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Herrera G, Scimonelli T, Lasaga M, Granero G, Onnainty R. Polysorbate 80 coated chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog (NDP-MSH) to the brain reverse cognitive impairment related to neuroinflammation produced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109969. [PMID: 38688422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop polysorbate 80-coated chitosan nanoparticles (PS80/CS NPs) as a delivery system for improved brain targeting of α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone analog (NDP-MSH). Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with NDP-MSH were surface-modified with polysorbate 80 ([NDP-MSH]-PS80/CS NP), which formed a flattened layer on their surface. Nanoparticle preparation involved ionic gelation, followed by characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology, dynamic light scattering (DLS) for colloidal properties, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for structure. Intraperitoneal injection of FITC-PS80/CS NPs and [NDP-MSH]-PS80/CS NP in rats demonstrated their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, reach the brain, and accumulate in CA1 neurons of the dorsal hippocampus within 2 h. Two experimental models of neuroinflammation were employed with Male Wistar rats: a short-term model involving high-fat diet (HFD) consumption for 5 days followed by an immune stimulus with LPS, and a long-term model involving HFD consumption for 8 weeks. In both models, [NDP-MSH]-PS80/CS NPs could reverse the decreased expression of contextual fear memory induced by the diets. These findings suggest that [NDP-MSH]-PS80/CS NPs offer a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of NDP-MSH regarding pharmacokinetics and enzymatic stability. By facilitating NDP-MSH delivery to the hippocampus, these nanoparticles can potentially mitigate the cognitive impairments associated with HFD consumption and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Herrera
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba, IFEC-CONICET. Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orshinger, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Teresa Scimonelli
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba, IFEC-CONICET. Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orshinger, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys Granero
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Renée Onnainty
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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2
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Orlandi P, Banchi M, Vaglini F, Carli M, Aringhieri S, Bandini A, Pardini C, Viaggi C, Lai M, Alì G, Ottani A, Vandini E, Guidi P, Bernardeschi M, La Rocca V, Francia G, Fontanini G, Pistello M, Frenzilli G, Giuliani D, Scarselli M, Bocci G. Melanocortin receptor 4 as a new target in melanoma therapy: Anticancer activity of the inhibitor ML00253764 alone and in association with B-raf inhibitor vemurafenib. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115952. [PMID: 38036189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study is to investigate in vitro and in vivo MC4R as a novel target in melanoma using the selective antagonist ML00253764 (ML) alone and in combination with vemurafenib, a B-rafV600E inhibitor. The human melanoma B-raf mutated A-2058 and WM 266-4 cell lines were used. An MC4R null A-2058 cell line was generated using a CRISPR/Cas9 system. MC4R protein expression was analysed by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Proliferation and apoptotic assays were performed with ML00253764, whereas the synergism with vemurafenib was evaluated by the combination index (CI) and Loewe methods. ERK1/2 phosphorylation and BCL-XL expression were quantified by western blot. In vivo experiments were performed in Athymic Nude-Foxn1nu male mice, injecting subcutaneously melanoma cells, and treating animals with ML, vemurafenib and their concomitant combination. Comet and cytome assays were performed. Our results show that human melanoma cell lines A-2058 and WM 266-4, and melanoma human tissue, express functional MC4R receptors on their surface. MC4R receptors on melanoma cells can be inhibited by the selective antagonist ML, causing antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity through the inhibition of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and a reduction of BCL-XL. The concomitant combination of vemurafenib and ML caused a synergistic effect on melanoma cells in vitro and inhibited in vivo tumor growth in a preclinical model, without causing mouse weight loss or genotoxicity. Our original research contributes to the landscape of pharmacological treatments for melanoma, providing MC4R antagonists as drugs that can be added to established therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Banchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Vaglini
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Aringhieri
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Bandini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carla Pardini
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Viaggi
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Lai
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Greta Alì
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell'Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ottani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia e Medicina Molecolare, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia e Medicina Molecolare, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Guidi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Veronica La Rocca
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Francia
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Gabriella Fontanini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell'Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giada Frenzilli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia e Medicina Molecolare, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Bocci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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3
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Herrera Moro Chao D, Kirchner MK, Pham C, Foppen E, Denis RGP, Castel J, Morel C, Montalban E, Hassouna R, Bui LC, Renault J, Mouffle C, García-Cáceres C, Tschöp MH, Li D, Martin C, Stern JE, Luquet SH. Hypothalamic astrocytes control systemic glucose metabolism and energy balance. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1532-1547.e6. [PMID: 36198294 PMCID: PMC9615252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is key in the control of energy balance. However, strategies targeting hypothalamic neurons have failed to provide viable options to treat most metabolic diseases. Conversely, the role of astrocytes in systemic metabolic control has remained largely unexplored. Here, we show that obesity promotes anatomically restricted remodeling of hypothalamic astrocyte activity. In the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, chemogenetic manipulation of astrocytes results in bidirectional control of neighboring neuron activity, autonomic outflow, glucose metabolism, and energy balance. This process recruits a mechanism involving the astrocytic control of ambient glutamate levels, which becomes defective in obesity. Positive or negative chemogenetic manipulation of PVN astrocyte Ca2+ signals, respectively, worsens or improves metabolic status of diet-induced obese mice. Collectively, these findings highlight a yet unappreciated role for astrocytes in the direct control of systemic metabolism and suggest potential targets for anti-obesity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew K Kirchner
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Cuong Pham
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Sorbonne Universite, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Raphael G P Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Chloe Morel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Rim Hassouna
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Linh-Chi Bui
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Justine Renault
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Christine Mouffle
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Sorbonne Universite, Paris 75005, France
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany; Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Dongdong Li
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Sorbonne Universite, Paris 75005, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Javier E Stern
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Serge H Luquet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France.
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4
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Nwachukwu KN, Evans WA, Sides TR, Trevisani CP, Davis A, Marshall SA. Chemogenetic manipulation of astrocytic signaling in the basolateral amygdala reduces binge-like alcohol consumption in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1957-1972. [PMID: 33844860 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking is a common occurrence in the United States, but a high concentration of alcohol in the blood has been shown to have reinforcing and reciprocal effects on the neuroimmune system in both dependent and non-dependent scenarios. The first part of this study examined alcohol's effects on the astrocytic response in the central amygdala and basolateral amygdala (BLA) in a non-dependent model. C57BL/6J mice were given access to either ethanol, water, or sucrose during a "drinking in the dark" paradigm, and astrocyte number and astrogliosis were measured using immunohistochemistry. Results indicate that non-dependent consumption increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) density but not the number of GFAP+ cells, suggesting that non-dependent ethanol is sufficient to elicit astrocyte activation. The second part of this study examined how astrocytes impacted behaviors and the neurochemistry related to alcohol using the chemogenetic tool, DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs). Transgenic GFAP-hM3Dq mice were administered clozapine N-oxide both peripherally, affecting the entire central nervous system (CNS), or directly into the BLA. In both instances, GFAP-Gq-signaling activation significantly reduced ethanol consumption and correlating blood ethanol concentrations. However, GFAP-Gq-DREADD activation throughout the CNS had more broad effects resulting in decreased locomotor activity and sucrose consumption. More targeted GFAP-Gq-signaling activation in the BLA only impacted ethanol consumption. Finally, a glutamate assay revealed that after GFAP-Gq-signaling activation glutamate concentrations in the amygdala were partially normalized to control levels. Altogether, these studies support the theory that astrocytes represent a viable target for alcohol use disorder therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala N Nwachukwu
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William A Evans
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Tori R Sides
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher P Trevisani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Ambryia Davis
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - S Alex Marshall
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred P. Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.,Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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Melanocortin receptor activation alleviates amyloid pathology and glial reactivity in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4359. [PMID: 33623128 PMCID: PMC7902646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no disease-modifying treatment. AD progression is characterized by cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal and glial dysfunctions. Neuropeptides govern diverse pathophysiological processes and represent key players in AD pathogenesis, regulating synaptic plasticity, glial cell functions and amyloid pathology. Activation of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived neuropeptide and its receptor from the melanocortin receptor (MCR) family have previously been shown to rescue the impairment in hippocampus-dependent synaptic plasticity in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. However, the functional roles of MCR signaling in AD conditions, particularly in glial functions, are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential benefits of MCR activation in AD. In APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we demonstrate that MCR activation mediated by the central administration of its agonist D-Tyr MTII substantially reduces Aβ accumulation, while alleviating global inflammation and astrocytic activation, particularly in the hippocampus. MCR activation prominently reduces the A1 subtype of reactive astrocytes, which is considered a key source of astrocytic neurotoxicity in AD. Concordantly, MCR activation suppresses microglial activation, while enhancing their association with amyloid plaques. The blunted activation of microglia may contribute to the reduction in the neurotoxic phenotypes of astrocytes. Importantly, transcriptome analysis reveals that MCR activation restores the impaired homeostatic processes and microglial reactivity in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the potential of MCR signaling as therapeutic target for AD.
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Kalsbeek MJT, Yi CX. The infundibular peptidergic neurons and glia cells in overeating, obesity, and diabetes. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:315-325. [PMID: 34225937 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional regulation of energy homeostasis results in increased bodyweight and obesity, eventually leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus. The infundibular nucleus (IFN) of the hypothalamus is the main regulator of energy homeostasis. The peptidergic neurons and glia cells of the IFN receive metabolic cues concerning energy state of the body from the circulation. The IFN can monitor hormones like insulin and leptin and nutrients like glucose and fatty acids. All these metabolic cues are integrated into an output signal regulating energy homeostasis through the release of neuropeptides. These neuropeptides are released in several inter- and extrahypothalamic brain regions involved in regulation of energy homeostasis. This review will give an overview of the peripheral signals involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, the peptidergic neurons and glial cells of the IFN, and will highlight the main intra-hypothalamic projection sites of the IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J T Kalsbeek
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Askanase AD, Zhao E, Zhu J, Bilyk R, Furie RA. Repository Corticotropin Injection for Persistently Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Results from a Phase 4, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Rheumatol Ther 2020; 7:893-908. [PMID: 32996096 PMCID: PMC7695765 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-020-00236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We assessed the efficacy and safety of repository corticotropin injection (RCI; Acthar® Gel) for persistently active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) despite use of moderate-dose glucocorticoids. METHODS This multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study enrolled patients ≥ 18 years with active SLE and moderate to severe rash and/or arthritis despite stable glucocorticoid doses (7.5-30 mg/day prednisone equivalent) and antimalarials for ≥ 4 weeks and/or immunosuppressants for ≥ 8 weeks before screening. Stable glucocorticoid doses were required through week 16 with optional taper from weeks 16 to 24. Patients were randomized (1:1) to 80 U RCI subcutaneously or placebo every other day to week 4, then twice weekly to week 24. Endpoints included the proportion of SLE Responder Index (SRI)-4 responders at week 16; changes from baseline to week 16 in 28 Swollen Joint Count/Tender Joint Count (28 SJC/TJC) and Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI)-Activity score; and changes from baseline to week 24 in inflammatory cytokines. Safety was assessed by adverse events. RESULTS In the modified intention-to-treat population (RCI, n = 84; placebo, n = 85), the proportion of SRI-4 responders at week 16 was not significantly different between groups (RCI, 47.6%; placebo, 43.5%; OR [95% CI] 1.2 [0.6 to 2.2]; p = 0.5762). RCI treatment resulted in a reduction from baseline to week 16 in 28 SJC/TJC and CLASI-Activity score and from baseline to week 8 in a proliferation-inducing ligand cytokine. Post hoc analyses demonstrated a greater proportion of BILAG-based Combined Lupus Assessment responders for RCI than placebo at weeks 4, 12, and 20 and greater SRI-4 response in RCI-treated patients with baseline SLE Disease Activity Index-2000 ≥ 10 and CLASI-Activity ≥ 11. No new safety signals were identified. CONCLUSIONS Despite failure to achieve the primary endpoint, these results support the utility of RCI for treating persistently active SLE. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02953821.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enxu Zhao
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Bedminster, NJ, USA
| | - Julie Zhu
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Bedminster, NJ, USA
| | - Roman Bilyk
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Bedminster, NJ, USA
| | - Richard A Furie
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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8
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Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 activation is involved in melanocortin-induced BDNF expression in Neuro2a neuronal cells. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1007-1014. [PMID: 32815825 PMCID: PMC7467152 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortins are neuropeptides exerting versatile functions in the nervous system. Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is primarily expressed in the brain and is thought to be a major mediator for melanocortin. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be a crucial downstream molecule of MC4R activation, to yield neurite outgrowth, neuroregenerative, anorexigenic and other actions. In this study, we stimulated Neuro2a murine neuronal cells with an α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analog, [Nle(4), D-Phe(7)]melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-MSH). In Neuro2a cells, NDP-MSH promoted neurite outgrowth. Upon NDP-MSH administration, BDNF expression was greatly enhanced. Furthermore, this effect was effectively reversed by the MC4R antagonist, JKC-363. We found that NDP-MSH treatment activated the ERK cascade and its downstream kinase MSK1 (mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1). Antagonism of the MSK1 cascade by a specific inhibitor or overexpression of a defective MSK1 mutant interrupted the phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), blocking BDNF upregulation. In addition, MSK1 activation triggered an epigenetic alteration in histone H3 (Ser10), facilitating the expression of the BDNF gene. Taken together, our results showed that MSK1 kinase positively activates MC4R-induced BDNF expression via modulating the phosphorylation of CREB and histone H3 in Neuro2a neuronal cells.
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Flores-Dorantes MT, Díaz-López YE, Gutiérrez-Aguilar R. Environment and Gene Association With Obesity and Their Impact on Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:863. [PMID: 32982666 PMCID: PMC7483585 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease in which environmental conditions and several genes play an important role in the development of this disease. Obesity is associated with neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases) and with neurodevelopmental diseases (autism disorder, schizophrenia, and fragile X syndrome). Some of the environmental conditions that lead to obesity are physical activity, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, parent feeding behavior, and diet. Interestingly, some of these environmental conditions are shared with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Obesity impairs neurodevelopment abilities as memory and fine-motor skills. Moreover, maternal obesity affects the cognitive function and mental health of the offspring. The common biological mechanisms involved in obesity and neurodegenerative/neurodevelopmental diseases are insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative damage, among others, leading to impaired brain development or cell death. Obesogenic environmental conditions are not the only factors that influence neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. In fact, several genes implicated in the leptin–melanocortin pathway (LEP, LEPR, POMC, BDNF, MC4R, PCSK1, SIM1, BDNF, TrkB, etc.) are associated with obesity and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Moreover, in the last decades, the discovery of new genes associated with obesity (FTO, NRXN3, NPC1, NEGR1, MTCH2, GNPDA2, among others) and with neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases (APOE, CD38, SIRT1, TNFα, PAI-1, TREM2, SYT4, FMR1, TET3, among others) had opened new pathways to comprehend the common mechanisms involved in these diseases. In conclusion, the obesogenic environmental conditions, the genes, and the interaction gene–environment would lead to a better understanding of the etiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Flores-Dorantes
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Farmacogenómica, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Yael Efren Díaz-López
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez," Mexico City, Mexico.,División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez," Mexico City, Mexico.,División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Askanase AD, Zhao E, Zhu J, Connolly-Strong E, Furie RA. Acthar Gel (repository corticotropin injection) for persistently active SLE: study design and baseline characteristics from a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lupus Sci Med 2020; 7:e000383. [PMID: 32399253 PMCID: PMC7204552 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2020-000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective SLE is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterised by the excessive production of autoantibodies, immune complexes and proinflammatory cytokines. Repository corticotropin injection (RCI) is a naturally sourced complex mixture of adrenocorticotropic hormone analogues and other pituitary peptides. RCI is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use during an exacerbation or as maintenance therapy in select cases of SLE. This paper discusses the design and baseline characteristics of a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, 24-week clinical trial evaluating the effect of RCI in reducing disease activity for patients with persistently active SLE despite moderate-dose corticosteroid use. Methods Efficacy will be evaluated using the SLE Responder Index-4 (SRI-4), SLE Disease Activity Index-2000 (SLEDAI-2K), British Isles Lupus Assessment Group-2004 (BILAG-2004) and Physician's Global Assessment (PGA). The primary efficacy endpoint will be the proportion of SRI-4 responders at week 16. Secondary and exploratory endpoints will include changes in disease activity scores over time, prednisone dose and biomarkers of inflammation and bone turnover. The safety and tolerability profile of RCI will also be evaluated through adverse event profiles, physical examination, clinical laboratory tests and serum cortisol levels. Results Target enrolment for this global study is 270 patients, and as of 15 November 2019, the modified intent-to-treat population included 169 patients. The study cohort had 91.7% women, had a mean age of 39.7 years, mean SLEDAI-2K total score of 9.9, mean BILAG-2004 total score of 18.1, mean PGA of 59.7 and mean prednisone or equivalent daily dose of 11.1 mg. A total of 79.3% and 64.5% of patients were receiving concomitant antimalarial or immunosuppressive therapy, respectively. Conclusions Data from this study will provide valuable insights into the therapeutic role of RCI in refractory SLE, as well as important information regarding its safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enxu Zhao
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julie Zhu
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Bedminster, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Richard A Furie
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
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11
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Chowen JA, Frago LM, Fernández-Alfonso MS. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12671. [PMID: 30561077 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of glial cells, including astrocytes, in metabolic control has received increasing attention in recent years. Although the original interest in these macroglial cells was a result of astrogliosis being observed in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese subjects, studies have also focused on how they participate in the physiological control of appetite and energy expenditure. Astrocytes express receptors for numerous hormones, growth factors and neuropeptides. Some functions of astrocytes include transport of nutrients and hormones from the circulation to the brain, storage of glycogen, participation in glucose sensing, synaptic plasticity, uptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters, release of substances to modify neurotransmission, and cytokine production, amongst others. In the hypothalamus, these physiological glial functions impact on neuronal circuits that control systemic metabolism to modify their outputs. The initial response of astrocytes to poor dietary habits and obesity involves activation of neuroprotective mechanisms but, with chronic exposure to these situations, hypothalamic astrocytes participate in the development of some of the damaging secondary effects. The present review discusses not only some of the physiological functions of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism, but also their role in the secondary complications of obesity, such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular affectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Soledad Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar UCM y Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Chen S, Zhao L, Sherchan P, Ding Y, Yu J, Nowrangi D, Tang J, Xia Y, Zhang JH. Activation of melanocortin receptor 4 with RO27-3225 attenuates neuroinflammation through AMPK/JNK/p38 MAPK pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:106. [PMID: 29642894 PMCID: PMC5896146 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury. Activation of melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) has been shown to elicit anti-inflammatory effects in many diseases. The objective of this study was to explore the role of MC4R activation on neuroinflammation in a mouse ICH model and to investigate the contribution of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway in MC4R-mediated protection. Methods Adult male CD1 mice (n = 189) were subjected to intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase or sham surgery. The selective MC4R agonist RO27-3225 was administered by intraperitoneal injection at 1 h after collagenase injection. The specific MC4R antagonist HS024 and selective AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin were administered prior to RO27-3225 treatment to elucidate potential mechanism. Short- and long-term neurobehavioral assessments, brain water content, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot were performed. Results The expression of MC4R and p-AMPK increased after ICH with a peak at 24 h. MC4R was expressed by microglia, neurons, and astrocytes. Activation of MC4R with RO27-3225 improved the neurobehavioral functions, decreased brain edema, and suppressed microglia/macrophage activation and neutrophil infiltration after ICH. RO27-3225 administration increased the expression of MC4R and p-AMPK while decreasing p-JNK, p-p38 MAPK, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression, which was reversed with inhibition of MC4R and AMPK. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that activation of MC4R with RO27-3225 attenuated neuroinflammation through AMPK-dependent inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathway, thereby reducing brain edema and improving neurobehavioral functions after experimental ICH in mice. Therefore, the activation of MC4R with RO27-3225 may be a potential therapeutic approach for ICH management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1140-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Lianhua Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin TEDA Hospital, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Derek Nowrangi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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Siu JJ, Queen NJ, Liu X, Huang W, McMurphy T, Cao L. Molecular Therapy of Melanocortin-4-Receptor Obesity by an Autoregulatory BDNF Vector. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2017; 7:83-95. [PMID: 29296625 PMCID: PMC5744069 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) comprise the most common monogenic form of severe early-onset obesity, and conventional treatments are either ineffective long-term or contraindicated. Immediately downstream of MC4R-in the pathway for regulating energy balance-is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our previous studies show that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated hypothalamic BDNF gene transfer alleviates obesity and diabetes in both diet-induced and genetic models. To facilitate clinical translation, we developed a built-in autoregulatory system to control therapeutic gene expression mimicking the body's natural feedback systems. This autoregulatory approach leads to a sustainable plateau of body weight after substantial weight loss is achieved. Here, we examined the efficacy and safety of autoregulatory BDNF gene therapy in Mc4r heterozygous mice, which best resemble MC4R obese patients. Mc4r heterozygous mice were treated with either autoregulatory BDNF vector or YFP control and monitored for 30 weeks. BDNF gene therapy prevented the development of obesity and metabolic syndromes characterized by decreasing body weight and adiposity, suppressing food intake, alleviating hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia, improving glucose and insulin tolerance, and increasing energy expenditure, without adverse cardiovascular function or behavioral disturbances. These safety and efficacy data provide preclinical evidence that BDNF gene therapy is a compelling treatment option for MC4R-deficient obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Siu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Queen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xianglan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Travis McMurphy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Melanocortin-4 receptor regulation of pain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2515-2522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Yeh CW, Liu HK, Lin LC, Liou KT, Huang YC, Lin CH, Tzeng TT, Shie FS, Tsay HJ, Shiao YJ. Xuefu Zhuyu decoction ameliorates obesity, hepatic steatosis, neuroinflammation, amyloid deposition and cognition impairment in metabolically stressed APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 209:50-61. [PMID: 28743670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Metabolic syndrome and vascular dysfunction was suggested to be the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XZD) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat metabolic syndrome and cardiac-cerebral vascular disease. The effects of XZD on ameliorating metabolic syndrome, amyloid-related pathologies and cognitive impairment in an animal model of AD with metabolic stress was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHOD The animal model of AD with metabolic stress was created by administrating high-fat diet and a low-dose injection of streptozotocin prior to the appearance of senile plaques in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The diabesity-associated metabolic changes and AD-related pathological alterations were examined. RESULTS We found that XZD reduced body weight, insulin and leptin level, HOMA-IR, hepatic triglyceride, serum Aβ42 in the metabolic stressed AD animal. XZD also ameliorated oral glucose tolerant, Aβ deposition, astrocyte and microglia activation in the vicinity of plaques, and nesting behavior in the metabolic stressed AD animal. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that XZD is able to reduce the peripheral metabolic stress-mediated vascular hypoperfusion, neuroinflammation and AD-related pathology in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Yeh
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, school of life science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 155-1. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China; Ph.D Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Lie-Chwen Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 155-1. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Kou-Tong Liou
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts and Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Yung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chien-Hung Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, school of life science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Feng-Shiun Shie
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, Natinal Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Huey-Jen Tsay
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, school of life science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 155-1. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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16
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Central Modulation of Neuroinflammation by Neuropeptides and Energy-Sensing Hormones during Obesity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7949582. [PMID: 28913358 PMCID: PMC5587954 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7949582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) senses energy homeostasis by integrating both peripheral and autonomic signals and responding to them by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides release. Although it is previously considered an immunologically privileged organ, we now know that this is not so. Cells belonging to the immune system, such as B and T lymphocytes, can be recruited into the CNS to face damage or infection, in addition to possessing resident immunological cells, called microglia. In this way, positive energy balance during obesity promotes an inflammatory state in the CNS. Saturated fatty acids from the diet have been pointed out as powerful candidates to trigger immune response in peripheral system and in the CNS. However, how central immunity communicates to peripheral immune response remains to be clarified. Recently there has been a great interest in the neuropeptides, POMC derived peptides, ghrelin, and leptin, due to their capacity to suppress or induce inflammatory responses in the brain, respectively. These may be potential candidates to treat different pathologies associated with autoimmunity and inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the role of lipotoxicity associated with positive energy balance during obesity in proinflammatory response in microglia, B and T lymphocytes, and its modulation by neuropeptides.
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17
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Melanocortins, Melanocortin Receptors and Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7080104. [PMID: 28805746 PMCID: PMC5575624 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortins and their receptors have been extensively investigated for their roles in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, but to a lesser extent in immune cells and in the nervous system outside the hypothalamic axis. This review discusses corticosteroid dependent and independent effects of melanocortins on the peripheral immune system, central nervous system (CNS) effects mediated through neuronal regulation of immune system function, and direct effects on endogenous cells in the CNS. We have focused on the expression and function of melanocortin receptors in oligodendroglia (OL), the myelin producing cells of the CNS, with the goal of identifying new therapeutic approaches to decrease CNS damage in multiple sclerosis as well as to promote repair. It is clear that melanocortin signaling through their receptors in the CNS has potential for neuroprotection and repair in diseases like MS. Effects of melanocortins on the immune system by direct effects on the circulating cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) and by signaling through CNS cells in regions lacking a mature blood brain barrier are clear. However, additional studies are needed to develop highly effective MCR targeted therapies that directly affect endogenous cells of the CNS, particularly OL, their progenitors and neurons.
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18
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Vaglini F, Pardini C, Di Desidero T, Orlandi P, Pasqualetti F, Ottani A, Pacini S, Giuliani D, Guarini S, Bocci G. Melanocortin Receptor-4 and Glioblastoma Cells: Effects of the Selective Antagonist ML00253764 Alone and in Combination with Temozolomide In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4984-4997. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Melanocortin Receptor-4 Gene Polymorphisms in Glioblastoma Patients Treated with Concomitant Radio-Chemotherapy. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1396-1404. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Chowen JA, Argente-Arizón P, Freire-Regatillo A, Frago LM, Horvath TL, Argente J. The role of astrocytes in the hypothalamic response and adaptation to metabolic signals. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:68-87. [PMID: 27000556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is crucial in the regulation of homeostatic functions in mammals, with the disruption of hypothalamic circuits contributing to chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and infertility. Metabolic signals and hormonal inputs drive functional and morphological changes in the hypothalamus in attempt to maintain metabolic homeostasis. However, the dramatic increase in the incidence of obesity and its secondary complications, such as type 2 diabetes, have evidenced the need to better understand how this system functions and how it can go awry. Growing evidence points to a critical role of astrocytes in orchestrating the hypothalamic response to metabolic cues by participating in processes of synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and nutrient sensing. These glial cells express receptors for important metabolic signals, such as the anorexigenic hormone leptin, and determine the type and quantity of nutrients reaching their neighboring neurons. Understanding the mechanisms by which astrocytes participate in hypothalamic adaptations to changes in dietary and metabolic signals is fundamental for understanding the neuroendocrine control of metabolism and key in the search for adequate treatments of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Younes-Rapozo V, Moura EG, Manhães AC, Pinheiro CR, Carvalho JC, Barradas PC, de Oliveira E, Lisboa PC. Neonatal Nicotine Exposure Leads to Hypothalamic Gliosis in Adult Overweight Rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:887-98. [PMID: 26453898 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia, the immune competent cells of central nercous system, can be activated in response to metabolic signals such as obesity and hyperleptinaemia. In rats, maternal exposure to nicotine during lactation leads to central obesity, hyperleptinaemia, leptin resistance and alterations in hypothalamic neuropeptides in the offspring during adulthood. In the present study, we studied the activation of astrocytes and microglia, as well as the pattern of inflammatory mediators, in adult offspring of this experimental model. On postnatal day 2 (P2), osmotic minipumps releasing nicotine (NIC) (-6 mg/kg/day) or saline for 14 days were s.c. implanted in dams. Male offspring were killed on P180 and hypothalamic immunohistochemistry, retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (WAT) polymerase chain reaction analysis and multiplex analysis for plasma inflammatory mediators were carried out. At P180, NIC astrocyte cell number was higher in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) (medial: +82%; lateral: +110%), in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (+144%) and in the lateral hypothalamus (+121%). NIC glial fibrillary acidic protein fibre density was higher in the lateral ARC (+178%) and in the PVN (+183%). Interleukin-6 was not affected in the hypothalamus. NIC monocyte chemotactic protein 1 was only higher in the periventricular nucleus (+287%). NIC microglia (iba-1-positive) cell number was higher (+68%) only in the PVN, as was the chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 density (+93%). NIC interleukin-10 was lower in the WAT (-58%) and plasma (-50%). Thus, offspring of mothers exposed to nicotine during lactation present hypothalamic astrogliosis at adulthood and microgliosis in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Younes-Rapozo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E G Moura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C R Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J C Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P C Barradas
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P C Lisboa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Loram LC, Culp ME, Connolly-Strong EC, Sturgill-Koszycki S. Melanocortin peptides: potential targets in systemic lupus erythematosus. Inflammation 2015; 38:260-71. [PMID: 25323206 PMCID: PMC4312383 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease resulting in loss of self-tolerance with multiple organs, such as the kidney, skin, joints, and the central nervous system (CNS), being targeted. Numerous immunosuppressant therapies are currently being used for the treatment of SLE, but their clinical utility is somewhat variable because of the clinical heterogeneity. Melanocortins are a family of peptides derived from the common precursor protein pro-opiomelanocortin. These multifunctional peptides activate five subtypes of melanocortin receptors expressed on immune, skin, muscle, bone, and kidney cells and cells within the CNS. Melanocortin peptides have demonstrated a variety of biologic actions including immunomodulation, melanogenesis, and renoprotection. This review aims to introduce the melanocortin system and explore the mechanisms by which they may be beneficial in diseases such as SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Carole Loram
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals (formerly Questcor), 26118 Research Road, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
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Yeh CW, Yeh SHH, Shie FS, Lai WS, Liu HK, Tzeng TT, Tsay HJ, Shiao YJ. Impaired cognition and cerebral glucose regulation are associated with astrocyte activation in the parenchyma of metabolically stressed APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2984-2994. [PMID: 26264859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ramírez D, Saba J, Carniglia L, Durand D, Lasaga M, Caruso C. Melanocortin 4 receptor activates ERK-cFos pathway to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat astrocytes and hypothalamus. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:28-37. [PMID: 25892444 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortins are neuropeptides with well recognized anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in the brain. Of the five melanocortin receptors (MCR), MC4R is abundantly expressed in the brain and is the only MCR present in astrocytes. We have previously shown that MC4R activation by the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analog, NDP-MSH, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression through the classic cAMP-Protein kinase A-cAMP responsive element binding protein pathway in rat astrocytes. Now, we examined the participation of the mitogen activated protein kinases pathway in MC4R signaling. Rat cultured astrocytes treated with NDP-MSH 1 µM for 1 h showed increased BDNF expression. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and ribosomal p90 S6 kinase (RSK), an ERK substrate, but not of p38 or JNK, prevented the increase in BDNF expression induced by NDP-MSH. Activation of MC4R increased cFos expression, a target of both ERK and RSK. ERK activation by MC4R involves cAMP, phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) and the non receptor tyrosine kinase, Src. Both PI3K and Src inhibition abolished NDP-MSH-induced BDNF expression. Moreover, we found that intraperitoneal injection of α-MSH induces BDNF and MC4R expression and activates ERK and cFos in male rat hypothalamus. Our results show for the first time that MC4R-induced BDNF expression in astrocytes involves ERK-RSK-cFos pathway which is dependent on PI3K and Src, and that melanocortins induce BDNF expression and ERK-cFos activation in rat hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ramírez
- INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Saba
- INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Carniglia
- INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Durand
- INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Lasaga
- INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Caruso
- INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Structural changes in thestrial blood-labyrinth barrier of aged C57BL/6 mice. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:685-96. [PMID: 25740201 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tight control over cochlear blood flow (CoBF) and the blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB) in the striavascularis is critical for maintaining the ionic, fluid and energy balance necessary for hearing function. Inefficient CoBF and disruption of BLB integrity have long been considered major etiologic factors in a variety of hearing disorders. In this study, we investigate structural changes in the BLB of the striavascularis in age-graded C57BL/6 mice (1 to 21 months) with a focus on changes in two blood barrier accessory cells, namely pericytes (PCs) and perivascular-resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms). Decreased capillary density was detectable at 6 months, with significant capillary degeneration seen in 9- to 21-month-old mice. Reduced capillary density was highly correlated with lower numbers of PCs and PVM/Ms. "Drop-out" of PCs and "activation" of PVM/Ms were seen at 6 months, with drastic changes being observed by 21 months. With newly established in vitro three-dimensional cell-based co-culture models, we demonstrate that PCs and PVM/Ms are essential for maintaining cochlear vascular architecture and stability.
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Liu TT, He ZG, Tian XB, Liu C, Xiang HB, Zhang JG. Hypothesis: Astrocytes in the central medial amygdala may be implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy by melanocortinergic signaling. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 42:41-3. [PMID: 25499161 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Bi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing 100050, China.
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Dorsal subthalamic nucleus electrical stimulation for drug/treatment-refractory epilepsy may modulate melanocortinergic signaling in astrocytes. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 36:6-8. [PMID: 24835897 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Benjamins JA, Nedelkoska L, Lisak RP. Adrenocorticotropin hormone 1-39 promotes proliferation and differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells and protects from excitotoxic and inflammation-related damage. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1243-51. [PMID: 24916309 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendroglia (OL) are highly susceptible to damage and, like neurons, are terminally differentiated. It is important to protect OL precursors (OPC) because they are reservoirs of differentiating cells capable of myelination following perinatal insult and remyelination in white matter diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients with relapsing-remitting MS are commonly treated with high-dose corticosteroids (CS) when experiencing an exacerbation. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), a primary component of another approved MS exacerbation treatment, is a melanocortin peptide that stimulates production of CS by the adrenals. Melanocortin receptors are also found in the central nervous system (CNS) and on immune cells. ACTH is produced within the CNS and may have CS-independent effects on glia. We found that ACTH 1-39 stimulated proliferation of OPC, and to a lesser extent astroglia (AS) and microglia (MG), in rat glial cultures. ACTH accelerated differentiation of PDGFRα(+) OPC to a later stage marked by galactolipid expression and caused greater expansion of OL myelin-like sheets compared with untreated cells. Protective effects of ACTH on OPC were assessed by treating cultures with selected toxic agents, with or without ACTH. At 200 nM, ACTH protected OPC from death induced by staurosporine, glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, kainate, quinolinic acid, H2 O2 , and slow NO release, but not against kynurenic acid or rapid NO release. These agents and ACTH were not toxic to AS or MG. Our findings indicate that ACTH 1-39 provides benefits by increasing the number of OPC, accelerating their development into mature OL, and reducing OPC death from toxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A Benjamins
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, Michigan
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Albuquerque D, Estévez MN, Víbora PB, Giralt PS, Balsera AM, Cortés PG, López MJ, Luego LM, Gervasini G, Hernández SB, Arroyo-Díez J, Vacas MA, Nóbrega C, Manco L, Rodríguez-López R. Novel Variants in theMC4RandLEPRGenes among Severely Obese Children from the Iberian Population. Ann Hum Genet 2014; 78:195-207. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Albuquerque
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS); Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Portugal
| | | | - Pilar Beato Víbora
- Department of Dietician; Endocrinologist Service; Infanta Cristina Hospital; Badajoz Spain
| | - Plácida Sánchez Giralt
- Department of Dietician; Endocrinologist Service; Infanta Cristina Hospital; Badajoz Spain
| | | | - Pedro Gil Cortés
- Department of Dietician; Endocrinologist Service; Infanta Cristina Hospital; Badajoz Spain
| | - Mercedes Jiménez López
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics; Medical School; University of Extremadura; Badajoz Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Luego
- Department of Dietician; Endocrinologist Service; Infanta Cristina Hospital; Badajoz Spain
| | - Guillermo Gervasini
- Department of Medical & Surgical Therapeutics; Medical School; University of Extremadura; Badajoz Spain
| | | | | | | | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Center for Neurosciences & Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Licínio Manco
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS); Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Portugal
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Caruso V, Lagerström MC, Olszewski PK, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB. Synaptic changes induced by melanocortin signalling. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:98-110. [PMID: 24588018 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin system has a well-established role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, but there is growing evidence of its involvement in memory, nociception, mood disorders and addiction. In this Review, we focus on the role of the melanocortin 4 receptor and provide an integrative view of the molecular mechanisms that lead to melanocortin-induced changes in synaptic plasticity within these diverse physiological systems. We also highlight the importance of melanocortin peptides and receptors in chronic pain syndromes, memory impairments, depression and drug abuse, and the possibility of targeting them for therapeutic purposes.
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