1
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Smets B, Boschker HTS, Wetherington MT, Lelong G, Hidalgo-Martinez S, Polerecky L, Nuyts G, De Wael K, Meysman FJR. Multi-wavelength Raman microscopy of nickel-based electron transport in cable bacteria. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1208033. [PMID: 38525072 PMCID: PMC10959288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1208033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cable bacteria embed a network of conductive protein fibers in their cell envelope that efficiently guides electron transport over distances spanning up to several centimeters. This form of long-distance electron transport is unique in biology and is mediated by a metalloprotein with a sulfur-coordinated nickel (Ni) cofactor. However, the molecular structure of this cofactor remains presently unknown. Here, we applied multi-wavelength Raman microscopy to identify cell compounds linked to the unique cable bacterium physiology, combined with stable isotope labeling, and orientation-dependent and ultralow-frequency Raman microscopy to gain insight into the structure and organization of this novel Ni-cofactor. Raman spectra of native cable bacterium filaments reveal vibrational modes originating from cytochromes, polyphosphate granules, proteins, as well as the Ni-cofactor. After selective extraction of the conductive fiber network from the cell envelope, the Raman spectrum becomes simpler, and primarily retains vibrational modes associated with the Ni-cofactor. These Ni-cofactor modes exhibit intense Raman scattering as well as a strong orientation-dependent response. The signal intensity is particularly elevated when the polarization of incident laser light is parallel to the direction of the conductive fibers. This orientation dependence allows to selectively identify the modes that are associated with the Ni-cofactor. We identified 13 such modes, some of which display strong Raman signals across the entire range of applied wavelengths (405-1,064 nm). Assignment of vibrational modes, supported by stable isotope labeling, suggest that the structure of the Ni-cofactor shares a resemblance with that of nickel bis(1,2-dithiolene) complexes. Overall, our results indicate that cable bacteria have evolved a unique cofactor structure that does not resemble any of the known Ni-cofactors in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Smets
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Henricus T. S. Boschker
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Maxwell T. Wetherington
- Materials Characterization Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Gérald Lelong
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités, France—Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Lubos Polerecky
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Nuyts
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip J. R. Meysman
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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2
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Lamichhane S, Timalsina R, Schultz C, Fescenko I, Ambal K, Liou SH, Lai RY, Laraoui A. Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetic Relaxometry of Nanoclustered Cytochrome C Proteins. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:873-880. [PMID: 38207217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometry offers an alternative tool to detect paramagnetic centers in cells with a favorable combination of magnetic sensitivity and spatial resolution. Here, we employ NV magnetic relaxometry to detect cytochrome C (Cyt-C) nanoclusters. Cyt-C is a water-soluble protein that plays a vital role in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. Under ambient conditions, the heme group in Cyt-C remains in the Fe3+ state, which is paramagnetic. We vary the concentration of Cyt-C from 6 to 54 μM and observe a reduction of the NV spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) from 1.2 ms to 150 μs, which is attributed to the spin noise originating from the Fe3+ spins. NV T1 imaging of Cyt-C drop-casted on a nanostructured diamond chip allows us to detect the relaxation rates from the adsorbed Fe3+ within Cyt-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvechhya Lamichhane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rupak Timalsina
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Cody Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Laser Center, University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Kapildeb Ambal
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Sy-Hwang Liou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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3
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Turilli-Ghisolfi ES, Lualdi M, Fasano M. Ligand-Based Regulation of Dynamics and Reactivity of Hemoproteins. Biomolecules 2023; 13:683. [PMID: 37189430 PMCID: PMC10135655 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoproteins include several heme-binding proteins with distinct structure and function. The presence of the heme group confers specific reactivity and spectroscopic properties to hemoproteins. In this review, we provide an overview of five families of hemoproteins in terms of dynamics and reactivity. First, we describe how ligands modulate cooperativity and reactivity in globins, such as myoglobin and hemoglobin. Second, we move on to another family of hemoproteins devoted to electron transport, such as cytochromes. Later, we consider heme-based reactivity in hemopexin, the main heme-scavenging protein. Then, we focus on heme-albumin, a chronosteric hemoprotein with peculiar spectroscopic and enzymatic properties. Eventually, we analyze the reactivity and dynamics of the most recently discovered family of hemoproteins, i.e., nitrobindins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauro Fasano
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
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4
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Gamero-Quijano A, Bhattacharya S, Cazade PA, Molina-Osorio AF, Beecher C, Djeghader A, Soulimane T, Dossot M, Thompson D, Herzog G, Scanlon MD. Modulating the pro-apoptotic activity of cytochrome c at a biomimetic electrified interface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4119. [PMID: 34739310 PMCID: PMC8570605 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death via apoptosis is a natural defence against excessive cell division, crucial for fetal development to maintenance of homeostasis and elimination of precancerous and senescent cells. Here, we demonstrate an electrified liquid biointerface that replicates the molecular machinery of the inner mitochondrial membrane at the onset of apoptosis. By mimicking in vivo cytochrome c (Cyt c) interactions with cell membranes, our platform allows us to modulate the conformational plasticity of the protein by simply varying the electrochemical environment at an aqueous-organic interface. We observe interfacial electron transfer between an organic electron donor decamethylferrocene and O2, electrocatalyzed by Cyt c. This interfacial reaction requires partial Cyt c unfolding, mimicking Cyt c in vivo peroxidase activity. As proof of concept, we use our electrified liquid biointerface to identify drug molecules, such as bifonazole, that can potentially down-regulate Cyt c and protect against uncontrolled neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Gamero-Quijano
- The Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Shayon Bhattacharya
- The Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Pierre-André Cazade
- The Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Andrés F. Molina-Osorio
- The Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Cillian Beecher
- The Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ahmed Djeghader
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Tewfik Soulimane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Manuel Dossot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Damien Thompson
- The Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Grégoire Herzog
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Micheál D. Scanlon
- The Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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6
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Wilkinson JA, Silvera S, LeBlanc PJ. The effect of cardiolipin side chain composition on cytochrome c protein conformation and peroxidase activity. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14772. [PMID: 33667034 PMCID: PMC7934914 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, a highly active tissue, makes up 40% of the total body weight. This tissue relies on mitochondria for ATP production, calcium homeostasis, and programed cell death. Mitochondrial phospholipid composition, namely, cardiolipin (CL), influences the functional efficiency of mitochondrial proteins, specifically cytochrome c. The interaction of CL with cytochrome c in the presence of free radicals induces structural and functional changes promoting peroxidase activity and cytochrome c release, a key event in the initiation of apoptosis. The CL acyl chain degree of saturation has been implicated in the cytochrome c to cytochrome c peroxidase transition in liposomal models. However, mitochondrial membranes are composed of differing CL acyl chain composition. Currently, it is unclear how differing CL acyl chain composition utilizing liposomes will influence the cytochrome c form and function as a peroxidase. Thus, this study examined the role of CL acyl chain saturation within liposomes broadly reflecting the relative CL composition of mitochondrial membranes from healthy and dystrophic mouse muscle on cytochrome c conformation and function. Despite no differences in protein conformation or function between healthy and dystrophic liposomes, cytochrome c's affinity to CL increased with greater unsaturation. These findings suggest that increasing CL acyl chain saturation, as implicated in muscle wasting diseases, may not influence cytochrome c transformation and function as a peroxidase but may alter its interaction with CL, potentially impacting further downstream effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Wilkinson
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Sebastian Silvera
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Paul J LeBlanc
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
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7
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Altered structure and dynamics of pathogenic cytochrome c variants correlate with increased apoptotic activity. Biochem J 2021; 478:669-684. [PMID: 33480393 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of cytochrome c in humans causes mild autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia. The role of cytochrome c in platelet formation, and the molecular mechanism underlying the association of cytochrome c mutations with thrombocytopenia remains unknown, although a gain-of-function is most likely. Cytochrome c contributes to several cellular processes, with an exchange between conformational states proposed to regulate changes in function. Here, we use experimental and computational approaches to determine whether pathogenic variants share changes in structure and function, and to understand how these changes might occur. Three pathogenic variants (G41S, Y48H, A51V) cause an increase in apoptosome activation and peroxidase activity. Molecular dynamics simulations of these variants, and two non-naturally occurring variants (G41A, G41T), indicate that increased apoptosome activation correlates with the increased overall flexibility of cytochrome c, particularly movement of the Ω loops. Crystal structures of Y48H and G41T complement these studies which overall suggest that the binding of cytochrome c to apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) may involve an 'induced fit' mechanism which is enhanced in the more conformationally mobile variants. In contrast, peroxidase activity did not significantly correlate with protein dynamics. Thus, the mechanism by which the variants increase peroxidase activity is not related to the conformational dynamics of the native hexacoordinate state of cytochrome c. Recent molecular dynamics data proposing conformational mobility of specific cytochrome c regions underpins changes in reduction potential and alkaline transition pK was not fully supported. These data highlight that conformational dynamics of cytochrome c drive some but not all of its properties and activities.
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8
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Govind C, Paul M, Karunakaran V. Ultrafast Heme Relaxation Dynamics Probing the Unfolded States of Cytochrome c Induced by Liposomes: Effect of Charge of Phospholipids. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2769-2777. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinju Govind
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Megha Paul
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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9
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Parakra RD, Kleffmann T, Jameson GNL, Ledgerwood EC. The proportion of Met80-sulfoxide dictates peroxidase activity of human cytochrome c. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:9128-9135. [PMID: 29944150 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02185f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The peroxidase activity of cytochrome c is proposed to contribute to apoptosis by peroxidation of cardiolipin in the mitochondrial inner membrane. However, cytochrome c heme is hexa-coordinate with a methionine (Met80) on the distal side, stopping it from acting as an efficient peroxidase. The first naturally occurring variant of cytochrome c discovered, G41S, has higher peroxidase activity than wild-type. To understand the basis for this increase and gain insight into the peroxidase activity of wild-type, we have studied wild-type, G41S and the unnatural variant G41T. Through a combined kinetic and mass spectrometric analysis, we have shown that hydrogen peroxide specifically oxidizes Met80 to the sulfoxide. In the absence of substrate this can be further oxidized to the sulfone, leading to a decrease in peroxidase activity. Peroxidase activity can be correlated with the proportion of sulfoxide present and if fully in that form, all variants have the same activity without a lag phase caused by activation of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinky D Parakra
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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10
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Quanten T, De Mayaer T, Shestakova P, Parac-Vogt TN. Selectivity and Reactivity of Zr IV and Ce IV Substituted Keggin Type Polyoxometalates Toward Cytochrome c in Surfactant Solutions. Front Chem 2018; 6:372. [PMID: 30211153 PMCID: PMC6121075 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the effect of three different types of surfactants, on the hydrolysis of Cytochrome c (Cyt c), a predominantly α helical protein containing a heme group, promoted by [Ce(α PW11O39)2]10- (CeK) and [Zr(α PW11O39)2]10- (ZrK) polyoxometalates. In the presence of SDS, Zw3 12, or CHAPS surfactants, which are commonly used for solubilizing hydrophobic proteins, the specificity of CeK or ZrK toward hydrolysis of Cyt c does not change. However, the hydrolysis rate of Cyt c by CeK was increased in the presence of SDS, but decreased in the presence of CHAPS, and was nearly inhibited in the presence of Zw3 12. The Circular dichroism and Tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy have shown that the structural changes in Cyt c caused by surfactants are similar to those caused by POMs, hence the same specificity in the absence or presence of surfactants was observed. The results also indicate that for Cyt c hydrolysis to occur, large unfolding of the protein is needed in order to accommodate the POMs. While SDS readily unfolds Cyt c, the protein remains largely folded in the presence of CHAPS and Zw3 12. Addition of POMs to Cyt c solutions in CHAPS results in unfolding of the structure allowing the interaction with POMs to occur and results in protein hydrolysis. Zw3 12, however, locks Cyt c in a conformation that resists unfolding upon addition of POM, and therefore results in nearly complete inhibition of protein hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quanten
- Laboratory of Bio-Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tessa De Mayaer
- Laboratory of Bio-Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pavletta Shestakova
- NMR Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tatjana N Parac-Vogt
- Laboratory of Bio-Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Refolding kinetics of cytochrome c studied with microsecond timescale continuous-flow UV–vis spectroscopy and rapid freeze-quench EPR. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 184:42-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Alvarez-Paggi D, Hannibal L, Castro MA, Oviedo-Rouco S, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Tomasina F, Radi R, Murgida DH. Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13382-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Department
of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - María A. Castro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Rouco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Veronica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Veronica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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13
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McClelland LJ, Steele HBB, Whitby FG, Mou TC, Holley D, Alexander Ross JB, Sprang SR, Bowler BE. Cytochrome c Can Form a Well-Defined Binding Pocket for Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16770-16778. [PMID: 27990813 PMCID: PMC5564421 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c can acquire peroxidase activity when it binds to cardiolipin in mitochondrial membranes. The resulting oxygenation of cardiolipin by cytochrome c provides an early signal for the onset of apoptosis. The structure of this enzyme-substrate complex is a matter of considerable debate. We present three structures at 1.7-2.0 Å resolution of a domain-swapped dimer of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c with the detergents, CYMAL-5, CYMAL-6, and ω-undecylenyl-β-d-maltopyranoside, bound in a channel that places the hydrocarbon moieties of these detergents next to the heme. The heme is poised for peroxidase activity with water bound in place of Met80, which serves as the axial heme ligand when cytochrome c functions as an electron carrier. The hydroxyl group of Tyr67 sits 3.6-4.0 Å from the nearest carbon of the detergents, positioned to act as a relay in radical abstraction during peroxidase activity. Docking studies with linoleic acid, the most common fatty acid component of cardiolipin, show that C11 of linoleic acid can sit adjacent to Tyr67 and the heme, consistent with the oxygenation pattern observed in lipidomics studies. The well-defined hydrocarbon binding pocket provides atomic resolution evidence for the extended lipid anchorage model for cytochrome c/cardiolipin binding. Dimer dissociation/association kinetics for yeast versus equine cytochrome c indicate that formation of mammalian cytochrome c dimers in vivo would require catalysis. However, the dimer structure shows that only a modest deformation of monomeric cytochrome c would suffice to form the hydrocarbon binding site occupied by these detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi J. McClelland
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
| | - Harmen B. B. Steele
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
| | - Frank G. Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, United States
| | - Tung-Chung Mou
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
| | - David Holley
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
| | - J. B. Alexander Ross
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
| | - Stephen R. Sprang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
| | - Bruce E. Bowler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
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14
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Risbridger TAG, Watkins DW, Armstrong JPK, Perriman AW, Anderson JLR, Fermin DJ. Effect of Bioconjugation on the Reduction Potential of Heme Proteins. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3485-3492. [PMID: 27650815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The modification of protein surfaces employing cationic and anionic species enables the assembly of these biomaterials into highly sophisticated hierarchical structures. Such modifications can allow bioconjugates to retain or amplify their functionalities under conditions in which their native structure would be severely compromised. In this work, we assess the effect of this type of bioconjugation on the redox properties of two model heme proteins, that is, cytochrome c (CytC) and myoglobin (Mb). In particular, the work focuses on the sequential modification by 3-dimethylamino propylamine (DMAPA) and 4-nonylphenyl 3-sulfopropyl ether (S1) anionic surfactant. Bioconjugation with DMAPA and S1 are the initial steps in the generation of pure liquid proteins, which remain active in the absence of water and up to temperatures above 150 °C. Thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry reveals that DMAPA cationization leads to a distribution of bioconjugate structures featuring reduction potentials shifted up to 380 mV more negative than the native proteins. Analysis based on circular dichroism, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and zeta potential measurements suggest that the shift in the reduction potentials are not linked to protein denaturation, but to changes in the spin state of the heme. These alterations of the spin states originate from subtle structural changes induced by DMAPA attachment. Interestingly, electrostatic coupling of anionic surfactant S1 shifts the reduction potential closer to that of the native protein, demonstrating that the modifications of the heme electronic configuration are linked to surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David J Fermin
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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15
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Capdevila DA, Oviedo Rouco S, Tomasina F, Tortora V, Demicheli V, Radi R, Murgida DH. Active Site Structure and Peroxidase Activity of Oxidatively Modified Cytochrome c Species in Complexes with Cardiolipin. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7491-504. [PMID: 26620444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a resonance Raman and UV-vis characterization of the active site structure of oxidatively modified forms of cytochrome c (Cyt-c) free in solution and in complexes with cardiolipin (CL). The studied post-translational modifications of Cyt-c include methionine sulfoxidation and tyrosine nitration, which lead to altered heme axial ligation and increased peroxidase activity with respect to those of the wild-type protein. In spite of the structural and activity differences between the protein variants free in solution, binding to CL liposomes induces in all cases the formation of a spectroscopically identical bis-His axial coordination conformer that more efficiently promotes lipid peroxidation. The spectroscopic results indicate that the bis-His form is in equilibrium with small amounts of high-spin species, thus suggesting a labile distal His ligand as the basis for the CL-induced increase in enzymatic activity observed for all protein variants. For Cyt-c nitrated at Tyr74 and sulfoxidized at Met80, the measured apparent binding affinities for CL are ∼4 times larger than for wild-type Cyt-c. On the basis of these results, we propose that these post-translational modifications may amplify the pro-apoptotic signal of Cyt-c under oxidative stress conditions at CL concentrations lower than for the unmodified protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana A Capdevila
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pab. 2, piso 1, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo Rouco
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pab. 2, piso 1, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Tortora
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Demicheli
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H Murgida
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pab. 2, piso 1, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Guerra-Castellano A, Díaz-Quintana A, Moreno-Beltrán B, López-Prados J, Nieto PM, Meister W, Staffa J, Teixeira M, Hildebrandt P, De la Rosa MA, Díaz-Moreno I. Mimicking Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Human Cytochrome c by the Evolved tRNA Synthetase Technique. Chemistry 2015; 21:15004-12. [PMID: 26329855 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of tyrosine 48 of cytochrome c is related to a wide range of human diseases due to the pleiotropic role of the heme-protein in cell life and death. However, the structural conformation and physicochemical properties of phosphorylated cytochrome c are difficult to study as its yield from cell extracts is very low and its kinase remains unknown. Herein, we report a high-yielding synthesis of a close mimic of phosphorylated cytochrome c, developed by optimization of the synthesis of the non-canonical amino acid p-carboxymethyl-L-phenylalanine (pCMF) and its efficient site-specific incorporation at position 48. It is noteworthy that the Y48pCMF mutation significantly destabilizes the Fe-Met bond in the ferric form of cytochrome c, thereby lowering the pKa value for the alkaline transition of the heme-protein. This finding reveals the differential ability of the phosphomimic protein to drive certain events. This modified cytochrome c might be an important tool to investigate the role of the natural protein following phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- IBVF - cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092 (Spain).
| | - Blas Moreno-Beltrán
- IBVF - cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092 (Spain)
| | - Javier López-Prados
- IIQ - cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092 (Spain)
| | - Pedro M Nieto
- IIQ - cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092 (Spain)
| | - Wiebke Meister
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Jana Staffa
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Miguel Teixeira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras (Portugal)
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Miguel A De la Rosa
- IBVF - cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092 (Spain)
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- IBVF - cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla - CSIC, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla 41092 (Spain).
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17
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Varhač R, Sedláková D, Stupák M, Sedlák E. Non-two-state thermal denaturation of ferricytochrome c at neutral and slightly acidic pH values. Biophys Chem 2015; 203-204:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Queiroz RF, Cunha D, Appolinario PP, Di Mascio P, Nantes IL, Augusto O, Miyamoto S. Cytochrome c Reacts with Cholesterol Hydroperoxides To Produce Lipid- and Protein-Derived Radicals. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2841-50. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501409d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Raphael F. Queiroz
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
- Departamento
de Química e Exatas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, BA 45200-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela Cunha
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Patricia P. Appolinario
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Iseli L. Nantes
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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19
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Windsor K, Genaro-Mattos TC, Miyamoto S, Stec DF, Kim HYH, Tallman KA, Porter NA. Assay of protein and peptide adducts of cholesterol ozonolysis products by hydrophobic and click enrichment methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1757-68. [PMID: 25185119 PMCID: PMC4203397 DOI: 10.1021/tx500229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cholesterol
undergoes ozonolysis to afford a variety of oxysterol
products, including cholesterol-5,6-epoxide (CholEp) and the isomeric
aldehydes secosterol A (seco A) and secosterol B (seco B). These oxysterols
display numerous important biological activities, including protein
adduction; however, much remains to be learned about the identity
of the reactive species and the range of proteins modified by these
oxysterols. Here, we synthesized alkynyl derivatives of cholesterol-derived
oxysterols and employed a straightforward detection method to establish
secosterols A and B as the most protein-reactive of the oxysterols
tested. Model adduction studies with an amino acid, peptides, and
proteins provide evidence for the potential role of secosterol dehydration
products in protein adduction. Hydrophobic separation methods—Folch
extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE)—were successfully
applied to enrich oxysterol-adducted peptide species, and LC-MS/MS
analysis of a model peptide–seco adduct revealed a unique fragmentation
pattern (neutral loss of 390 Da) for that species. Coupling a hydrophobic
enrichment method with proteomic analysis utilizing characteristic
fragmentation patterns facilitates the identification of secosterol-modified
peptides and proteins in an adducted protein. More broadly, these
improved enrichment methods may give insight into the role of oxysterols
and ozone exposure in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including
atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease,
and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Windsor
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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20
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Kawai C, Ferreira JC, Baptista MS, Nantes IL. Not Only Oxidation of Cardiolipin Affects the Affinity of Cytochrome c for Lipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11863-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp504518g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Kawai
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580 Santo André-SP, Brazil
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Ferreira
- Departamento
Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04021-001 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S. Baptista
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Iseli L. Nantes
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09210-580 Santo André-SP, Brazil
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21
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Ferreira JC, Icimoto MY, Marcondes MF, Oliveira V, Nascimento OR, Nantes IL. Recycling of the high valence States of heme proteins by cysteine residues of THIMET-oligopeptidase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79102. [PMID: 24223886 PMCID: PMC3815109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidolytic enzyme THIMET-oligopeptidase (TOP) is able to act as a reducing agent in the peroxidase cycle of myoglobin (Mb) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The TOP-promoted recycling of the high valence states of the peroxidases to the respective resting form was accompanied by a significant decrease in the thiol content of the peptidolytic enzyme. EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) analysis using DBNBS spin trapping revealed that TOP also prevented the formation of tryptophanyl radical in Mb challenged by H2O2. The oxidation of TOP thiol groups by peroxidases did not promote the inactivating oligomerization observed in the oxidation promoted by the enzyme aging. These findings are discussed towards a possible occurrence of these reactions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C. Ferreira
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Y. Icimoto
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcelo F. Marcondes
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Vitor Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Otaciro R. Nascimento
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Iseli L. Nantes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brasil
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22
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Appolinário PP, Mugnol KCU, Bloch C, Nantes IL, Di Mascio P, Miyamoto S. Covalent binding and anchoring of cytochrome c to mitochondrial mimetic membranes promoted by cholesterol carboxyaldehyde. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1536-44. [PMID: 24059586 DOI: 10.1021/tx4002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cholesterol has been reported to be increased under specific pathological conditions associated with enhanced oxidative stress parameters. In this scenario, cholesterol oxidation would be increased, leading to the production of reactive aldehydes, including cholesterol carboxyaldehyde (ChAld). By using SDS micelles as a mitochondrial mimetic model, we have demonstrated that ChAld covalently modifies cytochrome c (cytc), a protein known to participate in electron transport and apoptosis signaling. This mimetic model induces changes in cytc structure in the same way as mitochondrial membranes do. Tryptic digestion of the cytc-ChAld adduct followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF analyses revealed that modifications occur at Lys residues (K22) localized at cytc site L, a site involved in protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions. Interestingly, ChAld ligation prevented cytc detachment from liposomes even under high ionic strength conditions. Overall, it can be concluded that ChAld ligation to Lys residues at site L creates a hydrophobic tail at cytc, which promotes cytc anchoring to the membrane. Although not investigated in detail in this study, cytc adduction to cholesterol derived aldehydes could have implications in cytc release from mitochondria under apoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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23
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UV-light effects on cytochrome c modulated by the aggregation state of phenothiazines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76857. [PMID: 24130798 PMCID: PMC3793907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study shows the factors that modulate the photodamage promoted by phenothiazines. Cytochrome c was irradiated with UV light for 120 min, over a pH range from 4.0 to 8.0, in the absence and in the presence of different concentrations of thioridazine (TR) and fluphenazine (FP). In the absence of phenothiazines, the maximal rate of a Soret band blue shift (nm/min) from 409 to 406 nm was obtained at pH 4.0 (0.028 nm/min). The presence of phenothiazines at the concentration range 10-25 µmol/L amplified and accelerated a cytochrome c blue shift (409 to 405 nm, at a rate = 0.041 nm/min). Above 25 µmol/L, crescent concentrations of phenothiazines contributed to cytochrome c protection with (maximal at 2500 µmol/L). Scanning electronic microscopy revealed the formation of nanostructures. The pH also influenced the effect of low phenothiazine concentrations on cytochrome c. Thus, the predominance of phenothiazine-promoted cytochrome c damage or protection depends on a balance of the following factors: the yield of photo-generated drug cation radicals, which is favored by acidic pH; the stability of the cation radicals, which is favored by the drug aggregation; and the cytochrome c structure, modulated by the pH.
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24
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Morikawa MA, Nii R, Kimizuka N. Redox-active Microcapsules of Cytochrome c Formed at the Ionic Liquid–Water Interface. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masa-aki Morikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
- JST CREST
| | - Risa Nii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
- JST CREST
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University
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25
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Sinibaldi F, Howes BD, Droghetti E, Polticelli F, Piro MC, Di Pierro D, Fiorucci L, Coletta M, Smulevich G, Santucci R. Role of lysines in cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4578-88. [PMID: 23738909 DOI: 10.1021/bi400324c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c undergoes structural variations during the apoptotic process; such changes have been related to modifications occurring in the protein when it forms a complex with cardiolipin, one of the phospholipids constituting the mitochondrial membrane. Although several studies have been performed to identify the site(s) of the protein involved in the cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction, to date the location of this hosting region(s) remains unidentified and is a matter of debate. To gain deeper insight into the reaction mechanism, we investigate the role that the Lys72, Lys73, and Lys79 residues play in the cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction, as these side chains appear to be critical for cytochrome c-cardiolipin recognition. The Lys72Asn, Lys73Asn, Lys79Asn, Lys72/73Asn, and Lys72/73/79Asn mutants of horse heart cytochrome c were produced and characterized by circular dichroism, ultraviolet-visible, and resonance Raman spectroscopies, and the effects of the mutations on the interaction of the variants with cardiolipin have been investigated. The mutants are characterized by a subpopulation with non-native axial coordination and are less stable than the wild-type protein. Furthermore, the mutants lacking Lys72 and/or Lys79 do not bind cardiolipin, and those lacking Lys73, although they form a complex with the phospholipid, do not show any peroxidase activity. These observations indicate that the Lys72, Lys73, and Lys79 residues stabilize the native axial Met80-Fe(III) coordination as well as the tertiary structure of cytochrome c. Moreover, while Lys72 and Lys79 are critical for cytochrome c-cardiolipin recognition, the simultaneous presence of Lys72, Lys73, and Lys79 is necessary for the peroxidase activity of cardiolipin-bound cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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26
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Sartori A, Mano CM, Mantovani MC, Dyszy FH, Massari J, Tokikawa R, Nascimento OR, Nantes IL, Bechara EJH. Ferricytochrome (c) directly oxidizes aminoacetone to methylglyoxal, a catabolite accumulated in carbonyl stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57790. [PMID: 23483930 PMCID: PMC3590289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related diseases are associated with increased production of reactive oxygen and carbonyl species such as methylglyoxal. Aminoacetone, a putative threonine catabolite, is reportedly known to undergo metal-catalyzed oxidation to methylglyoxal, NH4(+) ion, and H2O2 coupled with (i) permeabilization of rat liver mitochondria, and (ii) apoptosis of insulin-producing cells. Oxidation of aminoacetone to methylglyoxal is now shown to be accelerated by ferricytochrome c, a reaction initiated by one-electron reduction of ferricytochrome c by aminoacetone without amino acid modifications. The participation of O2(•-) and HO (•) radical intermediates is demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of added superoxide dismutase and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spin-trapping experiments with 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. We hypothesize that two consecutive one-electron transfers from aminoacetone (E0 values = -0.51 and -1.0 V) to ferricytochrome c (E0 = 0.26 V) may lead to aminoacetone enoyl radical and, subsequently, imine aminoacetone, whose hydrolysis yields methylglyoxal and NH4(+) ion. In the presence of oxygen, aminoacetone enoyl and O2(•-) radicals propagate aminoacetone oxidation to methylglyoxal and H2O2. These data endorse the hypothesis that aminoacetone, putatively accumulated in diabetes, may directly reduce ferricyt c yielding methylglyoxal and free radicals, thereby triggering redox imbalance and adverse mitochondrial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Sartori
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila M. Mano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Mantovani
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio H. Dyszy
- Departamento de Física e Informática, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlio Massari
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Tokikawa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otaciro R. Nascimento
- Departamento de Física e Informática, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iseli L. Nantes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Etelvino J. H. Bechara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Simon M, Metzinger-Le Meuth V, Chevance S, Delalande O, Bondon A. Versatility of non-native forms of human cytochrome c: pH and micellar concentration dependence. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 18:27-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Miyamoto S, Nantes IL, Faria PA, Cunha D, Ronsein GE, Medeiros MHG, Di Mascio P. Cytochrome c-promoted cardiolipin oxidation generates singlet molecular oxygen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1536-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Dias CFB, Araújo-Chaves JC, Mugnol KCU, Trindade FJ, Alves OL, Caires ACF, Brochsztain S, Crespilho FN, Matos JR, Nascimento OR, Nantes IL. Photo-induced electron transfer in supramolecular materials of titania nanostructures and cytochrome c. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20996a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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McMaster J, Oganesyan VS. Magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy as a probe of the structures of the metal sites in metalloproteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2010; 20:615-22. [PMID: 20619632 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) is a powerful probe of the electronic and geometric structures of metal centres in metalloproteins. MCD has provided significant insight into the nature of the axial donors at haem centres and, more recently, sophisticated methods for the analysis of MCD spectra have had a major impact on the study of the electronic structures of the ground states of a range of Cu, non-haem iron and Mo-containing active sites. This detail, together with data from other complimentary spectroscopies, has played a major role in defining the chemistry underpinning the catalysis achieved by these metal centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan McMaster
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Sinibaldi F, Howes BD, Piro MC, Polticelli F, Bombelli C, Ferri T, Coletta M, Smulevich G, Santucci R. Extended cardiolipin anchorage to cytochrome c: a model for protein-mitochondrial membrane binding. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:689-700. [PMID: 20238133 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two models have been proposed to explain the interaction of cytochrome c with cardiolipin (CL) vesicles. In one case, an acyl chain of the phospholipid accommodates into a hydrophobic channel of the protein located close the Asn52 residue, whereas the alternative model considers the insertion of the acyl chain in the region of the Met80-containing loop. In an attempt to clarify which proposal offers a more appropriate explanation of cytochrome c-CL binding, we have undertaken a spectroscopic and kinetic study of the wild type and the Asn52Ile mutant of iso-1-cytochrome c from yeast to investigate the interaction of cytochrome c with CL vesicles, considered here a model for the CL-containing mitochondrial membrane. Replacement of Asn52, an invariant residue located in a small helix segment of the protein, may provide data useful to gain novel information on which region of cytochrome c is involved in the binding reaction with CL vesicles. In agreement with our recent results revealing that two distinct transitions take place in the cytochrome c-CL binding reaction, data obtained here support a model in which two (instead of one, as considered so far) adjacent acyl chains of the liposome are inserted, one at each of the hydrophobic sites, into the same cytochrome c molecule to form the cytochrome c-CL complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sinibaldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze Biochimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy
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Farivar F, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Sefidbakht Y, Nazari K, Hong J, Sheibani N. Cytochrome c in sodium dodecyl sulfate reverse micelle nanocage: From a classic electron carrier protein to an artificial peroxidase enzyme. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kawai C, Pessoto FS, Rodrigues T, Mugnol KCU, Tórtora V, Castro L, Milícchio VA, Tersariol ILS, Di Mascio P, Radi R, Carmona-Ribeiro AM, Nantes IL. pH-sensitive binding of cytochrome c to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Implications for the participation of the protein in cell respiration and apoptosis. Biochemistry 2009; 48:8335-42. [PMID: 19650668 DOI: 10.1021/bi9006463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c exhibits two positively charged sites: site A containing lysine residues with high pKa values and site L containing ionizable groups with pKaobs values around 7.0. This protein feature implies that cytochrome c can participate in the fusion of mitochondria and have its detachment from the inner membrane regulated by cell acidosis and alkalosis. In this study, we demonstrated that both horse and tuna cytochrome c exhibited two types of binding to inner mitochondrial membranes that contributed to respiration: a high-affinity and low-efficiency pH-independent binding (microscopic dissociation constant Ksapp2, approximately 10 nM) and a low-affinity and high-efficiency pH-dependent binding that for horse cytochrome c had a pKa of approximately 6.7. For tuna cytochrome c (Lys22 and His33 replaced with Asn and Trp, respectively), the effect of pH on Ksapp1 was less striking than for the horse heme protein, and both tuna and horse cytochrome c had closed Ksapp1 values at pH 7.2 and 6.2, respectively. Recombinant mutated cytochrome c H26N and H33N also restored the respiration of the cytochrome c-depleted mitoplast in a pH-dependent manner. Consistently, the detachment of cytochrome c from nondepleted mitoplasts was favored by alkalinization, suggesting that site L ionization influences the participation of cytochrome c in the respiratory chain and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Kawai
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica (CIIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mano CM, Barros MP, Faria PA, Prieto T, Dyszy FH, Nascimento OR, Nantes IL, Bechara EJH. Superoxide radical protects liposome-contained cytochrome c against oxidative damage promoted by peroxynitrite and free radicals. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:841-9. [PMID: 19559788 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of nitrosative species on cyt c structure and peroxidase activity were investigated here in the presence of O(2)(*-) and anionic and zwitterionic vesicles. Nitrosative species were generated by 3-morpholinesydnonymine (SIN1) decomposition, using cyt c heme iron and/or molecular oxygen as electron acceptor. Far- and near-UV CD spectra of SIN1-treated cyt c revealed respectively a slight decrease of alpha-helix content (from 39 to 34%) and changes in the tryptophan structure accompanied by increased fluorescence. The Soret CD spectra displayed a significant decrease of the positive signal at 403 nm. EPR spectra revealed the presence of a low-spin cyt c form (S=1/2) with g(1)=2.736, g(2)=2.465, and g(3)=2.058 after incubation with SIN1. These data suggest that the concomitant presence of NO(*) and O(2)(*-) generated from dissolved oxygen, in a system containing cyt c and liposomes, promotes chemical and conformational modifications in cyt c, resulting in a hypothetical bis-histidine hexacoordinated heme iron. We also show that, paradoxically, O(2)(*-) prevents not only membrane lipoperoxidation by peroxide-derived radicals but also oxidation of cyt c itself due to the ability of O(2)(*-) to reduce heme iron. Finally, lipoperoxidation measurements showed that, although it is a more efficient peroxidase, SIN1-treated cyt c is not more effective than native cyt c in promoting damage to anionic liposomes in the presence of tert-ButylOOH, probably due to loss of affinity with negatively charged lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Mano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Valušová E, Švec P, Antalík M. Structural and thermodynamic behavior of cytochrome c assembled with glutathione-covered gold nanoparticles. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:621-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Abriata LA, Cassina A, Tórtora V, Marín M, Souza JM, Castro L, Vila AJ, Radi R. Nitration of solvent-exposed tyrosine 74 on cytochrome c triggers heme iron-methionine 80 bond disruption. Nuclear magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy studies. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17-26. [PMID: 18974097 PMCID: PMC2610516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807203200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c, a mitochondrial electron transfer protein containing a hexacoordinated heme, is involved in other physiologically relevant events, such as the triggering of apoptosis, and the activation of a peroxidatic activity. The latter occurs secondary to interactions with cardiolipin and/or post-translational modifications, including tyrosine nitration by peroxynitrite and other nitric oxide-derived oxidants. The gain of peroxidatic activity in nitrated cytochrome c has been related to a heme site transition in the physiological pH region, which normally occurs at alkaline pH in the native protein. Herein, we report a spectroscopic characterization of two nitrated variants of horse heart cytochrome c by using optical spectroscopy studies and NMR. Highly pure nitrated cytochrome c species modified at solvent-exposed Tyr-74 or Tyr-97 were generated after treatment with a flux of peroxynitrite, separated, purified by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography, and characterized by mass spectrometry-based peptide mapping. It is shown that nitration of Tyr-74 elicits an early alkaline transition with a pKa = 7.2, resulting in the displacement of the sixth and axial iron ligand Met-80 and replacement by a weaker Lys ligand to yield an alternative low spin conformation. Based on the study of site-specific Tyr to Phe mutants in the four conserved Tyr residues, we also show that this transition is not due to deprotonation of nitro-Tyr-74, but instead we propose a destabilizing steric effect of the nitro group in the mobile Omega-loop of cytochrome c, which is transmitted to the iron center via the nearby Tyr-67. The key role of Tyr-67 in promoting the transition through interactions with Met-80 was further substantiated in the Y67F mutant. These results therefore provide new insights into how a remote post-translational modification in cytochrome c such as tyrosine nitration triggers profound structural changes in the heme ligation and microenvironment and impacts in protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Abriata
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Cassina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Tórtora
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mónica Marín
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Josá M Souza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Castro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro J Vila
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Rafael Radi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Biophysics Section, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000 Rosario, Argentina, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay, and Sección Bioquímica-Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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37
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Nantes IL, Mugnol KCU. Incorporation of Respiratory Cytochromes in Liposomes: An Efficient Strategy to Study the Respiratory Chain. J Liposome Res 2008; 18:175-94. [DOI: 10.1080/08982100802340367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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