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Zhao H, Qian H, Cui J, Ge Z, Shi J, Huo Y, Zhang Y, Ye L. Endocrine toxicity of atrazine and its underlying mechanisms. Toxicology 2024; 505:153846. [PMID: 38815618 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is one of the most widely utilized herbicides globally and is prevalent in the environment due to its extensive use and long half-life. It can infiltrate the human body through drinking water, ingestion, and dermal contact, and has been recognized as an environmental endocrine disruptor. This study aims to comprehensively outline the detrimental impacts of ATR on the endocrine system. Previous research indicates that ATR is harmful to various bodily systems, including the reproductive system, nervous system, adrenal glands, and thyroi d gland. The toxic effects of ATR on the endocrine system and its underlying molecular mechanisms are summarized as follows: influencing the expression of kisspeptin in the HPG axis, consequently affecting steroid synthesis; disrupting DNA synthesis and meiosis, as well as modifying DNA methylation levels, leading to reproductive and developmental toxicity; impacting dopamine by altering Nurr1, VMAT2, and DAT expression, consequently affecting dopamine synthesis and transporter expression, and influencing other neurotransmitters, resulting in neurotoxicity; and changing adipose tissue synthesis and metabolism by reducing basal metabolism, impairing cellular oxidative phosphorylation, and inducing insulin resistance. Additionally, a compilation of natural products used to mitigate the toxic effects of ATR has been provided, encompassing melatonin, curcumin, quercetin, lycopene, flavonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and other natural remedies. It is important to note that existing research predominantly relies on in vitro and ex vivo experiments, with limited population-based empirical evidence available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honghao Qian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianwei Cui
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhili Ge
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingchao Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuezhu Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Ricci EL, Zaccarelli-Magalhães J, Pantaleon LP, De-Paula LR, Ribeiro GM, Abreu GR, Muñoz JWP, Mendonça M, Fukushima AR, Spinosa HS. Peripubertal exposure of atrazine cause decrease in exploratory activity, deficits in sociability and few alterations on brain monoaminergic systems of rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116819. [PMID: 38215996 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Atrazine is a pesticide used to control weeds in both in pre- and post-emergence crops. The chronic exposure to atrazine can lead to severe damage in animals, especially in the endocrine and reproduction systems, leading to the inclusion of this pesticide into the endocrine disrupting chemicals group. Studies with rats showed that atrazine exposure during lactation in dams caused changes in the juvenile offspring, however; there is still limited information regarding the effects of atrazine during puberty. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of peripubertal exposure of atrazine in rats, assessing motor activity, social behavior and neurochemical alterations. Juvenile rats were treated with different doses of atrazine (0, 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg) by gavage from postnatal day 22 to 41. Behavioral tests were conducted for the evaluation of motor activity and social behavior, and neurochemical evaluation was done in order to assess monoamine levels. Atrazine caused behavioral alterations, evidenced by decrease in the exploratory activity (p values variation between 0.05 and 0.0001) and deficits in the social behavior of both male and females as adults (p values variation between 0.01 and 0.0001). As for the monoaminergic neurotransmission, atrazine led to very few alterations on the dopamine and serotonin systems that were limited to the females (p < 0.05). Altogether, the results suggests that peripubertal exposure of atrazine cause behavioral and neurochemical alterations. More studies need to be conducted to fully understand the differences in atrazine's effects and its use should be considered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther L Ricci
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Health Science Institute, Presbyterian Mackenzie University, Rua da Consolação, 930, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil; School of Health Sciences IGESP, Rua da Consolação, 1025, 01301-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Zaccarelli-Magalhães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lorena P Pantaleon
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil; Centro Universitário das Américas, Rua Augusta, 1508, 01304-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R De-Paula
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Abreu
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana W P Muñoz
- Centro Universitário das Américas, Rua Augusta, 1508, 01304-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Centro Universitário das Américas, Rua Augusta, 1508, 01304-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André R Fukushima
- School of Health Sciences IGESP, Rua da Consolação, 1025, 01301-000 São Paulo, Brazil; Centro Universitário das Américas, Rua Augusta, 1508, 01304-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helenice S Spinosa
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil
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Das S, Sakr H, Al-Huseini I, Jetti R, Al-Qasmi S, Sugavasi R, Sirasanagandla SR. Atrazine Toxicity: The Possible Role of Natural Products for Effective Treatment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2278. [PMID: 37375903 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
There are various herbicides which were used in the agriculture industry. Atrazine (ATZ) is a chlorinated triazine herbicide that consists of a ring structure, known as the triazine ring, along with a chlorine atom and five nitrogen atoms. ATZ is a water-soluble herbicide, which makes it capable of easily infiltrating into majority of the aquatic ecosystems. There are reports of toxic effects of ATZ on different systems of the body but, unfortunately, majority of these scientific reports were documented in animals. The herbicide was reported to enter the body through various routes. The toxicity of the herbicide can cause deleterious effects on the respiratory, reproductive, endocrine, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, and urinary systems of the human body. Alarmingly, few studies in industrial workers showed ATZ exposure leading to cancer. We embarked on the present review to discuss the mechanism of action of ATZ toxicity for which there is no specific antidote or drug. Evidence-based published literature on the effective use of natural products such as lycopene, curcumin, Panax ginseng, Spirulina platensis, Fucoidans, vitamin C, soyabeans, quercetin, L-carnitine, Telfairia occidentalis, vitamin E, Garcinia kola, melatonin, selenium, Isatis indigotica, polyphenols, Acacia nilotica, and Zingiber officinale were discussed in detail. In the absence of any particular allopathic drug, the present review may open the doors for future drug design involving the natural products and their active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijit Das
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Hussein Sakr
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Isehaq Al-Huseini
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Raghu Jetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Al-Qasmi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Raju Sugavasi
- Department of Anatomy, Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa 516003, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
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Silva M, Kwok RKH. Use of computational toxicology models to predict toxicological points of departure: A case study with triazine herbicides. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:525-544. [PMID: 36584090 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrazine simazine and propazine, widely used triazine herbicides on food crops and in residential areas, disrupt the neuroendocrine system raising human health concerns. USEPA developed a PBPK model based on triazine common Mode of Action (MOA)-suppression of luteinizing hormone surge in female rats-to generate human regulatory points of departure (POD: mg/kg/day). We compared triazine Human Administered Equivalent Dose (AEDHuman mg/kg/day) predictions from open access computational tools to the PBPK PODs to assess concordance. METHODS Computational tools were the following: ToxCast/Tox21 in vitro assays; Toxicogenomic databases to assess concordance with ToxCast/Tox21 targets; integrated chemical environment (ICE) models with ToxCast/Tox21 inputs to predict AEDHuman PODs and population-based age-refined high throughput toxicokinetics (HTTK-Pop) to compare to age-related PBPK PODs. RESULTS ToxCast/Tox21 assays identified critical targets in the triazine common MOA and gene databases; ICE AEDHuman predictions were mainly concordant with the USEPA PBPK PODs quantitatively. Low fold-differences between PBPK POD and ICE AEDHuman predictions indicated that the ICE models are health-protective. HTTK-Pop age-refinements were within 10-fold of the USEPA PBPK PODs. CONCLUSIONS CompTox tools were used to identify assay targets in the MOA and identify potential molecular initiating targets in the adverse outcome pathway for potential use in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Silva
- Retired from the California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
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Yun Y, Lee S, So C, Manhas R, Kim C, Wibowo T, Hori M, Hunter N. Oocyte Development and Quality in Young and Old Mice following Exposure to Atrazine. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:117007. [PMID: 36367780 PMCID: PMC9651182 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg development has unique features that render it vulnerable to environmental perturbation. The herbicide atrazine is an endocrine disruptor shown to have detrimental effects on reproduction across several vertebrate species. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine whether exposure to low levels of atrazine impairs meiosis in female mammals, using a mouse model; in particular, the study's researchers sought to determine whether and how the fidelity of oocyte chromosome segregation may be affected and whether aging-related aneuploidy is exacerbated. METHODS Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to two levels of atrazine in drinking water: The higher level equaled aqueous saturation, and the lower level corresponded to detected environmental contamination. To model developmental exposure, atrazine was ingested by pregnant females at 0.5 d post coitum and continued until pups were weaned at 21 d postpartum. For adult exposure, 2-month-old females ingested atrazine for 3 months. Following exposure, various indicators of oocyte development and quality were determined, including: a) chromosome synapsis and crossing over in fetal oocytes using immunofluorescence staining of prophase-I chromosome preparations; b) sizes of follicle pools in sectioned ovaries; c) efficiencies of in vitro fertilization and early embryogenesis; d) chromosome alignment and segregation in cultured oocytes; e) chromosomal errors in metaphase-I and -II (MI and MII) preparations; and f) sister-chromatid cohesion via immunofluorescence intensity of cohesin subunit REC8 on MI-chromosome preparations, and measurement of interkinetochore distances in MII preparations. RESULTS Mice exposed to atrazine during development showed slightly higher levels of defects in chromosome synapsis, but sizes of initial follicle pools were indistinguishable from controls. However, although more eggs were ovulated, oocyte quality was lower. At the chromosome level, frequencies of spindle misalignment and numerical and structural abnormalities were greater at both meiotic divisions. In vitro fertilization was less efficient, and there were more apoptotic cells in blastocysts derived from eggs of atrazine-exposed females. Similar levels of chromosomal defects were seen in oocytes following both developmental and adult exposure regimens, suggesting quiescent primordial follicles may be a consequential target of atrazine. An important finding was that defects were observed long after exposure was terminated. Moreover, chromosomally abnormal eggs were very frequent in older mice, implying that atrazine exposure during development exacerbates effects of maternal aging on oocyte quality. Indeed, analogous to the effects of maternal age, weaker cohesion between sister chromatids was observed in oocytes from atrazine-exposed animals. CONCLUSION Low-level atrazine exposure caused persistent changes to the female mammalian germline in mice, with potential consequences for reproductive lifespan and congenital disease. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11343.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sunkyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christina So
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rushali Manhas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carol Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tabitha Wibowo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Hori
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Neil Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Reshi MS, Mustafa RA, Javaid D, Haque S. Pesticide Toxicity Associated with Infertility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1391:59-69. [PMID: 36472816 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12966-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have benefited mankind in many ways like agriculture, industrial and health sectors. On the other hand, conversely their deleterious effects in both, humans and animals are also alarming. Pesticides including organophosphates, organochlorines, carbamates, pyrethrins and pyrethroids are found sufficiently in the environment resulting in everyday human exposure. This is of a huge concern because most of the pesticides are known to target all the physiological functions of both humans and animals. Indeed, reproduction, being one of the most important physiological processes, that is affected by the daily exposure to pesticides and leading to infertility issues. The present study summarizes the exposure of men and women to certain pesticides resulting in different infertility concerns like sperm abnormalities, decreased fertility, abnormal sperm count and motility, testicular atrophy, ovarian dysfunction, spontaneous abortions, disruption of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, etc. So, this article will be helpful in perceiving the mechanism of reproductive toxicity of different pesticides and their management before any alarm of danger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salim Reshi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rashaid Ali Mustafa
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Darakhshan Javaid
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Stradtman SC, Freeman JL. Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Associated with Exposure to the Herbicide Atrazine. TOXICS 2021; 9:207. [PMID: 34564358 PMCID: PMC8473009 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine is an herbicide commonly used on crops to prevent broadleaf weeds. Atrazine is an endocrine-disrupting chemical mainly targeting the neuroendocrine system and associated axes, especially as a reproductive toxicant through attenuation of the luteinizing hormone (LH). Current regulatory levels for chronic exposure are based on no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of these LH alterations in rodent studies. Atrazine has also been studied for its effects on the central nervous system and neurotransmission. The European Union (EU) recognized the health risks of atrazine exposure as a public health concern with no way to contain contamination of drinking water. As such, the EU banned atrazine use in 2003. The United States recently reapproved atrazine's use in the fall of 2020. Research has shown that there is a wide array of adverse health effects that are seen across multiple models, exposure times, and exposure periods leading to dysfunction in many different systems in the body with most pointing to a neuroendocrine target of toxicity. There is evidence of crosstalk between systems that can be affected by atrazine exposure, causing widespread dysfunction and leading to changes in behavior even with no direct link to the hypothalamus. The hypothetical mechanism of toxicity of atrazine endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity can therefore be described as a web of pathways that are influenced through changes occurring in each and their multiple feedback loops with further research needed to refine NOAELs for neurotoxic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L. Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
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Abass K, Pelkonen O, Rautio A. Chloro-s-triazines-toxicokinetic, Toxicodynamic, Human Exposure, and Regulatory Considerations. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:645-656. [PMID: 34218777 PMCID: PMC8811613 DOI: 10.2174/1389200222666210701164945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chloro-s-triazines-atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, simazine, and terbuthylazine-are structurally similar herbicides, differing only in specific s-triazine4-and 6-N alkyl substituents. It is generally regarded that their toxicokinetics, such as, metabolic pathways, biological effects and toxicities, also share more similar features than the differences. Consequently, it is useful to compare their characteristics to potentially find useful structure-activity relationships or other similarities or differences regarding different active compounds, their metabolites, and biological effects including toxic outcomes. The ultimate goal of these exercises is to apply the summarized knowledge-as far as it is possible regarding a patchy and often inadequate database-to cross the in vitro-in vivo and animal-human borders and integrate the available data to enhance toxicological risk assessment for the benefit of humans and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Medicine, Arctic Health, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; E-mails: ,
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Graceli JB, Dettogni RS, Merlo E, Niño O, da Costa CS, Zanol JF, Ríos Morris EA, Miranda-Alves L, Denicol AC. The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure in the mammalian hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110997. [PMID: 32841708 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HP axis) plays a critical and integrative role in the endocrine system control to maintain homeostasis. The HP axis is responsible for the hormonal events necessary to regulate the thyroid, adrenal glands, gonads, somatic growth, among other functions. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a worldwide public health concern. There is growing evidence that exposure to EDCs such as bisphenol A (BPA), some phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and biphenyls (PBBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), tributyltin (TBT), and atrazine (ATR), is associated with HP axis abnormalities. EDCs act on hormone receptors and their downstream signaling pathways and can interfere with hormone synthesis, metabolism, and actions. Because the HP axis function is particularly sensitive to endogenous hormonal changes, disruptions by EDCs can alter HP axis proper function, leading to important endocrine irregularities. Here, we review the evidence that EDCs could directly affect the mammalian HP axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Raquel S Dettogni
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Merlo
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Oscar Niño
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Jordana F Zanol
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo. Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, CEP: 290440-090 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo A Ríos Morris
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Anna C Denicol
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Opute PA, Udoko AO, Oboh IP, Mbajiorgu FE. Changes induced by atrazine in Clarias gariepinus provide insight into alterations in ovarian histoarchitecture and direct effects on oogenesis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 56:30-40. [PMID: 33052060 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1832409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Clarias gariepinus juveniles were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of 0 (control), 2.5, 25, 250 and 500 μg L-1 atrazine in a quality-controlled 28-day laboratory procedure. Findings revealed a significant decrease in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin relative to control (p < 0.05). Atrazine reduced the levels of testosterone while increasing the concentration of progesterone. Histologically, the control and treatments presented three stages of oocyte maturation: the chromatin nucleolar oocyte stage, early perinucleolar oocyte stage and the vitellogenic oocyte stage. However, in the ovaries of the treatment group with the lowest treatment concentration (2.5 μg L-1), atretic oocytes with broken membranes invaded many of the dead ova and empty spaces. In other treatments (25, 250 and 500 μg L-1), interfollicular spaces, vacuolation in oocyte formation, and dissolution of oocyte walls were observed. Disruption of the yolk vesicle and clumping of the cytoplasm in maturing oocytes was observed only at the highest atrazine concentration (500 μg L-1). Gross alterations in ovarian histoarchitecture and reproductive hormone levels observed in this study showed interference with oogenesis which may result in reduced egg viability and fecundity in fish with ecological implications in water bodies exposed to atrazine even at reduced concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Ashibudike Opute
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management,, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Agnes Oghogho Udoko
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma Patience Oboh
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Felix Ejikeme Mbajiorgu
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Kimura M, Ishii MN, Seki N, Sakai Y, Yamashita T, Awatsuji H, Kanda K, Matsumoto K, Matsui H. Reduction of Kiss1 expression in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus is associated with atrazine-induced attenuation of the luteinizing hormone surge in female rats. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:41-48. [PMID: 30010721 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrazine, a commonly used herbicide, suppresses the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in female rats, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Kisspeptin, encoded by the Kiss1 gene, is a hypothalamic peptide that controls gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release from the GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) are involved in regulating pre-ovulatory GnRH and LH surge. To clarify the effect of atrazine on the LH surge in female rats, we investigated its effects on hypothalamic GnRH and kisspeptin. Ovariectomized female rats in a high-dose estradiol supplementation model were orally administered vehicle or 100 mg/kg of atrazine once daily for 5 days. This attenuated the LH surge but did not affect baseline LH levels, with no difference in hypothalamic GnRH levels between the vehicle-treated and atrazine-treated animals. After the fifth treatment, subcutaneous administration of kisspeptin (at 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 nmol/kg) induced a dose-dependent LH release almost equivalent in the vehicle- and atrazine-treated animals, suggesting that GnRH neurons maintain normal responsiveness to kisspeptin. However, Kiss1 mRNA expression levels in the AVPV were significantly reduced in the atrazine-treated animals. Given the normal response of GnRH neurons to exogenously administered kisspeptin, the suppressive effect of atrazine may be explained by suppression of Kiss1 expression in the AVPV leading to the attenuation of kisspeptin release from kisspeptin neurons in the AVPV. Further studies are warranted to elucidate more precisely the mechanism of atrazine's involvement in the suppression of Kiss1 mRNA expression in the AVPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kimura
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Misawa Niki Ishii
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Seki
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumi Sakai
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Yamashita
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Awatsuji
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kanda
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsumoto
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisanori Matsui
- Extra Value Generation Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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12
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Henderson AJ, Finger BJ, Scott AW, Harvey AJ, Green MP. Acute in vitro exposure to environmentally relevant atrazine levels perturbs bovine preimplantation embryo metabolism and cell number. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 87:87-96. [PMID: 31129258 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine is a widely used herbicide known to negatively alter endocrine systems and perturb metabolism. Preimplantation exposure to pesticides may adversely affect long-term health, however few studies examine the effect of environmental levels and whether specific periods of development are particularly sensitive. In this study, the effect of acute, preimplantation atrazine exposure (days 3.5-7.5 post-fertilization) at levels detected and deemed safe in drinking water (0.02 and 20 μg/L respectively) on in vitro bovine embryo development, quality, metabolism, and gene expression was investigated. Atrazine exposure had no effect on development or quality, but significantly reduced blastocyst total cell numbers, attributable to a decrease in trophectoderm cells. Notably, atrazine (20 μg/L) markedly increased carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore, short-term exposure to environmentally relevant atrazine concentrations perturbs bovine preimplantation embryo metabolism and cell number, highlighting a potential mechanism by which atrazine can mediate embryo viability and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh J Henderson
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Bethany J Finger
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alexander W Scott
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mark P Green
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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13
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Foradori CD, Healy JE, Zimmerman AD, Kemppainen RJ, Jones MA, Read CC, White BD, Yi KD, Hinds LR, Lacagnina AF, Quihuis AM, Breckenridge CB, Handa RJ. Characterization of Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by the Herbicide Atrazine in the Female Rat. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3378-3388. [PMID: 30060079 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used pre-emergence and early postemergence herbicide. Rats gavaged with ATR and its chlorometabolites desethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) respond with a rapid and dose-dependent rise in plasma corticosterone, whereas the major chlorometabolite, diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), has little or no effect on corticosterone levels. In this study, we investigated the possible sites of ATR activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. ATR treatment had no effect on adrenal weights but altered adrenal morphology. Hypophysectomized rats or rats under dexamethasone suppression did not respond to ATR treatment, suggesting that ATR does not directly stimulate the adrenal gland to induce corticosterone synthesis. Immortalized mouse corticotrophs (AtT-20) and primary rat pituitary cultures were treated with ATR, DEA, DIA, or DACT. None of the compounds induced an increase in ACTH secretion or potentiated ACTH release in conjunction with CRH on ACTH release. In female rats gavaged with ATR, pretreatment with the CRH receptor antagonist astressin completely blocked the ATR-induced rise in corticosterone concentrations, implicating CRH release in ATR-induced HPA activation. Intracerebroventricular infusion of ATR, DEA, and DIA but not DACT at concentrations equivalent to peak plasma concentrations after gavage dosing resulted in an elevation of plasma corticosterone concentrations. However, ATR did not induce c-Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results indicate that ATR activates the HPA axis centrally and requires CRH receptor activation, but it does not stimulate cellular pathways associated with CRH neuronal excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Foradori
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jessica E Healy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Arthur D Zimmerman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Robert J Kemppainen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Melaney A Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Casey C Read
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - B Douglas White
- Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kun Don Yi
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Laura R Hinds
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Anthony F Lacagnina
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Alicia M Quihuis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
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14
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Breckenridge CB, Foradori CD, Coder PS, Simpkins JW, Sielken RL, Handa RJ. Changes in Sensitivity to the Effects of Atrazine on the Luteinizing Hormone Surge in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats after Repeated Daily Doses: Correlation with Liver Enzyme Expression. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:246-258. [PMID: 29134775 PMCID: PMC5884089 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrazine suppression of the LH surge slowly develops over time and peaks after 4 days; sensitivity to atrazine decreases after 8 or 14 days of dosing. Adaptation of the LH response was correlated with increased phase I and phase II liver enzyme activity/expression. METHODS The effect of atrazine on the LH surge was evaluated in female Sprague-Dawley rats administered 100 mg/kg/day atrazine by gavage for 1, 2, 3, or 4 consecutive days or 6.5, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day atrazine for 4, 8, or 14 days. RESULTS No statistically significant effects of atrazine were seen on peak plasma LH or LH area under the curve (AUC) after one, two, or three doses of 100 mg/kg/day. Four daily doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg atrazine significantly reduced peak LH and LH AUCs, whereas 6.5 mg/kg/day had no effect. After 8 or 14 days of treatment, statistically significantly reduced peak LH and LH AUC were observed in the 100 mg/kg/day dose group, but not in the 6.5 or 50 mg/kg/day dose groups, although significantly reduced LH was observed in one sample 9 hr after lights-on in the 50 mg/kg/day dose group on day 14. The number of days of treatment required to achieve a significant suppression of the LH surge is consistent with the repeat-dose pharmacokinetics of the chlorotriazines. CONCLUSION The apparent adaptation to the effect of atrazine on the LH surge after 8 or 14 days may be related to the induction of phase I or, more likely, phase II metabolism observed in this study after 8 days, or to a decreased sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or an homeostatic adaption of the effect of atrazine on the LH surge mechanism. Birth Defects Research 110:246-258, 2018. © 2017 The Authors. Birth Defects Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad D. Foradori
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - James W. Simpkins
- Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Robert J. Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
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15
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Zhang F, Yang P, Qin L, Zhang J. Adverse stimulation of 4-nonylphenol in abnormal reproductive organs of female chickens. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110029-110038. [PMID: 29299127 PMCID: PMC5746362 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is a known endocrine disrupting chemical and a persistent environmental contaminant. However, the 4-NP caused mechanism of reproductive toxicity still remains largely unknown in birds. In this study, female chickens (Hy-Line Variety White) were dosed via oral gavage in the early laying period with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg 4-NP/kg/d for 60 days. Food intake and weight increase were monitored in this organism to investigate chicken growth and development. Moreover, pathological changes of reproductive organs, serum hormone, and mRNA changes on the HPOA were detected. The results showed that gonad development and maturity were retarded in female chickens, and the circulating concentrations of sex hormones were disordered in 4-NP-treated chicken. In 4-NP exposed animals, the mRNA expressions of GnRH and PRLH in hypothalamus and FSH and LH in pituitary were significantly unregulated by 4-NP. In addition, expressions of FSHR and LHR were down-regulated in ovaries of the 4-NP-treatment group, while the levels of stAR, P450scc, P450arom, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD were up-regulated in ovaries. Furthermore, expression of ERα in the ovaries of chicken was up-regulated, however, no significant change was observed for ERβ expression. Our results suggest that granulosa cells were an important target and severely disturbed by 4-NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Zhang
- Department of Operating Room, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, 276000, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, 276000, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Laboratory Animal Center, Qiqihar Medical University, Heilongjiang, 161006, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Youth League Committee, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong, 276000, China
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16
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Foradori CD, Zimmerman AD, Coder PS, Peachee VL, Handa RJ, Kimber I, Pruett SB, Breckenridge CB. Lack of immunotoxic effects of repeated exposure to atrazine associated with the adaptation of adrenal gland activation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:200-214. [PMID: 28736286 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell-dependent IgM antibody production and natural killer cell (NKC) activity were assessed in SD rats orally administered atrazine for 28 days to males (0, 6.5, 25, or 100 mg/kg/day) or females (0, 3, 6, or 50 mg/kg/day), or 30 or 500 ppm in diet (3 or 51 mg/kg/day). Anti-asialo GM1 antibodies (NKC) and cyclophosphamide (antibody-forming cell assay [AFC]) served as positive controls. Pituitary (ACTH, prolactin), adrenal (corticosterone, progesterone, aldosterone), and gonadal (androgens, estrogens) hormones were assessed after 1, 7, and/or 28 days of treatment. Food intake and body weights were significantly reduced in the highest dosed males, and transiently affected in females. Urinary corticosterone levels were not increased in atrazine-treated groups in either sex at any time point measured (10, 22, or 24 days). Corticosterone and progesterone were elevated in males after a single atrazine dose ≥6.5 mg/kg/day, but not after 7, 14, or 28 doses. There were no effects on adrenal, pituitary, or gonadal hormones in females. Atrazine did not suppress the AFC response or decrease NKC function after 28 days in males or females. Atrazine had no effect on spleen weights or spleen cell numbers in males or females, although thymus weights were elevated in males receiving the highest dose. The lack of immunotoxic effect of atrazine was associated with diminished adrenal activation over time in males, and no effects on adrenal hormones in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Foradori
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Arthur D Zimmerman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Pragati S Coder
- Charles River Laboratories Ashland LLC, Ashland, OH, United States
| | | | - Robert J Handa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen B Pruett
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
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17
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Rattan S, Zhou C, Chiang C, Mahalingam S, Brehm E, Flaws JA. Exposure to endocrine disruptors during adulthood: consequences for female fertility. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:R109-R129. [PMID: 28356401 PMCID: PMC5479690 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals are ubiquitous chemicals that exhibit endocrine disrupting properties in both humans and animals. Female reproduction is an important process, which is regulated by hormones and is susceptible to the effects of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. Disruptions in female reproductive functions by endocrine disrupting chemicals may result in subfertility, infertility, improper hormone production, estrous and menstrual cycle abnormalities, anovulation, and early reproductive senescence. This review summarizes the effects of a variety of synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals on fertility during adult life. The chemicals covered in this review are pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and triazines), heavy metals (arsenic, lead, and mercury), diethylstilbesterol, plasticizer alternatives (di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and bisphenol A alternatives), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, nonylphenol, polychlorinated biphenyls, triclosan, and parabens. This review focuses on the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, and uterus because together they regulate normal female fertility and the onset of reproductive senescence. The literature shows that several endocrine disrupting chemicals have endocrine disrupting abilities in females during adult life, causing fertility abnormalities in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Rattan
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Changqing Zhou
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Catheryne Chiang
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sharada Mahalingam
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily Brehm
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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18
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Russart KL, Rhen T. Atrazine alters expression of reproductive and stress genes in the developing hypothalamus of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. Toxicology 2016; 366-367:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wirbisky SE, Weber GJ, Sepúlveda MS, Lin TL, Jannasch AS, Freeman JL. An embryonic atrazine exposure results in reproductive dysfunction in adult zebrafish and morphological alterations in their offspring. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21337. [PMID: 26891955 PMCID: PMC4759560 DOI: 10.1038/srep21337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The herbicide atrazine, a suspected endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), frequently contaminates potable water supplies. Studies suggest alterations in the neuroendocrine system along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis; however, most studies address either developmental, pubertal, or adulthood exposures, with few investigations regarding a developmental origins hypothesis. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to 0, 0.3, 3, or 30 parts per billion (ppb) atrazine through embryogenesis and then allowed to mature with no additional chemical exposure. Reproductive function, histopathology, hormone levels, offspring morphology, and the ovarian transcriptome were assessed. Embryonic atrazine exposure resulted in a significant increase in progesterone levels in the 3 and 30 ppb groups. A significant decrease in spawning and a significant increase in follicular atresia in the 30 ppb group were observed. In offspring, a decrease in the head length to body ratio in the 30 ppb group, along with a significant increase in head width to body ratio in the 0.3 and 3 ppb groups occurred. Transcriptomic alterations involved genes associated with endocrine system development and function, tissue development, and behavior. This study provides evidence to support atrazine as an EDC causing reproductive dysfunction and molecular alterations in adults exposed only during embryogenesis and morphological alterations in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- School of Health Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tsang-Long Lin
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Amber S Jannasch
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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20
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Breckenridge CB, Campbell JL, Clewell HJ, Andersen ME, Valdez-Flores C, Sielken RL. PBPK-Based Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Total Chlorotriazines in Drinking Water. Toxicol Sci 2016; 150:269-82. [PMID: 26794141 PMCID: PMC4809455 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of human exposure to total chlorotriazines (TCT) in drinking water was evaluated using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Daily TCT (atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and diaminochlorotriazine) chemographs were constructed for 17 frequently monitored community water systems (CWSs) using linear interpolation and Krieg estimates between observed TCT values. Synthetic chemographs were created using a conservative bias factor of 3 to generate intervening peaks between measured values. Drinking water consumption records from 24-h diaries were used to calculate daily exposure. Plasma TCT concentrations were updated every 30 minutes using the PBPK model output for each simulated calendar year from 2006 to 2010. Margins of exposure (MOEs) were calculated (MOE = [Human Plasma TCTPOD] ÷ [Human Plasma TCTEXP]) based on the toxicological point of departure (POD) and the drinking water-derived exposure to TCT. MOEs were determined based on 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 28, or 90 days of rolling average exposures and plasma TCT Cmax, or the area under the curve (AUC). Distributions of MOE were determined and the 99.9th percentile was used for risk assessment. MOEs for all 17 CWSs were >1000 at the 99.9(th)percentile. The 99.9(th)percentile of the MOE distribution was 2.8-fold less when the 3-fold synthetic chemograph bias factor was used. MOEs were insensitive to interpolation method, the consumer's age, the water consumption database used and the duration of time over which the rolling average plasma TCT was calculated, for up to 90 days. MOEs were sensitive to factors that modified the toxicological, or hyphenated appropriately no-observed-effects level (NOEL), including rat strain, endpoint used, method of calculating the NOEL, and the pharmacokinetics of elimination, as well as the magnitude of exposure (CWS, calendar year, and use of bias factors).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerry L Campbell
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Harvey J Clewell
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709
| | | | - Robert L Sielken
- Sielken and Associates Consulting Inc, 1200 Beacon Court, College Station, Texas, 77845
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Qin L, Du ZH, Zhu SY, Li XN, Li N, Guo JA, Li JL, Zhang Y. Atrazine triggers developmental abnormality of ovary and oviduct in quails (Coturnix Coturnix coturnix) via disruption of hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 207:299-307. [PMID: 26432752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been a gradual increase in production and consumption of atrazine (ATR) in agriculture to meet the population rising demands. Female reproduction is necessary for growth and maintenance of population. However, ATR impact on females and particularly ovarian developmental toxicity is less clear. The aim of this study was to define the pathways by which ATR exerted toxic effects on ovarian development of ovary and hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Female quails were dosed by oral gavage from sexual immaturity to maturity with 0, 50, 250 and 500 mg ATR/kg/d for 45 days. ATR had no effect on mortality but depressed feed intake and growth and influenced the biochemical parameters. Notably, the arrested development of ovaries and oviducts were observed in ATR-exposed quails. The circulating concentrations of E2, P, LH and PRL were unregulated and FSH and T was downregulated in ATR-treated quails. The mRNA expression of GnRH in hypothalamo and LH in pituitary and FSH in ovary was downregulated significantly by ATR exposure and FSH and PRL in pituitary were upregulated. ATR exposure upregulated the level of P450scc, P450arom, 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD in ovary and downregulated ERβ expression in female quails. However, ATR did not change ERα expression in ovary. This study provides new insights regarding female productive toxicology of ATR exposure. Ovary and oviduct in sexually maturing females were target organs of ATR-induced developmental toxicity. We propose that ATR-induced developmental abnormality of ovary and oviduct is associated with disruption of gonadal hormone balance and HPO axis in female quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hai Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shi-Yong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- National Research Insitiute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jing-Ao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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22
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Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:E1-E150. [PMID: 26544531 PMCID: PMC4702494 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1274] [Impact Index Per Article: 141.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Endocrine Society's first Scientific Statement in 2009 provided a wake-up call to the scientific community about how environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect health and disease. Five years later, a substantially larger body of literature has solidified our understanding of plausible mechanisms underlying EDC actions and how exposures in animals and humans-especially during development-may lay the foundations for disease later in life. At this point in history, we have much stronger knowledge about how EDCs alter gene-environment interactions via physiological, cellular, molecular, and epigenetic changes, thereby producing effects in exposed individuals as well as their descendants. Causal links between exposure and manifestation of disease are substantiated by experimental animal models and are consistent with correlative epidemiological data in humans. There are several caveats because differences in how experimental animal work is conducted can lead to difficulties in drawing broad conclusions, and we must continue to be cautious about inferring causality in humans. In this second Scientific Statement, we reviewed the literature on a subset of topics for which the translational evidence is strongest: 1) obesity and diabetes; 2) female reproduction; 3) male reproduction; 4) hormone-sensitive cancers in females; 5) prostate; 6) thyroid; and 7) neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. Our inclusion criteria for studies were those conducted predominantly in the past 5 years deemed to be of high quality based on appropriate negative and positive control groups or populations, adequate sample size and experimental design, and mammalian animal studies with exposure levels in a range that was relevant to humans. We also focused on studies using the developmental origins of health and disease model. No report was excluded based on a positive or negative effect of the EDC exposure. The bulk of the results across the board strengthen the evidence for endocrine health-related actions of EDCs. Based on this much more complete understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability, these findings can be much better translated to human health. Armed with this information, researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers can guide regulators and policymakers as they make responsible decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gore
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - V A Chappell
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - S E Fenton
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J A Flaws
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - A Nadal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - G S Prins
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - J Toppari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - R T Zoeller
- Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G.), College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78734; Division of the National Toxicology Program (V.A.C., S.E.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; Department of Comparative Biosciences (J.A.F.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802; Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM (A.N.), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain; Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.P.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics (J.T.), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland; and Biology Department (R.T.Z.), University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Atrazine Exposure and Reproductive Dysfunction through the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis. TOXICS 2015; 3:414-450. [PMID: 28713818 PMCID: PMC5507375 DOI: 10.3390/toxics3040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are exogenous agents that alter endogenous hormone signaling pathways. These chemicals target the neuroendocrine system which is composed of organs throughout the body that work alongside the central nervous system to regulate biological processes. Of primary importance is the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis which is vital for maintaining proper reproductive function. Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) is a pre-emergent herbicide used to prevent the growth of weeds on various crops. This herbicide is reported to widely contaminate potable water supplies everywhere it is applied. As such, the European Union banned the use of atrazine in 2004. Currently the United States Environmental Protection Agency regulates atrazine at 3 parts per billion (ppb; μg/L) in drinking water, while the World Health Organization recently changed their drinking water guideline to 100 ppb. Atrazine is implicated to be an EDC that alters reproductive dysfunction by targeting the HPG axis. However, questions remain as to the human health risks associated with atrazine exposure with studies reporting mixed results on the ability of atrazine to alter the HPG axis. In this review, the current findings for atrazine’s effects on the HPG axis are examined in mammalian, anuran, and fish models and in epidemiological studies.
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Breckenridge CB, Sawhney Coder P, Tisdel MO, Simpkins JW, Yi KD, Foradori CD, Handa RJ. Effect of Age, Duration of Exposure, and Dose of Atrazine on Sexual Maturation and the Luteinizing Hormone Surge in the Female Sprague-Dawley Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:204-17. [PMID: 26439775 PMCID: PMC4992940 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) was administered daily by gavage to pregnant female Sprague Dawley rats at doses of 0, 6.25, 25 or 50 mg/kg/day, either during gestation, lactation and post‐weaning (G/L/PW cohort) to F1 generation female offspring or only from postnatal day (PND 21) until five days after sexual maturation (vaginal opening) when the estrogen‐primed, luteinizing hormone (LH) surge was evaluated (PW cohort). Additional subgroups of F1 females received the vehicle or ATZ from PND 21–133 or from PND 120–133. Slight reductions in fertility and the percentage of F1 generation pups surviving to PND 21 in the gestationally exposed 50 mg/kg dose group were accompanied by decreased food intake and body weight of dams and F1 generation offspring. The onset of puberty was delayed in of the F1 generation G/L/PW females at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg/day. F1 generation females in the PW high‐dose ATZ group also experienced a delay in the onset of puberty. ATZ had no effect on peak LH or LH AUC in ovariectomized rats 5 days after sexual maturation, irrespective of whether the F1 generation females were treated from gestation onward or only peripubertally. There was no effect of ATZ treatment on the estrous cycle, peak LH or LH AUC of F1 generation females exposed from gestation through to PND 133 or only for two weeks from PND 120–133. These results indicate that developing females exposed to ATZ are not more sensitive compared to animals exposed to ATZ as young adults
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Breckenridge
- Department of Toxicology and Health Sciences, Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | | | - Merrill O Tisdel
- Department of Toxicology and Health Sciences, Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - James W Simpkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of West Virginia, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kun Don Yi
- Department of Toxicology and Health Sciences, Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Chad D Foradori
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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25
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Effects of Atrazine on the Development of Neural System of Zebrafish, Danio rerio. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:976068. [PMID: 26114119 PMCID: PMC4465686 DOI: 10.1155/2015/976068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
By comparative analysis of histomorphology and AChE activity, the changes of physiological and biochemical parameters were determined in zebrafish embryos and larvae dealt with atrazine (ATR) at different concentrations (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/L). This study showed that the development of the sarcomere and the arrangement of white muscle myofibers were affected by ATR significantly and the length of sarcomere shortened. Further analysis of the results showed that the AChE activity in juvenile fish which was treated with ATR was downregulated, which can indicate that the innervation efficiency to the muscle was impaired. Conversely, the AChE activity in zebrafish embryos which was treated with ATR was upregulated. A parallel phenomenon showed that embryonic primary sensory neurons (Rohon-Beard cells), principally expressing AChE in embryos, survived the physiological apoptosis. These phenomena demonstrated that the motor integration ability of the zebrafish was damaged by ATR which can disturb the development of sensory neurons and sarcomere and the innervations of muscle.
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26
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Foradori CD, Sawhney Coder P, Tisdel M, Yi KD, Simpkins JW, Handa RJ, Breckenridge CB. The effect of atrazine administered by gavage or in diet on the LH surge and reproductive performance in intact female Sprague-Dawley and Long Evans rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:262-75. [PMID: 24831581 PMCID: PMC4227606 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) blunts the hormone-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, when administered by gavage (50–100 mg/kg/day for 4 days), in ovariectomized rats. In this study, we determined if comparable doses delivered either by gavage (bolus dose) or distributed in diet would reduce the LH surge and subsequently affect fertility in the intact female rat. ATR was administered daily to intact female Sprague-Dawley (SD) or Long Evans (LE) rats by gavage (0, 0.75 1.5, 3, 6, 10, 12, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day) or diet (0, 30, 100, 160, 500, 660, or 1460 ppm) during one complete 4-day estrous cycle, starting on day of estrus. Estrous status, corpora lutea, ova, and LH plasma concentrations were evaluated. A second cohort of animals was mated on the fourth treatment day. Fertility metrics were assessed on gestational day 20. A higher portion of LE rats had asynchronous estrous cycles when compared to SD rats both during pretreatment and in response to ATR (≥50 mg/kg). In contrast, bolus doses of ATR (≥50 mg/kg) inhibited the peak and area under the curve for the preovulatory LH surge in SD but not LE animals. Likewise, only bolus-treated SD, not LE, rats displayed reduced mean number of corpora lutea and ova. There were no effects of ATR administered by gavage on mating, gravid number, or fetus number. Dietary administration had no effect on any reproductive parameter measured. These findings indicate that short duration, high-bolus doses of ATR can inhibit the LH surge and reduce the number of follicles ovulated; however, dietary administration has no effect on any endocrine or reproductive outcomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Foradori
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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DeSesso JM, Scialli AR, White TEK, Breckenridge CB. Multigeneration reproduction and male developmental toxicity studies on atrazine in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:237-53. [PMID: 24797874 PMCID: PMC4301022 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive toxicity of Atrazine (ATR) was evaluated in two rat multigenerational studies. Development of male reproductive parameters was evaluated in separate studies after prenatal or postnatal exposure. METHODS In multigenerational studies, rats received dietary concentrations of 0, 10, 50, 100 or 500 ppm ATR. In separate studies in female rats, ATR was administered by gavage at 0, 1, 5, 25 or 125 mg/kg/day during pregnancy (GD6–21) or lactation (LD2–21). Plasma testosterone concentration, testicular and epididymal weights, and sperm counts were measured in male offspring on PND70 and 170. RESULTS In the multigenerational studies, parental systemic toxicity occurred at 500 ppm (38.7 mg/kg/day), but reproductive endpoints were unaffected. In the prenatal study, maternal toxicity and embryo-fetal mortality occurred at 125 mg/kg/day. In male offspring, testosterone levels and sperm counts were unaffected, although the percentage of abnormal sperm increased at 125 mg/kg/day (PND 70) and 25 mg/kg/day (PND170). In the postnatal study, maternal toxicity and reduced body weights of male offspring occurred at 125 mg/kg/day. Additionally, reduced testicular (PND70, PND170) and epididymal (PND70) weights and increased numbers of abnormal sperm (PND70, PND170) were seen, but no changes in plasma testosterone or sperm counts. CONCLUSIONS Dietary administration of ATR did not affect rat reproduction up to a parentally toxic dose of 38.7 mg/kg/day. Some effects on male reproductive system development occurred after high dose, bolus administration to dams, but doses were much higher than expected under normal use conditions. Thus, oral RfDs for ATR would be protective for reproductive effects
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Affiliation(s)
- John M DeSesso
- Exponent, Alexandria, Virginia; Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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