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Priscilla L, Yoo C, Jang S, Park S, Lim G, Kim T, Lee DY. Immunotherapy targeting the obese white adipose tissue microenvironment: Focus on non-communicable diseases. Bioact Mater 2024; 35:461-476. [PMID: 38404641 PMCID: PMC10884763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity triggers inflammatory responses in the microenvironment of white adipose tissue, resulting in chronic systemic inflammation and the subsequent development of non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and breast cancer. Current therapy approaches for obesity-induced non-communicable diseases persist in prioritizing symptom remission while frequently overlooking the criticality of targeting and alleviating inflammation at its source. Accordingly, this review highlights the importance of the microenvironment of obese white adipose tissue and the promising potential of employing immunotherapy to target it as an effective therapeutic approach for non-communicable diseases induced by obesity. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and offers perspective about the immunotherapy targeting the microenvironment of obese white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Priscilla
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaerim Yoo
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonmi Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Park
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) & Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Elixir Pharmatech Inc., Seoul, 07463, Republic of Korea
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Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in energy metabolism: natural selection, mechanisms and consequences. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:56-69. [PMID: 37923858 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis operates differently in men and women. This sex asymmetry is the result of evolutionary adaptations that enable women to resist loss of energy stores and protein mass while remaining fertile in times of energy deficit. During starvation or prolonged exercise, women rely on oxidation of lipids, which are a more efficient energy source than carbohydrates, to preserve glucose for neuronal and placental function and spare proteins necessary for organ function. Carbohydrate reliance in men could be an evolutionary adaptation related to defence and hunting, as glucose, unlike lipids, can be used as a fuel for anaerobic high-exertion muscle activity. The larger subcutaneous adipose tissue depots in healthy women than in healthy men provide a mechanism for lipid storage. As female mitochondria have higher functional capacity and greater resistance to oxidative damage than male mitochondria, uniparental inheritance of female mitochondria may reduce the transmission of metabolic disorders. However, in women, starvation resistance and propensity to obesity have evolved in tandem, and the current prevalence of obesity is greater in women than in men. The combination of genetic sex, programming by developmental testosterone in males, and pubertal sex hormones defines sex-specific biological systems in adults that produce phenotypic sex differences in energy homeostasis, metabolic disease and drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine and Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Endocrine service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Kontush A, Martin M, Brites F. Sweet swell of burning fat: emerging role of high-density lipoprotein in energy homeostasis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2023; 34:235-242. [PMID: 37797204 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins, including high-density lipoprotein (HDL), plays a central role in energy homeostasis. Mechanisms underlying the relationship between energy homeostasis and HDL however remain poorly studied. RECENT FINDINGS Available evidence reveals that HDL is implicated in energy homeostasis. Circulating high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are affected by energy production, raising with increasing resting metabolic rate. Lipolysis of triglycerides as a source of energy decreases plasma levels of remnant cholesterol, increases levels of HDL-C, and can be cardioprotective. Switch to preferential energy production from carbohydrates exerts opposite effects. SUMMARY Low HDL-C may represent a biomarker of inefficient energy production from fats. HDL-C-raising can be beneficial when it reflects enhanced energy production from burning fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
| | - Maximiliano Martin
- Laboratory of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires. CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Brites
- Laboratory of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires. CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Karppinen JE, Wiklund P, Ihalainen JK, Juppi HK, Isola V, Hyvärinen M, Ahokas EK, Kujala UM, Laukkanen J, Hulmi JJ, Ahtiainen JP, Cheng S, Laakkonen EK. Age But Not Menopausal Status Is Linked to Lower Resting Energy Expenditure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2789-2797. [PMID: 37265230 PMCID: PMC10584005 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT It remains uncertain whether aging before late adulthood and menopause are associated with fat-free mass and fat mass-adjusted resting energy expenditure (REEadj). OBJECTIVES We investigated whether REEadj differs between middle-aged and younger women and between middle-aged women with different menopausal statuses. We repeated the age group comparison between middle-aged mothers and their daughters to partially control for genotype. We also explored whether serum estradiol and FSH concentrations explain REEadj in midlife. METHODS We divided 120 women, including 16 mother-daughter pairs, into age groups; group I (n = 26) consisted of participants aged 17 to 21, group II (n = 35) of those aged 22 to 38, and group III (n = 59) of those aged 41 to 58 years. The women in group III were further categorized as pre- or perimenopausal (n = 19), postmenopausal (n = 30), or postmenopausal hormone therapy users (n = 10). REE was assessed using indirect calorimetry, body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and hormones using immunoassays. RESULTS The REEadj of group I was 126 kcal/day [95% confidence interval (CI): 93-160] higher than that of group III, and the REEadj of group II was 88 kcal/day (95% CI: 49-127) higher. Furthermore, daughters had a 100 kcal/day (95% CI: 63-138 kcal/day) higher REEadj than their middle-aged mothers (all P < .001). In group III, REEadj was not lower in postmenopausal women and did not vary by sex hormone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that REEadj declines with age in women before late adulthood, also when controlling partially for genetic background, and that menopause may not contribute to this decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari E Karppinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petri Wiklund
- Huawei Helsinki Research Center, Huawei Technologies Oy (Finland) Co. Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna K Ihalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hanna-Kaarina Juppi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ville Isola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Hyvärinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Essi K Ahokas
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Laukkanen
- Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sulin Cheng
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Exercise Translational Medicine Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eija K Laakkonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Shi L, Xu X, Xiang G, Duan S. Anti-osteoporosis treatments changed body composition in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30522. [PMID: 36086691 PMCID: PMC10980404 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether the widespread anti-osteoporosis treatments in postmenopausal women also benefit the change of body composition (lean body mass [LBM] and body fat mass [FM]) remains controversial. In order to solve this issue and find out the most effective treatment, we conducted this meta-analysis. METHODS We searched the literature, via PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane to screen citations from inception to March 26, 2022, for inclusion in this study. Only clinical trials that used anti-osteoporosis treatments in postmenopausal women and displayed the alteration of body composition were included. Stata 14.0 was used for the meta-analysis. RESULTS Our meta-analysis results presented that: compared with placebo, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was associated with increased LBM (standardized mean differences [SMD] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02-0.61) and reduced FM (SMD = -0.30, 95% CI = -0.51 to -0.09) in postmenopausal women. Compared with placebo, physical exercise training showed an effect of decreasing FM (SMD = -0.66, 95% CI = -0.94 to -0.38) but not significant influence LBM (SMD = 1.31, 95% CI = -0.29 to 2.91). The network meta-analysis of our study showed that oral estrogen and progestogen plus exercise (OEPE) treatment might be the most effective anti-osteoporosis treatment (surface under the cumulative ranking curve 99.9) to reduce FM in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS anti-osteoporosis treatments, especially HRT, affect body composition. Furthermore, the combination of HRT and exercise training are the most effective treatment to reduce FM while maintaining LBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Shi
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guangda Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shanshan Duan
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Karppinen JE, Juppi HK, Hintikka J, Wiklund P, Haapala EA, Hyvärinen M, Tammelin TH, Aukee P, Kujala UM, Laukkanen J, Laakkonen EK. Associations of resting and peak fat oxidation with sex hormone profile and blood glucose control in middle-aged women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2157-2167. [PMID: 35752543 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Menopause may reduce fat oxidation. We investigated whether sex hormone profile explains resting fat oxidation (RFO) or peak fat oxidation (PFO) during incremental cycling in middle-aged women. Secondarily, we studied associations of RFO and PFO with glucose regulation. METHOD AND RESULTS We measured RFO and PFO of 42 women (age 52-58 years) with indirect calorimetry. Seven participants were pre- or perimenopausal, 26 were postmenopausal, and nine were postmenopausal hormone therapy users. Serum estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone, and testosterone levels were quantified with immunoassays. Insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and glucose tolerance (area under the curve) were determined by glucose tolerance testing. Body composition was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; physical activity with self-report and accelerometry; and diet, with food diaries. Menopausal status or sex hormone levels were not associated with the fat oxidation outcomes. RFO determinants were fat mass (β = 0.44, P = 0.006) and preceding energy intake (β = -0.40, P = 0.019). Cardiorespiratory fitness (β = 0.59, P = 0.002), lean mass (β = 0.49, P = 0.002) and physical activity (self-reported β = 0.37, P = 0.020; accelerometer-measured β = 0.35, P = 0.024) explained PFO. RFO and PFO were not related to insulin sensitivity. Higher RFO was associated with poorer glucose tolerance (β = 0.52, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Among studied middle-aged women, sex hormone profile did not explain RFO or PFO, and higher fat oxidation capacity did not indicate better glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari E Karppinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Hanna-Kaarina Juppi
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jukka Hintikka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petri Wiklund
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Huawei Helsinki R&D Center, Huawei Technologies Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Hyvärinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Pauliina Aukee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, Central Finland Healthcare District, Jyväskylä, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eija K Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Marlatt KL, Pitynski-Miller DR, Gavin KM, Moreau KL, Melanson EL, Santoro N, Kohrt WM. Body composition and cardiometabolic health across the menopause transition. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:14-27. [PMID: 34932890 PMCID: PMC8972960 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Every year, 2 million women reach menopause in the United States, and they may spend 40% or more of their life in a postmenopausal state. In the years immediately preceding menopause-known as the menopause transition (or perimenopause)-changes in hormones and body composition increase a woman's overall cardiometabolic risk. In this narrative review, we summarize the changes in weight, body composition, and body fat distribution, as well as the changes in energy intake, energy expenditure, and other cardiometabolic risk factors (lipid profile, glucose metabolism, sleep health, and vascular function), that occur during the menopause transition. We also discuss the benefits of lifestyle interventions in women in the earlier stages of menopause before these detrimental changes occur. Finally, we discuss how to include perimenopausal women in research studies so that women across the life-span are adequately represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L. Marlatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dori R. Pitynski-Miller
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Eastern Colorado VA Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Gavin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Eastern Colorado VA Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kerrie L. Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Eastern Colorado VA Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Eastern Colorado VA Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Denver, Colorado, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Wendy M. Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Eastern Colorado VA Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Denver, Colorado, USA
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Marlatt KL, Lovre D, Beyl RA, Tate CR, Hayes EK, Burant CF, Ravussin E, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Effect of conjugated estrogens and bazedoxifene on glucose, energy and lipid metabolism in obese postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 183:439-452. [PMID: 32698159 PMCID: PMC7457207 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Combining conjugated estrogens (CE) with the selective estrogen receptor modulator bazedoxifene (BZA) is a novel, orally administered menopausal therapy. We investigated the effect of CE/BZA on insulin sensitivity, energy metabolism, and serum metabolome in postmenopausal women with obesity. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, crossover pilot trial with washout was conducted at Pennington Biomedical Research Center. Eight postmenopausal women (age 50-60 years, BMI 30-40 kg/m2) were randomized to 8 weeks CE/BZA or placebo. Primary outcome was insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp). Secondary outcomes included body composition (DXA); resting metabolic rate (RMR); substrate oxidation (indirect calorimetry); ectopic lipids (1H-MRS); fat cell size, adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression (biopsies); serum inflammatory markers; and serum metabolome (LC/MS). RESULTS CE/BZA treatment produced no detectable effect on insulin sensitivity, body composition, ectopic fat, fat cell size, or substrate oxidation, but resulted in a non-significant increase in RMR (basal: P = 0.06; high-dose clamp: P = 0.08) compared to placebo. CE/BZA increased serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. CE/BZA also increased serum diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol (TAG) species containing long-chain saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) and decreased long-chain acylcarnitines, possibly reflecting increased hepatic de novo FA synthesis and esterification into TAGs for export into very low-density lipoproteins, as well as decreased FA oxidation, respectively (P < 0.05). CE/BZA increased serum phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, ceramides, and sphingomyelins, possibly reflecting the increase in serum lipoproteins (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A short treatment of obese postmenopausal women with CE/BZA does not alter insulin action or ectopic fat but increases serum markers of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and TAG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L. Marlatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Dragana Lovre
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Administration Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Robbie A. Beyl
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Chandra R. Tate
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | | | - Charles F. Burant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Administration Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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