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Zhang L, Wang H, Zu P, Li X, Ma S, Zhu Y, Xie T, Tao F, Zhu DM, Zhu P. Association between exposure to outdoor artificial light at night during pregnancy and glucose homeostasis: A prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118178. [PMID: 38220082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outdoor artificial light at night (ALAN) has been linked to an elevated risk of diabetes, but the available literature on the relationships between ALAN and glucose homeostasis in pregnancy is limited. METHODS A prospective cohort study of 6730 pregnant women was conducted in Hefei, China. Outdoor ALAN exposure was estimated using satellite data with individual addresses at a spatial resolution of approximately 1 km, and the average ALAN intensity was calculated. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was diagnosed based on a standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression were used to estimate the relationships between ALAN and glucose homeostasis. RESULTS Outdoor ALAN was associated with elevated glucose homeostasis markers in the first trimester, but not GDM risk. An increase in the interquartile range of outdoor ALAN values was related to a 0.02 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.00, 0.03) mmol/L higher fasting plasma glucose, a 0.42 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.54) μU/mL increase in insulin and a 0.09 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.12) increase in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) during the first trimester. Subgroup analyses showed that the associations between outdoor ALAN exposure and fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR were more pronounced among pregnant women who conceived in summer and autumn. CONCLUSIONS The results provided evidence that brighter outdoor ALAN in the first trimester was related to elevated glucose intolerance in pregnancy, especially in pregnant women conceived in summer and autumn, and effective strategies are needed to prevent and manage light pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China; Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China; Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Zu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China; Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Sleep Disorders, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | | | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China; Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tianqin Xie
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Sleep Disorders, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China; Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dao-Min Zhu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Sleep Disorders, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China.
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China; Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Regmi P, Young M, Minigo G, Milic N, Gyawali P. Photoperiod and metabolic health: evidence, mechanism, and implications. Metabolism 2024; 152:155770. [PMID: 38160935 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are evolutionarily programmed biological rhythms that are primarily entrained by the light cycle. Disruption of circadian rhythms is an important risk factor for several metabolic disorders. Photoperiod is defined as total duration of light exposure in a day. With the extended use of indoor/outdoor light, smartphones, television, computers, and social jetlag people are exposed to excessive artificial light at night increasing their photoperiod. Importantly long photoperiod is not limited to any geographical region, season, age, or socioeconomic group, it is pervasive. Long photoperiod is an established disrupter of the circadian rhythm and can induce a range of chronic health conditions including adiposity, altered hormonal signaling and metabolism, premature ageing, and poor psychological health. This review discusses the impact of exposure to long photoperiod on circadian rhythms, metabolic and mental health, hormonal signaling, and ageing and provides a perspective on possible preventive and therapeutic approaches for this pervasive challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Regmi
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Australia.
| | - Morag Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Milic
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Australia
| | - Prajwal Gyawali
- Centre of Health Research and School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
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Daniels LJ, Kay D, Marjot T, Hodson L, Ray DW. Circadian regulation of liver metabolism: experimental approaches in human, rodent, and cellular models. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1158-C1177. [PMID: 37642240 PMCID: PMC10861179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00551.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous oscillations with approximately a 24-h period that allow organisms to anticipate the change between day and night. Disruptions that desynchronize or misalign circadian rhythms are associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. This review focuses on the liver circadian clock as relevant to the risk of developing metabolic diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Many liver functions exhibit rhythmicity. Approximately 40% of the hepatic transcriptome exhibits 24-h rhythms, along with rhythms in protein levels, posttranslational modification, and various metabolites. The liver circadian clock is critical for maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis. Most of the attention in the metabolic field has been directed toward diet, exercise, and rather little to modifiable risks due to circadian misalignment or disruption. Therefore, the aim of this review is to systematically analyze the various approaches that study liver circadian pathways, targeting metabolic liver diseases, such as diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, using human, rodent, and cell biology models.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Over the past decade, there has been an increased interest in understanding the intricate relationship between circadian rhythm and liver metabolism. In this review, we have systematically searched the literature to analyze the various experimental approaches utilizing human, rodent, and in vitro cellular approaches to dissect the link between liver circadian rhythms and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Daniels
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Kay
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Marjot
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David W Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Ishihara A, Courville AB, Chen KY. The Complex Effects of Light on Metabolism in Humans. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061391. [PMID: 36986120 PMCID: PMC10056135 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is an essential part of many life forms. The natural light–dark cycle has been the dominant stimulus for circadian rhythms throughout human evolution. Artificial light has restructured human activity and provided opportunities to extend the day without reliance on natural day–night cycles. The increase in light exposure at unwanted times or a reduced dynamic range of light between the daytime and nighttime has introduced negative consequences for human health. Light exposure is closely linked to sleep–wake regulation, activity and eating patterns, body temperature, and energy metabolism. Disruptions to these areas due to light are linked to metabolic abnormalities such as an increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Research has revealed that various properties of light influence metabolism. This review will highlight the complex role of light in human physiology, with a specific emphasis on metabolic regulation from the perspective of four main properties of light (intensity, duration, timing of exposure, and wavelength). We also discuss the potential influence of the key circadian hormone melatonin on sleep and metabolic physiology. We explore the relationship between light and metabolism through circadian physiology in various populations to understand the optimal use of light to mitigate short and long-term health consequences.
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Xu Z, Jin J, Yang T, Wang Y, Huang J, Pan X, Frank K, Li G. Outdoor light at night, genetic predisposition and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115157. [PMID: 36572333 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to animal and human epidemiologic studies, exposure to outdoor light at night (LAN) may cause circadian disruption, which may disturb sleep quality and lead to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We followed 283,374 persons from 2006 through 2020. Outdoor LAN exposure was estimated using satellite data for individual address with 500 m2 scale buffer during follow-up. Incidence of T2DM was confirmed by hospital inpatient records. We identified potential confounders by a directed acyclic graph, including demographic, genetic, individual and regional level socioeconomic status, and environmental risk factors, and calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through time-varying Cox proportional hazard model. Furthermore, we examined the association of outdoor LAN with a defined health sleep scores and moderation of genetic predisposition and shift work on the relationship of outdoor LAN and incident T2DM. RESULTS We identified 7,775 incident T2DM cases over 3,027,505 person-years. Higher outdoor LAN exposures were significantly associated with higher risk of T2DM. The estimated HR for incident T2DM with an interquartile range (IQR: 11.22 nW/cm2/sr) increase in outdoor LAN was 1.05 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.09) in the fully adjusted model. Participants who lived in the highest quarter of outdoor LAN area were more likely to develop T2DM (HR: 1.14,95%CI: 1.02, 1.27). Besides, those who were exposed to higher levels of outdoor LAN had poorer sleep quality. No moderation role of PRS on outdoor LAN-induced T2DM observed both on the multiplicated and additive scale. The hazards of outdoor LAN were observed in those who never owned a night shift work. CONCLUSION Although further work is required to clarify potential mechanisms, our findings indicate that exposure to residential outdoor LAN may contribute to T2DM risk and low sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihu Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Kelly Frank
- Environmental Research Group,School of Public Health,Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guoxing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, Beijing, China.
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Role of Melatonin in Daily Variations of Plasma Insulin Level and Pancreatic Clock Gene Expression in Chick Exposed to Monochromatic Light. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032368. [PMID: 36768693 PMCID: PMC9916459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the effect of monochromatic light on circadian rhythms of plasma insulin level and pancreatic clock gene expression and its mechanism, 216 newly hatched chicks were divided into three groups (intact, sham operation and pinealectomy) and were raised under white (WL), red (RL), green (GL) or blue (BL) light for 21 days. Their plasma and pancreas were sampled at six four-hour intervals. For circadian rhythm analysis, measurements of plasma melatonin, insulin, and clock gene expression (cClock, cBmal1, cBmal2, cCry1, cCry2, cPer2, and cPer3) were made. Plasma melatonin, insulin, and the pancreatic clock gene all expressed rhythmically in the presence of monochromatic light. Red light reduced the mesor and amplitude of plasma melatonin in comparison to green light. The mesor and amplitude of the pancreatic clock gene in chickens exposed to red light were dramatically reduced, which is consistent with the drop in plasma melatonin levels. Red light, on the other hand, clearly raised the level of plasma insulin via raising the expression of cVamp2, but not cInsulin. After the pineal gland was removed, the circadian expressions of plasma melatonin and pancreatic clock gene were significantly reduced, but the plasma insulin level and the pancreatic cVamp2 expression were obviously increased, resulting in the disappearance of differences in insulin level and cVamp2 expression in the monochromatic light groups. Therefore, we hypothesize that melatonin may be crucial in the effect of monochromatic light on the circadian rhythm of plasma insulin level by influencing the expression of clock gene in chicken pancreas.
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Albreiki MS, Shamlan GH, BaHammam AS, Alruwaili NW, Middleton B, Hampton SM. Acute impact of light at night and exogenous melatonin on subjective appetite and plasma leptin. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1079453. [PMID: 36562040 PMCID: PMC9763572 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1079453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the possible effect of exogenous melatonin on appetite control by investigating plasma leptin and subjective appetite parameters. Nine healthy male participants [26 ± 1.3 years, body mass index (BMI) 24.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2] (mean ± SD) were recruited. The study was designed as a randomized three-way cross-over design; light (>500 lux) (LS), dark (<5 lux) + exogenous melatonin (DSC), and light (>500 lux) + exogenous melatonin (LSC), with an interval of at least 7 days between each session. Each session started at 18:00 h and ended at 06:00 h the following day. Participants were awake and in a semi-recumbent position during each clinical session. The meal times were individualized according to melatonin onset from 48 h sequential urine collection, whereas melatonin intake was given 90 min before the evening meal. Subjective appetite parameters were collected at 30 min intervals during each session. Plasma leptin was collected at specific time points to analyze pre-prandial and postprandial leptin. Subjective hunger and desire to eat were reported higher in LS than DSC and LSC (P = 0.03, and P = 0.001). Plasma leptin showed a significant increase in LSC and DSC (p = 0.007). This study suggested a positive impact of exogenous melatonin on subjective appetite and plasma leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Albreiki
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates,Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Mohammed S. Albreiki,
| | - Ghalia H. Shamlan
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Ghalia H. Shamlan,
| | - Ahmed S. BaHammam
- National Plan for Science and Technology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf W. Alruwaili
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benita Middleton
- Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Shelagh M. Hampton
- Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom,Shelagh M. Hampton,
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Guan Q, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. The role of light pollution in mammalian metabolic homeostasis and its potential interventions: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120045. [PMID: 36030956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Irregular or unnatural artificial light causes severe environmental stress on the survival and health of organisms, which is rapidly becoming a widespread new type of environmental pollution. A series of disruptive behaviors to body homeostasis brought about by light pollution, including metabolic abnormalities, are likely to be the result of circadian rhythm disturbances. Recently, the proposed role of light pollution in metabolic dysregulation has accelerated it into an emerging field. Hence, the regulatory role of light pollution in mammalian metabolic homeostasis is reviewed in this contribution. Light at night is the most widely affected type of light pollution, which disrupts metabolic homeostasis largely due to its disruption of daily food intake patterns, alterations of hormone levels such as melatonin and glucocorticoids, and changes in the rhythm of inflammatory factor production. Besides, light pollution impairs mammalian metabolic processes in an intensity-, photoperiod-, and wavelength-dependent manner, and is also affected by species, gender, and diets. Nevertheless, metabolic disorders triggered by light pollution are not irreversible to some extent. Potential interventions such as melatonin supplementation, recovery to the LD cycle, time-restricted feeding, voluntary exercise, wearing blue light-shied goggles, and bright morning light therapy open a bright avenue to prevent light pollution. This work will help strengthen the relationship between light information and metabolic homeostasis and provide new insights for the better prevention of metabolic disorders and light pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China.
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9
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Ng CM, Kaur S. Environmental light exposure and mealtime regularity: Implications for human health. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1183-1194. [PMID: 35786074 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2093212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Light exposure and mealtime act as cues to the human circadian rhythm, which subsequently regulates various physiological functions in the body. However, modernization alters lifestyles, with changes to social and work-related activities independent of the natural light-dark cycle. This review summarizes the role of light exposure and regular mealtime on bodily processes and, ultimately, metabolic health. Various aspects of light are reviewed, including the type of light (natural/artificial), intensity (lux), spectral composition, time of exposure (night/day), and exposure duration. Further, the possible relationship between light exposure and mealtime irregularity is discussed as a function affecting metabolic health. In essence, research evidence suggests that mealtime regularity and light exposure habits based on the natural occurring light-dark cycle are essential for metabolic health in relation to an aligned circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Ming Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Harmsen JF, Wefers J, Doligkeit D, Schlangen L, Dautzenberg B, Rense P, van Moorsel D, Hoeks J, Moonen-Kornips E, Gordijn MCM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. The influence of bright and dim light on substrate metabolism, energy expenditure and thermoregulation in insulin-resistant individuals depends on time of day. Diabetologia 2022; 65:721-732. [PMID: 35106618 PMCID: PMC8894310 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In our modern society, artificial light is available around the clock and most people expose themselves to electrical light and light-emissive screens during the dark period of the natural light/dark cycle. Such suboptimal lighting conditions have been associated with adverse metabolic effects, and redesigning indoor lighting conditions to mimic the natural light/dark cycle more closely holds promise to improve metabolic health. Our objective was to compare metabolic responses to lighting conditions that resemble the natural light/dark cycle in contrast to suboptimal lighting in individuals at risk of developing metabolic diseases. METHODS Therefore, we here performed a non-blinded, randomised, controlled, crossover trial in which overweight insulin-resistant volunteers (n = 14) were exposed to two 40 h laboratory sessions with different 24 h lighting protocols while staying in a metabolic chamber under real-life conditions. In the Bright day-Dim evening condition, volunteers were exposed to electric bright light (~1250 lx) during the daytime (08:00-18:00 h) and to dim light (~5 lx) during the evening (18:00-23:00 h). Vice versa, in the Dim day-Bright evening condition, volunteers were exposed to dim light during the daytime and bright light during the evening. Randomisation and allocation to light conditions were carried out by sequential numbering. During both lighting protocols, we performed 24 h indirect calorimetry, and continuous core body and skin temperature measurements, and took frequent blood samples. The primary outcome was plasma glucose focusing on the pre- and postprandial periods of the intervention. RESULTS Spending the day in bright light resulted in a greater increase in postprandial triacylglycerol levels following breakfast, but lower glucose levels preceding the dinner meal at 18:00 h, compared with dim light (5.0 ± 0.2 vs 5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l, n = 13, p=0.02). Dim day-Bright evening reduced the increase in postprandial glucose after dinner compared with Bright day-Dim evening (incremental AUC: 307 ± 55 vs 394 ± 66 mmol/l × min, n = 13, p=0.009). After the Bright day-Dim evening condition the sleeping metabolic rate was identical compared with the baseline night, whereas it dropped after Dim day-Bright evening. Melatonin secretion in the evening was strongly suppressed for Dim day-Bright evening but not for Bright day-Dim evening. Distal skin temperature for Bright day-Dim evening was lower at 18:00 h (28.8 ± 0.3°C vs 29.9 ± 0.4°C, n = 13, p=0.039) and higher at 23:00 h compared with Dim day-Bright evening (30.1 ± 0.3°C vs 28.8 ± 0.3°C, n = 13, p=0.006). Fasting and postprandial plasma insulin levels and the respiratory exchange ratio were not different between the two lighting protocols at any time. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these findings suggest that the indoor light environment modulates postprandial substrate handling, energy expenditure and thermoregulation of insulin-resistant volunteers in a time-of-day-dependent manner. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03829982. FUNDING We acknowledge the financial support from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative: an initiative with support from the Dutch Heart Foundation (CVON2014-02 ENERGISE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Frieder Harmsen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doligkeit
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Schlangen
- Human-Technology Interaction Group and Intelligent Lighting Institute, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Dautzenberg
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Rense
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke C M Gordijn
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Chrono@Work, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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11
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Abstract
SignificanceAmbient nighttime light exposure is implicated as a risk factor for adverse health outcomes, including cardiometabolic disease. However, the effects of nighttime light exposure during sleep on cardiometabolic outcomes and the related mechanisms are unclear. This laboratory study shows that, in healthy adults, one night of moderate (100 lx) light exposure during sleep increases nighttime heart rate, decreases heart rate variability (higher sympathovagal balance), and increases next-morning insulin resistance when compared to sleep in a dimly lit (<3 lx) environment. Moreover, a positive relationship between higher sympathovagal balance and insulin levels suggests that sympathetic activation may play a role in the observed light-induced changes in insulin sensitivity.
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12
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Liao YA, Garcia-Mondragon L, Konac D, Liu X, Ing A, Goldblatt R, Yu L, Barker ED. Nighttime lights, urban features, household poverty, depression, and obesity. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-12. [PMID: 35194360 PMCID: PMC8853344 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nighttime Light Emission (NLE) is associated with diminished mental and physical health. The present study examines how NLE and associated urban features (e.g., air pollution, low green space) impact mental and physical wellbeing. We included 200,393 UK Biobank Cohort participants with complete data. The study was carried out in two steps. In Step1, we assessed the relationship between NLE, deprivation, pollution, green space, household poverty and mental and physical symptoms. In Step2, we examined the role of NLE on environment-symptom networks. We stratified participants into high and low NLE and used gaussian graphical model to identify nodes which bridged urban features and mental and physical health problems. We then compared the global strength of these networks in high vs low NLE. We found that higher NLE associated with higher air pollution, less green space, higher economic and neighborhood deprivation, higher household poverty and higher depressed mood, higher tiredness/lethargy and obesity (Rtraining_mean = 0.2624, P training_mean < .001; Rtest_mean = 0.2619, P test_mean < .001). We also found that the interaction between environmental risk factors and mental, physical problems (overall network connectivity) was higher in the high NLE network than in the low NLE network (t = 0.7896, P < .001). In areas with high NLE, economic deprivation, household poverty and waist circumference acted as bridge factors between the key urban features and mental health symptoms. In conclusion, NLE, urban features, household poverty and mental and physical symptoms are all interrelated. In areas with high NLE, urban features associate with mental and physical health problems at a greater magnitude than in areas with low NLE. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-02754-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Liao
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, 80804 Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804 Germany
| | - Liliana Garcia-Mondragon
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, 80804 Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804 Germany
| | - Deniz Konac
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Department of Psychology, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 People’s Republic of China
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 People’s Republic of China
| | - Alex Ing
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg, 69117 Germany
| | - Ran Goldblatt
- New Light Technologies Inc., Washington, DC 20005 USA
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 People’s Republic of China
- Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Beijing, 100084 People’s Republic of China
| | - Edward D. Barker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
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13
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Molzof HE, Peterson CM, Thomas SJ, Gloston GF, Johnson RL, Gamble KL. Nightshift Work and Nighttime Eating Are Associated With Higher Insulin and Leptin Levels in Hospital Nurses. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:876752. [PMID: 35615722 PMCID: PMC9124849 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.876752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian misalignment between behaviors such as feeding and endogenous circadian rhythms, particularly in the context of shiftwork, is associated with poorer cardiometabolic health. We examined whether insulin and leptin levels differ between dayshift versus nightshift nurses, as well as explored whether the timing of food intake modulates these effects in nightshift workers. METHODS Female nurses (N=18; 8 dayshift and 10 nightshift) completed daily diet records for 8 consecutive days. The nurses then completed a 24-h inpatient stay, during which blood specimens were collected every 3 h (beginning at 09:00) and meals were consumed at regular 3-h intervals (09:00, 12:00, 15:00, and 18:00). Specimens were analyzed for insulin and leptin levels, and generalized additive models were used to examine differences in mean insulin and leptin levels. RESULTS Mean insulin and leptin levels were higher in nightshift nurses by 11.6 ± 3.8 mU/L (p=0.003) and 7.4 ± 3.4 ng/ml (p=0.03), respectively, compared to dayshift nurses. In an exploratory subgroup analysis of nightshift nurses, predominately eating at night (21:00 - 06:00) was associated with significantly higher insulin and leptin levels than consuming most calories during the daytime (06:00 - 21:00). CONCLUSIONS In our study of hospital nurses, working the nightshift was associated with higher insulin and leptin levels, and these effects were driven by eating predominately at night. We conclude that although nightshift work may raise insulin and leptin levels, eating during the daytime may attenuate some of the negative effects of nightshift work on metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylton E. Molzof
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Sleep Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Courtney M. Peterson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - S. Justin Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Gabrielle F. Gloston
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Russell L. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Karen L. Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen L. Gamble,
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14
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Choi Y, Nakamura Y, Akazawa N, Park I, Kwak HB, Tokuyama K, Maeda S. Effects of nocturnal light exposure on circadian rhythm and energy metabolism in healthy adults: A randomized crossover trial. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:602-612. [PMID: 34903129 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.2014517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to continuous light at night, including night-shift work or a nocturnal lifestyle, is emerging as a novel deleterious factor for weight gain and obesity. Here, we examined whether a single bout of bright light (BL) exposure at night affects energy metabolism via changes in circadian rhythm and nocturnal melatonin production. Ten healthy young men were randomized to a two-way crossover experimental design protocol: control (< 50 lux) and BL (approximately 10000 lux) conditions, with at least seven days of interval. The participants were exposed to each condition for 3 h (21:00-24:00) before sleep (0 lux, 00:00-07:00) in a room-type metabolic chamber. On each experimental night (21:00-07:00), energy expenditure, respiratory quotient (RQ), and substrate oxidation were measured to determine the energy metabolism. BL exposure prior to bedtime altered biological rhythms, disrupted the nocturnal decline in body temperature, and suppressed the melatonin level before sleeping, resulting in an increase in sleep latency. Indirect calorimetry data revealed that BL exposure significantly decreased the fat oxidation and increased the RQ, an indicator of the carbohydrate-to-fat oxidation ratio, throughout the whole period (light exposure and sleep). We revealed that acute BL exposure prior to bedtime exacerbated circadian rhythms and substrate oxidations, suggesting that chronic BL exposure at night may lead to obesity risk due to disturbances in circadian rhythms and macronutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngju Choi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Akazawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Insung Park
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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15
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Albreiki MS, Middleton B, Hampton SM. The effect of melatonin on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles after a late evening meal in healthy young males. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12770. [PMID: 34582575 PMCID: PMC9285903 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The suppression of melatonin by light at night (LAN) has been associated with a disruption of SCN function and biological processes. This study aimed to explore the impact of melatonin on glucose and lipid metabolism before and after a late evening meal. Nine healthy male participants (26 ± 1.3 years, BMI 24.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2 (mean ± SD) were randomly categorised into a three-way cross-over design protocol: light (>500 lux) (LS), dark (<5 lux) + exogenous melatonin (DSC) and light (>500 lux) + exogenous melatonin (LSC). All participants were awake in a semi-recumbent position during each clinical session, which started at 18 00 h and ended at 06:00 h the following day. The meal times were individualised according to melatonin onset estimated from the participants' 48-h sequential urine collection. The administration of exogenous melatonin was conducted 90 min before the evening meal. Saliva and plasma samples were collected at specific time points to analyse the glucose, insulin, NEFAs, TAGs, cortisol and melatonin levels. Participants demonstrated a significant reduction in postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and TAGs levels in the presence of melatonin (LSC and DSC) compared to LS (p = .002, p = .02 and p = .007, respectively). Pre-prandial plasma NEFAs were significantly lower in LS than DSC and LSC as melatonin rose (p < .001). Exogenous melatonin administrated before an evening test meal improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and reduced postprandial TAGs. This study could have implications for shift workers who may have lower melatonin levels at night due to light suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Albreiki
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
- Center for BiotechnologyKhalifa UniversityAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Benita Middleton
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Shelagh M. Hampton
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Centre for Chronobiology, School of Biosciences and MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
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16
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Ishihara A, Park I, Suzuki Y, Yajima K, Cui H, Yanagisawa M, Sano T, Kido J, Tokuyama K. Metabolic responses to polychromatic LED and OLED light at night. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12402. [PMID: 34117328 PMCID: PMC8196130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Light exposure at night has various implications for human health, but little is known about its effects on energy metabolism during subsequent sleep. We investigated the effects of polychromatic white light using conventional light-emitting diodes (LED) and an alternative light source, organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), producing reduced spectral content in the short wavelength of blue light (455 nm). Ten male participants were exposed to either LED, OLED (1000 lx), or dim (< 10 lx) light for 4 h before sleep in a metabolic chamber. Following OLED exposure, energy expenditure and core body temperature during sleep were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Fat oxidation during sleep was significantly reduced (p = 0.001) after the exposure to LED compared with OLED. Following exposure to OLED, fat oxidation positively correlated with the 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels, suggesting that the role of melatonin in lipolysis differs depending on the light. These findings advance our knowledge regarding the role of light in energy metabolism during sleep and provide a potential alternative to mitigate the negative consequences of light exposure at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Ishihara
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan ,grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Insung Park
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yoko Suzuki
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yajima
- grid.411949.00000 0004 1770 2033Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Huiyun Cui
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takeshi Sano
- grid.268394.20000 0001 0674 7277Innovation Center for Organic Electronics, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Junji Kido
- grid.268394.20000 0001 0674 7277Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tokuyama
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
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17
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Chamorro R, Wilms B, Holst A, Röhl C, Mölle M, Knaak A, Meyhöfer S, Lehnert H, Schmid SM. Acute mild dim light at night slightly modifies sleep but does not affect glucose homeostasis in healthy men. Sleep Med 2021; 84:158-164. [PMID: 34153798 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effect of acute mild light exposure at night on sleep architecture and glucose homeostasis. PATIENTS/METHODS Twenty healthy normal-weight men took part in two conditions of a randomized, controlled, balanced cross-over experimental study: i) two-consecutive nights with 8-h of sleep under dLAN (<5 lux) or ii) total darkness (CON). Sleep was evaluated by polysomnography. In the morning following 'night2', glucose homeostasis was assessed by an intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT) with consecutive measures of glucose, insulin, and c-peptide. Plasma cortisol was measured at night before sleep, after morning awakening, and during mid-afternoon hours. RESULTS There was no significant difference in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and sleep latency between conditions (all p > 0.66). However, NREM sleep stage N3 latency was prolonged after dLAN (p = 0.02) and NREM sleep stage 2 was decreased after two nights with dLAN (p = 0.04). During the first sleep hour, power in slow-oscillations, slow-waves, and delta bands diminished after dLAN (all p < 0.04). Glucose, insulin, and c-peptide were not altered by dLAN (all p > 0.14). Cortisol was reduced in the afternoon after 'night1' and in the morning after 'night2' (both p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS dLAN slightly disturbed sleep architecture and quality without impairment of glucose homeostasis. Longer exposure to chronic dLAN might be needed to unmask its hypothesized metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Chamorro
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Nutrition, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Britta Wilms
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annika Holst
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Clara Röhl
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Matthias Mölle
- Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Armin Knaak
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Svenja Meyhöfer
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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18
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Mendoza J. Nighttime Light Hurts Mammalian Physiology: What Diurnal Rodent Models Are Telling Us. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:236-250. [PMID: 33915800 PMCID: PMC8167723 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural sunlight permits organisms to synchronize their physiology to the external world. However, in current times, natural sunlight has been replaced by artificial light in both day and nighttime. While in the daytime, indoor artificial light is of lower intensity than natural sunlight, leading to a weak entrainment signal for our internal biological clock, at night the exposure to artificial light perturbs the body clock and sleep. Although electric light at night allows us "to live in darkness", our current lifestyle facilitates nighttime exposure to light by the use, or abuse, of electronic devices (e.g., smartphones). The chronic exposure to light at nighttime has been correlated to mood alterations, metabolic dysfunctions, and poor cognition. To decipher the brain mechanisms underlying these alterations, fundamental research has been conducted using animal models, principally of nocturnal nature (e.g., mice). Nevertheless, because of the diurnal nature of human physiology, it is also important to find and propose diurnal animal models for the study of the light effects in circadian biology. The present review provides an overview of the effects of light at nighttime on physiology and behavior in diurnal mammals, including humans. Knowing how the brain reacts to artificial light exposure, using diurnal rodent models, is fundamental for the development of new strategies in human health based in circadian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasburg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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19
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Schilperoort M, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Time for Novel Strategies to Mitigate Cardiometabolic Risk in Shift Workers. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:952-964. [PMID: 33183967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Circadian disruption induced by shift work is robustly associated with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in humans. Less well-known are the mechanisms underlying these associations, and the effectiveness of strategies to reduce cardiometabolic risk in the shift work population. In this review, the different ways in which shift work can deteriorate cardiometabolic health, and how to use this information to reflect on various risk-mitigating strategies, is discussed. While individual strategies appear promising in animal studies, the multifactorial disease risk in shift workers likely requires a multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, the need for individually-tailored combined lifestyle interventions, that could be essential in reducing cardiometabolic disorders in the large population of shift workers in our 24/7 society, is argued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Schilperoort
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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20
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Influence of prenatal stress on metabolic abnormalities induced by postnatal intake of a high-fat diet in BALB/c mice. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:721-730. [PMID: 33118903 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal insults during fetal development result in increased likelihood of developing chronic disease. Obesity, the biggest risk factor for the development of metabolic disease, is affected by several genetic and environmental factors. High-fat diet (HFD) consumption is usually linked with the development of obesity. The main goal of this study was to analyze the impact of the exposure to a HFD in prenatally stressed animals. For this purpose, we subjected pregnant BALB/c mice to restraint stress for 2 h a day between gestational day (GD) 14 and GD 21. Prenatally stressed and control offspring of both sexes were postnatally exposed to a HFD for 24 weeks. We found that prenatal stress (PS) per se produced disturbances in males such as increased total blood cholesterol and triglycerides, with a decrease in mRNA expression of sirtuin-1. When these animals were fed a HFD, we observed a rise in glucose and insulin levels and an increase in visceral adipose tissue gene expression of leptin, resistin, and interleukin-1 beta. Although females proved to be more resilient to PS consequences, when they were fed a HFD, they showed significant metabolic impairment. In addition to the changes observed in males, females also presented an increase in body weight and adiposity and a rise in cholesterol levels.
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21
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Gao WK, Shu YY, Ye J, Pan XL. Circadian clock and liver energy metabolism. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:1025-1035. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i20.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm, generated by the circadian clock, is an internal rhythm that the body evolved to adapt to the diurnal changes in the external environment. Under its influence, mammals have distinct feeding and fasting cycles, which cause rhythmic changes in nutrient supply and demand. In recent years, many studies have shown that biorhythms are closely related to body metabolism. The liver, as the metabolism center of the body, is affected by circadian rhythm. However, with the acceleration of the pace of modern life and the change of life styles, the body's original rhythm is disrupted, resulting in a significant increase in the incidence of liver related metabolic diseases. Meanwhile, the disorder of circadian rhythm can also promote the occurrence and development of these diseases, and affect their prognosis and outcome. This paper reviews the relationship between the function of liver clock genes and the metabolism of liver glucose, lipids, bile acids, protein, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kang Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yan-Yun Shu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Pan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
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22
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Fleury G, Masís‐Vargas A, Kalsbeek A. Metabolic Implications of Exposure to Light at Night: Lessons from Animal and Human Studies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S18-S28. [PMID: 32700826 PMCID: PMC7497102 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lately, the incidence of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes has shown a staggering increase. To prevent and treat these conditions, one must look at their etiology. As life on earth has evolved under the conditions of nature's 24-hour light/dark cycle, it seems likely that exposure to artificial light at night (LAN) would affect physiology. Indeed, ample evidence has shown that LAN impacts many metabolic parameters, at least partly via the biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. This review focuses on the impact of chronic and acute effects of LAN of different wavelengths on locomotor activity, food intake, the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, melatonin, glucocorticoids, and glucose and lipid metabolism. While chronic LAN disturbs daily rhythms in these parameters, experiments using short-term LAN exposure also have shown acute negative effects in metabolically active peripheral tissues. Experiments using LAN of different wavelengths not only have indicated an important role for melanopsin, the photopigment found in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, but also provided evidence that each wavelength may have a specific impact on energy metabolism. Importantly, exposure to LAN has been shown to impact glucose homeostasis also in humans and to be associated with an increased incidence of overweight, obesity, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fleury
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Anayanci Masís‐Vargas
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)Amsterdamthe Netherlands
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI)UPR‐3212 CNRSUniversity of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration MechanismsNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN)Amsterdamthe Netherlands
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23
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Albala L, Bober T, Hale G, Warfield B, Collins ML, Merritt Z, Steimetz E, Nadler S, Lev Y, Hanifin J. Effect on nurse and patient experience: overnight use of blue-depleted illumination. BMJ Open Qual 2019; 8:e000692. [PMID: 31637324 PMCID: PMC6768337 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2019-000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typical hospital lighting is rich in blue-wavelength emission, which can create unwanted circadian disruption in patients when exposed at night. Despite a growing body of evidence regarding the effects of poor sleep on health outcomes, physiologically neutral technologies have not been widely implemented in the US healthcare system. OBJECTIVE The authors sought to determine if rechargeable, proximity-sensing, blue-depleted lighting pods that provide wireless task lighting can make overnight hospital care more efficient for providers and less disruptive to patients. DESIGN Non-randomised, controlled interventional trial in an intermediate-acuity unit at a large urban medical centre. METHODS Night-time healthcare providers abstained from turning on overhead patient room lighting in favour of a physiologically neutral lighting device. 33 nurses caring for patients on that unit were surveyed after each shift. 21 patients were evaluated after two nights with standard-of-care light and after two nights with lighting intervention. RESULTS Providers reported a satisfaction score of 8 out of 10, with 82% responding that the lighting pods provided adequate lighting for overnight care tasks. Among patients, a median 2-point improvement on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was reported. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE The authors noted improved caregiver satisfaction and decreased patient anxiety by using a blue-depleted automated task-lighting alternative to overhead room lights. Larger studies are needed to determine the impact of these lighting devices on sleep measures and patient health outcomes like delirium. With the shift to patient-centred financial incentives and emphasis on patient experience, this study points to the feasibility of a physiologically targeted solution for overnight task lighting in healthcare environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Albala
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy Bober
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Graham Hale
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Warfield
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Zak Merritt
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Steimetz
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shmuel Nadler
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yair Lev
- Department of Cardiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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24
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Opperhuizen AL, Foppen E, Jonker M, Wackers P, van Faassen M, van Weeghel M, van Kerkhof L, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Effects of Light-at-Night on the Rat Liver - A Role for the Autonomic Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:647. [PMID: 31281239 PMCID: PMC6596368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to light at night (LAN) has been associated with serious pathologies, including obesity, diabetes and cancer. Recently we showed that 2 h of LAN impaired glucose tolerance in rats. Several studies have suggested that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in communicating these acute effects of LAN to the periphery. Here, we investigated the acute effects of LAN on the liver transcriptome of male Wistar rats. Expression levels of individual genes were not markedly affected by LAN, nevertheless pathway analysis revealed clustered changes in a number of endocrine pathways. Subsequently, we used selective hepatic denervations [sympathetic (Sx), parasympathetic (Px), total (Tx, i.e., Sx plus Px), sham] to investigate the involvement of the ANS in the effects observed. Surgical removal of the sympathetic or parasympathetic hepatic branches of the ANS resulted in many, but small changes in the liver transcriptome, including a pathway involved with circadian clock regulation, but it clearly separated the four denervation groups. On the other hand, analysis of the liver metabolome was not able to separate the denervation groups, and only 6 out of 78 metabolites were significantly up- or downregulated after denervations. Finally, removal of the sympathetic and parasympathetic hepatic nerves combined with LAN exposure clearly modulated the effects of LAN on the liver transcriptome, but left most endocrine pathways unaffected. Conclusion: One-hour light-at-night acutely affects the liver transcriptome. Part of this effect is mediated via the nervous innervation, as a hepatectomy modulated and reduced the effect of LAN on liver transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Loes Opperhuizen
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijs Jonker
- MAD - Dutch Genomics Service and Support Provider, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Wackers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda van Kerkhof
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is a main determinant in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The circadian timing system consists of a central brain clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and various peripheral tissue clocks. The circadian timing system is responsible for the coordination of many daily processes, including the daily rhythm in human glucose metabolism. The central clock regulates food intake, energy expenditure and whole-body insulin sensitivity, and these actions are further fine-tuned by local peripheral clocks. For instance, the peripheral clock in the gut regulates glucose absorption, peripheral clocks in muscle, adipose tissue and liver regulate local insulin sensitivity, and the peripheral clock in the pancreas regulates insulin secretion. Misalignment between different components of the circadian timing system and daily rhythms of sleep-wake behaviour or food intake as a result of genetic, environmental or behavioural factors might be an important contributor to the development of insulin resistance. Specifically, clock gene mutations, exposure to artificial light-dark cycles, disturbed sleep, shift work and social jet lag are factors that might contribute to circadian disruption. Here, we review the physiological links between circadian clocks, glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and present current evidence for a relationship between circadian disruption and insulin resistance. We conclude by proposing several strategies that aim to use chronobiological knowledge to improve human metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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26
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Borck PC, Batista TM, Vettorazzi JF, Soares GM, Lubaczeuski C, Guan D, Boschero AC, Vieira E, Lazar MA, Carneiro EM. Nighttime light exposure enhances Rev-erbα-targeting microRNAs and contributes to hepatic steatosis. Metabolism 2018; 85:250-258. [PMID: 29751019 PMCID: PMC6145802 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) disrupts the biological rhythms and has been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) display a critical role in fine-tuning the circadian system and energy metabolism. In this study, we aimed to assess whether altered miRNAs expression in the liver underlies metabolic disorders caused by disrupted biological rhythms. RESULTS We found that C3H/HePas mice exposed to ALAN developed obesity, and hepatic steatosis, which was paralleled by decreased expression of Rev-erbα and up-regulation of its lipogenic targets ACL and FAS in liver. Furthermore, the expression of Rev-erbα-targeting miRNAs, miR-140-5p, 185-5p, 326-5p and 328-5p were increased in this group. Consistently, overexpression of these miRNAs in primary hepatocytes reduced Rev-erbα expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Importantly, overexpression of Rev-erbα-targeting miRNAs increased mRNA levels of Acly and Fasn. CONCLUSION Thus, altered miRNAs profile is an important mechanism underlying the disruption of the peripheral clock caused by exposure to ALAN, which could lead to hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Borck
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thiago M Batista
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean F Vettorazzi
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M Soares
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Lubaczeuski
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dongyin Guan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Antonio C Boschero
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília - UCB, DF, Brazil
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Everardo M Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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27
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Poggiogalle E, Jamshed H, Peterson CM. Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Metabolism 2018; 84:11-27. [PMID: 29195759 PMCID: PMC5995632 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system orchestrates metabolism in daily 24-hour cycles. Such rhythms organize metabolism by temporally separating opposing metabolic processes and by anticipating recurring feeding-fasting cycles to increase metabolic efficiency. Although animal studies demonstrate that the circadian system plays a pervasive role in regulating metabolism, it is unclear how, and to what degree, circadian research in rodents translates into humans. Here, we review evidence that the circadian system regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Using a range of experimental protocols, studies in humans report circadian rhythms in glucose, insulin, glucose tolerance, lipid levels, energy expenditure, and appetite. Several of these rhythms peak in the biological morning or around noon, implicating earlier in the daytime is optimal for food intake. Importantly, disruptions in these rhythms impair metabolism and influence the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. We therefore also review evidence that circadian misalignment induced by mistimed light exposure, sleep, or food intake adversely affects metabolic health in humans. These interconnections among the circadian system, metabolism, and behavior underscore the importance of chronobiology for preventing and treating type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Poggiogalle
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Humaira Jamshed
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Courtney M Peterson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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28
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Melanson EL, Ritchie HK, Dear TB, Catenacci V, Shea K, Connick E, Moehlman TM, Stothard ER, Higgins J, McHill AW, Wright KP. Daytime bright light exposure, metabolism, and individual differences in wake and sleep energy expenditure during circadian entrainment and misalignment. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 4:49-56. [PMID: 29876528 PMCID: PMC5986103 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Daytime light exposure has been reported to impact or have no influence on energy metabolism in humans. Further, whether inter-individual differences in wake, sleep, 24 h energy expenditure, and RQ during circadian entrainment and circadian misalignment are stable across repeated 24 h assessments is largely unknown. We present data from two studies: Study 1 of 15 participants (7 females) exposed to three light exposure conditions: continuous typical room ~100 lx warm white light, continuous ~750 lx warm white light, and alternating hourly ~750 lx warm white and blue-enriched white light on three separate days in a randomized order; and Study 2 of 14 participants (8 females) during circadian misalignment induced by a simulated night shift protocol. Participants were healthy, free of medical disorders, medications, and illicit drugs. Participants maintained a consistent 8 h per night sleep schedule for one week as an outpatient prior to the study verified by wrist actigraphy, sleep diaries, and call-ins to a time stamped recorder. Participants consumed an outpatient energy balance research diet for three days prior to the study. The inpatient protocol for both studies consisted of an initial sleep disorder screening night. For study 1, this was followed by three standard days with 16 h scheduled wakefulness and 8 h scheduled nighttime sleep. For Study 2, it was followed by 16 h scheduled wake and 8 h scheduled sleep at habitual bedtime followed by three night shifts with 8 h scheduled daytime sleep. Energy expenditure was measured using whole-room indirect calorimetry. Constant posture bedrest conditions were maintained to control for energy expenditure associated with activity and the baseline energy balance diet was continued with the same exact meals across days to control for thermic effects of food. No significant impact of light exposure was observed on metabolic outcomes in response to daytime light exposure. Inter-individual variability in energy expenditure was systematic and ranged from substantial to almost perfect consistency during both nighttime sleep and circadian misalignment. Findings show robust and stable trait-like individual differences in whole body 24 h, waking, and sleep energy expenditure, 24 h respiratory quotient—an index of a fat and carbohydrate oxidation—during repeated assessments under entrained conditions, and also in 24 h and sleep energy expenditure during repeated days of circadian misalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Ave, RC1 South RM 7103, MS 8106, 80045 Aurora, CO, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Hannah K Ritchie
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Tristan B Dear
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Victoria Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Karen Shea
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Ave, RC1 South RM 7103, MS 8106, 80045 Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Thomas M Moehlman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Ellen R Stothard
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Janine Higgins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - Andrew W McHill
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA.,Department of Integrative Physiology, Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
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29
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Medical hypothesis: Light at night is a factor worth considering in critical care units. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 4:115-120. [PMID: 34094846 DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to light at night is not an innocuous consequence of modernization. There are compelling data linking long-term exposure to occupational and environmental light at night with serious health conditions, including heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. However, far less is known about the physiological and behavioral effects of acute exposure to light at night. Among healthy volunteers, acute night-time light exposure increases systolic blood pressure and inflammatory markers in the blood, and impairs glucose regulation. Whether critically ill patients in a hospital setting experience the same physiological shifts in response to evening light exposure is not known. This paper reviews the available data on light at night effects on health and wellbeing, and argues that the data are sufficiently compelling to warrant studies of how lighting in intensive care units may be influencing patient recovery.
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30
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Opperhuizen AL, Stenvers DJ, Jansen RD, Foppen E, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Light at night acutely impairs glucose tolerance in a time-, intensity- and wavelength-dependent manner in rats. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1333-1343. [PMID: 28374068 PMCID: PMC5487588 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Exposure to light at night (LAN) has increased dramatically in recent decades. Animal studies have shown that chronic dim LAN induced obesity and glucose intolerance. Furthermore, several studies in humans have demonstrated that chronic exposure to artificial LAN may have adverse health effects with an increased risk of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes. It is well-known that acute exposure to LAN affects biological clock function, hormone secretion and the activity of the autonomic nervous system, but data on the effects of LAN on glucose homeostasis are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of LAN on glucose metabolism. METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to i.v. glucose or insulin tolerance tests while exposed to 2 h of LAN in the early or late dark phase. In subsequent experiments, different light intensities and wavelengths were used. RESULTS LAN exposure early in the dark phase at ZT15 caused increased glucose responses during the first 20 min after glucose infusion (p < 0.001), whereas LAN exposure at the end of the dark phase, at ZT21, caused increased insulin responses during the first 10 min (p < 0.01), indicating that LAN immediately induces glucose intolerance in rats. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the effect of LAN was both intensity- and wavelength-dependent. White light of 50 and 150 lx induced greater glucose responses than 5 and 20 lx, whereas all intensities other than 5 lx reduced locomotor activity. Green light induced glucose intolerance, but red and blue light did not, suggesting the involvement of a specific retina-brain pathway. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these data show that exposure to LAN has acute adverse effects on glucose metabolism in a time-, intensity- and wavelength-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Loes Opperhuizen
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dirk J Stenvers
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Remi D Jansen
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC) University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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