1
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Orbán Á, Schumacher JJ, Mucza S, Strinic A, Molnár P, Babai R, Halbritter A, Vértessy BG, Karl S, Krohns S, Kézsmárki I. Magneto-optical assessment of Plasmodium parasite growth via hemozoin crystal size. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14318. [PMID: 38906910 PMCID: PMC11192761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemozoin is a natural biomarker formed during the hemoglobin metabolism of Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria. The rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) has been developed for its rapid and sensitive detection both in cell cultures and patient samples. In the current article we demonstrate that, besides quantifying the overall concentration of hemozoin produced by the parasites, RMOD can also track the size distribution of the hemozoin crystals. We establish the relations between the magneto-optical signal, the mean parasite age and the median crystal size throughout one erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum parasites, where the latter two are determined by optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The significant correlation between the magneto-optical signal and the stage distribution of the parasites indicates that the RMOD method can be utilized for species-specific malaria diagnosis and for the quick assessment of drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Orbán
- Department of Physics, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
| | - Jan-Jonas Schumacher
- Experimental Physics 5, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Szilvia Mucza
- Department of Physics, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Ana Strinic
- Experimental Physics 5, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Petra Molnár
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Réka Babai
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - András Halbritter
- Department of Physics, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, BME Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Stephan Karl
- Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, 511, Papua New Guinea
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLS, Australia
| | - Stephan Krohns
- Experimental Physics 5, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - István Kézsmárki
- Experimental Physics 5, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
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2
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Sahoo P, Pathak NK, Scott Bohle D, Dodd EL, Tripathy U. Hematin anhydride (β-hematin): An analogue to malaria pigment hemozoin possesses nonlinearity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123902. [PMID: 38281463 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Hematin anhydride (β-hematin), the synthetic analogue of the malaria pigment, "hemozoin", is a heme dimer produced by reciprocal covalent bonds among carboxylic acid groups on the protoporphyrin-IX ring and the iron atom present in the two adjacent heme molecules. Hemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of hemoglobin present in the red blood cells infected with hematophagous malaria parasites. Besides, as the parasites invade red blood cells, hemozoin crystals are eventually released into the bloodstream, where they accumulate over time in tissues. Severe malaria infection leads to significant dysfunction in vital organs such as the liver, spleen, and brain in part due to the autoimmune response to the excessive accumulation of hemozoin in these tissues. Also, the amount of these crystals in the vasculature correlates with disease progression. Thus, hemozoin is a unique indicator of infection used as a malaria biomarker and hence, used as a target for the development of antimalarial drugs. Hence, exploring various properties of hemozoin is extremely useful in the direction of diagnosis and cure. The present study focuses on finding one of the unknown properties of β-hematin in physiological conditions by using the Z-scan technique, which is simple, sensitive, and economical. It is observed that hemozoin possesses one of the unique material properties, i.e., nonlinearity with a detection limit of ∼ 15 µM. The self-defocusing action causes β-hematin to exhibit negative refractive nonlinearity. The observed data is analyzed with a thermal lensing model. We strongly believe that our simple and reliable approach to probing the nonlinearity of β-hematin will provide fresh opportunities for malaria diagnostics & cure in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshi Sahoo
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2101, rue Jeanne-Mance Montréal, H2X 2J6 Québec, Canada
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
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3
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Omorou R, Delabie B, Lavoignat A, Chaker V, Bonnot G, Traore K, Bienvenu AL, Picot S. Nanoparticle tracking analysis of natural hemozoin from Plasmodium parasites. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107105. [PMID: 38135133 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemozoin is a byproduct of hemoglobin digestion crucial for parasite survival. It forms crystals that can be of interest as drug targets or biomarkers of malaria infection. However, hemozoin has long been considered as an amorphous crystal of simple morphology. Studying the consequences of biomineralization of this crystal during the parasite growth may provide more comprehensive evidence of its role during malaria. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the interest of nanoparticles tracker analysis for measuring the concentration and size of hemozoin particles produced from different parasite sources and conditions. METHODS Hemozoin was extracted from several clones of Plasmodium falciparum both asexual and sexual parasites. Hemozoin was also extracted from blood samples of malaria patients and from saliva of asymptomatic malaria carriers. Nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA) was performed to assess the size and concentration of hemozoin. RESULTS NTA data showed variation in hemozoin concentration, size, and crystal clusters between parasite clones, species, and stages. Among parasite clones, hemozoin concentration ranged from 131 to 2663 particles/infected red blood cell (iRBC) and size ranged from 149.6 ± 6.3 nm to 234.8 ± 40.1 nm. The mean size was lower for Plasmodium vivax (176 ± 79.2 nm) than for Plasmodium falciparum (254.8 ± 74.0 nm). Sexual NF54 parasites showed a 7.5-fold higher concentration of hemozoin particles (28.7 particles/iRBC) compared to asexual parasites (3.8 particles/iRBC). In addition, the mean hemozoin size also increased by approximately 60 % for sexual parasites. Compared to in vitro cultures of parasites, blood samples showed low hemozoin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of NTA as a useful method for analyzing hemozoin, demonstrating its ability to provide detailed information on hemozoin characterization. However, further research is needed to adapt the NTA for hemozoin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roukayatou Omorou
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Blanche Delabie
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Adeline Lavoignat
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Victorien Chaker
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Guillaume Bonnot
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Karim Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Anne-Lise Bienvenu
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France; Service Pharmacie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE, University Lyon1, University Lyon, Villeurbanne 69100, France; Institute of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 69004, France
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4
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Preißinger K, Kellermayer M, Vértessy BG, Kézsmárki I, Török J. Reducing data dimension boosts neural network-based stage-specific malaria detection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16389. [PMID: 36180456 PMCID: PMC9523653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although malaria has been known for more than 4 thousand years1, it still imposes a global burden with approx. 240 million annual cases2. Improvement in diagnostic techniques is a prerequisite for its global elimination. Despite its main limitations, being time-consuming and subjective, light microscopy on Giemsa-stained blood smears is still the gold-standard diagnostic method used worldwide. Autonomous computer assisted recognition of malaria infected red blood cells (RBCs) using neural networks (NNs) has the potential to overcome these deficiencies, if a fast, high-accuracy detection can be achieved using low computational power and limited sets of microscopy images for training the NN. Here, we report on a novel NN-based scheme that is capable of the high-speed classification of RBCs into four categories—healthy ones and three classes of infected ones according to the parasite age—with an accuracy as high as 98%. Importantly, we observe that a smart reduction of data dimension, using characteristic one-dimensional cross-sections of the RBC images, not only speeds up the classification but also significantly improves its performance with respect to the usual two-dimensional NN schemes. Via comparative studies on RBC images recorded by two additional techniques, fluorescence and atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that our method is universally applicable for different types of microscopy images. This robustness against imaging platform-specific features is crucial for diagnostic applications. Our approach for the reduction of data dimension could be straightforwardly generalised for the classification of different parasites, cells and other types of objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Preißinger
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary. .,Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1111, Hungary. .,Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary. .,Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Miklós Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.,Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - István Kézsmárki
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.,Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Augsburg, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - János Török
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.,MTA-BME Morphodynamics Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
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5
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Fernando D, Thota P, Semege S, Booso R, Bell D, de A. W. Gunasekera KT, Ranaweera P. Evaluation of a haemozoin-based rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of imported malaria during the phase of prevention of reestablishment in Sri Lanka. Malar J 2022; 21:263. [PMID: 36088431 PMCID: PMC9464370 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sri Lanka, an island nation, has eliminated endemic malaria transmission. Maintaining elimination in the continued presence of vectors requires vigilance in screening people travelling from high malaria-risk areas and a rapid response with focal screening for infections identified in the community. Such screening requires accurate and very rapid assays that enable an immediate response. Both microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have limitations including sensitivity and speed in screening large numbers, while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is practical only as laboratory confirmation. This study assessed the utility of ‘Gazelle’, a novel rapid malaria assay based on magneto-optical detection of haemozoin, a by-product of malaria parasite metabolism. Methods Between October 2020 and March 2021, two groups of individuals were screened for malaria by four methods, namely, microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), Gazelle and PCR. Passive case detection was carried out for confirmation of diagnosis amongst individuals suspected of having malaria. Individuals at high-risk of acquiring malaria, namely persons returning from malaria endemic countries, were screened by active case detection. Results Of the 440 individuals screened for malaria, nine malaria positives were diagnosed by PCR, microscopy and the HRP2 band of RDT, which included five Plasmodium falciparum infections, two Plasmodium ovale, and one each of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae. Gazelle correctly detected the P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae infections within the 2 min test time, but did not detect two P. falciparum infections giving a sensitivity of 77.8%. Specificity was 100%. Discussion The Gazelle, a portable bench top device proved useful to screen a large number of blood samples for non-falciparum parasites within 5 minutes of sample input. Species differentiation, and improvement in P. falciparum detection, will be important to broaden utility. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04283-7.
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6
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Baptista V, Peng WK, Minas G, Veiga MI, Catarino SO. Review of Microdevices for Hemozoin-Based Malaria Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020110. [PMID: 35200370 PMCID: PMC8870200 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite being preventable and treatable, malaria still puts almost half of the world's population at risk. Thus, prompt, accurate and sensitive malaria diagnosis is crucial for disease control and elimination. Optical microscopy and immuno-rapid tests are the standard malaria diagnostic methods in the field. However, these are time-consuming and fail to detect low-level parasitemia. Biosensors and lab-on-a-chip devices, as reported to different applications, usually offer high sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use at the point of care. Thus, these can be explored as an alternative for malaria diagnosis. Alongside malaria infection inside the human red blood cells, parasites consume host hemoglobin generating the hemozoin crystal as a by-product. Hemozoin is produced in all parasite species either in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, hemozoin crystals are produced as the parasites invade the red blood cells and their content relates to disease progression. Hemozoin is, therefore, a unique indicator of infection, being used as a malaria biomarker. Herein, the so-far developed biosensors and lab-on-a-chip devices aiming for malaria detection by targeting hemozoin as a biomarker are reviewed and discussed to fulfil all the medical demands for malaria management towards elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Baptista
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (G.M.); (S.O.C.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Weng Kung Peng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Building A1, University Innovation Park, Dongguan 523808, China;
| | - Graça Minas
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (G.M.); (S.O.C.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana O. Catarino
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (G.M.); (S.O.C.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
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7
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Aggarwal S, Peng WK, Srivastava S. Multi-Omics Advancements towards Plasmodium vivax Malaria Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:2222. [PMID: 34943459 PMCID: PMC8700291 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria is one of the most lethal infectious diseases, with 7 million infections annually. One of the roadblocks to global malaria elimination is the lack of highly sensitive, specific, and accurate diagnostic tools. The absence of diagnostic tools in particular has led to poor differentiation among parasite species, poor prognosis, and delayed treatment. The improvement necessary in diagnostic tools can be broadly grouped into two categories: technologies-driven and omics-driven progress over time. This article discusses the recent advancement in omics-based malaria for identifying the next generation biomarkers for a highly sensitive and specific assay with a rapid and antecedent prognosis of the disease. We summarize the state-of-the-art diagnostic technologies, the key challenges, opportunities, and emerging prospects of multi-omics-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Weng Kung Peng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Building A1, University Innovation Park, Dongguan 523808, China
- Precision Medicine-Engineering Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India;
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8
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Baptista V, Costa MS, Calçada C, Silva M, Gil JP, Veiga MI, Catarino SO. The Future in Sensing Technologies for Malaria Surveillance: A Review of Hemozoin-Based Diagnosis. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3898-3911. [PMID: 34735120 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early and effective malaria diagnosis is vital to control the disease spread and to prevent the emergence of severe cases and death. Currently, malaria diagnosis relies on optical microscopy and immuno-rapid tests; however, these require a drop of blood, are time-consuming, or are not specific and sensitive enough for reliable detection of low-level parasitaemia. Thus, there is an urge for simpler, prompt, and accurate alternative diagnostic methods. Particularly, hemozoin has been increasingly recognized as an attractive biomarker for malaria detection. As the disease proliferates, parasites digest host hemoglobin, in the process releasing toxic haem that is detoxified into an insoluble crystal, the hemozoin, which accumulates along with infection progression. Given its magnetic, optical, and acoustic unique features, hemozoin has been explored for new label-free diagnostic methods. Thereby, herein, we review the hemozoin-based malaria detection methods and critically discuss their challenges and potential for the development of an ideal diagnostic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Baptista
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mariana S. Costa
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Calçada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Gil
- Stockholm Malaria Center, Department of Microbiology and Tumour Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana O. Catarino
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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9
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Orbán Á, Longley RJ, Sripoorote P, Maneechai N, Nguitragool W, Butykai Á, Mueller I, Sattabongkot J, Karl S, Kézsmárki I. Sensitive detection of Plasmodium vivax malaria by the rotating-crystal magneto-optical method in Thailand. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18547. [PMID: 34535695 PMCID: PMC8448879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) method has been developed for the rapid and quantitative diagnosis of malaria and tested systematically on various malaria infection models. Very recently, an extended field trial in a high-transmission region of Papua New Guinea demonstrated its great potential for detecting malaria infections, in particular Plasmodium vivax. In the present small-scale field test, carried out in a low-transmission area of Thailand, RMOD confirmed malaria in all samples found to be infected with Plasmodium vivax by microscopy, our reference method. Moreover, the magneto-optical signal for this sample set was typically 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than the cut-off value of RMOD determined on uninfected samples. Based on the serial dilution of the original patient samples, we expect that the method can detect Plasmodium vivax malaria in blood samples with parasite densities as low as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sim$$\end{document}∼5–10 parasites per microliter, a limit around the pyrogenic threshold of the infection. In addition, by investigating the correlation between the magnitude of the magneto-optical signal, the parasite density and the erythrocytic stage distribution, we estimate the relative hemozoin production rates of the ring and the trophozoite stages of in vivo Plasmodium vivax infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Orbán
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Rhea J Longley
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ádám Butykai
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Unité Malaria: Parasites et Hôtes, Département Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Stephan Karl
- Vector-borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province 511, Papua New Guinea.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - István Kézsmárki
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Experimental Physics 5, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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10
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Kara D, Deissler RJ, Al Helo R, Blasinsky K, Grimberg BT, Brown R. An ON-OFF Magneto-Optical Probe of Anisotropic Biofluid Crystals: A β-Hematin Case Study. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 2021; 57:5200211. [PMID: 35813117 PMCID: PMC9268508 DOI: 10.1109/tmag.2021.3096046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have designed, developed and evaluated an innovative portable magneto-optical detector (MOD) in which a light beam with variable polarization passes through a fluid sample immersed in a variable magnetic field. The light intensity is measured downstream along the forward scattering direction. The field is turned on and off through the in-and-out motion of nearby permanent magnets. As a result, for sufficiently magnetically and optically anisotropic samples, the optical absorption is sensitive to changes in the light polarization. Both detection and characterization applications are therefore available. For instance, both the degree of malaria infection can be measured and hemozoin crystalline properties can be studied. We present experimental results for synthetic hemozoin, and describe them in terms of the basic physics and chemistry underlying the correlations of the directions of the external magnetic field and the light beam polarization. We connect this work to a commercialized product for malaria detection and compare it to other magneto-optical instruments and methods. We conduct tests of absorption parameters, the electric polarizability tensor, and we discuss the connection to magnetic and electric dipole moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kara
- Department of Physics, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, 44118, USA
| | - Robert J. Deissler
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Rose Al Helo
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Kyle Blasinsky
- Department of Physics, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, 44118, USA
| | - Brian T. Grimberg
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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11
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Field validation of a magneto-optical detection device (Gazelle) for portable point-of-care Plasmodium vivax diagnosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253232. [PMID: 34157032 PMCID: PMC8219132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for malaria is the lack of tools for accurate and timely diagnosis in the field which are critical for case management and surveillance. Microscopy along with rapid diagnostic tests are the current mainstay for malaria diagnosis in most endemic regions. However, these methods present several limitations. This study assessed the accuracy of Gazelle, a novel rapid malaria diagnostic device, from samples collected from the Peruvian Amazon between 2019 and 2020. Diagnostic accuracy was compared against microscopy and two rapid diagnostic tests (SD Bioline and BinaxNOW) using 18ssr nested-PCR as reference test. In addition, a real-time PCR assay (PET-PCR) was used for parasite quantification. Out of 217 febrile patients enrolled and tested, 180 specimens (85 P. vivax and 95 negatives) were included in the final analysis. Using nested-PCR as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of Gazelle was 88.2% and 97.9%, respectively. Using a cutoff of 200 parasites/μl, Gazelle’s sensitivity for samples with more than 200 p/uL was 98.67% (95%CI: 92.79% to 99.97%) whereas the sensitivity for samples lower than 200 p/uL (n = 10) was 12.5% (95%CI: 0.32% to 52.65%). Gazelle’s sensitivity and specificity were statistically similar to microscopy (sensitivity = 91.8, specificity = 100%, p = 0.983) and higher than both SD Bioline (sensitivity = 82.4, specificity = 100%, p = 0.016) and BinaxNOW (sensitivity = 71.8%, specificity = 97.9%, p = 0.002). The diagnostic accuracy of Gazelle for malaria detection in P. vivax infections was comparable to light microscopy and superior to both RDTs even in the presence of low parasitemia infections. The performance of Gazelle makes it a valuable tool for malaria diagnosis and active case detection that can be utilized in different malaria-endemic regions.
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12
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Magneto-optical diagnosis of symptomatic malaria in Papua New Guinea. Nat Commun 2021; 12:969. [PMID: 33579923 PMCID: PMC7881035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved methods for malaria diagnosis are urgently needed. Here, we evaluate a novel method named rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) in 956 suspected malaria patients in Papua New Guinea. RMOD tests can be conducted within minutes and at low cost. We systematically evaluate the capability of RMOD to detect infections by directly comparing it with expert light microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction on capillary blood samples. We show that compared to light microscopy, RMOD exhibits 82% sensitivity and 84% specificity to detect any malaria infection and 87% sensitivity and 88% specificity to detect Plasmodium vivax. This indicates that RMOD could be useful in P. vivax dominated elimination settings. Parasite density correlates well with the quantitative magneto-optical signal. Importantly, residual hemozoin present in malaria-negative patients is also detectable by RMOD, indicating its ability to detect previous infections. This could be exploited to reveal transmission hotspots in low-transmission settings. Here Arndt et al. establish rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) as a near-point-of-care diagnostic tool for malaria detection and report a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 84%, respectively, as validated by analyzing a clinical population in a high transmission setting in Papua New Guinea.
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13
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Raccio S, Pollard J, Djuhadi A, Balog S, Pellizzoni MM, Rodriguez KJ, Rifaie-Graham O, Bruns N. Rapid quantification of the malaria biomarker hemozoin by improved biocatalytically initiated precipitation atom transfer radical polymerizations. Analyst 2020; 145:7741-7751. [PMID: 33000767 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fight against tropical diseases such as malaria requires the development of innovative biosensing techniques. Diagnostics must be rapid and robust to ensure prompt case management and to avoid further transmission. The malaria biomarker hemozoin can catalyze atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP), which we exploit in a polymerization-amplified biosensing assay for hemozoin based on the precipitation polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm). The reaction conditions are systematically investigated using synthetic hemozoin to gain fundamental understanding of the involved reactions and to greatly reduce the amplification time, while maintaining the sensitivity of the assay. The use of excess ascorbate allows oxygen to be consumed in situ but leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species and to the decomposition of the initiator 2-hydroxyethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (HEBIB). Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and pyruvate results in better differentiation between the blank and hemozoin-containing samples. Optimized reaction conditions (including reagents, pH, and temperature) reduce the amplification time from 37 ± 5 min to 3 ± 0.5 min while maintaining a low limit of detection of 1.06 ng mL-1. The short amplification time brings the precipitation polymerization assay a step closer to a point-of-care diagnostic device for malaria. Future efforts will be dedicated to the isolation of hemozoin from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Raccio
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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14
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Raboisson-Michel M, Queiros Campos J, Schaub S, Zubarev A, Verger-Dubois G, Kuzhir P. Kinetics of field-induced phase separation of a magnetic colloid under rotating magnetic fields. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:154902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0023706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Raboisson-Michel
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010, Institute of Physics of Nice, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
- Axlepios Biomedical, 1ere Avenue 5eme rue, 06510 Carros, France
| | - J. Queiros Campos
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010, Institute of Physics of Nice, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - S. Schaub
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, Developmental Biology Laboratory (LBDV), Quai de la Darse, 06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer Cedex, France
| | - A. Zubarev
- Theoretical and Mathematical Physics Department, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Lenin Ave., 51, Ekaterinburg 620083, Russia
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - P. Kuzhir
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010, Institute of Physics of Nice, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
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15
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Campbell C, O’Sullivan TD. Quantitative diffuse optical spectroscopy for noninvasive measurements of the malaria pigment hemozoin. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5800-5813. [PMID: 33149987 PMCID: PMC7587291 DOI: 10.1364/boe.401771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemozoin (Hz) is a crystal by-product of hemoglobin consumption by malaria parasites. There are currently no in vivo deep tissue sensing methods that can quantify Hz presence noninvasively, which would be advantageous for malaria research and treatment. In this work, we describe the broadband near-infrared optical characterization of synthetic Hz in static and dynamic tissue-simulating phantoms. Using hybrid frequency domain and continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy, we quantified the broadband optical absorption and scattering spectra of Hz and identified the presence of Hz at a minimum tissue-equivalent concentration of 0.014 µg/mL in static lipid emulsion phantoms simulating human adipose. We then constructed a whole blood-containing tissue-simulating phantom and demonstrated the detection of Hz at physiologically-relevant tissue oxygen saturations ranging from 70-90%. Our results suggest that quantitative diffuse optical spectroscopy may be useful for detecting deep tissue Hz in vivo.
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16
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Traore O, Compaore M, Okusa P, Hubinon F, Duez P, Blankert B, Kindrebeogo M. Development and validation of an original magneto-chromatography device for the whole blood determination of hemozoin, the paramagnetic malaria pigment. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Wang W, Dong RL, Gu D, He JA, Yi P, Kong SK, Ho HP, Loo J, Wang W, Wang Q. Antibody-free rapid diagnosis of malaria in whole blood with surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy using Nanostructured Gold Substrate. Adv Med Sci 2020; 65:86-92. [PMID: 31923771 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to establish a rapid antibody-free diagnostic method of malaria infection with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in whole blood with Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy using Nanostructured Gold Substrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS The blood samples collected from patients were first lysed and centrifuged before dropping on the gold nano-structure (AuNS) substrate. Malaria diagnosis was performed by detecting Raman peaks from Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) with a 532 nm laser excitation. RESULTS Raman peaks at 1370 cm-1, 1570 cm-1, and 1627 cm-1, known to have high specificity against interference from other mosquito-borne diseases such as Dengue and West Nile virus infection, were selected as the fingerprint markers associated with P. falciparum and P. vivax infection. The limit of detection was 10-5 dilution, corresponding to the concentration of parasitized blood cells of 100/mL. A total number of 25 clinical samples, including 5 from patients with P. falciparum infection, 10 with P. vivax infection and 10 from healthy volunteers, were evaluated to support its clinical practical use. The whole assay on malaria detection took 30 min to complete. CONCLUSIONS While the samples analyzed in this work have strong clinical relevance, we have clearly demonstrated that sensitive malaria detection using AuNS-SERS is a practical direction for rapid in-field diagnosis of malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui-Ling Dong
- Shenzhen International Travel Health Care Center and Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen Customs District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dayong Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-An He
- Shenzhen International Travel Health Care Center and Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen Customs District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pin Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siu-Kai Kong
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jacky Loo
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Wen Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Mwanga EP, Minja EG, Mrimi E, Jiménez MG, Swai JK, Abbasi S, Ngowo HS, Siria DJ, Mapua S, Stica C, Maia MF, Olotu A, Sikulu-Lord MT, Baldini F, Ferguson HM, Wynne K, Selvaraj P, Babayan SA, Okumu FO. Detection of malaria parasites in dried human blood spots using mid-infrared spectroscopy and logistic regression analysis. Malar J 2019; 18:341. [PMID: 31590669 PMCID: PMC6781347 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological surveys of malaria currently rely on microscopy, polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR) or rapid diagnostic test kits for Plasmodium infections (RDTs). This study investigated whether mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy coupled with supervised machine learning could constitute an alternative method for rapid malaria screening, directly from dried human blood spots. METHODS Filter papers containing dried blood spots (DBS) were obtained from a cross-sectional malaria survey in 12 wards in southeastern Tanzania in 2018/19. The DBS were scanned using attenuated total reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer to obtain high-resolution MIR spectra in the range 4000 cm-1 to 500 cm-1. The spectra were cleaned to compensate for atmospheric water vapour and CO2 interference bands and used to train different classification algorithms to distinguish between malaria-positive and malaria-negative DBS papers based on PCR test results as reference. The analysis considered 296 individuals, including 123 PCR-confirmed malaria positives and 173 negatives. Model training was done using 80% of the dataset, after which the best-fitting model was optimized by bootstrapping of 80/20 train/test-stratified splits. The trained models were evaluated by predicting Plasmodium falciparum positivity in the 20% validation set of DBS. RESULTS Logistic regression was the best-performing model. Considering PCR as reference, the models attained overall accuracies of 92% for predicting P. falciparum infections (specificity = 91.7%; sensitivity = 92.8%) and 85% for predicting mixed infections of P. falciparum and Plasmodium ovale (specificity = 85%, sensitivity = 85%) in the field-collected specimen. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with supervised machine learning (MIR-ML) could be used to screen for malaria parasites in human DBS. The approach could have potential for rapid and high-throughput screening of Plasmodium in both non-clinical settings (e.g., field surveys) and clinical settings (diagnosis to aid case management). However, before the approach can be used, we need additional field validation in other study sites with different parasite populations, and in-depth evaluation of the biological basis of the MIR signals. Improving the classification algorithms, and model training on larger datasets could also improve specificity and sensitivity. The MIR-ML spectroscopy system is physically robust, low-cost, and requires minimum maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel P Mwanga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Elihaika G Minja
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel Mrimi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Johnson K Swai
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Said Abbasi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Doreen J Siria
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Salum Mapua
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences, University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Caleb Stica
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Marta F Maia
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Ally Olotu
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Maggy T Sikulu-Lord
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Marquette University, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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19
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Guerra ED, Baakdah F, Gourgas O, Tam M, Stevenson MM, Georges E, Bohle DS, Cerruti M. Inorganic ions on hemozoin surface provide a glimpse into Plasmodium biology. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 200:110808. [PMID: 31487576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In malaria, Plasmodium parasites produce hemozoin (Hz) as a route to detoxify free heme released from the catabolism of hemoglobin. Hz isolated from the parasites is encapsulated in an organic layer constituted by parasite and host components. This organic coating may play a role in Hz formation and in the immunomodulatory properties attributed to Hz, and they may influence the mode of action of antimalarials that block Hz formation. In this work, we analyze the organic layer adhered to Hz, and find Na, Cl, Si, Ca and P present, in addition to organic material. Our results suggest that Na, Cl, and P adsorb during Hz release from the red blood cells, while Si and Ca derive from components present during Hz biomineralization within the digestive vacuole of the parasite. Overall, we show that inorganic elements associated with Hz surface provide insights into the biological functions of Plasmodium parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Danae Guerra
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Fadi Baakdah
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Ophélie Gourgas
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Mifong Tam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mary M Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Elias Georges
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Marta Cerruti
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada.
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20
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Rifaie-Graham O, Pollard J, Raccio S, Balog S, Rusch S, Hernández-Castañeda MA, Mantel PY, Beck HP, Bruns N. Hemozoin-catalyzed precipitation polymerization as an assay for malaria diagnosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1369. [PMID: 30911004 PMCID: PMC6433922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to diagnose malaria are of paramount interest to eradicate the disease. Current methods have severe limitations, as they are either costly or not sensitive enough to detect low levels of parasitemia. Here we report an ultrasensitive, yet low-resource chemical assay for the detection and quantification of hemozoin, a biomarker of all Plasmodium species. Solubilized hemozoin catalyzes the atom transfer radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide above the lower critical solution temperature of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The solution becomes turbid, which can be observed by naked eye and quantified by UV-visible spectroscopy. The rate of turbidity increase is proportional to the concentration of hemozoin, with a detection limit of 0.85 ng mL-1. Malaria parasites in human blood can be detected down to 10 infected red blood cells μL-1. The assay could potentially be applied as a point-of-care test. The signal-amplification of an analyte by biocatalytic precipitation polymerization represents a powerful approach in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Pollard
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Raccio
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Balog
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Rusch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersgraben, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Beck
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersgraben, 4000, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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21
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Roch A, Prodéo J, Pierart C, Muller RN, Duez P. The paramagnetic properties of malaria pigment, hemozoin, yield clues to a low-cost system for its trapping and determination. Talanta 2019; 197:553-557. [PMID: 30771975 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The binding of malaria pigment, hemozoin, by a gradient magnetic field has been investigated in a manual trapping column system. Two types of magnetic filling have been tested to produce field gradients: nickel-plated steel wires, wrapped around a steel core, and superparamagnetic microbeads. The latter system allows an efficient trapping (> 80%) of β-hematin (a synthetic pigment with physical and paramagnetic properties analogous to those of hemozoin). Tests with a Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 culture indicate that hemozoin is similarly trapped. Off-line optical spectroscopy measurements present limited sensitivity as the hemozoin we detected from in vitro cultured parasites would correspond to only a theoretical 0.02% parasitemia (1000 parasites/µL). Further work needs to be undertaken to reduce this threshold to a practical detectability level. Based on these data, a magneto-chromatographic on-line system with reduced dead volumes is proposed as a possible low-cost instrument to be tested as a malaria diagnosis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roch
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - J Prodéo
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - C Pierart
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R N Muller
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - P Duez
- Service de Chimie Thérapeutique et de Pharmacognosie, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. 6, Chemin du Champ de Mars 25, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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22
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Markwalter C, Kantor AG, Moore CP, Richardson KA, Wright DW. Inorganic Complexes and Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Infectious Disease Diagnostics. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1456-1518. [PMID: 30511833 PMCID: PMC6348445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases claim millions of lives each year. Robust and accurate diagnostics are essential tools for identifying those who are at risk and in need of treatment in low-resource settings. Inorganic complexes and metal-based nanomaterials continue to drive the development of diagnostic platforms and strategies that enable infectious disease detection in low-resource settings. In this review, we highlight works from the past 20 years in which inorganic chemistry and nanotechnology were implemented in each of the core components that make up a diagnostic test. First, we present how inorganic biomarkers and their properties are leveraged for infectious disease detection. In the following section, we detail metal-based technologies that have been employed for sample preparation and biomarker isolation from sample matrices. We then describe how inorganic- and nanomaterial-based probes have been utilized in point-of-care diagnostics for signal generation. The following section discusses instrumentation for signal readout in resource-limited settings. Next, we highlight the detection of nucleic acids at the point of care as an emerging application of inorganic chemistry. Lastly, we consider the challenges that remain for translation of the aforementioned diagnostic platforms to low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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23
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Development of an aptamer-based field effect transistor biosensor for quantitative detection of Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase in serum samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:30-35. [PMID: 30308419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been a continuous strive to develop portable, stable, sensitive and low cost detection system for malaria to meet the demand of effective screening actions in developing countries where the disease is most endemic. Herein, we report an aptamer-based field effect transistor (aptaFET) biosensor, developed by using an extended gate field effect transistor with inter-digitated gold microelectrodes (IDµE) for the detection of the malaria biomarker Plasmodium falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase (PfGDH) in serum samples. A 90 mer long ssDNA aptamer (NG3) selective to PfGDH was used in the aptaFET to capture the target protein. The intrinsic surface net charge of the captured protein led to change in gate potential of the aptaFET device, which could be correlated to the concentration of the protein. This biosensor exhibited a sensitive response in broad dynamic range of 100 fM -10 nM with limits of detection of 16.7 pM and 48.6 pM in spiked buffer and serum samples, respectively. The high selectivity of the biosensor for PfGDH was verified by testing relevant analogous human and parasitic proteins on the device. Overall, the results validated the application potential of the developed aptaFET for diagnosis of both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria.
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McBirney SE, Chen D, Scholtz A, Ameri H, Armani AM. Rapid Diagnostic for Point-of-Care Malaria Screening. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1264-1270. [PMID: 29781606 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant success in therapeutic development, malaria remains a widespread and deadly infectious disease in the developing world. Given the nearly 100% efficacy of current malaria therapeutics, the primary barrier to eradication is lack of early diagnosis of the infected population. However, there are multiple strains of malaria. Although significant efforts and resources have been invested in developing antibody-based diagnostic methods for Plasmodium falciparum, a rapid and easy to use screening method capable of detecting all malaria strains has not been realized. Yet, until the entire malaria-infected population receives treatment, the disease will continue to impact society. Here, we report the development of a portable, magneto-optic technology for early stage malaria diagnosis based on the detection of the malaria pigment, hemozoin. Using β-hematin, a hemozoin mimic, we demonstrate detection limits of <0.0081 μg/mL in 500 μL of whole rabbit blood with no additional reagents required. This level corresponds to <26 parasites/μL, a full order of magnitude below clinical relevance and comparable to or less than existing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexis Scholtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hossein Ameri
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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25
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Pham NM, Karlen W, Beck HP, Delamarche E. Malaria and the 'last' parasite: how can technology help? Malar J 2018; 17:260. [PMID: 29996831 PMCID: PMC6042346 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, together with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and hepatitis are the four most deadly infectious diseases globally. Progress in eliminating malaria has saved millions of lives, but also creates new challenges in detecting the 'last parasite'. Effective and accurate detection of malaria infections, both in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals are needed. In this review, the current progress in developing new diagnostic tools to fight malaria is presented. An ideal rapid test for malaria elimination is envisioned with examples to demonstrate how innovative technologies can assist the global defeat against this disease. Diagnostic gaps where technology can bring an impact to the elimination campaign for malaria are identified. Finally, how a combination of microfluidic-based technologies and smartphone-based read-outs could potentially represent the next generation of rapid diagnostic tests is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Pham
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Lengghalde 5, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Karlen
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Lengghalde 5, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Beck
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersgraben 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Gilson RC, Deissler RJ, Bihary RF, Condit WC, Thompson ME, Blankenship D, Grimberg KO, Brown RW, Grimberg BT. Growth of Plasmodium falciparum in response to a rotating magnetic field. Malar J 2018; 17:190. [PMID: 29724219 PMCID: PMC5934852 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest strain of malaria and the mortality rate is increasing because of pathogen drug resistance. Increasing knowledge of the parasite life cycle and mechanism of infection may provide new models for improved treatment paradigms. This study sought to investigate the paramagnetic nature of the parasite’s haemozoin to inhibit parasite viability. Results Paramagnetic haemozoin crystals, a byproduct of the parasite’s haemoglobin digestion, interact with a rotating magnetic field, which prevents their complete formation, causing the accumulation of free haem, which is lethal to the parasites. Plasmodium falciparum cultures of different stages of intraerythrocytic growth (rings, trophozoites, and schizonts) were exposed to a magnetic field of 0.46 T at frequencies of 0 Hz (static), 1, 5, and 10 Hz for 48 h. The numbers of parasites were counted over the course of one intraerythrocytic life cycle via flow cytometry. At 10 Hz the schizont life stage was most affected by the rotating magnetic fields (p = 0.0075) as compared to a static magnetic field of the same strength. Parasite growth in the presence of a static magnetic field appears to aid parasite growth. Conclusions Sequestration of the toxic haem resulting from haemoglobin digestion is key for the parasites’ survival and the focus of almost all existing anti-malarial drugs. Understanding how the parasites create the haemozoin molecule and the disruption of its creation aids in the development of drugs to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Gilson
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA.,Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Biomedical Research Building, Room 427, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Robert J Deissler
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - Richard F Bihary
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - William C Condit
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - Mary E Thompson
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - D'Arbra Blankenship
- Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Biomedical Research Building, Room 427, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Kerry O Grimberg
- Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Biomedical Research Building, Room 427, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Robert W Brown
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - Brian T Grimberg
- Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Biomedical Research Building, Room 427, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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27
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Perez-Guaita D, Marzec KM, Hudson A, Evans C, Chernenko T, Matthäus C, Miljkovic M, Diem M, Heraud P, Richards JS, Andrew D, Anderson DA, Doerig C, Garcia-Bustos J, McNaughton D, Wood BR. Parasites under the Spotlight: Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy to Malaria Research. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5330-5358. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Perez-Guaita
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Katarzyna M. Marzec
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, Kraków 30-348, Poland
- Center for Medical Genomics (OMICRON), Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 7C, Krakow 31-034, Poland
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Tatyana Chernenko
- Becton Dickinson and Company, 2350 Qume Drive, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Straße 9, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe School of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtz Weg 4, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Milos Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Max Diem
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 316 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Philip Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jack S. Richards
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - David A. Anderson
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology and the Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jose Garcia-Bustos
- Department of Microbiology and the Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Don McNaughton
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bayden R. Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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28
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Koralewski M, Balejčíková L, Mitróová Z, Pochylski M, Baranowski M, Kopčanský P. Morphology and Magnetic Structure of the Ferritin Core during Iron Loading and Release by Magnetooptical and NMR Methods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:7777-7787. [PMID: 29417811 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins are proteins, which serve as a storage and transportation capsule for iron inside living organisms. Continuously charging the proteins with iron and releasing it from the ferritin is necessary to assure proper management of these important ions within the organism. On the other hand, synthetic ferritins have great potential for biomedical and technological applications. In this work, the behavior of ferritin during the processes of iron loading and release was examined using multiplicity of the experimental technique. The quality of the protein's shell was monitored using circular dichroism, whereas the average size and its distribution were estimated from dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy images, respectively. Because of the magnetic behavior of the iron mineral, a number of magnetooptical methods were used to gain information on the iron core of the ferritin. Faraday rotation and magnetic linear birefringence studies provide evidence that the iron loading and the iron-release processes are not symmetrical. The spatial organization of the mineral within the protein's core changes depending on whether the iron was incorporated into or removed from the ferritin's shell. Magnetic optical rotatory dispersion spectra exclude the contribution of the Fe(II)-composed mineral, whereas joined magnetooptical and nuclear magnetic resonance results indicate that no mineral with high magnetization appear at any stage of the loading/release process. These findings suggest that the iron core of loaded/released ferritin consists of single-phase, that is, ferrihydrite. The presented results demonstrate the usefulness of emerging magnetooptical methods in biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marceli Koralewski
- Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 85 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Lucia Balejčíková
- Institute of Experimental Physics , SAS , Watsonova 47 , 040 01 Kosice , Slovakia
- Institute of Measurement Science , SAS , Dubravska cesta 9 , 841 04 Bratislava 4 , Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Mitróová
- Institute of Experimental Physics , SAS , Watsonova 47 , 040 01 Kosice , Slovakia
| | - Mikołaj Pochylski
- Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 85 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Mikołaj Baranowski
- Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 85 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Peter Kopčanský
- Institute of Experimental Physics , SAS , Watsonova 47 , 040 01 Kosice , Slovakia
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29
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Burnett JL, Carns JL, Richards-Kortum R. Towards a needle-free diagnosis of malaria: in vivo identification and classification of red and white blood cells containing haemozoin. Malar J 2017; 16:447. [PMID: 29115957 PMCID: PMC5678583 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optical detection of circulating haemozoin has been suggested as a needle free method to diagnose malaria using in vivo microscopy. Haemozoin is generated within infected red blood cells by the malaria parasite, serving as a highly specific, endogenous biomarker of malaria. However, phagocytosis of haemozoin by white blood cells which persist after the infection is resolved presents the potential for false positive diagnosis; therefore, the focus of this work is to identify a feature of the haemozoin signal to discriminate between infected red blood cells and haemozoin-containing white blood cells. Methods Conventional brightfield microscopy of thin film blood smears was used to analyse haemozoin absorbance signal in vitro. Cell type and parasite maturity were morphologically determined using colocalized DAPI staining. The ability of features to discriminate between infected red blood cells and haemozoin-containing white blood cells was evaluated using images of smears from subjects infected with two species of Plasmodium, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium falciparum. Discriminating features identified by blood smear microscopy were characterized in vivo in P. yoelii-infected mice. Results Two features of the haemozoin signal, haemozoin diameter and normalized intensity difference, were identified as potential parameters to differentiate infected red blood cells and haemozoin-containing white blood cells. Classification performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, with area under the curve values of 0.89 for the diameter parameter and 0.85 for the intensity parameter when assessed in P. yoelii samples. Similar results were obtained from P. falciparum blood smears, showing an AUC of 0.93 or greater for both classification features. For in vivo investigations, the intensity-based metric was the best classifier, with an AUC of 0.91. Conclusions This work demonstrates that size and intensity features of haemozoin absorbance signal collected by in vivo microscopy are effective classification metrics to discriminate infected red blood cells from haemozoin-containing white blood cells. This reduces the potential for false positive results associated with optical imaging strategies for in vivo diagnosis of malaria based on the endogenous biomarker haemozoin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2096-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Burnett
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Carns
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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30
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Gossuin Y, Okusa Ndjolo P, Vuong QL, Duez P. NMR relaxation properties of the synthetic malaria pigment β-hematin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14557. [PMID: 29109553 PMCID: PMC5674059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
200 million patients suffer from malaria, a parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Plasmodium. Reliable diagnosis is crucial since it allows the early detection of the disease. The development of rapid, sensitive and low-cost diagnosis tools is an important research area. Different studies focused on the detection of hemozoin, a major by-product of hemoglobin detoxification by the parasite. Hemozoin and its synthetic analog, β-hematin, form paramagnetic crystals. A new detection method of malaria takes advantage of the paramagnetism of hemozoin through the effect that such magnetic crystals have on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation of water protons. Indeed, magnetic microparticles cause a shortening of the relaxation times. In this work, the magnetic properties of two types of β-hematin are assessed at different temperatures and magnetic fields. The pure paramagnetism of β-hematin is confirmed. The NMR relaxation of β–hematin suspensions is also studied at different magnetic fields and for different echo-times. Our results help to identify the best conditions for β–hematin detection by NMR: T2 must be selected, at large magnetic fields and for long echo-times. However, the effect of β-hematin on relaxation does not seem large enough to achieve accurate detection of malaria without any preliminary sample preparation, as microcentrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Gossuin
- Biomedical Physics Unit UMONS, 25 avenue Maistriau, Mons, 7000, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Okusa Ndjolo
- Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy UMONS, 25 avenue Maistriau, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Quoc Lam Vuong
- Biomedical Physics Unit UMONS, 25 avenue Maistriau, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy UMONS, 25 avenue Maistriau, Mons, 7000, Belgium
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31
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Gorobets O, Gorobets S, Koralewski M. Physiological origin of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles in health and disease: from bacteria to humans. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4371-4395. [PMID: 28652739 PMCID: PMC5476634 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) in the human brain gives a strong impulse to study and understand their origin. Although knowledge of the subject is increasing continuously, much remains to be done for further development to help our society fight a number of pathologies related to BMNPs. This review provides an insight into the puzzle of the physiological origin of BMNPs in organisms of all three domains of life: prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes, including humans. Predictions based on comparative genomic studies are presented along with experimental data obtained by physical methods. State-of-the-art understanding of the genetic control of biomineralization of BMNPs and their properties are discussed in detail. We present data on the differences in BMNP levels in health and disease (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and atherosclerosis), and discuss the existing hypotheses on the biological functions of BMNPs, with special attention paid to the role of the ferritin core and apoferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute)
- Institute of Magnetism, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute)
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32
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Valle-Delgado JJ, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria: past, present and future. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1379-1382. [PMID: 27750453 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Valle-Delgado
- Department of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Nanomalaria Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Rosselló 149-153, ES-08036 Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, ES-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Grimberg BT, Grimberg KO. Hemozoin detection may provide an inexpensive, sensitive, 1-minute malaria test that could revolutionize malaria screening. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:879-83. [PMID: 27530228 PMCID: PMC5224914 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2016.1222900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains widespread throughout the tropics and is a burden to the estimated 3.5 billion people who are exposed annually. The lack of a fast and accurate diagnostic method contributes to preventable malaria deaths and its continued transmission. In many areas diagnosis is made solely based on clinical presentation. Current methods for malaria diagnosis take more than 20 minutes from the time blood is drawn and are frequently inaccurate. The introduction of an accurate malaria diagnostic that can provide a result in less than 1 minute would allow for widespread screening and treatment of endemic populations, and enable regions that have gained a foothold against malaria to prevent its return. Using malaria parasites' waste product, hemozoin, as a biomarker for the presence of malaria could be the tool needed to develop this rapid test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Grimberg
- a School of Medicine - Center for Global Health and Diseases , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Kerry O Grimberg
- b School of Medicine, Department of Radiology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
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34
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Kasetsirikul S, Buranapong J, Srituravanich W, Kaewthamasorn M, Pimpin A. The development of malaria diagnostic techniques: a review of the approaches with focus on dielectrophoretic and magnetophoretic methods. Malar J 2016; 15:358. [PMID: 27405995 PMCID: PMC4942956 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The large number of deaths caused by malaria each year has increased interest in the development of effective malaria diagnoses. At the early-stage of infection, patients show non-specific symptoms or are asymptomatic, which makes it difficult for clinical diagnosis, especially in non-endemic areas. Alternative diagnostic methods that are timely and effective are required to identify infections, particularly in field settings. This article reviews conventional malaria diagnostic methods together with recently developed techniques for both malaria detection and infected erythrocyte separation. Although many alternative techniques have recently been proposed and studied, dielectrophoretic and magnetophoretic approaches are among the promising new techniques due to their high specificity for malaria parasite-infected red blood cells. The two approaches are discussed in detail, including their principles, types, applications and limitations. In addition, other recently developed techniques, such as cell deformability and morphology, are also overviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surasak Kasetsirikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirayut Buranapong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Werayut Srituravanich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- Animal Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, The Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Pimpin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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35
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Cai C, Carey KA, Nedosekin DA, Menyaev YA, Sarimollaoglu M, Galanzha EI, Stumhofer JS, Zharov VP. In vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry for early malaria diagnosis. Cytometry A 2016; 89:531-42. [PMID: 27078044 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) has already demonstrated a great potential for the diagnosis of deadly diseases through ultrasensitive detection of rare disease-associated circulating markers in whole blood volume. Here, we demonstrate the first application of this powerful technique for early diagnosis of malaria through label-free detection of malaria parasite-produced hemozoin in infected red blood cells (iRBCs) as high-contrast PA agent. The existing malaria tests using blood smears can detect the disease at 0.001-0.1% of parasitemia. On the contrary, linear PAFC showed a potential for noninvasive malaria diagnosis at an extremely low level of parasitemia of 0.0000001%, which is ∼10(3) times better than the existing tests. Multicolor time-of-flight PAFC with high-pulse repetition rate lasers at wavelengths of 532, 671, and 820 nm demonstrated rapid spectral and spatial identification and quantitative enumeration of individual iRBCs. Integration of PAFC with fluorescence flow cytometry (FFC) provided real-time simultaneous detection of single iRBCs and parasites expressing green fluorescence proteins, respectively. A combination of linear and nonlinear nanobubble-based multicolor PAFC showed capability to real-time control therapy efficiency by counting of iRBCs before, during, and after treatment. Our results suggest that high-sensitivity, high-resolution ultrafast PAFC-FFC platform represents a powerful research tool to provide the insight on malaria progression through dynamic study of parasite-cell interactions directly in bloodstream, whereas portable hand-worn PAFC device could be broadly used in humans for early malaria diagnosis. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhong Cai
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205.,Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079
| | - Kai A Carey
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Yulian A Menyaev
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
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36
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Two-stage sample-to-answer system based on nucleic acid amplification approach for detection of malaria parasites. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 82:1-8. [PMID: 27031184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, early, and accurate diagnosis of malaria is essential for effective disease management and surveillance, and can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Although significant advances have been achieved for the diagnosis of malaria, these technologies are still far from ideal, being time consuming, complex and poorly sensitive as well as requiring separate assays for sample processing and detection. Therefore, the development of a fast and sensitive method that can integrate sample processing with detection of malarial infection is desirable. Here, we report a two-stage sample-to-answer system based on nucleic acid amplification approach for detection of malaria parasites. It combines the Dimethyl adipimidate (DMA)/Thin film Sample processing (DTS) technique as a first stage and the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer-Isothermal solid-phase DNA Amplification (MZI-IDA) sensing technique as a second stage. The system can extract DNA from malarial parasites using DTS technique in a closed system, not only reducing sample loss and contamination, but also facilitating the multiplexed malarial DNA detection using the fast and accurate MZI-IDA technique. Here, we demonstrated that this system can deliver results within 60min (including sample processing, amplification and detection) with high sensitivity (<1 parasite μL(-1)) in a label-free and real-time manner. The developed system would be of great potential for better diagnosis of malaria in low-resource settings.
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Lukianova-Hleb E, Bezek S, Szigeti R, Khodarev A, Kelley T, Hurrell A, Berba M, Kumar N, D'Alessandro U, Lapotko D. Transdermal Diagnosis of Malaria Using Vapor Nanobubbles. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1122-7. [PMID: 26079141 PMCID: PMC4480396 DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laser device rapidly and noninvasively detected malaria in a patient and identified parasite-positive mosquitoes. A fast, precise, noninvasive, high-throughput, and simple approach for detecting malaria in humans and mosquitoes is not possible with current techniques that depend on blood sampling, reagents, facilities, tedious procedures, and trained personnel. We designed a device for rapid (20-second) noninvasive diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection in a malaria patient without drawing blood or using any reagent. This method uses transdermal optical excitation and acoustic detection of vapor nanobubbles around intraparasite hemozoin. The same device also identified individual malaria parasite–infected Anopheles mosquitoes in a few seconds and can be realized as a low-cost universal tool for clinical and field diagnoses.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Limitations of blood smear microscopy contributed to failure of the 1950-1960s WHO Global Programme to Eliminate Malaria. All diagnostic methods encounter limits of detection (LOD) beyond which it will not be possible to identify infected individuals. When this occurs, it becomes difficult to continue evaluating progress of malaria elimination. The purpose of this review is to compare available diagnostic technologies, factors that underlie their LOD, and their potential roles related to the goal of elimination. RECENT FINDINGS Parasite-containing cells, parasite proteins, hemozoin, nucleic acids, and parasite-specific human antibodies are targets of diagnosis. Many studies report advantages of technologies to detect these diagnostic targets. Nucleic acid amplification tests and strategies for enriching capture of malaria diagnostic targets have consistently identified a parasite reservoir not detected by methods focused on the other biological targets. Exploiting magnetic properties of hemozoin may open new strategies for noninvasive malaria diagnosis. SUMMARY Microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests provide effective surveillance for malaria control. Strategies that detect a reservoir of submicroscopic infection must be developed and standardized to guide malaria elimination.
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Towards ultrasensitive malaria diagnosis using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20177. [PMID: 26858127 PMCID: PMC4746575 DOI: 10.1038/srep20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report two methods of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for hemozoin detection in malaria infected human blood. In the first method, silver nanoparticles were synthesized separately and then mixed with lysed blood; while in the second method, silver nanoparticles were synthesized directly inside the parasites of Plasmodium falciparum. It was observed that the first method yields a smaller variation in SERS measurements and stronger correlation between the estimated contribution of hemozoin and the parasitemia level, which is preferred for the quantification of the parasitemia level. In contrast, the second method yields a higher sensitivity to a low parasitemia level thus could be more effective in the early malaria diagnosis to determine whether a given blood sample is positive.
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Wood BR, Bambery KR, Dixon MWA, Tilley L, Nasse MJ, Mattson E, Hirschmugl CJ. Diagnosing malaria infected cells at the single cell level using focal plane array Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy. Analyst 2015; 139:4769-74. [PMID: 25055796 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00989d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New methods are needed to rapidly identify malaria parasites in blood smears. The coupling of a Focal Plane Array (FPA) infrared microscope system to a synchrotron light source at IRENI enables rapid molecular imaging at high spatial resolution. The technique, in combination with hyper-spectral processing, enables imaging and diagnosis of early stage malaria parasites at the single cell level in a blood smear. The method relies on the detection of distinct lipid signatures associated with the different stages of the malaria parasite and utilises resonant Mie extended multiplicative scatter correction to pre-process the spectra followed by full bandwidth image deconvolution to resolve the single cells. This work demonstrates the potential of focal plane technology to diagnose single cells in a blood smear. Brighter laboratory based infrared sources, optical refinements and higher sensitive detectors will soon see the emergence of focal plane array imaging in the clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Pershina AG, Saltykova IV, Ivanov VV, Perina EA, Demin AM, Shevelev OB, Buzueva II, Gutakovskii AK, Vtorushin SV, Ganebnykh IN, Krasnov VP, Sazonov AE, Ogorodova LM. Hemozoin "knobs" in Opisthorchis felineus infected liver. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:459. [PMID: 26382743 PMCID: PMC4574221 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemozoin is the pigment produced by some blood-feeding parasites. It demonstrates high diagnostic and therapeutic potential. In this work the formation of co-called hemozoin “knobs” – the bile duct ectasia filled up by hemozoin pigment - in Opisthorhis felineus infected hamster liver has been observed. Methods The O. felineus infected liver was examined by histological analysis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The pigment hemozoin was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. Hemozoin crystals were characterised by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Results Hemozoin crystals produced by O. felineus have average length 403 nm and the length-to-width ratio equals 2.0. The regurgitation of hemozoin from parasitic fluke during infection leads to formation of bile duct ectasia. The active release of hemozoin from O. felineus during in vitro incubation has also been evidenced. It has been shown that the hemozoin knobs can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions In the paper for the first time the characterisation of hemozoin pigment extracted from liver fluke O. felineus has been conducted. The role of hemozoin in the modification of immune response by opisthorchiasis is assumed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1061-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Pershina
- Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, 634050, Tomsk, Russia. .,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenina Ave, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
| | - Irina V Saltykova
- Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, 634050, Tomsk, Russia. .,National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenina Ave, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
| | - Vladimir V Ivanov
- Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Perina
- Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Alexander M Demin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, UB RAS, 22, S. Kovalevskoy St, 620137, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Oleg B Shevelev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, 10, Lavrentyev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Irina I Buzueva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine", 4, Timakova St, 630117, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Anton K Gutakovskii
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, SB RAS, 13, Lavrentyev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Vtorushin
- Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Ilya N Ganebnykh
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, UB RAS, 22, S. Kovalevskoy St, 620137, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Victor P Krasnov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, UB RAS, 22, S. Kovalevskoy St, 620137, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Alexey E Sazonov
- Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Ludmila M Ogorodova
- Siberian State Medical University, 2, Moskovsky trakt, 634050, Tomsk, Russia.
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42
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Pirnstill CW, Coté GL. Malaria Diagnosis Using a Mobile Phone Polarized Microscope. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13368. [PMID: 26303238 PMCID: PMC4548194 DOI: 10.1038/srep13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global health burden, and new methods for low-cost, high-sensitivity, diagnosis are essential, particularly in remote areas with low-resource around the world. In this paper, a cost effective, optical cell-phone based transmission polarized light microscope system is presented for imaging the malaria pigment known as hemozoin. It can be difficult to determine the presence of the pigment from background and other artifacts, even for skilled microscopy technicians. The pigment is much easier to observe using polarized light microscopy. However, implementation of polarized light microscopy lacks widespread adoption because the existing commercial devices have complicated designs, require sophisticated maintenance, tend to be bulky, can be expensive, and would require re-training for existing microscopy technicians. To this end, a high fidelity and high optical resolution cell-phone based polarized light microscopy system is presented which is comparable to larger bench-top polarized microscopy systems but at much lower cost and complexity. The detection of malaria in fixed and stained blood smears is presented using both, a conventional polarized microscope and our cell-phone based system. The cell-phone based polarimetric microscopy design shows the potential to have both the resolution and specificity to detect malaria in a low-cost, easy-to-use, modular platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey W Pirnstill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Gerard L Coté
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.,Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX 77843
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Ali ME, Oppeneer PM. Unraveling the Electronic Structure, Spin States, Optical and Vibrational Spectra of Malaria Pigment. Chemistry 2015; 21:8544-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yuen C, Liu Q. Optimization of Fe3O4@Ag nanoshells in magnetic field-enriched surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering for malaria diagnosis. Analyst 2014; 138:6494-500. [PMID: 24049766 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00872j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The great potential of magnetic field enriched surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) for early malaria diagnosis has been demonstrated previously. This technique is able to detect β-hematin, which is equivalent to a malaria biomarker (hemozoin) in Raman features, at a concentration of 5 nM. In this study, we present the optimization of nanoparticles used in the magnetic field enriched SERRS by tuning the core size and shell thickness of nanoparticles with an iron oxide core and a silver shell (Fe3O4@Ag). The discrete dipole approximation (DDA) model was introduced to investigate the localized electromagnetic field distributions and extinction efficiencies of the aggregate of Fe3O4@Ag and β-hematin, in correlation with their magnetic field enriched SERRS performance. We find that the optimal core-shell size of Fe3O4@Ag leading to the effective aggregation of Fe3O4@Ag and β-hematin under an external magnetic field with superior extinction efficiencies is the key to realize highly augmented Raman signals in this strategy. Furthermore, it is noted that the optimized result differs from the case without the external magnetic field to that with the external magnetic field. Therefore, this work demonstrates experimentally and theoretically the potential of tuning the core-shell Fe3O4@Ag for achieving the efficient magnetic field-enriched SERRS detection of β-hematin for early malaria diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Yuen
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457.
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Evaluation of a novel magneto-optical method for the detection of malaria parasites. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96981. [PMID: 24824542 PMCID: PMC4019541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the efficiency of malaria diagnosis is one of the main goals of current malaria research. We have recently developed a magneto-optical (MO) method which allows high-sensitivity detection of malaria pigment (hemozoin crystals) in blood via the magnetically induced rotational motion of the hemozoin crystals. Here, we evaluate this MO technique for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum in infected erythrocytes using in-vitro parasite cultures covering the entire intraerythrocytic life cycle. Our novel method detected parasite densities as low as ∼ 40 parasites per microliter of blood (0.0008% parasitemia) at the ring stage and less than 10 parasites/µL (0.0002% parasitemia) in the case of the later stages. These limits of detection, corresponding to approximately 20 pg/µL of hemozoin produced by the parasites, exceed that of rapid diagnostic tests and compete with the threshold achievable by light microscopic observation of blood smears. The MO diagnosis requires no special training of the operator or specific reagents for parasite detection, except for an inexpensive lysis solution to release intracellular hemozoin. The devices can be designed to a portable format for clinical and in-field tests. Besides testing its diagnostic performance, we also applied the MO technique to investigate the change in hemozoin concentration during parasite maturation. Our preliminary data indicate that this method may offer an efficient tool to determine the amount of hemozoin produced by the different parasite stages in synchronized cultures. Hence, it could eventually be used for testing the susceptibility of parasites to antimalarial drugs.
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Delahunt C, Horning MP, Wilson BK, Proctor JL, Hegg MC. Limitations of haemozoin-based diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum using dark-field microscopy. Malar J 2014; 13:147. [PMID: 24739286 PMCID: PMC4021049 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The haemozoin crystal continues to be investigated extensively for its potential as a biomarker for malaria diagnostics. In order for haemozoin to be a valuable biomarker, it must be present in detectable quantities in the peripheral blood and distinguishable from false positives. Here, dark-field microscopy coupled with sophisticated image processing algorithms is used to characterize the abundance of detectable haemozoin within infected erythrocytes from field samples in order to determine the window of detection in peripheral blood. Methods Thin smears from Plasmodium falciparum-infected and uninfected patients were imaged in both dark field (DF) unstained and bright field (BF) Giemsa-stained modes. The images were co-registered such that each parasite had thumbnails in both BF and DF modes, providing an accurate map between parasites and DF objects. This map was used to find the abundance of haemozoin as a function of parasite stage through careful parasite staging and correlation with DF objects. An automated image-processing and classification algorithm classified the bright spots in the DF images as either haemozoin or non-haemozoin objects. Results The algorithm distinguishes haemozoin from non-haemozoin objects in DF images with an object-level sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 97%. Ring stages older than about 6 hours begin to show detectable haemozoin, and rings between 10–16 hours reliably contain detectable haemozoin. However, DF microscopy coupled with the image-processing algorithm detect no haemozoin in rings younger than six hours. Discussion Although this method demonstrates the most sensitive detection of haemozoin in field samples reported to date, it does not detect haemozoin in ring-stage parasites younger than six hours. Thus, haemozoin is a poor biomarker for field samples primarily composed of young ring-stage parasites because the crystal is not present in detectable quantities by the methods described here. Based on these results, the implications for patient-level diagnosis and recommendations for future work are discussed.
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Jain P, Chakma B, Patra S, Goswami P. Potential biomarkers and their applications for rapid and reliable detection of malaria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:852645. [PMID: 24804253 PMCID: PMC3996934 DOI: 10.1155/2014/852645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria has been responsible for the highest mortality in most malaria endemic countries. Even after decades of malaria control campaigns, it still persists as a disease of high mortality due to improper diagnosis and rapidly evolving drug resistant malarial parasites. For efficient and economical malaria management, WHO recommends that all malaria suspected patients should receive proper diagnosis before administering drugs. It is thus imperative to develop fast, economical, and accurate techniques for diagnosis of malaria. In this regard an in-depth knowledge on malaria biomarkers is important to identify an appropriate biorecognition element and utilize it prudently to develop a reliable detection technique for diagnosis of the disease. Among the various biomarkers, plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase and histidine-rich protein II (HRP II) have received increasing attention for developing rapid and reliable detection techniques for malaria. The widely used rapid detection tests (RDTs) for malaria succumb to many drawbacks which promotes exploration of more efficient economical detection techniques. This paper provides an overview on the current status of malaria biomarkers, along with their potential utilization for developing different malaria diagnostic techniques and advanced biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Babina Chakma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sanjukta Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Coronado LM, Nadovich CT, Spadafora C. Malarial hemozoin: from target to tool. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2032-41. [PMID: 24556123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is an extremely devastating disease that continues to affect millions of people each year. A distinctive attribute of malaria infected red blood cells is the presence of malarial pigment or the so-called hemozoin. Hemozoin is a biocrystal synthesized by Plasmodium and other blood-feeding parasites to avoid the toxicity of free heme derived from the digestion of hemoglobin during invasion of the erythrocytes. SCOPE OF REVIEW Hemozoin is involved in several aspects of the pathology of the disease as well as in important processes such as the immunogenicity elicited. It is known that the once best antimalarial drug, chloroquine, exerted its effect through interference with the process of hemozoin formation. In the present review we explore what is known about hemozoin, from hemoglobin digestion, to its final structural analysis, to its physicochemical properties, its role in the disease and notions of the possible mechanisms that could kill the parasite by disrupting the synthesis or integrity of this remarkable crystal. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The importance and peculiarities of this biocrystal have given researchers a cause to consider it as a target for new antimalarials and to use it through unconventional approaches for diagnostics and therapeutics against the disease. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Hemozoin plays an essential role in the biology of malarial disease. Innovative ideas could use all the existing data on the unique chemical and biophysical properties of this macromolecule to come up with new ways of combating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M Coronado
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522 510, A.P., India
| | | | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Panama.
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Hemozoin-generated vapor nanobubbles for transdermal reagent- and needle-free detection of malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:900-5. [PMID: 24379385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316253111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful diagnosis, screening, and elimination of malaria critically depend on rapid and sensitive detection of this dangerous infection, preferably transdermally and without sophisticated reagents or blood drawing. Such diagnostic methods are not currently available. Here we show that the high optical absorbance and nanosize of endogenous heme nanoparticles called "hemozoin," a unique component of all blood-stage malaria parasites, generates a transient vapor nanobubble around hemozoin in response to a short and safe near-infrared picosecond laser pulse. The acoustic signals of these malaria-specific nanobubbles provided transdermal noninvasive and rapid detection of a malaria infection as low as 0.00034% in animals without using any reagents or drawing blood. These on-demand transient events have no analogs among current malaria markers and probes, can detect and screen malaria in seconds, and can be realized as a compact, easy-to-use, inexpensive, and safe field technology.
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