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González-Moro I, Rojas-Márquez H, Sebastian-delaCruz M, Mentxaka-Salgado J, Olazagoitia-Garmendia A, Mendoza LM, Lluch A, Fantuzzi F, Lambert C, Ares Blanco J, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Cnop M, Delgado E, Fernández-Real JM, Ortega FJ, Castellanos-Rubio A, Santin I. A long non-coding RNA that harbors a SNP associated with type 2 diabetes regulates the expression of TGM2 gene in pancreatic beta cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1101934. [PMID: 36824360 PMCID: PMC9941620 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most of the disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lie in non- coding regions of the human genome. Many of these variants have been predicted to impact the expression and function of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), but the contribution of these molecules to the development of complex diseases remains to be clarified. METHODS Here, we performed a genetic association study between a SNP located in a lncRNA known as LncTGM2 and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), and analyzed its implication in disease pathogenesis at pancreatic beta cell level. Genetic association study was performed on human samples linking the rs2076380 polymorphism with T2D and glycemic traits. The pancreatic beta cell line EndoC-bH1 was employed for functional studies based on LncTGM2 silencing and overexpression experiments. Human pancreatic islets were used for eQTL analysis. RESULTS We have identified a genetic association between LncTGM2 and T2D risk. Functional characterization of the LncTGM2 revealed its implication in the transcriptional regulation of TGM2, coding for a transglutaminase. The T2Dassociated risk allele in LncTGM2 disrupts the secondary structure of this lncRNA, affecting its stability and the expression of TGM2 in pancreatic beta cells. Diminished LncTGM2 in human beta cells impairs glucose-stimulated insulin release. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel information on the molecular mechanisms by which T2D-associated SNPs in lncRNAs may contribute to disease, paving the way for the development of new therapies based on the modulation of lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar González-Moro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Henar Rojas-Márquez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maialen Sebastian-delaCruz
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jon Mentxaka-Salgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ane Olazagoitia-Garmendia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Aina Lluch
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federica Fantuzzi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmen Lambert
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Ares Blanco
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elías Delgado
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco José Ortega
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainara Castellanos-Rubio
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
- Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- *Correspondence: Izortze Santin, ; Ainara Castellanos-Rubio,
| | - Izortze Santin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Izortze Santin, ; Ainara Castellanos-Rubio,
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Jiang SH, Wang YH, Hu LP, Wang X, Li J, Zhang XL, Zhang ZG. The physiology, pathology and potential therapeutic application of serotonylation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:268950. [PMID: 34085694 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical neurotransmitter serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), synthesized from tryptophan, can be produced both centrally and peripherally. Through binding to functionally distinct receptors, serotonin is profoundly implicated in a number of fundamental physiological processes and pathogenic conditions. Recently, serotonin has been found covalently incorporated into proteins, a newly identified post-translational modification termed serotonylation. Transglutaminases (TGMs), especially TGM2, are responsible for catalyzing the transamidation reaction by transferring serotonin to the glutamine residues of target proteins. Small GTPases, extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, cytoskeletal proteins and histones are the most reported substrates for serotonylation, and their functions are triggered by this post-translational modification. This Review highlights the roles of serotonylation in physiology and diseases and provides perspectives for pharmacological interventions to ameliorate serotonylation for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Li-Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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Ivashkin E, Melnikova V, Kurtova A, Brun NR, Obukhova A, Khabarova MY, Yakusheff A, Adameyko I, Gribble KE, Voronezhskaya EE. Transglutaminase Activity Determines Nuclear Localization of Serotonin Immunoreactivity in the Early Embryos of Invertebrates and Vertebrates. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3888-3899. [PMID: 31291540 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a key player in many physiological processes in both the adult organism and developing embryo. One of the mechanisms for 5-HT-mediated effects is covalent binding of 5-HT to the target proteins catalyzed by transglutaminases (serotonylation). Despite the implication in a variety of physiological processes, the involvement of serotonylation in embryonic development remains unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that 5-HT serves as a substrate for transglutaminase-mediated transamidation of the nuclear proteins in the early embryos of both vertebrates and invertebrates. For this, we demonstrated that the level of serotonin immunoreactivity (5-HT-ir) in cell nuclei increases upon the elevation of 5-HT concentration in embryos of sea urchins, mollusks, and teleost fish. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of transglutaminase activity resulted in the reduction of both brightness and nuclear localization of anti-5-HT staining. We identified specific and bright 5-HT-ir within nuclei attributed to a subset of different cell types: ectodermal and endodermal, macro- and micromeres, and blastoderm. Western blot and dot blot confirmed the presence of 5-HT-ir epitopes in the normal embryos of all the species examined. The experimental elevation of 5-HT level led to the enhancement of 5-HT-ir-related signal on blots in a species-specific manner. The obtained results demonstrate that 5-HT is involved in transglutaminase-dependent monoaminylation of nuclear proteins and suggest nuclear serotonylation as a possible regulatory mechanism during early embryonic development. The results reveal that this pathway is conserved in the development of both vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Ivashkin
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Physiology, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Victoria Melnikova
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Physiology, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kurtova
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Physiology, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadja R. Brun
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Alexandra Obukhova
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Physiology, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Yu. Khabarova
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Physiology, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yakusheff
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Physiology, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center of Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristin E. Gribble
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Elena E. Voronezhskaya
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Physiology, Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) and especially TG2 play important roles in neurotransmitter and receptor signaling pathways. Three different mechanisms by which TG2 interacts with neurotransmitter and receptor signaling systems will be discussed in this review. The first way in which TG2 interacts with receptor signaling is via its function as a guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) coupling to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to activate down-stream signaling pathways. TG2 can exist in a least two conformations, a closed GTP-bound conformation and an open calcium-bound conformation. In the closed GTP-bound conformation, TG2 is capable of functioning as a G-protein for GPCRs. In the open calcium-bound conformation, TG2 catalyzes a transamidation reaction cross-linking proteins or catalyzing the covalent binding of a mono- or polyamine to a protein. The second mechanism is regulation of the transamidation reaction catalyzed by TG2 via receptor stimulation which can increase local calcium concentrations and thereby increase transamidation reactions. The third way in which TG2 plays a role in neurotransmitter and receptor signaling systems is via its use of monoamine neurotransmitters as a substrate. Monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin can be substrates for transamidation to a protein often a small G-protein (also known as a small GTPase) resulting in activation of the small G-protein. The transamidation of a monoamine neurotransmitter or serotonin has been designated as monoaminylation or more specifically serotonylation, respectively. Other proteins are also targets for monoaminylation such as fibronectin and cytoskeletal proteins. These receptor and neurotransmitter-regulated reactions by TG2 play roles in physiological and key pathophysiological processes.
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5
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Kárpáti S, Sárdy M, Németh K, Mayer B, Smyth N, Paulsson M, Traupe H. Transglutaminases in autoimmune and inherited skin diseases: The phenomena of epitope spreading and functional compensation. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:807-814. [PMID: 28940785 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are structurally and functionally related enzymes that modify the post-translational structure and activity of proteins or peptides, and thus are able to turn on or switch off their function. Depending on location and activities, TGs are able to modify the signalling, the function and the fate of cells and extracellular connective tissues. Besides mouse models, human diseases enable us to appreciate the function of various TGs. In this study, skin diseases induced by genetic damages or autoimmune targeting of these enzymes will be discussed. TG1, TG3 and TG5 contribute to the cutaneous barrier and thus to the integrity and function of epidermis. TGM1 mutations related to autosomal recessive ichthyosis subtypes, TGM5 mutations to a mild epidermolysis bullosa phenotype and as novelty TGM3 mutation to uncombable hair syndrome will be discussed. Autoimmunity to TG2, TG3 and TG6 may develop in a few of those genetically determined individuals who lost tolerance to gluten, and manifest as coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis or gluten-dependent neurological symptoms, respectively. These gluten responder diseases commonly occur in combination. In autoimmune diseases, the epitope spreading is remarkable, while in some inherited pathologies, a unique compensation of the lost enzyme function is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarolta Kárpáti
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Németh
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mayer
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Neil Smyth
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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6
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Abstract
Although serotonin was discovered over 65 years ago, it has been only within the past decade that serotonin was found to be involved in a covalent post-translational modification to proteins. The enzyme transglutaminase catalyzes the transamidation of serotonin to a protein-bound glutamine residue; the amino group of serotonin is covalently bound to the gamma carboxamide of glutamine. The term serotonylation is used to describe this transamidation reaction to serotonin. Not only can serotonin be a substrate for transamidation to proteins but also other monoamine neurotransmitters are substrates including histamine, dopamine, and noradrenaline. The term monoaminylation has been coined to describe the transamidation of monoamines to protein substrates. Small G proteins have emerged as the most common substrate for monoaminylation and are activated by this post-translational modification. Fibronectin and cytoskeletal proteins are also substrates for monoaminylation. Serotonylation and monoaminylation are involved in a number of physiological functions, including platelet activation, insulin release, smooth muscle contraction, and regulation of membrane localization of the serotonin transporter. Stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors increases serotonylation and activates the small G protein Rac1, which plays a role in dendritic spine regulation. Monoaminylation is implicated in pathophysiological processes as well such as diabetes and hypertension. The availability of monoamines for monoaminylation is altered by antidepressants that target serotonin transporters, noradrenaline transporters, or the enzymatic degradation of monoamines as well as drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamines. Further research on monoaminylation is needed to elucidate its physiological and pathophysiological roles and to explore monoaminylation as a novel target for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A. Muma
- Department
of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Zhen Mi
- Department
of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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7
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Continuous enzyme-coupled assay for microbial transglutaminase activity. Anal Biochem 2013; 441:169-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Iismaa SE, Aplin M, Holman S, Yiu TW, Jackson K, Burchfield JG, Mitchell CJ, O’Reilly L, Davenport A, Cantley J, Schmitz-Peiffer C, Biden TJ, Cooney GJ, Graham RM. Glucose homeostasis in mice is transglutaminase 2 independent. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63346. [PMID: 23717413 PMCID: PMC3661676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) has been reported to be a candidate gene for maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) because three different mutations that impair TG2 transamidase activity have been found in 3 families with MODY. TG2 null (TG2−/−) mice have been reported to be glucose intolerant and have impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Here we rigorously evaluated the role of TG2 in glucose metabolism using independently generated murine models of genetic TG2 disruption, which show no compensatory enhanced expression of other TGs in pancreatic islets or other tissues. First, we subjected chow- or fat-fed congenic SV129 or C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and TG2−/− littermates, to oral glucose gavage. Blood glucose and serum insulin levels were similar for both genotypes. Pancreatic islets isolated from these animals and analysed in vitro for GSIS and cholinergic potentiation of GSIS, showed no significant difference between genotypes. Results from intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) and insulin tolerance tests (ITTs) were similar for both genotypes. Second, we directly investigated the role of TG2 transamidase activity in insulin secretion using a coisogenic model that expresses a mutant form of TG2 (TG2R579A), which is constitutively active for transamidase activity. Intraperitoneal GTTs and ITTs revealed no significant differences between WT and TG2R579A/R579A mice. Given that neither deletion nor constitutive activation of TG2 transamidase activity altered basal responses, or responses to a glucose or insulin challenge, our data indicate that glucose homeostasis in mice is TG2 independent, and question a link between TG2 and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siiri E. Iismaa
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (SEI); (RMG)
| | - Mark Aplin
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sara Holman
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ting W. Yiu
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristy Jackson
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James G. Burchfield
- Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Mitchell
- Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liam O’Reilly
- Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aimee Davenport
- Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Cantley
- Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carsten Schmitz-Peiffer
- Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor J. Biden
- Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Cooney
- Diabetes and Obesity Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (SEI); (RMG)
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9
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Klöck C, Khosla C. Regulation of the activities of the mammalian transglutaminase family of enzymes. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1781-91. [PMID: 23011841 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian transglutaminases catalyze post-translational modifications of glutamine residues on proteins and peptides through transamidation or deamidation reactions. Their catalytic mechanism resembles that of cysteine proteases. In virtually every case, their enzymatic activity is modulated by elaborate strategies including controlled gene expression, allostery, covalent modification, and proteolysis. In this review, we focus on our current knowledge of post-translational regulation of transglutaminase activity by physiological as well as synthetic allosteric agents. Our discussion will primarily focus on transglutaminase 2, but will also compare and contrast its regulation with Factor XIIIa as well as transglutaminases 1 and 3. Potential structure-function relationships of known mutations in human transglutaminases are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Klöck
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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