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Wang K, Schober L, Fischer A, Bechmann N, Maurer J, Peischer L, Reul A, Hantel C, Reincke M, Beuschlein F, Robledo M, Mohr H, Pellegata NS, Schilbach K, Knösel T, Ilmer M, Angele M, Kroiss M, Maccio U, Broglie-Däppen M, Vetter D, Lehmann K, Pacak K, Grossman AB, Auernhammer CJ, Zitzmann K, Nölting S. Opposing Effects of Cannabidiol in Patient-derived Neuroendocrine Tumor, Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma Primary Cultures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:2892-2904. [PMID: 38605427 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Treatment options for advanced neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are still limited. In recent years, antitumor effects of cannabinoids have been reported; however, there are only very limited data available in NETs or PPGLs. OBJECTIVE Investigation of the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on patient-derived human NET/PPGL primary cultures and on NET/PPGL cell lines. METHODS We established primary cultures derived from 46 different patients with PPGLs (n = 35) or NETs (n = 11) who underwent tumor resection at 2 centers. Treatment of patient primary cultures with clinically relevant doses (5 µM) and slightly higher doses (10 µM) of CBD was performed. RESULTS We found opposing effects of 5 µM CBD: significant antitumor effects in 5/35 (14%) and significant tumor-promoting effects in 6/35 (17%) of PPGL primary cultures. In terms of antitumor effects, cluster 2-related PPGLs showed significantly stronger responsivity to CBD compared to cluster 1-related PPGLs (P = .042). Of the cluster 2-related tumors, NF1 PPGLs showed the strongest responsivity (4/5 PPGL primary cultures with a significant decrease in cell viability were NF1-mutated). We also found opposing effects of 10 µM CBD in PPGLs and NETs: significant antitumor effects in 9/33 of PPGL (27%) and 3/11 of NET (27%) primary cultures and significant tumor-promoting effects in 6/33 of PPGL (18%) and 2/11 of NET (18%) primary cultures. CONCLUSION We suggest a potential novel treatment option for some NETs/PPGLs but also provide evidence for caution when applying cannabinoids as supportive therapy for pain or appetite management to cancer patients and possibly as health supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Schober
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Alessa Fischer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Maurer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Lea Peischer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Reul
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- The LOOP Zurich-Medical Research Center, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hermine Mohr
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalia S Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Katharina Schilbach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Knösel
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM, ENETS-certified Center of Excellence), LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Ilmer
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM, ENETS-certified Center of Excellence), LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Angele
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM, ENETS-certified Center of Excellence), LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Umberto Maccio
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Broglie-Däppen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Vetter
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kuno Lehmann
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karel Pacak
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK
- NET Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Christoph J Auernhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM, ENETS-certified Center of Excellence), LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Zitzmann
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Svenja Nölting
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Quinn CH, Beierle AM, Williams AP, Marayati R, Bownes LV, Market HR, Erwin ME, Aye JM, Stewart JE, Mroczek-Musulman E, Yoon KJ, Beierle EA. Preclinical evidence for employing MEK inhibition in NRAS mutated pediatric gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine-like tumors. Transl Oncol 2024; 47:102045. [PMID: 38959709 PMCID: PMC11269785 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are exceedingly rare, resulting in most pediatric treatment recommendations being based on data derived from adults. Trametinib is a kinase inhibitor that targets MEK1/2 and has been employed in the treatment of cancers harboring mutations in the Ras pathway. METHODS We utilized an established human pediatric gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine-like tumor patient-derived xenograft (PDX) with a known NRAS mutation to study the effects of MEK inhibition. We evaluated the effects of trametinib on proliferation, motility, and tumor growth in vivo. We created an intraperitoneal metastatic model of this PDX, characterized both the phenotype and the genotype of the metastatic PDX and again, investigated the effects of MEK inhibition. RESULTS We found target engagement with decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation with trametinib treatment. Trametinib led to decreased in vitro cell growth and motility, and decreased tumor growth and increased animal survival in a murine flank tumor model. Finally, we demonstrated that trametinib was able to significantly decrease gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine intraperitoneal tumor metastasis. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies support the further investigation of MEK inhibition in pediatric NRAS mutated solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Quinn
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Andee M Beierle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35222, USA
| | - Adele P Williams
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Raoud Marayati
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Laura V Bownes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Hooper R Market
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Michael E Erwin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Jamie M Aye
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jerry E Stewart
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | | | - Karina J Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
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Njotu FN, Ketchemen JP, Tikum AF, Babeker H, Gray BD, Pak KY, Uppalapati M, Fonge H. Efficacy of [ 67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE Theranostic Against Somatostatin Receptor Subtype-2-Positive Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:533-539. [PMID: 38485273 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.265997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
β--emitting 177Lu-octreotate is an approved somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2)-directed peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). However,177Lu-octreotate has fast pharmacokinetics, requiring up to 4 treatment doses. Moreover, 177Lu is less than ideal for theranostics because of the low branching ratio of its γ-emissions, which limits its SPECT imaging capability. Compared with 177Lu, 67Cu has better decay properties for use as a theranostic. Here, we report the preclinical evaluation of a long-lived somatostatin analog, [67Cu]Cu-DOTA-Evans blue-TATE (EB-TATE), against SSTR2-positive NETs. Methods: The in vitro cytotoxicity of [67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE was investigated on 2-dimensional cells and 3-dimensional spheroids. In vivo pharmacokinetics and dosimetry were studied in healthy BALB/c mice, whereas ex vivo biodistribution, micro-SPECT/CT imaging, and therapy studies were done on athymic nude mice bearing QGP1.SSTR2 and BON1.SSTR2 xenografts. Therapeutic efficacy was compared with [177Lu]Lu-EB-TATE. Results: Projected human effective doses of [67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE for male (0.066 mSv/MBq) and female (0.085 mSv/MBq) patients are tolerable. In vivo micro-SPECT/CT imaging of SSTR2-positive xenografts with [67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE showed tumor-specific uptake and prolonged accumulation. Biodistribution showed tumor accumulation, with concurrent clearance from major organs over a period of 72 h. [67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE was more effective (60%) at eliminating tumors that were smaller than 50 mm3 within the first 15 d of therapy than was [177Lu]Lu-EB-TATE (20%) after treatment with 2 doses of 15 MBq administered 10 d apart. Mean survival of [67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE-treated groups was 90 d and more than 90 d, whereas that of [177Lu]Lu-EB-TATE was more than 90 d and 89 d against vehicle control groups (26 d and 53 d), for QGP1.SSTR2 and BON1.SSTR2 xenografts, respectively. Conclusion: [67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE exhibited high SSTR2-positive NET uptake and retention, with favorable dosimetry and SPECT/CT imaging capabilities. The antitumor efficacy of [67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE is comparable to that of [177Lu]Lu-EB-TATE, with [67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE being slightly more effective than [177Lu]Lu-EB-TATE for complete remission of small tumors. [67Cu]Cu-EB-TATE therefore warrants clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Ngoh Njotu
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jessica Pougoue Ketchemen
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anjong Florence Tikum
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hanan Babeker
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brian D Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Koon Y Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Maruti Uppalapati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Alors-Pérez E, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Blázquez-Encinas R, García-Vioque V, Agraz-Doblas A, Yubero-Serrano EM, Sánchez-Frías ME, Serrano-Blanch R, Gálvez-Moreno MÁ, Gracia-Navarro F, Gahete MD, Arjona-Sánchez Á, Luque RM, Ibáñez-Costa A, Castaño JP. Altered CELF4 splicing factor enhances pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors aggressiveness influencing mTOR and everolimus response. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102090. [PMID: 38187140 PMCID: PMC10767201 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors with growing incidence. Recent molecular analyses provided a precise picture of their genomic and epigenomic landscape. Splicing dysregulation is increasingly regarded as a novel cancer hallmark influencing key tumor features. We have previously demonstrated that splicing machinery is markedly dysregulated in PanNETs. Here, we aimed to elucidate the molecular and functional implications of CUGBP ELAV-like family member 4 (CELF4), one of the most altered splicing factors in PanNETs. CELF4 expression was determined in 20 PanNETs, comparing tumor and non-tumoral adjacent tissue. An RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) dataset was analyzed to explore CELF4-linked interrelations among clinical features, gene expression, and splicing events. Two PanNET cell lines were employed to assess CELF4 function in vitro and in vivo. PanNETs display markedly upregulated CELF4 expression, which is closely associated with malignancy features, altered expression of key tumor players, and distinct splicing event profiles. Modulation of CELF4 influenced proliferation in vitro and reduced in vivo xenograft tumor growth. Interestingly, functional assays and RNA-seq analysis revealed that CELF4 silencing altered mTOR signaling pathway, enhancing the effect of everolimus. We demonstrate that CELF4 is dysregulated in PanNETs, where it influences tumor development and aggressiveness, likely by modulating the mTOR pathway, suggesting its potential as therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Alors-Pérez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blázquez-Encinas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Vioque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Agraz-Doblas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena M. Yubero-Serrano
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clinica Medicina Interna, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marina E. Sánchez-Frías
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Gracia-Navarro
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Arjona-Sánchez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
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Saleh Z, Moccia MC, Ladd Z, Joneja U, Li Y, Spitz F, Hong YK, Gao T. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Signaling Pathways and Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1331. [PMID: 38279330 PMCID: PMC10816436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are characterized by dysregulated signaling pathways that are crucial for tumor formation and progression. The efficacy of traditional therapies is limited, particularly in the treatment of PNETs at an advanced stage. Epigenetic alterations profoundly impact the activity of signaling pathways in cancer development, offering potential opportunities for drug development. There is currently a lack of extensive research on epigenetic regulation in PNETs. To fill this gap, we first summarize major signaling events that are involved in PNET development. Then, we discuss the epigenetic regulation of these signaling pathways in the context of both PNETs and commonly occurring-and therefore more extensively studied-malignancies. Finally, we will offer a perspective on the future research direction of the PNET epigenome and its potential applications in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zena Saleh
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Matthew C. Moccia
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zachary Ladd
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Upasana Joneja
- Department of Pathology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Yahui Li
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Francis Spitz
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Young Ki Hong
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
- Camden Cancer Research Center, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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6
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Forsythe SD, Pu T, Andrews SG, Madigan JP, Sadowski SM. Models in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3756. [PMID: 37568572 PMCID: PMC10416968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors derived from multiple neuroendocrine origin cell subtypes. Incidence rates for pNENs have steadily risen over the last decade, and outcomes continue to vary widely due to inability to properly screen. These tumors encompass a wide range of functional and non-functional subtypes, with their rarity and slow growth making therapeutic development difficult as most clinically used therapeutics are derived from retrospective analyses. Improved molecular understanding of these cancers has increased our knowledge of the tumor biology for pNENs. Despite these advances in our understanding of pNENs, there remains a dearth of models for further investigation. In this review, we will cover the current field of pNEN models, which include established cell lines, animal models such as mice and zebrafish, and three-dimensional (3D) cell models, and compare their uses in modeling various disease aspects. While no study model is a complete representation of pNEN biology, each has advantages which allow for new scientific understanding of these rare tumors. Future efforts and advancements in technology will continue to create new options in modeling these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Forsythe
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Tracey Pu
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Stephen G. Andrews
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - James P. Madigan
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Samira M. Sadowski
- Neuroendocrine Cancer Therapy Section, Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (S.D.F.); (S.G.A.); (J.P.M.)
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Wnt/β-catenin modulating drugs regulate somatostatin receptor expression and internalization of radiolabelled octreotide in neuroendocrine tumor cells. Nucl Med Commun 2023; 44:259-269. [PMID: 36804512 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) express somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), targets for therapy with either unlabeled or radioactively labeled somatostatin analogs (SSA). Associated with worse prognosis, dedifferentiated NET loose SSTR expression, which may be linked to deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on an intracellular level. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway alterations on SSTR expression and its function in NET. METHODS The NET cell lines BON-1 and QGP-1 were incubated with the Wnt-inhibitors 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR), Quercetin, or Niclosamide, or the Wnt activator lithium chloride (LiCl). Expression of SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR5 was determined by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), immunocytomicroscopy and western blot. Changes in the Wnt pathway were analyzed by qRT-PCR of selected target genes and the TaqMan Array Human WNT Pathway. Receptor-associated function was determined by measuring the cellular uptake of [125I-Tyr3] octreotide. RESULTS The mRNAs of SSTRs 1-5 were expressed in both cell lines. Wnt inhibitors caused downregulation of Wnt target genes, while 5-aza-CdR had the highest inhibitory effect. LiCl lead to an upregulation of Wnt genes, which was more marked in QGP-1 cells. SSTR expression increased in both cell lines upon Wnt inhibition. All three Wnt inhibitors lead to a marked increase in the specific uptake of [125I-Tyr3]octreotide, with 5-aza-CdR showing the greatest effect (increase by more than 50% in BON-1 cells), while a decreased uptake of [125I-Tyr3]octreotide was seen upon activation of Wnt signaling by LiCl. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate here that Wnt signaling orchestrates SSTR expression and function in a preclinical NET model. Wnt inhibition increases [125I-Tyr3]octreotide uptake offering an opportunity to enhance the efficacy of SSTR-targeted theranostic approaches.
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Targeting of Glucose Transport and the NAD Pathway in Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET) Cells Reveals New Treatment Options. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051415. [PMID: 36900207 PMCID: PMC10001048 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the potency of drugs that interfere with glucose metabolism, i.e., glucose transporters (GLUT) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) was analyzed in neuroendocrine tumor (NET, BON-1, and QPG-1 cells) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC, GLC-2, and GLC-36 cells) tumor cell lines. (2) Methods: the proliferation and survival rate of tumor cells was significantly affected by the GLUT-inhibitors fasentin and WZB1127, as well as by the NAMPT inhibitors GMX1778 and STF-31. (3) Results: none of the NET cell lines that were treated with NAMPT inhibitors could be rescued with nicotinic acid (usage of the Preiss-Handler salvage pathway), although NAPRT expression could be detected in two NET cell lines. We finally analyzed the specificity of GMX1778 and STF-31 in NET cells in glucose uptake experiments. As previously shown for STF-31 in a panel NET-excluding tumor cell lines, both drugs specifically inhibited glucose uptake at higher (50 μM), but not at lower (5 μM) concentrations. (4) Conclusions: our data suggest that GLUT and especially NAMPT inhibitors are potential candidates for the treatment of NET tumors.
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9
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Limbach KE, Wen W, Xing Q, Yan J, Yim JH. Baicalein activates 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin, and exhibits antiproliferative effects in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in vitro and in vivo. Surgery 2023; 173:12-18. [PMID: 36207198 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2022.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition has been shown to prolong progression-free survival in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The natural compound baicalein indirectly inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin, but it is unknown if baicalein exhibits such effects at physiologically achievable concentrations or exhibits synergy. METHODS Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell lines were cultured with baicalein, everolimus, and/or a synthetic 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activating agent alone and in combination. Cell viability assays and immunoblotting were performed. Female severe combined immunodeficient-beige mice were injected with BON-1 cells and treated with baicalein and COH-SR4 solutions via oral gavage. Tumor volumes were compared at 30 days. RESULTS Immunoblotting revealed that treatment of baicalein induced 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation and the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition. Treatment with baicalein alone led to a significant decrease in the ratio of viable cells compared with controls at 72 hours at concentrations ≥5 μM (P = .021). The addition of COH-SR4 led to significantly greater effect on cell viability than with baicalein alone (P < .001, P < .001). The combination of baicalein with everolimus resulted in significantly lower cell viability than with everolimus alone (P = .005, P < .001). Tumor volume in vivo was significantly decreased with the combination of baicalein and COH-SR4 compared with controls (P = .003). CONCLUSION Baicalein exhibits antiproliferative effects against pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell lines at doses ≥5 μM and demonstrates synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Limbach
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Wei Wen
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Quanhua Xing
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - John H Yim
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA.
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10
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Pedraza-Arevalo S, Alors-Pérez E, Blázquez-Encinas R, Herrera-Martínez AD, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Reyes Ó, Ventura S, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Ortega-Salas R, Serrano-Blanch R, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Gahete MD, Ibáñez-Costa A, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Spliceosomic dysregulation unveils NOVA1 as a candidate actionable therapeutic target in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Transl Res 2023; 251:63-73. [PMID: 35882361 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the splicing machinery is emerging as a hallmark in cancer due to its association with multiple dysfunctions in tumor cells. Inappropriate function of this machinery can generate tumor-driving splicing variants and trigger oncogenic actions. However, its role in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) is poorly defined. In this study we aimed to characterize the expression pattern of a set of splicing machinery components in PanNETs, and their relationship with aggressiveness features. A qPCR-based array was first deployed to determine the expression levels of components of the major (n = 13) and minor spliceosome (n = 4) and associated splicing factors (n = 27), using a microfluidic technology in 20 PanNETs and non-tumoral adjacent samples. Subsequently, in vivo and in vitro models were applied to explore the pathophysiological role of NOVA1. Expression analysis revealed that a substantial proportion of splicing machinery components was altered in tumors. Notably, key splicing factors were overexpressed in PanNETs samples, wherein their levels correlated with clinical and malignancy features. Using in vivo and in vitro assays, we demonstrate that one of those altered factors, NOVA1, is tightly related to cell proliferation, alters pivotal signaling pathways and interferes with responsiveness to drug treatment in PanNETs, suggesting a role for this factor in the aggressiveness of these tumors and its suitability as therapeutic target. Altogether, our results unveil a severe alteration of the splicing machinery in PanNETs and identify the putative relevance of NOVA1 in tumor development/progression, which could provide novel avenues to develop diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilia Alors-Pérez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blázquez-Encinas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Óscar Reyes
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Computer Sciences, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sebastián Ventura
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Computer Sciences, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Ortega-Salas
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
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11
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Ungefroren H, Künstner A, Busch H, Franzenburg S, Luley K, Viol F, Schrader J, Konukiewitz B, Wellner UF, Meyhöfer SM, Keck T, Marquardt JU, Lehnert H. Differential Effects of Somatostatin, Octreotide, and Lanreotide on Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Proliferation in Established and Primary NET Cell Lines: Possible Crosstalk with TGF-β Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415868. [PMID: 36555512 PMCID: PMC9781720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
GEP-NETs are heterogeneous tumors originating from the pancreas (panNET) or the intestinal tract. Only a few patients with NETs are amenable to curative tumor resection, and for most patients, only palliative treatments to successfully control the disease or manage symptoms remain, such as with synthetic somatostatin (SST) analogs (SSAs), such as octreotide (OCT) or lanreotide (LAN). However, even cells expressing low levels of SST receptors (SSTRs) may exhibit significant responses to OCT, which suggests the possibility that SSAs signal through alternative mechanisms, e.g., transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. This signaling mode has been demonstrated in the established panNET line BON but not yet in other permanent (i.e., QGP) or primary (i.e., NT-3) panNET-derived cells. Here, we performed qPCR, immunoblot analyses, and cell counting assays to assess the effects of SST, OCT, LAN, and TGF-β1 on neuroendocrine marker expression and cell proliferation in NT-3, QGP, and BON cells. SST and SSAs were found to regulate a set of neuroendocrine genes in all three cell lines, with the effects of SST, mainly LAN, often differing from those of OCT. However, unlike NT-3 cells, BON cells failed to respond to OCT with growth arrest but paradoxically exhibited a growth-stimulatory effect after treatment with LAN. As previously shown for BON, NT-3 cells responded to TGF-β1 treatment with induction of expression of SST and SSTR2/5. Of note, the ability of NT-3 cells to respond to TGF-β1 with upregulation of the established TGF-β target gene SERPINE1 depended on cellular adherence to a collagen-coated matrix. Moreover, when applied to NT-3 cells for an extended period, i.e., 14 days, TGF-β1 induced growth suppression as shown earlier for BON cells. Finally, next-generation sequencing-based identification of microRNAs (miRNAs) in BON and NT-3 revealed that SST and OCT impact positively or negatively on the regulation of specific miRNAs. Our results suggest that primary panNET cells, such as NT-3, respond similarly as BON cells to SST, SSA, and TGF-β treatment and thus provide circumstantial evidence that crosstalk of SST and TGF-β signaling is not confined to BON cells but is a general feature of panNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Axel Künstner
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sören Franzenburg
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim Luley
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fabrice Viol
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schrader
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Konukiewitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich F. Wellner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Meyhöfer
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Keck
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Marquardt
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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12
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Gulde S, Foscarini A, April-Monn SL, Genio E, Marangelo A, Satam S, Helbling D, Falconi M, Toledo RA, Schrader J, Perren A, Marinoni I, Pellegata NS. Combined Targeting of Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Elicits Synergistic Antitumor Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5481. [PMID: 36428573 PMCID: PMC9688197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are the second most common malignancy of the pancreas. Surgery remains the only curative treatment for localized disease. For patients with inoperable advanced or metastatic disease, few targeted therapies are available, but their efficacy is unpredictable and variable. Exploiting prior knowledge on pathogenetic processes involved in PanNEN tumorigenesis, we tested buparlisib (PI3K inhibitor) and ribociclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor), as single agents or in combination, in different preclinical models. First, we used cell lines representative of well-differentiated (INS-1E, NT-3) and poorly differentiated (BON-1) PanNENs. The combination of buparlisib with ribociclib reduced the proliferation of 2D and 3D spheroid cultures more potently than the individual drugs. Buparlisib, but not ribociclib, induced apoptosis. The anti-proliferative activity of the drugs correlated with downstream target inhibition at mRNA and protein levels. We then tested the drugs on primary islet microtissues from a genetic PanNET animal model (Men1-defective mice) and from wild-type mice: the drug combination was effective against the former without altering islet cell physiology. Finally, we treated PanNET patient-derived islet-like 3D tumoroids: the combination of buparlisib with ribociclib was effective in three out of four samples. Combined targeting of PI3K and CDK4/6 is a promising strategy for PanNENs spanning various molecular and histo-pathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gulde
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessia Foscarini
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Genio
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marangelo
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Swapna Satam
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Massimo Falconi
- Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rodrigo A. Toledo
- CIBERONC, Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumors, VHIO, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jörg Schrader
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Klinikum Nordfriesland, 25813 Husum, Germany
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Marinoni
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalia S. Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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13
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Zhou B, Zhou X, Zhan C, Jin M, Yan S. FAM83A promotes the progression and metastasis of human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 46:1115-1130. [PMID: 36344884 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Family with sequence similarity 83, member A (FAM83A) has been reported to play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role and mechanism of FAM83A in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). METHODS PanNET specimens and adjacent nontumor pancreatic tissues obtained from 68 patients who underwent curative surgery for PanNETs were assessed for FAM83A expression using immunochemical staining. The relationships between FAM83A expression, clinicopathological parameters and prognosis were statistically analyzed. PanNET cell lines were used to study the role of FAM83A in the progression and metastasis of PanNETs in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS FAM83A was overexpressed in PanNET specimens compared with adjacent nontumor tissues. Furthermore, FAM83A expression was closely associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.02), perineural invasion (P = 0.001), WHO classification (P = 0.039), AJCC stage (P = 0.01) and shorter disease-free survival in patients with PanNETs (P < 0.001). FAM83A overexpression effectively promoted PanNET cell proliferation, migration, invasion and growth both in vitro and in vivo, whereas FAM83A inhibition exerted the opposite effects. Subsequent mechanistic investigations revealed that FAM83A promotes the progression and metastasis of PanNETs by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways. CONCLUSIONS FAM83A plays an important role in the progression and metastasis of PanNET by inducing the EMT via the activation of the ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways and may serve as a valuable molecular target in PanNET treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Nursing Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - C Zhan
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - M Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - S Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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14
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Smolkova B, Kataki A, Earl J, Ruz-Caracuel I, Cihova M, Urbanova M, Buocikova V, Tamargo S, Rovite V, Niedra H, Schrader J, Kohl Y. Liquid biopsy and preclinical tools for advancing diagnosis and treatment of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 180:103865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Sun C, Estrella JS, Whitley EM, Chau GP, Lozano G, Wasylishen AR. Mouse modeling provides insights into Daxx and Atrx tumor suppressive mechanisms in the endocrine pancreas. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276356. [PMID: 35976056 PMCID: PMC9438929 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing has revealed the importance of epigenetic regulators in tumorigenesis. The genes encoding the chromatin remodeling complex DAXX:ATRX are frequently mutated in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs); however, the underlying mechanisms of how mutations contribute to tumorigenesis are only partially understood, in part because of the lack of relevant pre-clinical models. Here we used genetically engineered mouse models combined with environmental stress to evaluate the tumor suppressor functions of Daxx and Atrx in the mouse pancreas. Daxx or Atrx loss, alone or in combination with Men1 loss, do not drive nor accelerate pancreatic neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. Moreover, Daxx loss does not cooperate with environmental stresses (ionizing radiation or pancreatitis) or with the loss of other tumor suppressors (Pten or p53) to promote pancreatic neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. However, due to promiscuity of the Cre promoter used, hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and osteosarcomas were observed in some instances. Overall, our findings suggest that Daxx and Atrx are not robust tumor suppressors in the endocrine pancreas of mice and indicate the context of a human genome is essential for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Genetics and Epigenetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeannelyn S Estrella
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Whitley
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gilda P Chau
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Genetics and Epigenetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda R Wasylishen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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16
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Lou X, Ye Z, Xu X, Jiang M, Lu R, Jing D, Zhang W, Gao H, Wang F, Zhang Y, Chen X, Qin Y, Zhuo Q, Yu X, Ji S. Establishment and characterization of the third non-functional human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell line. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1248-1261. [PMID: 35394261 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) were still poorly understood, largely due to the lack of preclinical models of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Herein, we established and characterized SPNE1 cell lines from primary pancreatic NET tissue obtained from a 44-year-old female. Neuroendocrine character of SPNE1 was compared with existing non-functional cell lines BON1 and QGP1, and the results indicated expressions of multiple NET-specific markers in SPNE1 were higher relative to BON1 and QGP1. The growth character measured by Ki67 labeling index, cell cycle analysis, and 3D matrigel spheroid essay indicated that the proliferative rate of SPNE1 was lower than that of BON1 and QGP1. SPNE1 also was characterized with cancer stemness because of the higher proportion of CD44 + and CD117 + subpopulations relative to BON1, whereas it was similar to that of QGP1. Interestingly, SPNE1 highly expressed somatostatin receptors (SSTR2 and SSTR5) and angiogenic factors (VEGF1). SPNE1 had sensitive response to the four clinical treatments including tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), mTOR inhibitors, somatostatin analogs (SSA), chemotherapy, which was similar to the BON1 and QGP1. Subcutaneous transplantations of SPNE1 also present the tumorigenicity, and neuroendocrine marker expression of xenograft tumors resembled the original human NET tissue. Then, we found a total of 8 common mutation in BON1, QGP1 and SPNE1 included CROCC, FAM135A, GPATCH4, CTBP2, FBXL14, HERC2, HYDIN, and PABPC3 using whole-exome sequencing (WES), and more neuroendocrine-related functional processes were enriched based on the private mutation genes in SPNE1, such as neuron migration, insulin secretion, and neuron to neuron synapse. In brief, SPNE1 could be used as a relevant model to study pancreatic NET biology and to develop novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lou
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minglei Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Desheng Jing
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wuhu Zhang
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Heli Gao
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qifeng Zhuo
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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17
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He L, Boulant S, Stanifer M, Guo C, Nießen A, Chen M, Felix K, Bergmann F, Strobel O, Schimmack S. The link between menin and pleiotrophin in the tumor biology of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1575-1586. [PMID: 35179814 PMCID: PMC9128182 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MEN1, which encodes menin protein, is the most frequently mutated gene in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN). Pleiotrophin (PTN) was reported being a downstream factor of menin and to promote metastasis in different tumor entities. In this study, the effect of menin and its link to PTN were assessed on features of pNEN cells and outcome of pNEN patients. The expression of menin and PTN in pNEN patient tissues were examined by qRT-PCR and western blot and compared to their metastasis status. Functional assays, including transwell migration/invasion and scratch wound healing assays, were performed on specifically designed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MEN1-knockout (MEN1-KO) pNEN cell lines (BON1MEN1-KO and QGP1MEN1-KO ) to study the metastasis of pNEN. Among 30 menin negative pNEN patients, 21 revealed a strong protein expression of PTN. This combination was associated with metastasis and shorter disease-free survival. Accordingly, in BON1MEN1-KO and QGP1MEN1-KO cells, PTN protein expression was positively associated with enhanced cell migration and invasion, which could be reversed by PTN silencing. PTN is a predicting factor of metastatic behavior of menin-deficient-pNEN. In vitro, menin is able to both promote and suppress the metastasis of pNEN by regulating PTN expression depending on the tumoral origin of pNEN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping He
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan Stanifer
- Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cuncai Guo
- Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Nießen
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, P.R. China
| | - Klaus Felix
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Schimmack
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Maharjan CK, Ear PH, Tran CG, Howe JR, Chandrasekharan C, Quelle DE. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5117. [PMID: 34680266 PMCID: PMC8533967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are unique, slow-growing malignancies whose molecular pathogenesis is incompletely understood. With rising incidence of pNETs over the last four decades, larger and more comprehensive 'omic' analyses of patient tumors have led to a clearer picture of the pNET genomic landscape and transcriptional profiles for both primary and metastatic lesions. In pNET patients with advanced disease, those insights have guided the use of targeted therapies that inhibit activated mTOR and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways or stimulate somatostatin receptor signaling. Such treatments have significantly benefited patients, but intrinsic or acquired drug resistance in the tumors remains a major problem that leaves few to no effective treatment options for advanced cases. This demands a better understanding of essential molecular and biological events underlying pNET growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. This review examines the known molecular alterations associated with pNET pathogenesis, identifying which changes may be drivers of the disease and, as such, relevant therapeutic targets. We also highlight areas that warrant further investigation at the biological level and discuss available model systems for pNET research. The paucity of pNET models has hampered research efforts over the years, although recently developed cell line, animal, patient-derived xenograft, and patient-derived organoid models have significantly expanded the available platforms for pNET investigations. Advancements in pNET research and understanding are expected to guide improved patient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K. Maharjan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Po Hien Ear
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (P.H.E.); (C.G.T.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Catherine G. Tran
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (P.H.E.); (C.G.T.); (J.R.H.)
| | - James R. Howe
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (P.H.E.); (C.G.T.); (J.R.H.)
| | - Chandrikha Chandrasekharan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Dawn E. Quelle
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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19
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Pedraza-Arevalo S, Ibáñez-Costa A, Blázquez-Encinas R, Branco MR, Vázquez-Borrego MC, Herrera-Martínez AD, Venegas-Moreno E, Serrano-Blanch R, Arjona-Sánchez Á, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Korbonits M, Soto-Moreno A, Gahete MD, Charalambous M, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Epigenetic and post-transcriptional regulation of somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SST 5 ) in pituitary and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:764-779. [PMID: 34601790 PMCID: PMC8807362 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SST5) is an emerging biomarker and actionable target in pituitary (PitNETs) and pancreatic (PanNETs) neuroendocrine tumors. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of SSTR5 gene expression and mRNA biogenesis is poorly understood. Recently, an overlapping natural antisense transcript, SSTR5‐AS1, potentially regulating SSTR5 expression, was identified. We aimed to elucidate whether epigenetic processes contribute to the regulation of SSTR5 expression in PitNETs (somatotropinomas) and PanNETs. We analyzed the SSTR5/SSTR5‐AS1 human locus in silico to identify CpG islands. SSTR5 and SSTR5‐AS1 expression was assessed by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) in 27 somatotropinomas, 11 normal pituitaries (NPs), and 15 PanNETs/paired adjacent (control) samples. We evaluated methylation grade in four CpG islands in the SSTR5/SSTR5‐AS1 genes. Results revealed that SSTR5 and SSTR5‐AS1 were directly correlated in NP, somatotropinoma, and PanNET samples. Interestingly, selected CpG islands were differentially methylated in somatotropinomas compared with NPs. In PanNETs cell lines, SSTR5‐AS1 silencing downregulated SSTR5 expression, altered aggressiveness features, and influenced pasireotide response. These results provide evidence that SSTR5 expression in PitNETs and PanNETs can be epigenetically regulated by the SSTR5‐AS1 antisense transcript and, indirectly, by DNA methylation, which may thereby impact tumor behavior and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blázquez-Encinas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel R Branco
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Arjona-Sánchez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Surgery Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marika Charalambous
- Developmental Epigenetics group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College of London, London, UK
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
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20
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Capodanno Y, Chen Y, Schrader J, Tomosugi M, Sumi S, Yokoyama A, Hiraoka N, Ohki R. Cross-talk among MEN1, p53 and Notch regulates the proliferation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells by modulating INSM1 expression and subcellular localization. Neoplasia 2021; 23:979-992. [PMID: 34352404 PMCID: PMC8350333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic analysis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PanNETs) has revealed that these tumors often lack mutations in typical cancer-related genes such as the tumor suppressor gene p53. Instead, PanNET tumorigenesis usually involves mutations in specific PanNET-related genes, such as tumor suppressor gene MEN1. Using a PanNET mouse model, human tissues and human cell lines, we studied the cross-talk among MEN1, p53 and Notch signaling pathways and their role in PanNETs. Here, we show that reactivation of the early developmental program of islet cells underlies PanNET tumorigenesis by restoring the proliferative capacity of PanNET cells. We investigated the role of INSM1, a transcriptional regulator of islet cells' development, and revealed that its expression and subcellular localization is regulated by MEN1 and p53. Both human and mouse data show that loss of MEN1 in a p53 wild-type genetic background results in increased nuclear INSM1 expression and cell proliferation. Additionally, inhibition of Notch signaling in a p53 wild-type background reduces the proliferation of PanNET cells, due to repression of INSM1 transcription and nuclear localization. Our study elucidates the molecular mechanisms governing the interactions of INSM1 with MEN1, p53 and Notch and their roles in PanNET tumorigenesis, suggesting INSM1 as a key transcriptional regulator of PanNET cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Capodanno
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joerg Schrader
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mitsuhiro Tomosugi
- Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoiciro Sumi
- Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Reconstruction, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yokoyama
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Molecular pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Ohki
- Laboratory of Fundamental Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Keutgen XM, Ornell KJ, Vogle A, Lakiza O, Williams J, Miller P, Mistretta KS, Setia N, Weichselbaum RR, Coburn JM. Sunitinib-Loaded Chondroitin Sulfate Hydrogels as a Novel Drug-Delivery Mechanism for the Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:8532-8543. [PMID: 34091777 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are increasingly common. Experts debate whether small tumors should be resected. Tumor destruction via injection of cytotoxic agents could offer a minimal invasive approach to this controversy. We hypothesize that a new drug delivery system comprising chondroitin sulfate (CS) hydrogels loaded with sunitinib (SUN) suppresses tumor growth in PanNET cells. METHODS Injectable hydrogels composed of CS modified with methacrylate groups (MA) were fabricated and loaded with SUN. Loading target was either 200 µg (SUN200-G) or 500 µg (SUN500-G) as well as sham hydrogel with no drug loading (SUN0-G). SUN release from hydrogels was monitored in vitro over time and cytotoxicity induced by the released SUN was evaluated using QGP-1 and BON1 PanNET cell lines. QGP-1 xenografts were developed in 35 mice and directly injected with 25 µL of either SUN200-G, SUN500-G, SUN0-G, 100 µL of Sunitinib Malate (SUN-inj), or given 40 mg/kg/day oral sunitinib (SUN-oral). RESULTS SUN-loaded CSMA hydrogel retained complete in vitro cytotoxicity toward the QGP-1 PanNET and BON-1 PanNET cell lines for 21 days. Mouse xenograft models with QGP-1 PanNETs showed a significant delay in tumor growth in the SUN200/500-G, SUN-inj and SUN-oral groups compared with SUN0-G (p = 0.0014). SUN500-G hydrogels induced significantly more tumor necrosis than SUN0-G (p = 0.04). There was no difference in tumor growth delay between SUN200/500G, SUN-inj, and SUN-oral. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that CSMA hydrogels loaded with SUN suppress PanNETs growth. This drug delivery could approach represents a novel way to treat PanNETs and other neoplasms via intratumoral injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier M Keutgen
- Endocrine Surgery Research Program, Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Ornell
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alyx Vogle
- Endocrine Surgery Research Program, Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olga Lakiza
- Endocrine Surgery Research Program, Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jelani Williams
- Endocrine Surgery Research Program, Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Miller
- Endocrine Surgery Research Program, Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Namrata Setia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cellular Biology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeannine M Coburn
- Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
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22
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Antitumoral Activity of the MEK Inhibitor Trametinib (TMT212) Alone and in Combination with the CDK4/6 Inhibitor Ribociclib (LEE011) in Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061485. [PMID: 33807122 PMCID: PMC8004919 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the antitumoral activity of the MEK inhibitor trametinib (TMT212) and the ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984, alone and in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib (LEE011) in human neuroendocrine tumor (NET) cell lines in vitro. METHODS Human NET cell lines BON1, QGP-1, and NCI-H727 were treated with trametinib or SCH772984, alone and in combination with ribociclib, to assess cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and protein signaling using cell proliferation, flow cytometry, and Western blot assays, respectively. RESULTS Trametinib and SCH772984, alone and in combination with ribociclib, significantly reduced NET cell viability and arrested NET cells at the G1 phase of the cell cycle in all three cell lines tested. In addition, trametinib also caused subG1 events and apoptotic PARP cleavage in QGP1 and NCI-H727 cells. A western blot analysis demonstrated the use of trametinib alone and trametinib in combination with ribociclib to decrease the expression of pERK, cMyc, Chk1, pChk2, pCDK1, CyclinD1, and c-myc in a time-dependent manner in NCI-H727 and QGP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS MEK and ERK inhibition causes antiproliferative effects in human NET cell lines in vitro. The combination of the MEK inhibitor trametinib (TMT212) with the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib (LEE011) causes additive antiproliferative effects. Future preclinical and clinical studies of MEK inhibition in NETs should be performed.
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Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Regulates CXCR4 Expression and [ 68Ga] Pentixafor Internalization in Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020367. [PMID: 33671498 PMCID: PMC7926465 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of Somatostatin Receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression and rising CXC Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4) expression are associated with dedifferentiation in neuroendocrine tumors (NET). In NET, CXCR4 expression is associated with enhanced metastatic and invasive potential and worse prognosis but might be a theragnostic target. Likewise, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may promote a more aggressive phenotype in NET. We hypothesized an interaction of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with CXCR4 expression and function in NET. The NET cell lines BON-1, QGP-1, and MS-18 were exposed to Wnt inhibitors (5-aza-CdR, quercetin, and niclosamide) or the Wnt activator LiCl. The expressions of Wnt pathway genes and of CXCR4 were studied by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The effects of Wnt modulators on uptake of the CXCR4 ligand [68Ga] Pentixafor were measured. The Wnt activator LiCl induced upregulation of CXCR4 and Wnt target gene expression. Treatment with the Wnt inhibitors had opposite effects. LiCl significantly increased [68Ga] Pentixafor uptake, while treatment with Wnt inhibitors decreased radiopeptide uptake. Wnt pathway modulation influences CXCR4 expression and function in NET cell lines. Wnt modulation might be a tool to enhance the efficacy of CXCR4-directed therapies in NET or to inhibit CXCR4-dependent proliferative signaling. The underlying mechanisms for the interaction of the Wnt pathway with CXCR4 expression and function have yet to be clarified.
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Exner S, Arrey G, Prasad V, Grötzinger C. mTOR Inhibitors as Radiosensitizers in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Front Oncol 2021; 10:578380. [PMID: 33628728 PMCID: PMC7897674 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.578380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide receptor radioligand therapy (PRRT) has evolved as an important second-line treatment option in the management of inoperable and metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN). Though high radiation doses can be delivered to the tumors, complete remission is still rare. Radiosensitization prior to PRRT is therefore considered to be a promising strategy to improve the treatment effect. In this study, effect and mechanism of mTOR inhibitors were investigated in a comprehensive panel of five NEN cell lines (BON, QGP-1, LCC-18, H727, UMC-11), employing assays for cellular proliferation, clonogenic survival, cell cycle modification and signaling. mTOR inhibition lead to growth arrest with a biphasic concentration-response pattern: a partial response at approximately 1 nM and full response at micromolar concentrations (8-48 µM). All cell lines demonstrated elevated p70S6K phosphorylation yet also increased phosphorylation of counterregulatory Akt. The pulmonary NEN cell line UMC-11 showed the lowest induction of phospho-Akt and strongest growth arrest by mTOR inhibitors. Radiation sensitivity of the cells (50% reduction versus control) was found to range between 4 and 8 Gy. Further, mTOR inhibition was employed together with irradiation to evaluate radiosensitizing effects of this combination treatment. mTOR inhibition was found to radiosensitize all five NEN cells in an additive manner with a moderate overall effect. The radiation-induced G2/M arrest was diminished under combination treatment, leading to an increased G1 arrest. Further investigation involving a suitable animal model as well as radioligand application such as 177Lu-DOTATATE or 177Lu-DOTATOC will have to demonstrate the full potential of this strategy for radiosensitization in NEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Exner
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Arrey
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vikas Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Yan G, Dawood M, Böckers M, Klauck SM, Fottner C, Weber MM, Efferth T. Multiple modes of cell death in neuroendocrine tumors induced by artesunate. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153332. [PMID: 32957040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paucity of effective treatment in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) encouraged us to investigate the therapeutic value of artesunate (ART) promised by its inhibitory effect against various tumors and broad safety profile. METHODS We evaluated the impact of ART on three NET cell lines, BON-1, QGP-1 and NCI-H727 on cellular and molecular levels. RESULTS Our results showed that ART induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through phosphorylation of eIF2α, which further gave rise to autophagy in all three NET cell lines. Specifically, apoptosis and ferroptosis were also observed in BON-1 cells, which made BON-1 cell line more vulnerable upon ART treatment. The different sensitivities presented on the three cell lines also associated with a differential regulation of p21 on the long run. Co-treatment with p21 inhibitor UC2288 showed an additive effect on QGP-1 and NCI-H727 cell lines indicating p21 upregulation in these two cell lines might confer resistance towards ART treatment. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to include ART in the treatment of NETs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Madeleine Böckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine M Klauck
- Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Fottner
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias M Weber
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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26
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Briest F, Koziolek EJ, Albrecht J, Schmidt F, Bernsen MR, Haeck J, Kühl AA, Sedding D, Hartung T, Exner S, Welzel M, Fischer C, Grötzinger C, Brenner W, Baum RP, Grabowski P. Does the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib sensitize to DNA-damaging therapy in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms? - A preclinical assessment in vitro and in vivo. Neoplasia 2020; 23:80-98. [PMID: 33246310 PMCID: PMC7701025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms are rare tumors with a slow proliferation. They are virtually resistant to many DNA-damaging therapeutic approaches, such as chemo- and external beam therapy, which might be overcome by DNA damage inhibition induced by proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we assessed several combined treatment modalities in vitro and in vivo. By cell-based functional analyses, in a 3D in ovo and an orthotopic mouse model, we demonstrated sensitizing effects of bortezomib combined with cisplatin, radiation and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). By gene expression profiling and western blot, we explored the underlying mechanisms, which resulted in an impaired DNA damage repair. Therapy-induced DNA damage triggered extrinsic proapoptotic signaling as well as the induction of cell cycle arrest, leading to a decreased vital tumor volume and altered tissue composition shown by magnetic resonance imaging and F-18-FDG-PET in vivo, however with no significant additional benefit related to PRRT alone. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that bortezomib has short-term sensitizing effects when combined with DNA damaging therapy by interfering with DNA repair in vitro and in ovo. Nevertheless, due to high tumor heterogeneity after PRRT in long-term observations, we were not able to prove a therapeutic advantage of bortezomib-combined PRRT in an in vivo mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Briest
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität (FU) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eva J Koziolek
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Albrecht
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin Germany
| | - Fränze Schmidt
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Joost Haeck
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin
| | - Dagmar Sedding
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität (HU) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Teresa Hartung
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samantha Exner
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and Molecular Cancer Research Center, Tumor Targeting Laboratory, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Welzel
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Fischer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and Molecular Cancer Research Center, Tumor Targeting Laboratory, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Winfried Brenner
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin Germany; Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard P Baum
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zentralklinik Bad Berka GmbH, Bad Berka, Germany; CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, DKD Helios Clinic, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Patricia Grabowski
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka GmbH, Bad Berka, Germany; Department of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Chan TG, O'Neill E, Habjan C, Cornelissen B. Combination Strategies to Improve Targeted Radionuclide Therapy. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1544-1552. [PMID: 33037092 PMCID: PMC8679619 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.248062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. In contrast to conventional radiotherapy, TRT delivers ionizing radiation to tumors in a targeted manner, reducing the dose that healthy tissues are exposed to. Existing TRT strategies include the use of 177Lu-DOTATATE, 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine, Bexxar, and Zevalin, clinically approved agents for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors, neuroblastoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. Although promising results have been obtained with these agents, clinical evidence acquired to date suggests that only a small percentage of patients achieves complete response. Consequently, there have been attempts to improve TRT outcomes through combinations with other therapeutic agents; such strategies include administering concurrent TRT and chemotherapy, and the use of TRT with known or putative radiosensitizers such as poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase and mammalian-target-of-rapamycin inhibitors. In addition to potentially achieving greater therapeutic effects than the respective monotherapies, these strategies may lead to lower dosages or numbers of cycles required and, in turn, reduce unwanted toxicities. As of now, several clinical trials have been conducted to assess the benefits of TRT-based combination therapies, sometimes despite limited preclinical evidence being available in the public domain to support their use. Although some clinical trials have yielded promising results, others have shown no clear survival benefit from particular combination treatments. Here, we present a comprehensive review of combination strategies with TRT reported in the literature to date and evaluate their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany G Chan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward O'Neill
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Habjan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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AGTR1 Is Overexpressed in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms, Regulates Secretion and May Potentially Serve as a Target for Molecular Imaging and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113138. [PMID: 33120925 PMCID: PMC7693775 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Clinical management of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN), especially of those low in target molecules such as somatostatin receptors, may benefit from the discovery of novel targets. This study identified and confirmed angiotensin II (ATII) as a strong activator of signaling in NEN cells and its cognate receptor AGTR1 as overexpressed in human small intestinal NEN. NEN cells with high AGTR1 expression exhibited cellular activation and secretion upon stimulation with ATII. AGTR1 ligand saralasin coupled to a fluorescent dye demonstrated tumor accumulation in an animal model of NEN. This proof of concept establishes AGTR1 as a novel target in NEN, paving the way for its potential use in diagnostic PET imaging and radioligand therapy. Abstract This study identified and confirmed angiotensin II (ATII) as a strong activator of signaling in neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) cells. Expression analyses of the ATII receptor type 1 (AGTR1) revealed an upregulation of mRNA levels (RT-qPCR) and radioligand binding (autoradiography) in small-intestinal (n = 71) NEN tissues compared to controls (n = 25). NEN cells with high AGTR1 expression exhibited concentration-dependent calcium mobilization and chromogranin A secretion upon stimulation with ATII, blocked by AGTR1 antagonism and Gαq inhibition. ATII also stimulated serotonin secretion from BON cells. AGTR1 ligand saralasin was coupled to a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye and tested for its biodistribution in a nude mouse model bearing AGTR1-positive BON and negative QGP-1 xenograft tumors. NIRF imaging showed significantly higher uptake in BON tumors. This proof of concept establishes AGTR1 as a novel target in NEN, paving the way for translational chelator-based probes for diagnostic PET imaging and radioligand therapy.
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De Ridder R, Boudin E, Zillikens MC, Ibrahim J, van der Eerden BCJ, Van Hul W, Mortier G. A multi-omics approach expands the mutational spectrum of MAP2K1-related melorheostosis. Bone 2020; 137:115406. [PMID: 32387835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melorheostosis is a very rare sclerosing bone dysplasia characterized by asymmetrical and progressive cortical hyperostosis, usually with involvement of soft tissues surrounding the lesions. Recently Kang et al. identified somatic mosaicism for variants (p.Gln56Pro, p.Lys57Asn, or p.Lys57Glu) in the negative regulatory domain of MAP2K1, resulting in increased ERK1/2 signalling in affected tissues. In our study, we employed several sequencing technologies to unravel genetic variants (only present in affected tissues) from four sporadic melorheostosis patients. In the exome of two patients, we identified the same variants (p.K57N and p.K57E) as previously described by Kang et al. WGS and RNAseq analysis in a third patient demonstrated the presence of a novel variant (p.Cys121Ser) in the catalytic domain of MAP2K1. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis of the transcriptome data demonstrated upregulation of proliferative pathways. Interestingly, increased proliferation of MAP2K1 p.Lys57Asn-positive osteoblasts has been reported by Kang et al. The variants located in the hotspot region of the negative regulatory domain as well as this newly identified p.Cys121Ser variant have all been classified as MAP2K1 variants that can constitutively activate the downstream effector Erk. Finally, in a fourth patient with classical radiographic features of melorheostosis, no pathogenic variants could be identified in MAP2K1 or the other candidate genes for melorheostosis (SMAD3; LEMD3; KRAS). In conclusion, our study strongly suggests that not only somatic variants in the regulatory domain of MAP2K1 but also in the catalytic domain can cause melorheostosis. Our observations confirm that mutations in MAP2K1 are a major cause of melorheostosis and also suggest further locus heterogeneity for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël De Ridder
- Center of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline Boudin
- Center of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joe Ibrahim
- Center of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Van Hul
- Center of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Mortier
- Center of Medical Genetics, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Mpilla GB, Philip PA, El-Rayes B, Azmi AS. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Therapeutic challenges and research limitations. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4036-4054. [PMID: 32821069 PMCID: PMC7403797 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i28.4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are known to be the second most common epithelial malignancy of the pancreas. PNETs can be listed among the slowest growing as well as the fastest growing human cancers. The prevalence of PNETs is deceptively low; however, its incidence has significantly increased over the past decades. According to the American Cancer Society’s estimate, about 4032 (> 7% of all pancreatic malignancies) individuals will be diagnosed with PNETs in 2020. PNETs often cause severe morbidity due to excessive secretion of hormones (such as serotonin) and/or overall tumor mass. Patients can live for many years (except for those patients with poorly differentiated G3 neuroendocrine tumors); thus, the prevalence of the tumors that is the number of patients actually dealing with the disease at any given time is fairly high because the survival is much longer than pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Due to significant heterogeneity, the management of PNETs is very complex and remains an unmet clinical challenge. In terms of research studies, modest improvements have been made over the past decades in the identification of potential oncogenic drivers in order to enhance the quality of life and increase survival for this growing population of patients. Unfortunately, the majority of systematic therapies approved for the management of advanced stage PNETs lack objective response or at most result in modest benefits in survival. In this review, we aim to discuss the broad challenges associated with the management and the study of PNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Benyomo Mpilla
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Philip Agop Philip
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Emory Winship Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Asfar Sohail Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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31
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Quevedo R, Spreafico A, Bruce J, Danesh A, El Ghamrasni S, Giesler A, Hanna Y, Have C, Li T, Yang SYC, Zhang T, Asa SL, Haibe-Kains B, Krzyzanowska M, Smith AC, Singh S, Siu LL, Pugh TJ. Centromeric cohesion failure invokes a conserved choreography of chromosomal mis-segregations in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Genome Med 2020; 12:38. [PMID: 32345369 PMCID: PMC7189550 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PANETs) are rare, slow growing cancers that often present with local and distant metastasis upon detection. PANETS contain distinct karyotypes, epigenetic dysregulation, and recurrent mutations in MEN1, ATRX, and DAXX (MAD+); however, the molecular basis of disease progression remains uncharacterized. METHODS We evaluated associations between aneuploidy and the MAD+ mutational state of 532 PANETs from 11 published genomic studies and 19 new cases using a combination of exome, targeted panel, shallow WGS, or RNA-seq. We mapped the molecular timing of MAD+ PANET progression using cellular fractions corrected for inferred tumor content. RESULTS In 287 PANETs with mutational data, MAD+ tumors always exhibited a highly recurrent signature of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and copy-number alterations affecting 11 chromosomes, typically followed by genome doubling upon metastasis. These LOH chromosomes substantially overlap with those that undergo non-random mis-segregation due to ectopic CENP-A localization to flanking centromeric regions in DAXX-depleted cell lines. Using expression data from 122 PANETs, we found decreased gene expression in the regions immediately adjacent to the centromere in MAD+ PANETs. Using 43 PANETs from AACR GENIE, we inferred this signature to be preceded by mutations in MEN1, ATRX, and DAXX. We conducted a meta-analysis on 226 PANETs from 8 CGH studies to show an association of this signature with metastatic incidence. Our study shows that MAD+ tumors are a genetically diverse and aggressive subtype of PANETs that display extensive chromosomal loss after MAD+ mutation, which is followed by genome doubling. CONCLUSIONS We propose an evolutionary model for a subset of aggressive PANETs that is initiated by mutation of MEN1, ATRX, and DAXX, resulting in defects in centromere cohesion from ectopic CENP-A deposition that leads to selective loss of chromosomes and the LOH phenotype seen in late-stage metastatic PANETs. These insights aid in disease risk stratification and nominate potential therapeutic vulnerabilities to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Quevedo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Arnavaz Danesh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Samah El Ghamrasni
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Amanda Giesler
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Youstina Hanna
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Cherry Have
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiantian Li
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - S Y Cindy Yang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tong Zhang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Asa
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monika Krzyzanowska
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Adam C Smith
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simron Singh
- Susan Leslie Clinic for Neuroendocrine Cancer, Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-718, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada. .,Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, TMDT, Room 9-305, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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A Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of the Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines BON-1 and QGP-1. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030691. [PMID: 32183367 PMCID: PMC7140066 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of neuroendocrine tumor disease are scarce, with only a few existing neuroendocrine tumor cell lines of pancreatic origin (panNET). Their molecular characterization has so far focused on the neuroendocrine phenotype and cancer-related mutations, while a transcription-based assessment of their developmental origin and malignant potential is lacking. In this study, we performed immunoblotting and qPCR analysis of neuroendocrine, epithelial, developmental endocrine-related genes as well as next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of microRNAs (miRs) on three panNET cell lines, BON-1, QGP-1, and NT-3. All three lines displayed a neuroendocrine and epithelial phenotype; however, while insulinoma-derived NT-3 cells preferentially expressed markers of mature functional pancreatic β-cells (i.e., INS, MAFA), both BON-1 and QGP-1 displayed high expression of genes associated with immature or non-functional β/δ-cells genes (i.e., NEUROG3), or pancreatic endocrine progenitors (i.e., FOXA2). NGS-based identification of miRs in BON-1 and QGP-1 cells revealed the presence of all six members of the miR-17–92 cluster, which have been implicated in β-cell function and differentiation, but also have roles in cancer being both oncogenic or tumor suppressive. Notably, both BON-1 and QGP-1 cells expressed several miRs known to be negatively associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion or metastasis. Moreover, both cell lines failed to exhibit migratory activity in vitro. Taken together, NT-3 cells resemble mature functional β-cells, while both BON-1 and QGP-1 are more similar to immature/non-functional pancreatic β/δ-cells or pancreatic endocrine progenitors. Based on the recent identification of three transcriptional subtypes in panNETs, NT-3 cells resemble the “islet/insulinoma tumors” (IT) subtype, while BON-1 and QGP-1 cells were tentatively classified as “metastasis-like/primary” (MLP). Our results provide a comprehensive characterization of three panNET cell lines and demonstrate their relevance as neuroendocrine tumor models.
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Chen P, Wang Q, Xie J, Kwok HF. Signaling networks and the feasibility of computational analysis in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Boons G, Vandamme T, Peeters M, Van Camp G, Op de Beeck K. Clinical applications of (epi)genetics in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: Moving towards liquid biopsies. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2019; 20:333-351. [PMID: 31368038 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput analysis, including next-generation sequencing and microarrays, have strongly improved our understanding of cancer biology. However, genomic data on rare cancer types, such as neuroendocrine neoplasms, has been lagging behind. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) develop from endocrine cells spread throughout the body and are highly heterogeneous in biological behavior. In this challenging disease, there is an urgent need for new therapies and new diagnostic, prognostic, follow-up and predictive biomarkers to aid patient management. The last decade, molecular data on neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, termed gastroenteropancreatic NENs (GEP-NENs), has strongly expanded. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the recent advances on (epi)genetic level and highlight their clinical applications to address the current needs in GEP-NENs. We illustrate how molecular alterations can be and are being used as therapeutic targets, how mutations in DAXX/ATRX and copy number variations could be used as prognostic biomarkers, how far we are in identifying predictive biomarkers and how genetics can contribute to GEP-NEN classification. Finally, we discuss recent studies on liquid biopsies in the field of GEP-NENs and illustrate how liquid biopsies can play a role in patient management. In conclusion, molecular studies have suggested multiple potential biomarkers, but further validation is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitta Boons
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Timon Vandamme
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
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Peptides derived from the extracellular domain of the somatostatin receptor splicing variant SST5TMD4 increase malignancy in multiple cancer cell types. Transl Res 2019; 211:147-160. [PMID: 30904441 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular fragments derived from plasma membrane receptors can play relevant roles in the development/progression of tumor pathologies, thereby offering novel diagnostic or therapeutic opportunities. The truncated variant of somatostatin receptor subtype-5, SST5TMD4, is an aberrantly spliced receptor with 4 transmembrane domains, highly overexpressed in several tumor types, whose C-terminal tail is exposed towards the extracellular matrix, and could therefore be the substrate for proteolytic enzymes. In silico analysis implemented herein predicted 2 possible cleavage sites for metalloproteases MMP2, 9, 14, and 16 in its sequence, which could generate 3 releasable peptides. Of note, expression of those MMPs was directly correlated with SST5TMD4 in several cancer-derived cell lines (ie neuroendocrine tumors and prostate, breast, and liver cancers). Moreover, incubation with SST5TMD4-derived peptides enhanced malignancy features in all cancer cell types tested (ie proliferation, migration, etc.) and blunted the antiproliferative response to somatostatin in QGP-1 cells, acting probably through PI3K/AKT and/or MEK/ERK signaling pathways and the modulation of key cancer-associated genes (eg MMPs, MKI67, ACTR2/3, CD24/44). These results suggest that SST5TMD4-derived peptides could contribute to the strong oncogenic role of SST5TMD4 observed in multiple tumor pathologies, and, therefore, represent potential candidates to identify novel diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Biological and Biochemical Basis of the Differential Efficacy of First and Second Generation Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163940. [PMID: 31412614 PMCID: PMC6720449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous somatostatin shows anti-secretory effects in both physiological and pathological settings, as well as inhibitory activity on cell growth. Since somatostatin is not suitable for clinical practice, researchers developed synthetic somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) to overcome this limitation. Currently, SRLs represent pivotal tools in the treatment algorithm of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Octreotide and lanreotide are the first-generation SRLs developed and show a preferential binding affinity to somatostatin receptor (SST) subtype 2, while pasireotide, which is a second-generation SRL, has high affinity for multiple SSTs (SST5 > SST2 > SST3 > SST1). A number of studies demonstrated that first-generation and second-generation SRLs show distinct functional properties, besides the mere receptor affinity. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to critically review the current evidence on the biological effects of SRLs in pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors, by mainly focusing on the differences between first-generation and second-generation ligands.
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Schimmack S, Yang Y, Felix K, Herbst M, Li Y, Schenk M, Bergmann F, Hackert T, Strobel O. C-reactive protein (CRP) promotes malignant properties in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:1007-1019. [PMID: 31234146 PMCID: PMC6652262 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated pre-operative C-reactive protein (CRP) serum values have been reported to be associated with poor overall survival for patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN). The aim of this study was to identify mechanisms linking CRP to poor prognosis in pNEN. METHODS The malignant properties of pNENs were investigated using the human pNEN cell-lines BON1 and QGP1 exposed to CRP or IL-6. Analyses were performed by ELISA, Western blot, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry as well as invasion and proliferation assays. To compare cytokine profiles and CRP levels, 76 serum samples of pNEN patients were analyzed using Luminex technology. In parallel, the expression of CRP and growth signaling pathway proteins was assessed on cell lines and paraffin-embedded primary pNEN. RESULTS In BON1 and QGP1 cells, inflammation (exposure to IL-6) significantly upregulated CRP expression and secretion as well as migratory properties. CRP stimulation of BON1 cells increased IL-6 secretion and invasion. This was accompanied by activation/phosphorylation of the ERK, AKT and/or STAT3 pathways. Although known CRP receptors - CD16, CD32 and CD64 - were not detected on BON1 cells, CRP uptake of pNEN cells was shown after CRP exposure. In patients, increased pre-operative CRP levels (≥5 mg/L) were associated with significantly higher serum levels of IL-6 and G-CSF, as well as with an increased CRP expression and ERK/AKT/STAT3 phosphorylation in pNEN tissue. CONCLUSION The malignant properties of pNEN cells can be stimulated by CRP and IL-6 promoting ERK/AKT/STAT pathways activation as well as invasion, thus linking systemic inflammation and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schimmack
- European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yongchao Yang
- European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Klaus Felix
- European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Herbst
- European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yixiong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miriam Schenk
- European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Allen A, Qin ACR, Raj N, Wang J, Uddin S, Yao Z, Tang L, Meyers PA, Taylor BS, Berger MF, Yaeger R, Reidy-Lagunes D, Pratilas CA. Rare BRAF mutations in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors may predict response to RAF and MEK inhibition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217399. [PMID: 31158244 PMCID: PMC6546234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of BRAF alterations in well-differentiated (WD) metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (panNET) is unknown, but BRAF-mutated panNET could represent a subset characterized by an identifiable and clinically actionable driver. Following the identification of two patients with WD metastatic panNET whose tumors harbored BRAF mutations, we queried the MSK-IMPACT series of 80 patients with WD metastatic panNET for additional mutations in BRAF, and in other genes involved in RAS/ RTK/ PI3K signaling pathways. BRAF mutations were identified in six samples (7.5%): two tumors harbored V600E mutations, one tumor each expressed K601E, T599K, and T310I mutations, and one tumor expressed both G596D and E451K BRAF. Few additional actionable driver alterations were identified. To determine the ERK activating capability of four BRAF mutations not previously characterized, mutant constructs were tested in model systems. Biochemical characterization of BRAF mutations revealed both high and low activity mutants. Engineered cells expressing BRAF K601E and V600E were used for in vitro drug testing of RAF and MEK inhibitors currently in clinical use. BRAF K601E demonstrated reduced sensitivity to dabrafenib compared to BRAF V600E, but the combination of RAF plus MEK inhibition was effective in cells expressing this mutation. Herein, we describe the clinical course of a patient with BRAF K601E and a patient with BRAF V600E WD metastatic panNET, and the identification of four mutations in BRAF not previously characterized. The combined clinical and biochemical data support a potential role for RAF and MEK inhibitors, or a combination of these, in a selected panNET population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Allen
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alice Can Ran Qin
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nitya Raj
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jiawan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharmeen Uddin
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhan Yao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Tang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Barry S. Taylor
- Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rona Yaeger
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Diane Reidy-Lagunes
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Pratilas
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nicolson NG, Korah R, Carling T. Adrenocortical cancer cell line mutational profile reveals aggressive genetic background. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:179-186. [PMID: 30870809 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinomas are rare tumors with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Although widely used as in vitro models to test novel therapeutic strategies, the adrenocortical carcinoma-derived cell lines NCI-H295R and SW-13 have only partially been described genetically. Our aim was to characterize the mutational landscape of these cells to improve their experimental utility and map them to clinical subtypes of adrenocortical carcinoma. Genomic DNA from NCI-H295R and SW-13 cells was subjected to whole-exome sequencing. Variants were filtered for non-synonymous mutations and curated for validated adrenocortical and pan-cancer driver gene mutations. Genes mutated in the cell lines were mapped using gene ontology and protein pathway tools to determine signaling effects and compared to mutational and clinical characteristics of 92 adrenocortical carcinoma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas. NCI-H295R and SW-13 cells carried 1325 and 1836 non-synonymous variants, respectively. Of these, 61 and 76 were known cancer driver genes, of which 32 were shared between cell lines. Variant interaction analyses demonstrated dominant TP53 dysregulation in both cell lines complemented by distinct WNT (NCI-H295R) and chromatin remodeling (SW-13) pathway perturbations. Both cell lines genetically resemble more aggressive adrenocortical carcinomas with worse prognosis, for which development of targeted therapies is most critical. Careful incorporation of the genetic landscapes outlined in this study will further the in vitro utility of these cell lines in testing for novel therapeutic approaches for adrenocortical malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman G Nicolson
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Scarpa A. The landscape of molecular alterations in pancreatic and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:153-158. [PMID: 31072588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (GEP-NENs) arise throughout the gut and feature varying biological behaviour and malignant potential. GEP-NENs include two genetically different entities, well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC). NECs are characterized by a dismal prognosis and by distinctive TP53 and RB1 inactivation which sets them apart from NETs. The latter, conversely, have a wide spectrum of aggressiveness and molecular alterations. Knowledge on their biology has recently expanded thanks to high-throughput studies focused on two important groups of well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms: pancreatic (PanNETs) and small intestinal (SiNETs) tumours. PanNETs have been among the most studied also due to genetic syndromes featuring their onset. Research stemming from this observation has uncovered the inactivation of MEN1, VHL, TSC1/2, and the hyperactivation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway as distinctive biological features of these neoplasms. Next-Generation Sequencing added information on the role of telomere lengthening via ATRX/DAXX inactivation in a fraction of PanNETs, while other display shortened telomeres and recurrent chromosomal alterations. The data so far disclosed a heterogeneous combination of driver events, yet converging into four pathways including DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, PI3K/mTOR signalling and telomere maintenance. SiNETs showed a lesser relationship with mutational driver events, even in the case of familial cases. High throughput studies identified putative driver mutations in CDKN1 and APC which, however, were reported in a minor fraction (∼10%) of cases. Tumorigenesis of SiNETs seems to depend more on chromosomal alterations (loss of chromosome 8, gains at 4, 5 and 20) and epigenetic events, which converge to hyperactivate the PI3K/mTOR, MAPK and Wnt pathways. While calling for further integrative studies, these data lay previous and recent findings in a more defined frame and provide clinical research with several candidate markers for patient stratification and companion diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Scarpa
- RC-Net Centre for applied research on cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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41
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Mafficini A, Scarpa A. Genetics and Epigenetics of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:506-536. [PMID: 30657883 PMCID: PMC6534496 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous regarding site of origin, biological behavior, and malignant potential. There has been a rapid increase in data publication during the last 10 years, mainly driven by high-throughput studies on pancreatic and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This review summarizes the present knowledge on genetic and epigenetic alterations. We integrated the available information from each compartment to give a pathway-based overview. This provided a summary of the critical alterations sustaining neoplastic cells. It also highlighted similarities and differences across anatomical locations and points that need further investigation. GEP-NENs include well-differentiated NETs and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). NENs are graded as G1, G2, or G3 based on mitotic count and/or Ki-67 labeling index, NECs are G3 by definition. The distinction between NETs and NECs is also linked to their genetic background, as TP53 and RB1 inactivation in NECs set them apart from NETs. A large number of genetic and epigenetic alterations have been reported. Recurrent changes have been traced back to a reduced number of core pathways, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In pancreatic tumors, chromatin remodeling/histone methylation and telomere alteration are also affected. However, also owing to the paucity of disease models, further research is necessary to fully integrate and functionalize data on deregulated pathways to recapitulate the large heterogeneity of behaviors displayed by these tumors. This is expected to impact diagnostics, prognostic stratification, and planning of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Finnerty BM, Moore MD, Verma A, Aronova A, Huang S, Edwards DP, Chen Z, Seandel M, Scognamiglio T, Du YCN, Elemento O, Zarnegar R, Min IM, Fahey TJ. UCHL1 loss alters the cell-cycle in metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:411-423. [PMID: 30689542 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) expression by CpG promoter hypermethylation is associated with metastasis in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; however, the mechanism of how UCHL1 loss contributes to metastatic potential remains unclear. In this study, we first confirmed that loss of UCHL1 expression on immunohistochemistry was significantly associated with metastatic tumors in a translational pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) cohort, with a sensitivity and specificity of 78% and 89%, respectively. To study the mechanism driving this aggressive phenotype, BON and QGP-1 metastatic PNET cell lines, which do not produce UCHL1, were stably transfected to re-express UCHL1. In vitro assays, RNA-sequencing, and reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) analyses were performed comparing empty-vector negative controls and UCHL1-expressing cell lines. UCHL1 re-expression is associated with lower anchorage-independent colony growth in BON cells, lower colony formation in QGP cells, and a higher percentage of cells in the G0/G1 cell-cycle phase in BON and QGP cells. On RPPA proteomic analysis, there was an upregulation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins CHK2 (1.2 fold change, p=0.004) and P21 (1.2 fold change, p=0.023) in BON cells expressing UCHL1; western blot confirmed upregulation of phosphorylated CHK2 and P21. There were no transcriptomic differences detected on RNA-Sequencing between empty-vector negative controls and UCHL1-expressing cell lines. In conclusion, UCHL1 loss correlates with metastatic potential in PNETs and its re-expression induces a less aggressive phenotype in vitro, in part by inducing cell-cycle arrest through post-translational regulation of phosphorylated CHK2. UCHL1 re-expression should be considered as a functional biomarker in detecting PNETs capable of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen D Moore
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna Aronova
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marco Seandel
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Theresa Scognamiglio
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Nancy Du
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rasa Zarnegar
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irene M Min
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J Fahey
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Wu S, Zhou J, Guo J, Hua Z, Li J, Wang Z. Apatinib inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in PNET models. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:8-19. [PMID: 30557852 PMCID: PMC6330719 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis has a pivotal role in the growth and metastasis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). Apatinib inhibits angiogenesis as a highly selective KDR inhibitor and has been used to treat advanced gastric cancer and malignancies in clinical settings. However, the efficacy of apatinib in PNETs remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the antitumor efficacy of apatinib with that of the standard PNET drug sunitinib in our subcutaneous and liver metastasis models of insulinoma and non-functional PNET. Our results revealed that apatinib had a generally comparable or even superior antitumor effect to that of sunitinib on primary PNET, and it inhibited angiogenesis without directly causing tumor cell cytotoxicity. Apatinib inhibited the tumor in a dose-dependent manner, and the high dose was well tolerated in mice. We also found that the apatinib efficacy in liver metastasis models was cell-type (disease) selective. Although apatinib efficiently inhibited INR1G9-represented non-functional PNET liver metastasis, it led to the emergence of a hypoxic area in the INS-1-represented insulinoma and promoted liver metastasis. Our study demonstrated that apatinib has promise for clinical applications in certain malignant PNETs, and the application of anti-angiogenesis drugs to benign insulinomas may require careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Cancer Stem Cell Institute, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Cancer Stem Cell Institute, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan Hua
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Z Hua, J Li or Z Wang: , or
| | - Jianchen Li
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Z Hua, J Li or Z Wang: , or
| | - Zai Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Z Hua, J Li or Z Wang: , or
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Vandamme T, Beyens M, Boons G, Schepers A, Kamp K, Biermann K, Pauwels P, De Herder WW, Hofland LJ, Peeters M, Van Camp G, Op de Beeck K. Hotspot DAXX, PTCH2 and CYFIP2 mutations in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:1-12. [PMID: 30021865 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in DAXX/ATRX, MEN1 and genes involved in the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway have been implicated in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs). However, mainly mutations present in the majority of tumor cells have been identified, while proliferation-driving mutations could be present only in small fractions of the tumor. This study aims to identify high- and low-abundance mutations in pNENs using ultra-deep targeted resequencing. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded matched tumor-normal tissue of 38 well-differentiated pNENs was sequenced using a HaloPlex targeted resequencing panel. Novel amplicon-based algorithms were used to identify both single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertion-deletions (indels) present in >10% of reads (high abundance) and in <10% of reads (low abundance). Found variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. Sequencing resulted in 416,711,794 reads with an average target base coverage of 2663 ± 1476. Across all samples, 32 high-abundance somatic, 3 germline and 30 low-abundance mutations were withheld after filtering and validation. Overall, 92% of high-abundance and 84% of low-abundance mutations were predicted to be protein damaging. Frequently, mutated genes were MEN1, DAXX, ATRX, TSC2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK-ERK pathway-related genes. Additionally, recurrent alterations on the same genomic position, so-called hotspot mutations, were found in DAXX, PTCH2 and CYFIP2. This first ultra-deep sequencing study highlighted genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity in pNEN, by the presence of low-abundance mutations. The importance of the ATRX/DAXX pathway was confirmed by the first-ever pNEN-specific protein-damaging hotspot mutation in DAXX. In this study, both novel genes, including the pro-apoptotic CYFIP2 gene and hedgehog signaling PTCH2, and novel pathways, such as the MAPK-ERK pathway, were implicated in pNEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vandamme
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Beyens
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G Boons
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Schepers
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - K Kamp
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Biermann
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Pauwels
- Department of Pathology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - W W De Herder
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Hofland
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Peeters
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - K Op de Beeck
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Lewis CS, Thomas HE, Orr-Asman M, Green LC, Boody RE, Matiash K, Karve A, Hisada YM, Davis HW, Qi X, Mercer C, Lucas FV, Aronow BJ, Mackman N, Versteeg HH, Bogdanov VY. mTOR kinase inhibition reduces tissue factor expression and growth of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:169-182. [PMID: 30472780 PMCID: PMC6345540 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Tissue factor (TF) isoforms are expressed in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET). TF knockdown inhibits proliferation of human pNET cells in vitro. mTOR kinase inhibitor sapanisertib/MLN0128 suppresses TF expression in human pNET cells. Sapanisertib suppresses TF expression and activity and reduces the growth of pNET tumors in vivo. SUMMARY: Background Full-length tissue factor (flTF) and alternatively spliced TF (asTF) contribute to growth and spread of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. It is unknown, however, if flTF and/or asTF contribute to the pathobiology of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs). Objective To assess TF expression in pNETs and the effects of mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) inhibition on pNET growth. Methods Human pNET specimens were immunostained for TF. Human pNET cell lines QGP1 and BON were evaluated for TF expression and responsiveness to mTOR inhibition. shRNA were used to knock down TF in BON. TF cofactor activity was assessed using a two-step FXa generation assay. TF promoter activity was assessed using transient transfection of human TF promoter-driven reporter constructs into cells. Mice bearing orthotopic BON tumors were treated with the mTORC1/2 ATP site competitive inhibitor sapanisertib/MLN0128 (3 mg kg-1 , oral gavage) for 34 days. Results Immunostaining of pNET tissue revealed flTF and asTF expression. BON and QGP1 expressed both TF isoforms, with BON exhibiting higher levels. shRNA directed against TF suppressed BON proliferation in vitro. Treatment of BON with sapanisertib inhibited mTOR signaling and suppressed TF levels. BON tumors grown in mice treated with sapanisertib had significantly less TF protein and cofactor activity, and were smaller compared with tumors grown in control mice. Conclusions TF isoforms are expressed in pNETs. Sapanisertib suppresses TF mRNA and protein expression as well as TF cofactor activity in vitro and in vivo. Thus, further studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical utility of TF-suppressing mTORC1/2 inhibitor sapanisertib in pNET management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton S Lewis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Hala Elnakat Thomas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Melissa Orr-Asman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Lisa C Green
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Rachel E Boody
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Kateryna Matiash
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Aniruddha Karve
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Yohei M. Hisada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Harold W Davis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Carol Mercer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Fred V Lucas
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Bruce J. Aronow
- Computational Medicine and Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Henri H Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center
| | - Vladimir Y Bogdanov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
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Cuny T, de Herder W, Barlier A, Hofland LJ. Role of the tumor microenvironment in digestive neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R519-R544. [PMID: 30306777 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) represent a group of heterogeneous tumors whose incidence increased over the past few years. Around half of patients already present with metastatic disease at the initial diagnosis. Despite extensive efforts, cytotoxic and targeted therapies have provided only limited efficacy for patients with metastatic GEP-NETs, mainly due to the development of a certain state of resistance. One factor contributing to both the failure of systemic therapies and the emergence of an aggressive tumor phenotype may be the tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising dynamic and adaptative assortment of extracellular matrix components and non-neoplastic cells, which surround the tumor niche. Accumulating evidence shows that the TME can simultaneously support both tumor growth and metastasis and contribute to a certain state of resistance to treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the TME of GEP-NETs and discuss the current therapeutic agents that target GEP-NETs and those that could be of interest in the (near) future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cuny
- Division Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Marseille, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Marseille, France
| | - Wouter de Herder
- Division Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Barlier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), Marseille, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Marseille, France
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hofving T, Arvidsson Y, Almobarak B, Inge L, Pfragner R, Persson M, Stenman G, Kristiansson E, Johanson V, Nilsson O. The neuroendocrine phenotype, genomic profile and therapeutic sensitivity of GEPNET cell lines. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25. [PMID: 29540494 PMCID: PMC8133373 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hofving
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence should be addressed to T Hofving:
| | - Yvonne Arvidsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bilal Almobarak
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Inge
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roswitha Pfragner
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marta Persson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Stenman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Kristiansson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Viktor Johanson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Li D, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Lin Y, Yu M, Lu X, Huang B, Sun Z, Jian Z, Hou B. Decreased expression of LKB1 predicts poor prognosis in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients undergoing curative resection. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:1259-1265. [PMID: 29563804 PMCID: PMC5846316 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s154168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a key regulatory protein of cellular metabolism, proliferation, and polarity. The present study aimed to characterize the expression pattern of LKB1 in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) and evaluate the relationship between LKB1 expression and prognosis in pNETs. Patients and methods We retrospectively analyzed the pathologic and clinical data of 71 pNET patients who underwent curative surgical resection in Guangdong General Hospital. LKB1 mRNA and protein levels in tumor tissues and paired nontumor tissues were evaluated in 24 patients by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Immunohistochemical expression of LKB1 in tumor tissues was detected in all of the 71 patients, and the immunohistochemical expression level was re-coded in two classes (high versus low/negative) and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcomes. The association between LKB1 expression and clinicopathological characters was evaluated by chi-square test and Student’s t-test. Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank test were used to analyze the survival outcomes, including overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results Compared to adjacent normal tissues, LKB1 mRNA level and protein expression level in tumor tissues were both increased. The immunostaining of LKB1 was mainly found within the cytoplasm. Overall, 52 of 71 (73.2%) cases were positive for LKB1 protein, which showed either a diffuse staining pattern or a partial staining pattern. Decreased LKB1 expression was correlated with older age (P=0.042), increased Ki-67 index (P=0.004), increased mitotic count (P=0.001), and advanced histologic grade (P=0.001). Moreover, patients with low/negative LKB1 expression had shorter OS and DFS than those with high expression. Conclusion Our results suggested that LKB1 expression could be a useful prognostic marker for recurrence and survival in pNET patients who had received curative resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghai Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Jian
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohua Hou
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Hofving T, Arvidsson Y, Almobarak B, Inge L, Pfragner R, Persson M, Stenman G, Kristiansson E, Johanson V, Nilsson O. The neuroendocrine phenotype, genomic profile and therapeutic sensitivity of GEPNET cell lines. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:367-380. [PMID: 29444910 PMCID: PMC5827037 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models of neuroendocrine tumour disease are scarce, and no comprehensive characterisation of existing gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (GEPNET) cell lines has been reported. In this study, we aimed to define the molecular characteristics and therapeutic sensitivity of these cell lines. We therefore performed immunophenotyping, copy number profiling, whole-exome sequencing and a large-scale inhibitor screening of seven GEPNET cell lines. Four cell lines, GOT1, P-STS, BON-1 and QGP-1, displayed a neuroendocrine phenotype while three others, KRJ-I, L-STS and H-STS, did not. Instead, these three cell lines were identified as lymphoblastoid. Characterisation of remaining authentic GEPNET cell lines by copy number profiling showed that GOT1, among other chromosomal alterations, harboured losses on chromosome 18 encompassing the SMAD4 gene, while P-STS had a loss on 11q. BON-1 had a homozygous loss of CDKN2A and CDKN2B, and QGP-1 harboured amplifications of MDM2 and HMGA2 Whole-exome sequencing revealed both disease-characteristic mutations (e.g. ATRX mutation in QGP-1) and, for patient tumours, rare genetic events (e.g. TP53 mutation in P-STS, BON-1 and QGP-1). A large-scale inhibitor screening showed that cell lines from pancreatic NETs to a greater extent, when compared to small intestinal NETs, were sensitive to inhibitors of MEK. Similarly, neuroendocrine NET cells originating from the small intestine were considerably more sensitive to a group of HDAC inhibitors. Taken together, our results provide a comprehensive characterisation of GEPNET cell lines, demonstrate their relevance as neuroendocrine tumour models and explore their therapeutic sensitivity to a broad range of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hofving
- Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterDepartment of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Arvidsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterDepartment of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bilal Almobarak
- Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterDepartment of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Inge
- Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterDepartment of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roswitha Pfragner
- Institute of Pathophysiology and ImmunologyCenter for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marta Persson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterDepartment of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Stenman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterDepartment of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Kristiansson
- Department of Mathematical SciencesChalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Viktor Johanson
- Department of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer CenterDepartment of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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50
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Kawasaki K, Fujii M, Sato T. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: genes, therapies and models. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/2/dmm029595. [PMID: 29590641 PMCID: PMC5894937 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) refer to a group of heterogeneous cancers of neuroendocrine cell phenotype that mainly fall into one of two subtypes: gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs; well differentiated) or gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas (GEP-NECs; poorly differentiated). Although originally defined as orphan cancers, their steadily increasing incidence highlights the need to better understand their etiology. Accumulating epidemiological and clinical data have shed light on the pathological characteristics of these diseases. However, the relatively low number of patients has hampered conducting large-scale clinical trials and hence the development of novel treatment strategies. To overcome this limitation, tractable disease models that faithfully reflect clinical features of these diseases are needed. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of the genetics and biology of these diseases based on conventional disease models, such as genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and cell lines, and discuss the phenotypic differences between the models and affected humans. We also highlight the emerging disease models derived from human clinical samples, including patient-derived xenograft models and organoids, which may provide biological and therapeutic insights into GEP-NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kawasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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