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Acuna N, Shariff-Marco S, Wu AH, Meltzer D, Inamdar P, Lim T, Le Marchand L, Haiman CA, Wilkens LR, Cheng I, Setiawan VW. The Association of Alcohol Outlet Density With Alcohol Intake: The Multiethnic Cohort. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024; 85:453-462. [PMID: 38335031 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.23-00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neighborhood characteristics have been shown to influence lifestyle behaviors. Here we characterized alcohol outlet density in Los Angeles County, CA, and Hawaii and assessed the association of alcohol outlet density with self-reported alcohol intake in the Multiethnic Cohort. METHOD Participants (n = 178,977) had their addresses geocoded at cohort entry (1993-1996) and appended to block group-level alcohol outlet densities (on- and off-premises). Multinomial logistic regression was performed to assess the association between self-reported alcohol intake and on- and off-premise alcohol outlet densities by each state. Stratified analysis was conducted by sex, race, and ethnicity. RESULTS Overall, we did not find associations between alcohol outlet density and self-reported alcohol intake in Los Angeles County, but we found that on-premise alcohol outlets were associated with 59% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.59, 95% CI [1.29, 1.96]) increased odds of consuming more than two drinks per day in Hawaii. Women living in neighborhoods with a high density of on-premise alcohol outlets (Los Angeles County: OR = 1.15, 95% CI [0.95, 1.40]; Hawaii: OR = 2.07, 95% CI [1.43, 3.01]) had an increased odds of more than two drinks per day. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that neighborhood factors are associated with individual-level behaviors and that multilevel interventions may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Acuna
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Salma Shariff-Marco
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dan Meltzer
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Pushkar Inamdar
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Tiffany Lim
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Veronica Wendy Setiawan
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Forbes SM, Schwartz N, Fu SH, Hobin E, Smith BT. The association between off- and on-premise alcohol outlet density and 100% alcohol-attributable emergency department visits by neighbourhood-level socioeconomic status in Ontario, Canada. Health Place 2024; 89:103284. [PMID: 38875963 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol availability is positively associated with alcohol use and harms, but the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on these associations is not well established. This population-based cross-sectional study examined neighbourhood-level associations between physical alcohol availability (measured as off- and on-premise alcohol outlet density) and 100% alcohol-attributable emergency department (ED) visits by neighbourhood SES in Ontario, Canada from 2017 to 2019 (n = 19,740). A Bayesian spatial modelling approach was used to assess associations and account for spatial autocorrelation, which produced risk ratios (RRs) and 95% credible intervals (95% CrI). Each additional off-premise alcohol outlet in a neighbourhood was associated with a 3% increased risk of alcohol-attributable ED visits in both men (RR = 1.03, 95%CrI: 1.02-1.04) and women (RR = 1.03, 95% CrI: 1.02-1.04). Positive associations were also observed between on-premise alcohol outlet density and alcohol-attributable ED visits, although effect sizes were small. A disproportionately greater association with ED visits was observed with increasing alcohol outlet density in the lowest compared to higher SES neighbourhoods. Reducing physical alcohol availability may be an important policy lever for reducing alcohol harm and alcohol-attributable health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Forbes
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1M1.
| | - Naomi Schwartz
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1M1.
| | - Sze Hang Fu
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1M1.
| | - Erin Hobin
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1M1; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 1 55 College St, Toronto, Canada, M5T 3M7.
| | - Brendan T Smith
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1M1; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 1 55 College St, Toronto, Canada, M5T 3M7.
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Rossheim ME, LoParco CR, Walker A, Livingston MD, Trangenstein PJ, Olsson S, McDonald KK, Yockey RA, Luningham JM, Kong AY, Henry D, Walters ST, Thombs DL, Jernigan DH. Delta-8 THC Retail Availability, Price, and Minimum Purchase Age. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:363-370. [PMID: 36342930 PMCID: PMC11071109 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Retail sales of Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) products have increased in the U.S. market since the passing of the 2018 Farm Bill, and there is currently little regulation of marketing/sales and limited related safety standards in many states. After thousands of calls to poison control centers (40% for individuals under 18 years old and 70% requiring health care facility evaluation), the Food and Drug Administration issued warnings on Delta-8 THC products, stating their psychoactive effects and that some manufacturers may synthesize Delta-8 using unsafe household chemicals. The current study describes the Delta-8 THC retail sales environment in Fort Worth, Texas. Given its relatively inexpensive manufacturing and that low prices are a major determinant of cannabis use, the price of Delta-8 THC products was examined. This study also examined whether retail outlets in areas with greater socioeconomic deprivation had higher odds of selling Delta-8 THC products. This is important because if Delta-8 THC retailers are disproportionately located in more socioeconomically deprived communities, residents of these communities can more easily access these products and may have higher risk of adverse consequences. Methods: Potential Delta-8 THC retailers were selected by identifying lists of current retail locations with alcohol, cannabidiol, and/or tobacco licenses in Fort Worth. Trained research assistants called outlets in September and October 2021 to query about sales of products containing Delta-8 THC. The response rate was 69% (n=1,223). Outlets' 9-digit zip codes were merged with Area Deprivation Index scores. Products and purported minimum age were described. Chi-squared and Student's t-tests were used. Results: Eleven percent of outlets (n=133) reported selling Delta-8 THC. Ninety-six percent sold vapes and/or "flower" (i.e., hemp leaves coated with Delta-8 THC distillate) and 76% sold edibles. Among the least expensive products available, edibles cost, on average, $8.58 less than flower/vapes (p<0.001). Outlets that sold Delta-8 THC were located in areas with greater deprivation (p=0.02). Most reported a minimum purchase age of 21; however, 4% reported 18 years or no minimum age. Conclusions: Delta-8 THC retail outlets were disproportionately located in areas with more socioeconomic deprivation. Legal intervention such as zoning, minimum age, and tax laws may help reduce Delta-8 THC-related disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Rossheim
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Cassidy R. LoParco
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Walker
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melvin D. Livingston
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Sofia Olsson
- School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Kayla K. McDonald
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert A. Yockey
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Justin M. Luningham
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda Y. Kong
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Doug Henry
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Scott T. Walters
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Dennis L. Thombs
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - David H. Jernigan
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kong AY, Herbert L, Feldman JM, Trangenstein PJ, Fakunle DO, Lee JGL. Tobacco and Alcohol Retailer Availability and Neighborhood Racialized, Economic, and Racialized Economic Segregation in North Carolina. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2861-2871. [PMID: 36469288 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence of racialized and socioeconomic inequities in tobacco and alcohol outlet availability, few studies have investigated spatial inequities in areas experiencing both concentrated residential racialized segregation and socioeconomic disadvantage. This study examined whether segregation-racialized, economic or both-was associated with alcohol and tobacco retailer counts in North Carolina (NC). METHODS The NC Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission provided lists of 2021 off-premise alcohol retailers. We created a list of 2018 probable tobacco retailers using ReferenceUSA. We calculated three census tract-level measures of the Index of Concentrations at the Extremes (ICE), indicating racialized segregation between non-Hispanic White and Black residents and economic segregation based on household income. We used negative binomial regression to test associations between quintiles of each ICE measure and tobacco and, separately, alcohol retailer counts. RESULTS Tracts with the greatest racialized disadvantage had 38% (IRR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.15-1.66) and 65% (IRR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.34-2.04) more tobacco and alcohol outlets, respectively, as tracts with the lowest. Tracts with the highest racialized economic disadvantage had a predicted count of 1.51 tobacco outlets per 1000 people while those in the lowest had nearly one fewer predicted outlet. Similar inequities existed in the predicted count of alcohol outlets. DISCUSSION Tobacco and alcohol outlet availability are higher in NC places experiencing concentrated racialized and economic segregation. A centralized agency overseeing tobacco and alcohol outlet permits and strategies to reduce the retail availability of these harmful products (e.g., capping the number of permits) are needed to intervene upon these inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Lily Herbert
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - David O Fakunle
- Public Health Program, Morgan State University School of Community Health & Policy, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gruenewald PJ, Sumetsky N, Mair C, Lee JP, Ponicki WR. Micro-temporal analyses of crime related to alcohol outlets: A comparison of outcomes over weekday, weekend, daytime and nighttime hours. Drug Alcohol Rev 2023; 42:902-911. [PMID: 36989160 PMCID: PMC10273326 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Causal relationships between alcohol outlets and crime are inferred from their statistical associations across neighbourhoods. However, many unobserved covariates may confound these effects. Recognising that outlet sales vary by time of day and day of week, we assess whether areas with more bars/pubs, restaurants or off-premise outlets have more crime during days and times when alcohol sales are greatest. METHODS Annual administrative crime counts, sociodemographic data and other area characteristics of 336 Census block groups in Oakland, California, USA, were related to outlet densities from 2000 to 2015. Bayesian space-time Poisson models were used to measure associations between outlet densities and crime during: (i) weekday daytime; (ii) weekday nighttime; (iii) weekend daytime; and (iv) weekend nighttime periods (four seemingly unrelated equations). Comparisons of parameter estimates across equations provided an assessment of outlet effects on crime across days and times within the same analysis units using the same constellation of confounding covariates. RESULTS Assault and driving under the influence crime incidents during weekend evening hours were more frequent in Census block group areas with greater numbers of bar/pubs. Burglaries were consistently greater in areas with greater densities of restaurants. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The spatiotemporal signature relating densities of bars/pubs over weekend evening hours to assault and driving under the influence incidents suggests that these outlets are a critical source of these crimes across neighbourhoods. Prevention programs and policies that focus upon specific drinking establishments, days and times may be most effective in reducing assault and impaired driving incidents in neighbourhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
| | - Natalie Sumetsky
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences,
University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School
of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Social Dynamics and Community Health, University
of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences,
University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School
of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
- Center for Social Dynamics and Community Health, University
of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Juliet P. Lee
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
| | - William R. Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation, Berkeley, USA
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6
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Freisthler B, Kranich C, Price Wolf J, Boyd R, Gruenewald PJ. Neighborhood market potentials for alcohol use and rates of child abuse and neglect. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:143-154. [PMID: 36373348 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use can lead to child abuse and neglect even if the person using alcohol does not use heavily. Yet relatively few measures that reflect alcohol use are available at smaller geographic units. We assess whether the estimated level of total alcohol use per capita is related to measures of child abuse and neglect that include substantiated reports of maltreatment, total entries into foster care, and alcohol-related entries into foster care. METHODS Our sample consists of 326 Census block groups in Sacramento, California over three time points (978 space-time units). Administrative data for substantiations of child abuse and neglect and foster care entries are our outcomes. We create market potentials for alcohol use among 18- to 29-year-olds as our primary independent variable. Data are analyzed using Bayesian conditionally autoregressive spatio-temporal models. RESULTS Higher alcohol use potentials (as measured by total volume per capita of 18- to 29-year olds) are related to more children entering foster care due to drinking-related concerns by a parent or caregiver (RR = 1.032, 95% CI = [1.013, 1.051]), but not total substantiations for foster care entries. Neighborhoods with higher total volume of alcohol per 18- to 29-year-olds had more foster care entries when we used number of substantiations as the denominator (RR = 1.012, 95% CI = [1.0001, 1.023]) but were not related to foster care entries with alcohol misuse as a concern as a subset of all foster care entries. CONCLUSIONS Higher estimated volume of alcohol use per capita among young adults (aged 18 to 29) was related to more children entering foster care due to alcohol-related concerns. Reducing alcohol supply in alcohol outlets, specifically through off-premise establishments, might reduce rates for all entries into foster care or other out-of-home placement and substantiated child abuse and neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiana Kranich
- Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center, The Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA
| | - Jennifer Price Wolf
- College of Social Work, San Jose State University, California, San Jose, USA
| | - Reiko Boyd
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, Texas, Houston, USA
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, CA, Berkeley, USA
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Sadler RC, Trangenstein P, Harris A, Buchalski Z, Wojciechowski TW, Furr-Holden CD. Establishing the Relative Accuracy of Using City Directories as Proxies to Define and Reconstruct Historical Alcohol Environments. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2023; 84:158-170. [PMID: 36799686 PMCID: PMC9948143 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.21-00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on alcohol environments has established that poorer and minoritized communities are frequently overburdened by off-premise outlets (e.g., liquor stores). These outlets have more associated harms, including increased alcohol consumption and crime rates. Little, if any, research has shown how these socio-spatial disparities in exposure have grown or shifted over time, and no studies have established a method for re-creating historical alcohol environments. METHOD Our results suggest that in our study city of Flint, MI, disparities in the alcohol environment have narrowed since 1950. Although liquor stores are still more likely to be located in poorer and more heavily African American neighborhoods, the pattern has become insignificant over time. Furthermore, the number of alcohol outlets per capita has declined. Thus, although the city remains more overburdened with alcohol outlets than its suburbs, the disparity has shrunk. CONCLUSIONS This work has implications for those working in alcohol prevention and policy, as well as in urban planning. Practitioners and researchers can use this method to model alcohol availability over time in their own communities, which helps better inform the discussion on disparities experienced in poor and minoritized neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Casey Sadler
- Department of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan
| | | | - Alan Harris
- Department of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan
| | - Zachary Buchalski
- Department of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan
| | | | - C. Debra Furr-Holden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Gobaud AN, Morrison CN, Mehranbod CA, Hoofnagle MH. Gun shows and universal background check laws across state lines. Prev Med 2022; 165:107094. [PMID: 35605878 PMCID: PMC10111879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
States with more gun laws have fewer gun assaults, and associations are strongest for background check laws. However, sales between private buyers and sellers (i.e., gun shows) are exempt from some background check requirements according to federal and most state laws. The aim of this study was to determine whether gun shows are more likely to take place in counties that are near states with universal background check laws. This cross-sectional study used gun show data from a 2018 public online listing aggregated within 3107 counties in the contiguous 48 states. The main independent variable was the presence of a universal background check law in neighboring states. We controlled for potential drivers of demand for gun shows, including the total number of gun laws within-state and in neighboring states, local and in-flowing population size, and proportion of the local and in-flowing population who were gun owners. Bayesian conditional autoregressive Poisson models estimated associations between neighboring-state universal background check law and the presence of a gun show in each county while accounting for spatial dependencies and nesting of counties within states. Of the 1869 identified gun shows, nine of the states in which they occurred had a universal background check law. The presence of excess gun shows in counties near states with universal background check laws is consistent with the hypothesis that gun shows service demand from people seeking to circumvent prohibitions against gun purchases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana N Gobaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Christopher N Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christina A Mehranbod
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark H Hoofnagle
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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Gruenewald PJ, Sumetsky N, Gaidus A, Ponicki W, Lee JP, Mair C. Assessing the impacts of alcohol outlets on crime as a natural experiment: agglomeration, churning and spatial effects. Addiction 2022; 117:2614-2622. [PMID: 35491751 DOI: 10.1111/add.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Retail alcohol outlets appear to open in neighborhoods with low land and structure rents near sources of demand; they may 'agglomerate', open near to one another or 'churn', replace one another, over time. We used the turnover in numbers of outlets over time to measure agglomeration and churning and the impacts of openings and closings of outlets on neighborhood crime. DESIGN Interrupted quasi-experiments using spatial panel population data from 3768 synthetic block areas over 6 years. SETTING City of Oakland, CA, USA. PARTICIPANTS City population. MEASUREMENTS Census-based socio-demographic estimates and counts of openings and closings of bars/pubs, restaurants and off-premises outlets related to assault, burglary and robbery crime incidents across synthetic Census blocks. Bayesian space-time models were used to assess agglomeration and churning and measure impacts of openings/closings on crime. FINDINGS Churning was substantial; openings followed closings for all outlets [bars/pubs, relative risk (RR) = 50.9, 95% credible interval (CI) = 3.0-449.9; restaurants, RR = 3.1, CI = 1.5-6.1; off-premises, RR = 23.5, CI = 2.0-129.8]. Bars/pub and restaurant openings agglomerated with other outlets (e.g., RR = 1.02, CI = 1.00-1.03 and RR = 1.01, CI = 1.00-1.01), but off-premises outlets did not. Covarying out effects related to outlet densities, bar/pub openings were related to a 3.5% increase in assaults (RR = 1.04, CI = 1.01-1.06) and 6.9% increase in robberies (RR = 1.07, CI = 1.03-1.11). Restaurant openings were related to a 5.3% increase in burglaries (RR = 1.05, CI = 1.04-1.06). Openings and closings of off-premises outlets were unrelated to all three crime types. CONCLUSIONS Retail alcohol outlets appear to follow a pattern of opening near to one another and replacing each other over time. Bar, pub and restaurant openings appear to be related to increases in neighborhood crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Sumetsky
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Gaidus
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Juliet P Lee
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christina Mair
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PA, USA
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Alcohol Use among High School Learners in the Peri-Urban Areas, South Africa: A Descriptive Study on Accessibility, Motivations and Effects. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9091342. [PMID: 36138651 PMCID: PMC9498139 DOI: 10.3390/children9091342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Learners are vulnerable to alcohol use and its negative effects, largely due to accessibility of alcohol products, especially in the localities with poor socioeconomic status and infrastructure. This study aimed to determine the accessibility, motivations and effects of alcohol use among high school learners (n = 403) in Tshwane North and West, South Africa, using a descriptive, cross-sectional design. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire and analysed using STATA 17. Learners (16 ± 2 years) had poor demographic status and lifestyle behaviors. Availability of alcohol outlets (54%) near schools was reported, and learners indicated easy access (65%) to taverns and bottle stores (30%), and purchasing alcohol without a proof of identity document (70%). Motivations for alcohol use were self-pleasure (36%), coping with stress (24%) and increasing self-esteem (19%). Almost half of the learners (49%) introduced themselves to alcohol use, while others were influenced by friends (36%) and family (14%). Reported alcohol related effects were a negative impact on health (56%), brain function (25%) and school work (12%), in addition to social harms, including problems with friends (25%) and parents (17%), physical fights (19%) and engaging in risky sexual behaviour (11%). Effective strategies are necessary to address underage alcohol use and should include regulating the proximity of alcohol outlets to schools, life skills training to address learners’ drinking motives and constantly alerting parents about the relevance of modeling behaviour.
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Martín-Turrero I, Valiente R, Molina-de la Fuente I, Bilal U, Lazo M, Sureda X. Accessibility and availability of alcohol outlets around schools: An ecological study in the city of Madrid, Spain, according to socioeconomic area-level. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112323. [PMID: 34774513 PMCID: PMC8875292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood accessibility and availability of alcohol products has been associated with increased alcohol consumption and harms among adolescents. This availability has been shown to be higher in neighborhoods with lower socio-economic status (SES). The aim of this study was to examine inequalities in alcohol outlet density and proximity around schools by area-level SES in Madrid, Spain. Data on schools, SES, alcohol outlets and population density at census tract level were obtained through public databases from the local government of Madrid. We examined (1) density as the number of alcohol outlets around schools within 3 buffers (i.e. 200 m, 400 m and 800 m) and (2) proximity as the distance from schools to their nearest alcohol outlet. We performed multilevel analyses to examine the associations between alcohol outlet density and proximity and SES, adjusted by population density. Secondary schools (n = 576) located in less deprived areas had lower densities of alcohol outlets at walking distances of 200 and 400 m (50% and 37% lower, respectively p < 0.05). No significant differences were found for the proximity measures. The socioeconomic level of the area in which adolescents go to school is a determinant of their exposure to alcohol, where those who study in high SES areas have lower exposure to alcohol outlets. This study highlights the need to prioritize equity in the design and implementation of policies to limit alcohol accessibility among adolescents, including establishing minimum distances between schools and alcohol outlets or limiting the number of outlets per inhabitant in neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martín-Turrero
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Valiente
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Molina-de la Fuente
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Malaria and NTDs Laboratory, National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Usama Bilal
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mariana Lazo
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Community Health and Prevention, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Johns Hopkins, Center for Health Equity, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xisca Sureda
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10027, United States; Tobacco Control Research Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Place-based interventions are increasingly implemented to address firearm violence. While research on the social determinants of health and criminological theories suggest that the built environment significantly influences health outcomes and the spatial distribution of crime, little is known about the attraction between urban places and shootings. The present study adds to the literature on firearm violence and micro-place research by exploring the spatial dependence in a Midwest metropolitan area between shootings and bus stops, vacant properties, alcohol outlets, and other locations that have been theoretically or empirically linked to firearm violence. The G-function and Cross-K function are used to characterize the univariate clustering of shootings and bivariate attraction with other locations, respectively. Bus stops, blighted vacant properties, alcohol outlets, and businesses/residential locations participating in a public-private-community initiative to reduce crime exhibited significant locational dependence with shootings at short distances. Attraction between on-premises alcohol outlets and shootings was observed only during the night. No attraction was found between schools and shootings. The findings reaffirm the importance of place-based research-especially at the micro-place level-and suggest that certain urban places may be appropriate targets for interventions that modify existing physical and/or social structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Oliphant
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, 655 Auditorium Road, 439 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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13
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Fakunle DO, Curriero FC, Leaf PJ, Furr-Holden DM, Thorpe RJ. Black, white, or green? The effects of racial composition and socioeconomic status on neighborhood-level tobacco outlet density. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2021; 26:1012-1027. [PMID: 31124377 PMCID: PMC6875694 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2019.1620178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To compare predominantly-Black and predominantly-White Maryland areas with similar socioeconomic status to examine the role of both race and socioeconomic status on tobacco outlet availability and tobacco outlet access.Design: Maryland tobacco outlet addresses were geocoded with 2011-2015 American Community Survey sociodemographic data. Two-sample t-tests were conducted comparing the mean values of sociodemographic variables and tobacco outlet density per Census Tract, and spatial lag based regression models were conducted to analyze the direct association between covariables and tobacco outlet density while accounting for spatial dependence between and within jurisdictions.Results: Predominantly-White jurisdictions had lower tobacco outlet availability and access than predominantly-Black jurisdictions, despite similar socioeconomic status. Spatial lag model results showed that median household income and vacant houses had consistent associations with tobacco outlet density across most of the jurisdictions analyzed, and place-based spatial lag models showed direct associations between predominantly-Black jurisdictions and tobacco outlet availability and access.Conclusion: Predominantly-White areas have lower levels of tobacco outlet density than predominantly-Black areas, despite both areas having similar socioeconomic statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Fakunle
- Kaiser Research Fellow, School of Community Health & Policy – Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Mental Health – Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Frank C. Curriero
- Department of Epidemiology – Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Philip J. Leaf
- Department of Mental Health – Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Debra M. Furr-Holden
- Division of Public Health – Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan
| | - Roland J. Thorpe
- Department of Health, Behavior & Society – Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Trangenstein PJ, Mulia N, Lui CK, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Greenfield TK, Jones-Webb R. Support for Alcohol Policies in Marginalized Populations. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:500-509. [PMID: 33341875 PMCID: PMC8243274 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Kingdon [(2014) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Essex. United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited] argues that windows of opportunity to pass policies emerge when problems, solutions and policy support co-occur. This study aims to identify a set of alcohol policies with the potential to reduce alcohol-related disparities given high levels of support from marginalized groups, such as racial/ethnic minorities and lower-income groups. METHODS This study used data from five US National Alcohol Surveys, which were based on household probability samples of adults in 1995 (n = 4243), 2000 (n = 5736), 2005 (n = 1445), 2010 (n = 4164) and 2015 (n = 4041). We used multiple logistic regression to determine the odds of policy support by racial/ethnic group and income level, considering price, place and marketing policies as well as individual-level interventions. RESULTS Overall a majority of Americans supported banning alcohol sales in corner stores (59.4%), banning alcohol advertisements on television (55.5%), and establishing universal health coverage for alcohol treatment (80.0%). Support was particularly high among Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos and lower-income persons. Multivariate models showed that compared with White people, foreign-born Hispanics/Latinos had the most robust levels of support, including raising alcohol taxes (aOR = 2.40, 95% CI: 2.00, 2.88, P < 0.0001), banning alcohol sales in corner stores (aOR = 2.85, 95% CI: 2.22, 3.65, P < 0.0001) and reducing retail sales hours (aOR = 2.91, 95% CI: 2.38, 3.55, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Of the policies examined, banning alcohol sales at corner stores is most likely to be in a "window of opportunity" for reducing alcohol-related disparities. By simultaneously reducing population-level consumption and harms from others' drinking, place-based policies have the potential to reduce harms experienced by marginalized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Trangenstein
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Health Behavior, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nina Mulia
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Camillia K Lui
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Katherine J Karriker-Jaffe
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Thomas K Greenfield
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Rhonda Jones-Webb
- University of Minnesota, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, 300 West Bank Office Building, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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15
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Trangenstein PJ. Commentary on de Vocht et al. (2020): The value of local causal inference models for alcohol policy debates. Addiction 2020; 115:2032-2033. [PMID: 32770564 DOI: 10.1111/add.15196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Trangenstein
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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16
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Scott J, Danos D, Collins R, Simonsen N, Leonardi C, Scribner R, Herd D. Structural racism in the built environment: Segregation and the overconcentration of alcohol outlets. Health Place 2020; 64:102385. [PMID: 32755812 PMCID: PMC7531907 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Structural racism, evidenced in practices like residential racial segregation, has been linked to health inequities. We examined the relationship between an adverse environmental factor (alcohol outlet overconcentration), segregated neighborhoods, and county alcohol policy in Louisiana and Alabama to investigate this link. Multilevel analysis revealed high outlet density associated with segregated counties and predominantly black census tracts in counties with restrictive alcohol policy. This inverse association between policies designed to limit alcohol availability and overconcentration of outlets in black neighborhoods warrants consideration by policymakers given links between outlet density and health inequities. Consideration of these findings in historical context suggests these policies may function as a contemporary actualization of the historical use of alcohol policy to subjugate black people in the South, now over-concentrating instead of prohibiting access.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Danos
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, USA
| | | | - Neal Simonsen
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, USA
| | - Claudia Leonardi
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, USA
| | | | - Denise Herd
- University of California, School of Public Health, Berkeley, USA
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17
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Johnson JL, Canterberry M, Vu UL, Carton TW. Positive association between neighborhood retail alcohol outlet access and hospital admissions for alcohol withdrawal syndrome in New Orleans. J Addict Dis 2020; 38:311-316. [PMID: 32401180 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1762029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We used treatment for alcohol withdrawal syndrome as an objective surrogate marker to investigate the relationship between alcohol-related health outcomes and home neighborhood alcohol outlet density and alcohol advertising density.Methods: Mixed effects logistic regression examined whether alcohol outlet density or alcohol advertisement density within either one-quarter mile or one-half mile of individuals' home address was associated with treatment for alcohol withdrawal.Results: Adjusted models showed outlet and advertising density, particularly off-sale outlet density within one-quarter mile of the home, increased the risk of hospital admission for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AOR = 1.15).Conclusion/impact: These data inform public policy initiatives to reduce the harmful effects of alcohol by regulating the neighborhood alcohol environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Johnson
- Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, New Orleans, LA.,Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Uyen L Vu
- Xavier University of Louisiana College of Pharmacy, New Orleans, LA
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18
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Trangenstein PJ, Subbaraman MS, Greenfield TK, Mulia N, Kerr WC, Karriker-Jaffe KJ. Association between state-level alcohol availability and taxation policies on the prevalence of alcohol-related harms to persons other than the drinker in the USA, 2000-2015. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 39:255-266. [PMID: 32202007 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Alcohol-related harms to others (AHTO) are consequences of alcohol use borne by persons other than the drinker. This study assessed whether the odds of experiencing AHTO are associated with alcohol availability and taxation policies. DESIGN AND METHODS This study pooled data from four waves of the National Alcohol Survey (n = 20656 adults). We measured past-year AHTO exposure using three binary variables: physical (pushed/hit/assaulted or property damage by someone who had been drinking), family or financial (family/marital problems or financial harms by someone who had been drinking) and driving AHTO (riding in a vehicle with a drink-driver or being in a drink-driving crash). Policies included bar and off-premise alcohol outlet density (separately), alcohol retail hours, beer and spirits taxes (separately) and monopoly on retail/wholesale alcohol purchases. RESULTS Monopolies were associated with 41.2% lower odds of physical harms [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45, 0.77, q < 0.001 correcting for multiple analyses], and a 10% increase in bar density was associated with a 1.2% increase in odds of driving-related harms ( e ln(1.1) * β =1.01, 95% CI 1.00, 1.02, q = 0.03). Among men, beer taxes were associated with lower odds of physical harms ( eln(1.1) * β =0.93, 95% CI 0.88, 0.98 q = 0.03) and monopolies were associated with lower odds of physical (aOR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.35, 0.59, q < 0.001) and driving harms (aOR = 0.66, 95% CI 1.00, 1.02, q = 0.03). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Monopolies, taxes and outlet density are associated with odds of some AHTO. Future longitudinal research should test whether physical availability and taxation policies may be protective for bystanders as well as drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nina Mulia
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, USA
| | - William C Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, Emeryville, USA
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19
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Trangenstein PJ, Greene N, Eck RH, Milam AJ, Furr-Holden CD, Jernigan DH. Alcohol Advertising and Violence. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:343-351. [PMID: 31980304 PMCID: PMC7140760 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have found associations between alcohol outlet density and violence, but it is unknown whether alcohol advertisements visible outside outlets are also associated with violent crime. Baltimore City, MD enacted restrictions on retail alcohol establishment advertising practices as of June 5, 2017. This study examines the association between alcohol advertisements visible outside off-premise alcohol outlets and violent crime before this restriction. METHODS Outlet observations (n=683) were conducted in summer 2015, and violent crime data (n=24,085) were from June 5, 2015, through June 4, 2017. The number of violent crimes per square mile within 1,000 feet of outlets was summed using kernel density estimation. In 2018-2019, authors used mixed models with a Simes-Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. RESULTS Roughly half (47%, n=267) of the outlets with complete data (n=572) had alcohol advertisements visible from the exterior. Outlets with alcohol advertisements had 15% more violent crimes per square mile within 1,000 feet (eβ=1.15, 95% CI=1.07, 1.25, q<0.001) after adjusting for neighborhood context. All associations between alcohol advertisements and specific types of violent crime were significant, with the association strongest for homicides (eβ=1.28, 95% CI=1.13, 1.46, q<0.001). There was no association between cigarette advertisements and violent crime (eB=1.08, 95% CI=0.92, 1.26, q=0.43). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol advertisements visible outside off-premise outlets were associated with increased violent crime over and above the association between the outlets themselves and violent crime. Reducing alcohol advertising visible from the street may decrease risk of violent crime that is associated with alcohol outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Trangenstein
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Naomi Greene
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Adam J Milam
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan
| | - C Debra Furr-Holden
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan
| | - David H Jernigan
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Trangenstein PJ, Eck RH, Lu Y, Webster D, Jennings JM, Latkin C, Milam AJ, Furr-Holden D, Jernigan DH. The Violence Prevention Potential of Reducing Alcohol Outlet Access in Baltimore, Maryland. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020; 81:24-33. [PMID: 32048598 PMCID: PMC7024813 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2020.81.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are few cost-effectiveness analyses that model alcohol outlet zoning policies. This study determines the potential decreases in homicides, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and victim and criminal justice costs associated with four policy options that would reduce the alcohol outlet access in Baltimore. METHOD This cost-effectiveness analysis used associations between on-premise (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.41), off-premise (IRR = 1.76), and combined on- and off-premise outlet density (IRR = 1.07) and homicide in Baltimore. We determined the potential change in the level of homicide that could occur with changes in the density of alcohol outlets, assuming that 50% of the association was causal. RESULTS Reducing alcohol outlet density in Baltimore City by one quintile was associated with decreases of 51 homicides per year, $63.7 million, and 764 DALYs. Removing liquor stores in residential zones was associated with 22 fewer homicides, which would cost $27.5 million and lead to 391 DALYs. Removing bars/taverns operating as liquor stores was associated with a decrease of one homicide, $1.2 million, and 17 DALYs. Removing both the liquor stores in residential zones and the bars/taverns operating as liquor stores was associated with 23 fewer homicides, which translated to $28.7 million and 409 DALYs. CONCLUSIONS For preventing homicides, the strategy of removing liquor stores in residential zones was preferred because it was associated with substantial reductions in homicides without closing unacceptably high numbers of outlets. It is possible that policies that close the bars/taverns operating as liquor stores would be associated with decreases in other types of violent crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Trangenstein
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Yi Lu
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Webster
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Carl Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adam J. Milam
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Debra Furr-Holden
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, Michigan
| | - David H. Jernigan
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Snowden AJ. Exploring violence: The role of neighborhood characteristics, alcohol outlets, and other micro-places. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2019; 82:181-194. [PMID: 31300078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the association between neighborhood characteristics, alcohol outlets, other micro-places, and neighborhood violence rates. Prior studies that examined the alcohol availability and violence associations suggested that alcohol outlets play an important role in violent outcomes, yet we know less about the larger environment in which alcohol outlets are located, including how the availability of other types of places that exist side by side with alcohol outlets in neighborhoods could influence the alcohol-violence relationships. I collected publicly available data on simple and aggravated assaults, neighborhood characteristics (concentrated disadvantage, concentrated immigration, residential stability, and ethnic heterogeneity), on- and off-premise outlets, and other micro-places (colleges and universities, primary and secondary schools, financial services, gas stations, hotels and motels, laundromats, parks and playgrounds, and rooming houses) and subsequently aggregated the data to Milwaukee, Wisconsin census block groups. I estimated spatially lagged regression models to test these associations and compared the results across the models. The findings show that some neighborhood characteristics and some micro-places are important predictors of neighborhood violence. Importantly, off-premise alcohol outlets have a consistently significant positive relationship with simple and aggravated assaults, even when the influence of the neighborhood characteristics and micro-places is accounted for in the models. This study contributes to the environmental criminology theories and alcohol availability theory by highlighting the importance of off-premise outlets as crime attractors and crime generators to explain violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra J Snowden
- Marquette University, Department of Social and Cultural Sciences, Lalumiere Hall 436, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA.
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22
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Fakunle DO, Thorpe RJ, Furr-Holden CDM, Curriero FC, Leaf PJ. Does Tobacco Outlet Inequality Extend to High-White Mid-Atlantic Jurisdictions? A Study of Socioeconomic Status and Density. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 6:409-418. [PMID: 30446987 PMCID: PMC6424620 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-018-00538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco outlet density research has evolved to require a more refined examination of socioeconomic status' influence beyond median household income. This study investigates the effects of SES on census-tract-level tobacco outlet density in five predominantly White Maryland jurisdictions. Tobacco license addresses and demographic data were analyzed via t tests and spatial lag modeling. Results showed that higher SES jurisdictions had lower tobacco outlet density than lower SES jurisdictions despite similar White populations and that median household income had consistent associations with tobacco outlet density. This study corroborates findings that differences in SES correlate with differences in tobacco outlet density between racially similar areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Fakunle
- School of Community Health & Policy, Morgan State University, Portage Building, Room 204, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA.
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Debra M Furr-Holden
- Division of Public Health, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Frank C Curriero
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip J Leaf
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Jin Z, Chang HH, Ponicki WR, Gaidus A, Waller LA, Morrison CN, Gruenewald PJ. Longitudinal impacts of two causal drivers of alcohol demand on outlet concentrations within community settings: Population size and income effects. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2018; 27:21-28. [PMID: 30409373 PMCID: PMC6233730 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed counts of licensed bars, restaurants and off-premise alcohol outlets within 53 California cities from 2000-2013. Poisson models were used to assess overall space-time associations between outlet numbers and population size and median household income in local and spatially adjacent block groups. We then separated covariate effects into distinct spatial and temporal components ("decomposed" models). Overall models showed that densities of all outlet types were generally greatest within block groups that had lower income, were adjacent to block groups with lower income, had greater populations, and were adjacent to block groups that had greater populations. Decomposed models demonstrate that over time greater income was associated with increased counts of bars, and greater population was associated with greater numbers of restaurants and off-premise outlets. Acknowledging the many negative consequences for populations living in areas of high outlet density, these effects are a predictable and powerful social determinant of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxuan Jin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - William R Ponicki
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States
| | - Andrew Gaidus
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Christopher N Morrison
- Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States.
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Mericle AA, Kaskutas LA, Polcin DL, Karriker-Jaffe KJ. Independent and Interactive Effects of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Social Network Characteristics on Problem Drinking after Treatment. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 37:1-21. [PMID: 29657357 DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Socioecological approaches to public health problems like addiction emphasize the importance of person-environment interactions. Neighborhood and social network characteristics may influence the likelihood of relapse among individuals in recovery, but these factors have been understudied, particularly with respect to conceptualizing social network characteristics as moderators of neighborhood disadvantage. Drawing from a larger prospective study of individuals recruited from outpatient treatment (N=451) and interviewed 1, 3, 5, and 7 years later, the aim of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of neighborhood and social network characteristics on continued problem drinking after treatment. Models using generalized estimating equations controlling for demographic and other risk factors found the number of heavy drinkers in one's network increases risk of relapse, with the effects being significantly stronger among those living in disadvantaged neighborhoods than among those in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods. No independent effects were found for neighborhood disadvantage or for the number of network members supporting reduced drinking. Future research is needed to examine potential protective factors in neighborhoods which may offset socioeconomic disadvantage as well as to investigate the functions that network members serve in helping to improve long-term treatment outcomes.
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Chartier KG, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Cummings CR, Kendler KS. Review: Environmental influences on alcohol use: Informing research on the joint effects of genes and the environment in diverse U.S. populations. Am J Addict 2017; 26:446-460. [PMID: 28117924 PMCID: PMC5695556 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This review aimed to inform the current state of alcohol research on the joint effects of genes and the environment conducted in U.S. racial/ethnic minority populations, focusing on African Americans, Latinos/Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians. METHODS A key-word and author-based search was conducted and supplemented with direct contact to researchers in this area to ensure a comprehensive inclusion of published, peer-reviewed studies. These studies were considered in terms of the racial/ethnic population groups, phenotypes, genetic variants, and environmental influences covered. Research findings from alcohol epidemiologic studies were highlighted to introduce some potential environmental variables for future studies of gene and environment (G-E) relationships. RESULTS Twenty-six (N = 26) studies were reviewed. They predominantly involved African American and Asian samples and had a very limited focus on Latinos/Hispanics and American Indians. There was a wide range of alcohol-related phenotypes examined, and studies almost exclusively used a candidate gene approach. Environmental influences focused on the most proximate social network relationships with family and peers. There was far less examination of community- and societal-level environmental influences on drinking. Epidemiologic studies informing the selection of potential environmental factors at these higher order levels suggest inclusion of indicators of drinking norms, alcohol availability, socioeconomic disadvantage, and unfair treatment. CONCLUSIONS The review of current literature identified a critical gap in the study of environments: There is the need to study exposures at community and societal levels. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE These initial studies provide an important foundation for evolving the dialogue and generating other investigations of G-E relationships in diverse racial/ethnic groups. (Am J Addict 2017;26:446-460).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G. Chartier
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Cory R. Cummings
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Morrison C, Cerdá M, Gorman DM, Gruenewald PJ, Mair CF, Naimi TS, Scribner R, Stockwell T, Toomey TL, Wieczorek WF. Commentary on Gmel et al. (2015): Are alcohol outlet densities strongly associated with alcohol-related outcomes? A critical review of recent evidence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015; 35:55-57. [PMID: 26450352 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Morrison
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Magdalena Cerdá
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Dennis M Gorman
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, USA
| | - Paul J Gruenewald
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, USA
| | - Christina F Mair
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Timothy S Naimi
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Richard Scribner
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, USA
| | - Tim Stockwell
- Centre for Addictions Research of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Traci L Toomey
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - William F Wieczorek
- Center for Health and Social Research, State University of New York College at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
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