction of which impairs synapse development and leads to schizophrenia-related behavioural abnormalities in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Nakazawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,iPS Cell-based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuto Sakoori
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugaya
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asami Tanimura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Hashimotodani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satomi Umeda-Yano
- Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Kiyama
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takafumi Inoue
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shusuke Numata
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohnuma
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- iPS Cell-based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Toshiya Manabe
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Division of Oncology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son 904-0495, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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33
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Grabner GF, Eichmann TO, Wagner B, Gao Y, Farzi A, Taschler U, Radner FPW, Schweiger M, Lass A, Holzer P, Zinser E, Tschöp MH, Yi CX, Zimmermann R. Deletion of Monoglyceride Lipase in Astrocytes Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neuroinflammation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:913-23. [PMID: 26565024 PMCID: PMC4705409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoglyceride lipase (MGL) is required for efficient hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglyerol (2-AG) in the brain generating arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol. This metabolic function makes MGL an interesting target for the treatment of neuroinflammation, since 2-AG exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and AA is a precursor for pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Astrocytes are an important source of AA and 2-AG, and highly express MGL. In the present study, we dissected the distinct contribution of MGL in astrocytes on brain 2-AG and AA metabolism by generating a mouse model with genetic deletion of MGL specifically in astrocytes (MKOGFAP). MKOGFAP mice exhibit moderately increased 2-AG and reduced AA levels in brain. Minor accumulation of 2-AG in the brain of MKOGFAP mice does not cause cannabinoid receptor desensitization as previously observed in mice globally lacking MGL. Importantly, MKOGFAP mice exhibit reduced brain prostaglandin E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels upon peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. These observations indicate that MGL-mediated degradation of 2-AG in astrocytes provides AA for prostaglandin synthesis promoting LPS-induced neuroinflammation. The beneficial effect of astrocyte-specific MGL-deficiency is not fully abrogated by the inverse cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist SR141716 (Rimonabant) suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects are rather caused by reduced prostaglandin synthesis than by activation of cannabinoid receptors. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that MGL in astrocytes is an important regulator of 2-AG levels, AA availability, and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wagner
- the Institute of Biomedical Science, FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- the Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Aitak Farzi
- the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria, and
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria, and
| | - Erwin Zinser
- the Institute of Biomedical Science, FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- the Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- the Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany, the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria,
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34
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Petrenko AB, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Kano M, Baba H. Genetic inactivation and prolonged pharmacologic inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase have opposite effects on anesthetic sensitivity to propofol. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:268-73. [PMID: 26318148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is a major enzyme involved in degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Selective inhibitors of MGL are regarded as promising analgesics and anticancer agents. To gain insight into the possible consequences of their prolonged administration for anesthetic action, the effects of several inhalational and intravenous anesthetics were tested in knockout mice lacking the MGL gene in the loss of righting reflex (LORR) assay. Sensitivity to inhalational and most intravenous anesthetics was not altered in knockout mice. However, compared with wild-type littermates, they showed increased sensitivity to the intravenous anesthetic propofol. Permanently elevated levels of 2-AG after MGL knockout are known to cause desensitization of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors, which have been advocated as possible mediators of propofol anesthesia. Therefore, increased sensitivity to propofol in knockout mice at first suggested that 2-AG may potentiate CB1 receptors despite their hypofunction in these animals. Pharmacologic inhibition of MGL also causes desensitization of CB1 receptors, so sensitivity to propofol was tested further in C57BL/6N mice pretreated chronically with the selective MGL inhibitor JZL 184. Contrary to the results in knockout mice, these animals showed drastically reduced sensitivity to propofol. The reason for increased sensitivity to propofol after MGL knockout remains unclear, but may result from changes occurring in these animals during development. However, our results in C57BL/6N mice pretreated with JZL 184 confirmed the role of CB1 receptors in propofol anesthesia advocated previously, and also suggest that prolonged use of MGL inhibitors may be associated with the development of resistance to propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B Petrenko
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Baba
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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35
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Multiple Forms of Endocannabinoid and Endovanilloid Signaling Regulate the Tonic Control of GABA Release. J Neurosci 2015; 35:10039-57. [PMID: 26157003 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4112-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Persistent CB1 cannabinoid receptor activity limits neurotransmitter release at various synapses throughout the brain. However, it is not fully understood how constitutively active CB1 receptors, tonic endocannabinoid signaling, and its regulation by multiple serine hydrolases contribute to the synapse-specific calibration of neurotransmitter release probability. To address this question at perisomatic and dendritic GABAergic synapses in the mouse hippocampus, we used a combination of paired whole-cell patch-clamp recording, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy super-resolution imaging, and immunogold electron microscopy. Unexpectedly, application of the CB1 antagonist and inverse agonist AM251 [N-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-1-piperidinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide], but not the neutral antagonist NESS0327 [8-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[2,3]cyclohepta[2,4-b]pyrazole-3-carboxamine], significantly increased synaptic transmission between CB1-positive perisomatic interneurons and CA1 pyramidal neurons. JZL184 (4-nitrophenyl 4-[bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)(hydroxy)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate), a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the presynaptic degrading enzyme of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), elicited a robust increase in 2-AG levels and concomitantly decreased GABAergic transmission. In contrast, inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) by PF3845 (N-pyridin-3-yl-4-[[3-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxyphenyl]methyl]piperidine-1-carboxamide) elevated endocannabinoid/endovanilloid anandamide levels but did not change GABAergic synaptic activity. However, FAAH inhibitors attenuated tonic 2-AG increase and also decreased its synaptic effects. This antagonistic interaction required the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor TRPV1, which was concentrated on postsynaptic intracellular membrane cisternae at perisomatic GABAergic symmetrical synapses. Interestingly, neither AM251, JZL184, nor PF3845 affected CB1-positive dendritic interneuron synapses. Together, these findings are consistent with the possibility that constitutively active CB1 receptors substantially influence perisomatic GABA release probability and indicate that the synaptic effects of tonic 2-AG release are tightly controlled by presynaptic MGL activity and also by postsynaptic endovanilloid signaling and FAAH activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tonic cannabinoid signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of synaptic transmission. However, the mechanistic details of how persistent CB1 cannabinoid receptor activity inhibits neurotransmitter release have remained elusive. Therefore, electrophysiological recordings, lipid measurements, and super-resolution imaging were combined to elucidate those signaling molecules and mechanisms that underlie tonic cannabinoid signaling. The findings indicate that constitutive CB1 activity has pivotal function in the tonic control of hippocampal GABA release. Moreover, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is continuously generated postsynaptically, but its synaptic effect is regulated strictly by presynaptic monoacylglycerol lipase activity. Finally, anandamide signaling antagonizes tonic 2-AG signaling via activation of postsynaptic transient receptor potential vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. This unexpected mechanistic diversity may be necessary to fine-tune GABA release probability under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Viader A, Blankman JL, Zhong P, Liu X, Schlosburg JE, Joslyn CM, Liu QS, Tomarchio AJ, Lichtman AH, Selley DE, Sim-Selley LJ, Cravatt BF. Metabolic Interplay between Astrocytes and Neurons Regulates Endocannabinoid Action. Cell Rep 2015; 12:798-808. [PMID: 26212325 PMCID: PMC4526356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a retrograde lipid messenger that modulates synaptic function, neurophysiology, and behavior. 2-AG signaling is terminated by enzymatic hydrolysis-a reaction that is principally performed by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). MAGL is broadly expressed throughout the nervous system, and the contributions of different brain cell types to the regulation of 2-AG activity in vivo remain poorly understood. Here, we genetically dissect the cellular anatomy of MAGL-mediated 2-AG metabolism in the brain and show that neurons and astrocytes coordinately regulate 2-AG content and endocannabinoid-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity and behavior. We also find that astrocytic MAGL is mainly responsible for converting 2-AG to neuroinflammatory prostaglandins via a mechanism that may involve transcellular shuttling of lipid substrates. Astrocytic-neuronal interplay thus provides distributed oversight of 2-AG metabolism and function and, through doing so, protects the nervous system from excessive CB1 receptor activation and promotes endocannabinoid crosstalk with other lipid transmitter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Viader
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Peng Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher M Joslyn
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Aaron J Tomarchio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Laura J Sim-Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Llorente-Berzal A, Terzian ALB, di Marzo V, Micale V, Viveros MP, Wotjak CT. 2-AG promotes the expression of conditioned fear via cannabinoid receptor type 1 on GABAergic neurons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2811-25. [PMID: 25814137 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The contribution of two major endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), in the regulation of fear expression is still unknown. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the role of different players of the endocannabinoid system on the expression of a strong auditory-cued fear memory in male mice by pharmacological means. RESULTS The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonist SR141716 (3 mg/kg) caused an increase in conditioned freezing upon repeated tone presentation on three consecutive days. The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) antagonist AM630 (3 mg/kg), in contrast, had opposite effects during the first tone presentation, with no effects of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1) antagonist SB366791 (1 and 3 mg/kg). Administration of the CB2 agonist JWH133 (3 mg/kg) failed to affect the acute freezing response, whereas the CB1 agonist CP55,940 (50 μg/kg) augmented it. The endocannabinoid uptake inhibitor AM404 (3 mg/kg), but not VDM11 (3 mg/kg), reduced the acute freezing response. Its co-administration with SR141716 or SB366791 confirmed an involvement of CB1 and TRPV1. AEA degradation inhibition by URB597 (1 mg/kg) decreased, while 2-AG degradation inhibition by JZL184 (4 and 8 mg/kg) increased freezing response. As revealed in conditional CB1-deficient mutants, CB1 on cortical glutamatergic neurons alleviates whereas CB1 on GABAergic neurons slightly enhances fear expression. Moreover, 2-AG fear-promoting effects depended on CB1 signaling in GABAergic neurons, while an involvement of glutamatergic neurons remained inconclusive due to the high freezing shown by vehicle-treated Glu-CB1-KO. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased AEA levels mediate acute fear relief, whereas increased 2-AG levels promote the expression of conditioned fear primarily via CB1 on GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Llorente-Berzal
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Guggenhuber S, Romo-Parra H, Bindila L, Leschik J, Lomazzo E, Remmers F, Zimmermann T, Lerner R, Klugmann M, Pape HC, Lutz B. Impaired 2-AG Signaling in Hippocampal Glutamatergic Neurons: Aggravation of Anxiety-Like Behavior and Unaltered Seizure Susceptibility. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv091. [PMID: 26232789 PMCID: PMC4772822 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postsynaptically generated 2-arachidonoylglycerol activates the presynaptic cannabinoid type-1 receptor, which is involved in synaptic plasticity at both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. However, the differential function of 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling at glutamatergic vs GABAergic synapses in the context of animal behavior has not been investigated yet. METHODS Here, we analyzed the role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling selectively in hippocampal glutamatergic neurons. Monoacylglycerol lipase, the primary degrading enzyme of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, is expressed at presynaptic sites of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. By adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of monoacylglycerol lipase in glutamatergic neurons of the mouse hippocampus, we selectively interfered with 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling at glutamatergic synapses of these neurons. RESULTS Genetic modification of monoacylglycerol lipase resulted in a 50% decrease in 2-arachidonoylglycerol tissue levels without affecting the content of the second major endocannabinoid anandamide. A typical electrophysiological read-out for 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling is the depolarization-induced suppression of excitation and of inhibition. Elevated monoacylglycerol lipase levels at glutamatergic terminals selectively impaired depolarization-induced suppression of excitation, while depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition was not significantly changed. At the behavioral level, mice with impaired hippocampal glutamatergic 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior but showed no alterations in aversive memory formation and seizure susceptibility. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling selectively in hippocampal glutamatergic neurons is essential for the animal's adaptation to aversive situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany (Dr Guggenhuber, Dr Bindila, Dr Leschik, Dr Lomazzo, Dr Remmers, Ms Zimmermann, Ms Lerner, Dr Klugmann, and Dr Lutz); Institute of Physiology I (Neurophysiology), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Muenster, Germany (Drs Romo-Parra and Pape); Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia (Dr Klugmann).
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Kita Y, Yoshida K, Tokuoka SM, Hamano F, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Kano M, Shimizu T. Fever Is Mediated by Conversion of Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol to Prostaglandin E2. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196692 PMCID: PMC4511515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fever is a common response to inflammation and infection. The mechanism involves prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP3 receptor signaling in the hypothalamus, which raises the set point of hypothalamic thermostat for body temperature, but the lipid metabolic pathway for pyretic PGE2 production remains unknown. To reveal the molecular basis of fever initiation, we examined lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced fever model in monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL)-deficient (Mgll-/-) mice, CB1 receptor-MGL compound-deficient (Cnr1-/-Mgll-/-) mice, cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α)-deficient (Pla2g4a-/-) mice, and diacylglycerol lipase α (DGLα)-deficient (Dagla-/-) mice. Febrile reactions were abolished in Mgll-/- and Cnr1-/-Mgll-/- mice, whereas Cnr1-/-Mgll+/+, Pla2g4a-/- and Dagla-/- mice responded normally, demonstrating that MGL is a critical enzyme for fever, which functions independently of endocannabinoid signals. Intracerebroventricular administration of PGE2 caused fever similarly in Mgll-/- and wild-type control mice, suggesting a lack of pyretic PGE2 production in Mgll-/- hypothalamus, which was confirmed by lipidomics analysis. Normal blood cytokine responses after LPS administration suggested that MGL-deficiency does not affect pyretic cytokine productions. Diurnal body temperature profiles were normal in Mgll-/- mice, demonstrating that MGL is unrelated to physiological thermoregulation. In conclusion, MGL-dependent hydrolysis of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol is necessary for pyretic PGE2 production in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenij Yoshida
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzumi M. Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Hamano
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Navia-Paldanius D, Aaltonen N, Lehtonen M, Savinainen JR, Taschler U, Radner FPW, Zimmermann R, Laitinen JT. Increased tonic cannabinoid CB1R activity and brain region-specific desensitization of CB1R Gi/o signaling axis in mice with global genetic knockout of monoacylglycerol lipase. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 77:180-8. [PMID: 26070239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian brain, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the primary enzyme responsible for terminating signaling function of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Previous in vivo studies with mice indicate that both genetic and chronic pharmacological inactivation of MAGL result in 8-30-fold increase of 2-AG concentration in the brain, causing desensitization and downregulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) activity, leading to functional and behavioral tolerance. However, direct evidence for reduced CB1R activity in the brain is lacking. In this study, we used functional autoradiography to assess basal and agonist-stimulated CB1R-dependent Gi/o protein activity in multiple brain regions of MAGL-KO mice in comparison to their wild-type (WT) littermates. In addition, the role of endogenous cannabinoids in basal CB1R signaling was assessed after comprehensive pharmacological blockade of 2-AG hydrolysis by determining the contents of endocannabinoids (eCBs) in WT and MAGL-KO brain tissues by LC/MS/MS technology. To show whether lack of MAGL cause compensatory alterations in the serine hydrolase activity, we compared serine hydrolase pattern of WT and MAGL-KO using activity-based protein profiling. Consistent with studies using chronic pharmacological MAGL inactivation in vivo, we observed a statistically significant decrease of CB1R-Gi/o signaling in most of the studied brain regions. In MAGL-KO brain sections, elevated 2-AG levels were mirrored to heightened basal CB1R-dependent Gi/o-activity, as well as, dampened agonist-evoked responses in several brain regions. The non-selective serine hydrolase inhibitor methylarachidonoylfluorophosphonate (MAFP) was able to significantly elevate 2-AG levels in brain sections of MAGL-KO mice, indicating that additional serine hydrolases possess 2-AG hydrolytic activity in MAGL-KO brain sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Navia-Paldanius
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Niina Aaltonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Juha R Savinainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl Franzens Universität Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Jarmo T Laitinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Kishimoto Y, Cagniard B, Yamazaki M, Nakayama J, Sakimura K, Kirino Y, Kano M. Task-specific enhancement of hippocampus-dependent learning in mice deficient in monoacylglycerol lipase, the major hydrolyzing enzyme of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:134. [PMID: 26082696 PMCID: PMC4451424 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system is important for the acquisition and/or extinction of learning and memory. However, it is unclear which endocannabinoid(s) play(s) a crucial role in these cognitive functions, especially memory extinction. To elucidate the physiological role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major endocannabinoid, in behavioral and cognitive functions, we conducted a comprehensive behavioral test battery in knockout (KO) mice deficient in monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the major hydrolyzing enzyme of 2-AG. We found age-dependent increases in spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in MGL KO mice. Next, we tested the MGL KO mice using 5 hippocampus-dependent learning paradigms (i.e., Morris water maze (MWM), contextual fear conditioning, novel object recognition test, trace eyeblink conditioning, and water-finding test). In the MWM, MGL KO mice showed normal acquisition of reference memory, but exhibited significantly faster extinction of the learned behavior. Moreover, they showed faster memory acquisition on the reversal-learning task of the MWM. In contrast, in the contextual fear conditioning, MGL KO mice tended to show slower memory extinction. In the novel object recognition and water-finding tests, MGL KO mice exhibited enhanced memory acquisition. Trace eyeblink conditioning was not altered in MGL KO mice throughout the acquisition and extinction phases. These results indicate that 2-AG signaling is important for hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, but its contribution is highly task-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Neurobiophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Barbara Cagniard
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Junko Nakayama
- Laboratory of Neurobiophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kirino
- Laboratory of Neurobiophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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VGluT3-expressing CCK-positive basket cells construct invaginating synapses enriched with endocannabinoid signaling proteins in particular cortical and cortex-like amygdaloid regions of mouse brains. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4215-28. [PMID: 25762668 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4681-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Invaginating synapses in the basal amygdala are a unique type of GABAergic synapses equipped with molecular-anatomical organization specialized for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-mediated endocannabinoid signaling. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-positive basket cell terminals protrude into pyramidal cell somata and form invaginating synapses, where apposing presynaptic and postsynaptic elements are highly loaded with cannabinoid receptor CB₁ or 2-AG synthetic enzyme diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGLα), respectively. The present study scrutinized their neurochemical and neuroanatomical phenotypes in adult mouse telencephalon. In the basal amygdala, vesicular glutamate transporter-3 (VGluT3) was transcribed in one-fourth of CB₁-expressing GABAergic interneurons. The majority of VGluT3-positive CB₁-expressing basket cell terminals apposed DGLα clusters, whereas the majority of VGluT3-negative ones did not. Importantly, VGluT3-positive basket cell terminals selectively constructed invaginating synapses. GABAA receptors accumulated on the postsynaptic membrane of invaginating synapses, whereas metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR₅) was widely distributed on the somatodendritic surface of pyramidal cells. Moreover, CCK₂ receptor (CCK₂R) was highly transcribed in pyramidal cells. In cortical regions, pyramidal cells equipped with such VGluT3/CB₁/DGLα-accumulated invaginating synapses were found at variable frequencies depending on the subregions. Therefore, in addition to extreme proximity of CB₁- and DGLα-loaded presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, tripartite transmitter phenotype of GABA/glutamate/CCK is the common neurochemical feature of invaginating synapses, suggesting that glutamate, CCK, or both can promote 2-AG synthesis through activating Gαq/₁₁ protein-coupled mGluR₅ and CCK₂R. These molecular configurations led us to hypothesize that invaginating synapses might be evolved to provide some specific mechanisms of induction, regulation, and cooperativity for 2-AG-mediated retrograde signaling in particular cortical and cortex-like amygdaloid regions.
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Soltesz I, Alger BE, Kano M, Lee SH, Lovinger DM, Ohno-Shosaku T, Watanabe M. Weeding out bad waves: towards selective cannabinoid circuit control in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:264-77. [PMID: 25891509 PMCID: PMC10631555 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid-derived messengers, and both their synthesis and breakdown are under tight spatiotemporal regulation. As retrograde signalling molecules, endocannabinoids are synthesized postsynaptically but activate presynaptic cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) receptors to inhibit neurotransmitter release. In turn, CB1-expressing inhibitory and excitatory synapses act as strategically placed control points for activity-dependent regulation of dynamically changing normal and pathological oscillatory network activity. Here, we highlight emerging principles of cannabinoid circuit control and plasticity, and discuss their relevance for epilepsy and related comorbidities. New insights into cannabinoid signalling may facilitate the translation of the recent interest in cannabis-related substances as antiseizure medications to evidence-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Bradley E Alger
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Takako Ohno-Shosaku
- Department of Impairment Study, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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von Rüden EL, Bogdanovic RM, Wotjak CT, Potschka H. Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase mediates a cannabinoid 1-receptor dependent delay of kindling progression in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 77:238-45. [PMID: 25796567 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), activate presynaptic cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R) on inhibitory and excitatory neurons, resulting in a decreased release of neurotransmitters. The event-specific activation of the endocannabinoid system by inhibition of the endocannabinoid degrading enzymes may offer a promising strategy to selectively activate CB1Rs at the site of excessive neuronal activation with the overall goal to prevent the development epilepsy. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibition on the development and progression of epileptic seizures in the kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Therefore, we selectively blocked MAGL by JZL184 (8mg/kg, i.p.) in mice to analyze the effects of increased 2-AG levels on kindling acquisition and to exclude an anticonvulsive potential. Our results showed that JZL184 treatment significantly delayed the development of generalized seizures (p=0.0066) and decreased seizure (p<0.0001) and afterdischarge duration (p<0.001) in the kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy, but caused only modest effects in fully kindled mice. Moreover, we proved that JZL184 treatment had no effects in conditional CB1R knockout mice lacking expression of the receptor in principle neurons of the forebrain. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that indirect CB1R agonism delays the development of generalized epileptic seizures but has no relevant acute anticonvulsive effects. Furthermore, we confirmed that the effects of JZL184 on kindling progression are CB1R mediated. Thus, the data indicate that the endocannabinoid 2-AG might be a promising target for an anti-epileptogenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Munich, Germany
| | - R M Bogdanovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Munich, Germany
| | - C T Wotjak
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - H Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Befort K. Interactions of the opioid and cannabinoid systems in reward: Insights from knockout studies. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:6. [PMID: 25698968 PMCID: PMC4318341 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by endogenous opioid peptides (enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins). The endogenous cannabinoid system comprises lipid neuromodulators (endocannabinoids), enzymes for their synthesis and their degradation and two well-characterized receptors, cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. These systems play a major role in the control of pain as well as in mood regulation, reward processing and the development of addiction. Both opioid and cannabinoid receptors are coupled to G proteins and are expressed throughout the brain reinforcement circuitry. Extending classical pharmacology, research using genetically modified mice has provided important progress in the identification of the specific contribution of each component of these endogenous systems in vivo on reward process. This review will summarize available genetic tools and our present knowledge on the consequences of gene knockout on reinforced behaviors in both systems, with a focus on their potential interactions. A better understanding of opioid-cannabinoid interactions may provide novel strategies for therapies in addicted individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Befort
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives - UMR7364, Faculté de Psychologie, Neuropôle de Strasbourg - Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg France
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46
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Caltana LR, Heimrich B, Brusco A. Further Evidence for the Neuroplastic Role of Cannabinoids: A Study in Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:773-781. [PMID: 25645684 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R are present in the CNS and modulate synaptic activity. By using an in vitro model, two concentrations of CB1R agonist ACEA at 0.5 and 5 μM doses and CB1R antagonist AM251 at 1 and 10 μM doses were administered in organotypic slice cultures of mouse hippocampus, and their effects on neurons and glial cells were analyzed at different time points. Exposure to low concentrations of ACEA (0.5 μM) did not seem to affect tissue organization, neuronal morphology, or glial response. In contrast, at a higher concentration of ACEA, many neurons in the dentate gyrus exhibited strong caspase-3 immunoreactivity. After treatment with AM251, we observed an increase in caspase-3 immunoreactivity and a downregulation of CB1R expression. Results show that long-term hippocampal slice cultures respond to both CB1R activation and inactivation by changing neuronal protein expression patterns. In the present study, we demonstrate that CB1R agonist ACEA promotes alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton as well as changes in CB1R expression in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, and that CB1R antagonist AM251 promotes neuronal death and astroglial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Romina Caltana
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Cell Biology and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 3rd floor, Buenos Aires, 1114, Argentina.
| | - Bernd Heimrich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Brusco
- Cell Biology and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 3rd floor, Buenos Aires, 1114, Argentina
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47
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Abstract
The antiepileptic potential of Cannabis sativa preparations has been historically recognized. Recent changes in legal restrictions and new well-documented cases reporting remarkably strong beneficial effects have triggered an upsurge in exploiting medical marijuana in patients with refractory epilepsy. Parallel research efforts in the last decade have uncovered the fundamental role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in controlling neuronal network excitability raising hopes for cannabinoid-based therapeutic approaches. However, emerging data show that patient responsiveness varies substantially, and that cannabis administration may sometimes even exacerbate seizures. Qualitative and quantitative chemical variability in cannabis products and personal differences in the etiology of seizures, or in the pathological reorganization of epileptic networks, can all contribute to divergent patient responses. Thus, the consensus view in the neurologist community is that drugs modifying the activity of the endocannabinoid system should first be tested in clinical trials to establish efficacy, safety, dosing, and proper indication in specific forms of epilepsies. To support translation from anecdote-based practice to evidence-based therapy, the present review first introduces current preclinical and clinical efforts for cannabinoid- or endocannabinoid-based epilepsy treatments. Next, recent advances in our knowledge of how endocannabinoid signaling limits abnormal network activity as a central component of the synaptic circuit-breaker system will be reviewed to provide a framework for the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the beneficial and adverse effects. Finally, accumulating evidence demonstrating robust synapse-specific pathophysiological plasticity of endocannabinoid signaling in epileptic networks will be summarized to gain better understanding of how and when pharmacological interventions may have therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Katona
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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48
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Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system have been studied extensively using transgenic and targeted knockout mouse models. The first gene deletions of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor were described in the late 1990s, soon followed by CB(2) and FAAH mutations in early 2000. These mouse models helped to elucidate the fundamental role of endocannabinoids as retrograde transmitters in the CNS and in the discovery of many unexpected endocannabinoid functions, for example, in the skin, bone and liver. We now have knockout mouse models for almost every receptor and enzyme of the endocannabinoid system. Conditional mutant mice were mostly developed for the CB(1) receptor, which is widely expressed on many different neurons, astrocytes and microglia, as well as on many cells outside the CNS. These mouse strains include "floxed" CB(1) alleles and mice with a conditional re-expression of CB(1). The availability of these mice made it possible to decipher the function of CB(1) in specific neuronal circuits and cell populations or to discriminate between central and peripheral effects. Many of the genetic mouse models were also used in combination with viral expression systems. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing genetic models and to summarize some of the most important discoveries that were made with these animals.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Endocannabinoids/genetics
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/genetics
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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49
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Cécyre B, Monette M, Beudjekian L, Casanova C, Bouchard JF. Localization of diacylglycerol lipase alpha and monoacylglycerol lipase during postnatal development of the rat retina. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:150. [PMID: 25565975 PMCID: PMC4266045 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been increased interest in the physiological roles of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system and its receptors, the cannabinoid receptor types 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R). Exposure to cannabinoids during development results in neurofunctional alterations, which implies that the eCB system is involved in the developmental processes of the brain. Because of their lipophilic nature, eCBs are synthesized on demand and are not stored in vesicles. Consequently, the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation are key regulators of their physiological actions. Therefore, knowing the localization of these enzymes during development is crucial for a better understanding of the role played by eCBs during the formation of the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the developmental protein localization of the synthesizing and catabolic enzymes of the principal eCB, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the retinas of young and adult rats. The distribution of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis (DAGLα) and the degradation (MAGL) of 2-AG was determined for every retinal cell type from birth to adulthood. Our results indicate that DAGLα is present early in postnatal development. It is highly expressed in photoreceptor, horizontal, amacrine, and ganglion cells. MAGL appears later during the development of the retina and its presence is limited to amacrine and Müller cells. Overall, these results suggest that 2-AG is strongly present in early retinal development and might be involved in the regulation of the structural and functional maturation of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cécyre
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada ; Laboratoire des Neurosciences de la vision, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marjorie Monette
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Liza Beudjekian
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Casanova
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences de la vision, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bouchard
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, École d'Optométrie, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
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50
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Metna-Laurent M, Marsicano G. Rising stars: modulation of brain functions by astroglial type-1 cannabinoid receptors. Glia 2014; 63:353-64. [PMID: 25452006 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The type-1-cannabinoid (CB1 ) receptor is amongst the most widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors in the brain. In few decades, CB1 receptors have been shown to regulate a large array of functions from brain cell development and survival to complex cognitive processes. Understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying these functions of CB1 is complex due to the heterogeneity of the brain cell types on which the receptor is expressed. Although the large majority of CB1 receptors act on neurons, early studies pointed to a direct control of CB1 receptors over astroglial functions including brain energy supply and neuroprotection. In line with the growing concept of the tripartite synapse highlighting astrocytes as direct players in synaptic plasticity, astroglial CB1 receptor signaling recently emerged as the mediator of several forms of synaptic plasticity associated to important cognitive functions. Here, we shortly review the current knowledge on CB1 receptor-mediated astroglial functions. This functional spectrum is large and most of the mechanisms by which CB1 receptors control astrocytes, as well as their consequences in vivo, are still unknown, requiring innovative approaches to improve this new cannabinoid research field.
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