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Bisht D, Salave S, Desai N, Gogoi P, Rana D, Biswal P, Sarma G, Benival D, Kommineni N, Desai D. Genome editing and its role in vaccine, diagnosis, and therapeutic advancement. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131802. [PMID: 38670178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Genome editing involves precise modification of specific nucleotides in the genome using nucleases like CRISPR/Cas, ZFN, or TALEN, leading to increased efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) for gene editing, and it can result in gene disruption events via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-driven repair (HDR). Genome editing, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, revolutionizes vaccine development by enabling precise modifications of pathogen genomes, leading to enhanced vaccine efficacy and safety. It allows for tailored antigen optimization, improved vector design, and deeper insights into host genes' impact on vaccine responses, ultimately enhancing vaccine development and manufacturing processes. This review highlights different types of genome editing methods, their associated risks, approaches to overcome the shortcomings, and the diverse roles of genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanker Bisht
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, India
| | - Sagar Salave
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Nimeet Desai
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Purnima Gogoi
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin and Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Dhwani Rana
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Prachurya Biswal
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Kishanganj 855115, Bihar, India
| | - Gautami Sarma
- College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Derajram Benival
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad 382355, Gujarat, India.
| | | | - Dhruv Desai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Singh K, Bhushan B, Kumar S, Singh S, Macadangdang RR, Pandey E, Varma AK, Kumar S. Precision Genome Editing Techniques in Gene Therapy: Current State and Future Prospects. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:377-394. [PMID: 38258771 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232279528240115075352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Precision genome editing is a rapidly evolving field in gene therapy, allowing for the precise modification of genetic material. The CRISPR and Cas systems, particularly the CRISPRCas9 system, have revolutionized genetic research and therapeutic development by enabling precise changes like single-nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions. This technology has the potential to correct disease-causing mutations at their source, allowing for the treatment of various genetic diseases. Programmable nucleases like CRISPR-Cas9, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) can be used to restore normal gene function, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions. However, challenges, such as off-target effects, unintended modifications, and ethical concerns surrounding germline editing, require careful consideration and mitigation strategies. Researchers are exploring innovative solutions, such as enhanced nucleases, refined delivery methods, and improved bioinformatics tools for predicting and minimizing off-target effects. The prospects of precision genome editing in gene therapy are promising, with continued research and innovation expected to refine existing techniques and uncover new therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, P.K. University, Thanra, Karera, Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Supriya Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Faizabaad road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ekta Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Varma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rama University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Kasianchuk N, Dobrowolska K, Harkava S, Bretcan A, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Jaroszewicz J, Flisiak R, Rzymski P. Gene-Editing and RNA Interference in Treating Hepatitis B: A Review. Viruses 2023; 15:2395. [PMID: 38140636 PMCID: PMC10747710 DOI: 10.3390/v15122395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to cause substantial health and economic burdens, and its target of elimination may not be reached in 2030 without further efforts in diagnostics, non-pharmaceutical prevention measures, vaccination, and treatment. Current therapeutic options in chronic HBV, based on interferons and/or nucleos(t)ide analogs, suppress the virus replication but do not eliminate the pathogen and suffer from several constraints. This paper reviews the progress on biotechnological approaches in functional and definitive HBV treatments, including gene-editing tools, i.e., zinc-finger proteins, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and CRISPR/Cas9, as well as therapeutics based on RNA interference. The advantages and challenges of these approaches are also discussed. Although the safety and efficacy of gene-editing tools in HBV therapies are yet to be demonstrated, they show promise for the revitalization of a much-needed advance in the field and offer viral eradication. Particular hopes are related to CRISPR/Cas9; however, therapeutics employing this system are yet to enter the clinical testing phases. In contrast, a number of candidates based on RNA interference, intending to confer a functional cure, have already been introduced to human studies. However, larger and longer trials are required to assess their efficacy and safety. Considering that prevention is always superior to treatment, it is essential to pursue global efforts in HBV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiia Kasianchuk
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Sofiia Harkava
- Junior Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Regional Branch in Dnipro, 49000 Dnipro, Ukraine;
| | - Andreea Bretcan
- National College “Ienăchiță Văcărescu”, 130016 Târgoviște, Romania;
| | - Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Jaroszewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-540 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
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Sakai Y, Okabe Y, Itai G, Shiozawa S. An efficient evaluation system for factors affecting the genome editing efficiency in mouse. Exp Anim 2023; 72:526-534. [PMID: 37407493 PMCID: PMC10658088 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing technology is widely used in the field of laboratory animal science for the production of genetic disease models and the analysis of gene function. One of the major technical problems in genome editing is the low efficiency of precise knock-in by homologous recombination compared to simple knockout via non-homologous end joining. Many studies have focused on this issue, and various solutions have been proposed; however, they have yet to be fully resolved. In this study, we established a system that can easily determine the genotype at the mouse (Mus musculus) Tyr gene locus for genome editing both in vitro and in vivo. In this genome editing system, by designing the Cas9 cleavage site and donor template, wild-type, knockout, and knock-in genotypes can be distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of PCR products. Moreover, the introduction of the H420R mutation in tyrosinase allows the determination of knock-in mice with specific coat color patterns. Using this system, we evaluated the effects of small-molecule compounds on the efficiency of genome editing in mouse embryos. Consequently, we successfully identified a small-molecule compound that improves knock-in efficiency in genome editing in mouse embryos. Thus, this genome editing system is suitable for screening compounds that can improve knock-in efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sakai
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume city, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuri Okabe
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume city, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Gen Itai
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- JAC Inc., 1-2-7 Higashiyama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0043, Japan
| | - Seiji Shiozawa
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume city, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Wang M, Ding F, Wang H, Li L, Dai Y, Sun Z, Li N. Versatile generation of precise gene edits in bovines using SEGCPN. BMC Biol 2023; 21:226. [PMID: 37864194 PMCID: PMC10589966 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene knockout and knock-in have been widely performed in large farm animals based on genome editing systems. However, many types of precise gene editing, including targeted deletion, gene tagging, and large gene fragment replacement, remain a challenge in large farm animals. RESULTS Here, we established versatile self-excising gene-targeting technology in combination with programmable nucleases (SEGCPN) to efficiently generate various types of precise gene editing in bovine. First, we used this versatile method to successfully generate bovine embryos with point mutations and 11-bp deletions at the MSTN locus. Second, we successfully generated bulls with EGFP labeling at the SRY locus. Finally, we successfully generated humanized cows in which the endogenous 18-kb α-casein gene was replaced with a 2.6-kb human α-lactalbumin gene. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our new SEGCPN method offers unlimited possibilities for various types of precise gene editing in large animals for application both in agriculture and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing Capital Agribusiness Future Biotechnology Co., Ltd, No. 75 Bingjiaokou Hutong, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Fangrong Ding
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunping Dai
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - ZhaoLin Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China.
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Beijing Capital Agribusiness Future Biotechnology Co., Ltd, No. 75 Bingjiaokou Hutong, Beijing, 100088, China.
| | - Ning Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Beijing Capital Agribusiness Future Biotechnology Co., Ltd, No. 75 Bingjiaokou Hutong, Beijing, 100088, China.
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6
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Lackner M, Helmbrecht N, Pääbo S, Riesenberg S. Detection of unintended on-target effects in CRISPR genome editing by DNA donors carrying diagnostic substitutions. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:e26. [PMID: 36620901 PMCID: PMC10018342 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR nucleases can introduce double-stranded DNA breaks in genomes at positions specified by guide RNAs. When repaired by the cell, this may result in the introduction of insertions and deletions or nucleotide substitutions provided by exogenous DNA donors. However, cellular repair can also result in unintended on-target effects, primarily larger deletions and loss of heterozygosity due to gene conversion. Here we present a strategy that allows easy and reliable detection of unintended on-target effects as well as the generation of control cells that carry wild-type alleles but have demonstratively undergone genome editing at the target site. Our 'sequence-ascertained favorable editing' (SAFE) donor approach relies on the use of DNA donor mixtures containing the desired nucleotide substitutions or the wild-type alleles together with combinations of additional 'diagnostic' substitutions unlikely to have any effects. Sequencing of the target sites then results in that two different sequences are seen when both chromosomes are edited with 'SAFE' donors containing different sets of substitutions, while a single sequence indicates unintended effects such as deletions or gene conversion. We analyzed more than 850 human embryonic stem cell clones edited with 'SAFE' donors and detect all copy number changes and almost all clones with gene conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelly Helmbrecht
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Sachsen 04103, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Sachsen 04103, Germany
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Phan HTL, Kim K, Lee H, Seong JK. Progress in and Prospects of Genome Editing Tools for Human Disease Model Development and Therapeutic Applications. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:483. [PMID: 36833410 PMCID: PMC9957140 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable nucleases, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas, are widely accepted because of their diversity and enormous potential for targeted genomic modifications in eukaryotes and other animals. Moreover, rapid advances in genome editing tools have accelerated the ability to produce various genetically modified animal models for studying human diseases. Given the advances in gene editing tools, these animal models are gradually evolving toward mimicking human diseases through the introduction of human pathogenic mutations in their genome rather than the conventional gene knockout. In the present review, we summarize the current progress in and discuss the prospects for developing mouse models of human diseases and their therapeutic applications based on advances in the study of programmable nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Thi Lam Phan
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology, BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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8
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Abstract
Many genome-edited mouse and rat strains have been produced using engineered endonucleases, including zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9. Especially, CRISPR-Cas9 is powerful tool that can be easy, rapid, and high-efficiency-produced new genome-edited strains. Furthermore, new technique, Technique for Animal Knockout system by Electroporation (TAKE), efficiently accelerate production of new strains by direct nuclease introduction into intact embryos using electroporation. This chapter presents a latest technical information in the production of genome-edited mouse and rat by TAKE method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Kaneko
- Division of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
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9
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Ozawa M, Taguchi J, Katsuma K, Ishikawa-Yamauchi Y, Kikuchi M, Sakamoto R, Yamada Y, Ikawa M. Efficient simultaneous double DNA knock-in in murine embryonic stem cells by CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-mediated circular plasmid targeting for generating gene-manipulated mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21558. [PMID: 36513736 PMCID: PMC9748034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting of embryonic stem (ES) cells followed by chimera production has been conventionally used for developing gene-manipulated mice. Although direct knock-in (KI) using murine zygote via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing has been reported, ES cell targeting still has merits, e.g., high throughput work can be performed in vitro. In this study, we first compared the KI efficiency of mouse ES cells with CRISPR/Cas9 expression vector and ribonucleoprotein (RNP), and confirmed that KI efficiency was significantly increased by using RNP. Using CRISPR/Cas9 RNP and circular plasmid with homologous arms as a targeting vector, knock-in within ES cell clones could be obtained efficiently without drug selection, thus potentially shortening the vector construction or cell culture period. Moreover, by incorporating a drug-resistant cassette into the targeting vectors, double DNA KI can be simultaneously achieved at high efficiency by a single electroporation. This technique will help to facilitate the production of genetically modified mouse models that are fundamental for exploring topics related to human and mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ozawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Jumpei Taguchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Kento Katsuma
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Yu Ishikawa-Yamauchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Reiko Sakamoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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CRISPR-Cas9 Technology for the Creation of Biological Avatars Capable of Modeling and Treating Pathologies: From Discovery to the Latest Improvements. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223615. [PMID: 36429042 PMCID: PMC9688409 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a spectacular moment for genetics to evolve in genome editing, which encompasses the precise alteration of the cellular DNA sequences within various species. One of the most fascinating genome-editing technologies currently available is Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), which have integrated deeply into the research field within a short period due to its effectiveness. It became a standard tool utilized in a broad spectrum of biological and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, reliable disease models are required to improve the quality of healthcare. CRISPR-Cas9 has the potential to diversify our knowledge in genetics by generating cellular models, which can mimic various human diseases to better understand the disease consequences and develop new treatments. Precision in genome editing offered by CRISPR-Cas9 is now paving the way for gene therapy to expand in clinical trials to treat several genetic diseases in a wide range of species. This review article will discuss genome-editing tools: CRISPR-Cas9, Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs). It will also encompass the importance of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in generating cellular disease models for novel therapeutics, its applications in gene therapy, and challenges with novel strategies to enhance its specificity.
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Negi C, Vasistha NK, Singh D, Vyas P, Dhaliwal HS. Application of CRISPR-Mediated Gene Editing for Crop Improvement. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1198-1217. [PMID: 35672603 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant gene editing has become an important molecular tool to revolutionize modern breeding of crops. Over the past years, remarkable advancement has been made in developing robust and efficient editing methods for plants. Despite a variety of available genome editing methods, the discovery of most recent system of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) has been one of the biggest advancement in this path, with being the most efficient approach for genome manipulation. Until recently, genetic manipulations were confined to methods, like Agrobacterium-mediated transformations, zinc-finger nucleases, and TAL effector nucleases. However this technology supersedes all other methods for genetic modification. This RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas system is being rapidly developed with enhanced functionalities for better use and greater possibilities in biological research. In this review, we discuss and sum up the application of this simple yet powerful tool of CRISPR-Cas system for crop improvement with recent advancement in this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandranandani Negi
- Department of Genetics-Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, 173101, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Vasistha
- Department of Genetics-Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, 173101, India
| | | | - Pritesh Vyas
- Department of Genetics-Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, 173101, India.
| | - H S Dhaliwal
- Department of Genetics-Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, 173101, India
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12
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3R measures in facilities for the production of genetically modified rodents. Lab Anim (NY) 2022; 51:162-177. [PMID: 35641635 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-022-00978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sociocultural changes in the human-animal relationship have led to increasing demands for animal welfare in biomedical research. The 3R concept is the basis for bringing this demand into practice: Replace animal experiments with alternatives where possible, Reduce the number of animals used to a scientifically justified minimum and Refine the procedure to minimize animal harm. The generation of gene-modified sentient animals such as mice and rats involves many steps that include various forms of manipulation. So far, no coherent analysis of the application of the 3Rs to gene manipulation has been performed. Here we provide guidelines from the Committee on Genetics and Breeding of Laboratory Animals of the German Society for Laboratory Animal Science to implement the 3Rs in every step during the generation of genetically modified animals. We provide recommendations for applying the 3Rs as well as success/intervention parameters for each step of the process, from experiment planning to choice of technology, harm-benefit analysis, husbandry conditions, management of genetically modified lines and actual procedures. We also discuss future challenges for animal welfare in the context of developing technologies. Taken together, we expect that our comprehensive analysis and our recommendations for the appropriate implementation of the 3Rs to technologies for genetic modifications of rodents will benefit scientists from a wide range of disciplines and will help to improve the welfare of a large number of laboratory animals worldwide.
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13
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The significance of NAD + metabolites and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6398. [PMID: 35430611 PMCID: PMC9013399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) metabolism contributes to the initiation and progression of age-associated diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a nicotinamide (NAM) metabolizing enzyme, regulates both NAD + and methionine metabolism. Although NNMT is expressed abundantly in the kidney, its role in CKD and renal fibrosis remains unclear. We generated NNMT-deficient mice and a unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) model and conducted two clinical studies on human CKD to investigate the role of NNMT in CKD and fibrosis. In UUO, renal NNMT expression and the degraded metabolites of NAM increased, while NAD + and NAD + precursors decreased. NNMT deficiency ameliorated renal fibrosis; mechanistically, it (1) increased the DNA methylation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and (2) improved renal inflammation by increasing renal NAD + and Sirt1 and decreasing NF-κB acetylation. In humans, along with CKD progression, a trend toward a decrease in serum NAD + precursors was observed, while the final NAD + metabolites were accumulated, and the level of eGFR was an independent variable for serum NAM. In addition, NNMT was highly expressed in fibrotic areas of human kidney tissues. In conclusion, increased renal NNMT expression induces NAD + and methionine metabolism perturbation and contributes to renal fibrosis.
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Abstract
For four decades, genetically altered laboratory animals have provided invaluable information. Originally, genetic modifications were performed on only a few animal species, often chosen because of the ready accessibility of embryonic materials and short generation times. The methods were often slow, inefficient and expensive. In 2013, a new, extremely efficient technology, namely CRISPR/Cas9, not only made the production of genetically altered organisms faster and cheaper, but also opened it up to non-conventional laboratory animal species. CRISPR/Cas9 relies on a guide RNA as a 'location finder' to target DNA double strand breaks induced by the Cas9 enzyme. This is a prerequisite for non-homologous end joining repair to occur, an error prone mechanism often generating insertion or deletion of genetic material. If a DNA template is also provided, this can lead to homology directed repair, allowing precise insertions, deletions or substitutions. Due to its high efficiency in targeting DNA, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic modification is now possible in virtually all animal species for which we have genome sequence data. Furthermore, modifications of Cas9 have led to more refined genetic alterations from targeted single base-pair mutations to epigenetic modifications. The latter offer altered gene expression without genome alteration. With this ever growing genetic toolbox, the number and range of genetically altered conventional and non-conventional laboratory animals with simple or complex genetic modifications is growing exponentially.
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15
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Xian X, Wang Y, Liu G. Genetically Engineered Hamster Models of Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2419:433-459. [PMID: 35237980 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of human diseases play an extremely important role in biomedical research. Among them, mice are widely used animal models for translational research, especially because of ease of generation of genetically engineered mice. However, because of the great differences in biology between mice and humans, translation of findings to humans remains a major issue. Therefore, the exploration of models with biological and metabolic characteristics closer to those of humans has never stopped.Although pig and nonhuman primates are biologically similar to humans, their genetic engineering is technically difficult, the cost of breeding is high, and the experimental time is long. As a result, the application of these species as model animals, especially genetically engineered model animals, in biomedical research is greatly limited.In terms of lipid metabolism and cardiovascular diseases, hamsters have several characteristics different from rats and mice, but similar to those in humans. The hamster is therefore an ideal animal model for studying lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease because of its small size and short reproduction period. However, the phenomenon of zygote division, which was unexpectedly blocked during the manipulation of hamster embryos for some unknown reasons, had plagued researchers for decades and no genetically engineered hamsters have therefore been generated as animal models of human diseases for a long time. After solving the problem of in vitro development of hamster zygotes, we successfully prepared enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgenic hamsters by microinjection of lentiviral vectors into the zona pellucida space of zygotes. On this basis, we started the development of cardiovascular disease models using the hamster embryo culture system combined with the novel genome editing technique of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR )/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9). In this chapter, we will introduce some of the genetically engineered hamster models with dyslipidemia and the corresponding characteristics of these models. We hope that the genetically engineered hamster models can be further recognized and complement other genetically engineered animal models such as mice, rats, and rabbits. This will lead to new avenues and pathways for the study of lipid metabolism and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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16
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Haas E, Incebacak RD, Hentrich T, Huridou C, Schmidt T, Casadei N, Maringer Y, Bahl C, Zimmermann F, Mills JD, Aronica E, Riess O, Schulze-Hentrich JM, Hübener-Schmid J. A Novel SCA3 Knock-in Mouse Model Mimics the Human SCA3 Disease Phenotype Including Neuropathological, Behavioral, and Transcriptional Abnormalities Especially in Oligodendrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:495-522. [PMID: 34716557 PMCID: PMC8786755 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is the most common autosomal dominant inherited ataxia worldwide, caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the Ataxin-3 gene resulting in a polyglutamine (polyQ)-expansion in the corresponding protein. The disease is characterized by neuropathological, phenotypical, and specific transcriptional changes in affected brain regions. So far, there is no mouse model available representing all the different aspects of the disease, yet highly needed for a better understanding of the disease pathomechanisms. Here, we characterized a novel Ataxin-3 knock-in mouse model, expressing a heterozygous or homozygous expansion of 304 CAACAGs in the murine Ataxin-3 locus using biochemical, behavioral, and transcriptomic approaches. We compared neuropathological, and behavioral features of the new knock-in model with the in SCA3 research mostly used YAC84Q mouse model. Further, we compared transcriptional changes found in cerebellar samples of the SCA3 knock-in mice and post-mortem human SCA3 patients. The novel knock-in mouse is characterized by the expression of a polyQ-expansion in the murine Ataxin-3 protein, leading to aggregate formation, especially in brain regions known to be vulnerable in SCA3 patients, and impairment of Purkinje cells. Along these neuropathological changes, the mice showed a reduction in body weight accompanied by gait and balance instability. Transcriptomic analysis of cerebellar tissue revealed age-dependent differential expression, enriched for genes attributed to myelinating oligodendrocytes. Comparing these changes with those found in cerebellar tissue of SCA3 patients, we discovered an overlap of differentially expressed genes pointing towards similar gene expression perturbances in several genes linked to myelin sheaths and myelinating oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Haas
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rana D Incebacak
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chrisovalantou Huridou
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DFG NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yacine Maringer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carola Bahl
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Zimmermann
- Interfaculty Biomedical Facility (IBF) Biotechnology lab, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James D Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,DFG NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Schulze-Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannette Hübener-Schmid
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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17
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Gertsenstein M, Nutter LMJ. Production of knockout mouse lines with Cas9. Methods 2021; 191:32-43. [PMID: 33524495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout mice are used extensively to explore the phenotypic effects of mammalian gene dysfunction. With the application of RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease technology for the production of knockout mouse lines, the time, as well as the resources needed, to progress from identification of a gene of interest to production of a knockout line is significantly reduced. Here we present our standard methodology to produce knockout mouse lines by the electroporation of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) into mouse zygotes. Using this protocol, we have obtained an 80% success rate in the generation of founders for null alleles with a subsequent 93% germline transmission rate. These methods rely on equipment already present in the majority of transgenic facilities and should be straightforward to implement where appropriate embryo handling expertise exists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
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18
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Chenouard V, Remy S, Tesson L, Ménoret S, Ouisse LH, Cherifi Y, Anegon I. Advances in Genome Editing and Application to the Generation of Genetically Modified Rat Models. Front Genet 2021; 12:615491. [PMID: 33959146 PMCID: PMC8093876 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.615491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat has been extensively used as a small animal model. Many genetically engineered rat models have emerged in the last two decades, and the advent of gene-specific nucleases has accelerated their generation in recent years. This review covers the techniques and advances used to generate genetically engineered rat lines and their application to the development of rat models more broadly, such as conditional knockouts and reporter gene strains. In addition, genome-editing techniques that remain to be explored in the rat are discussed. The review also focuses more particularly on two areas in which extensive work has been done: human genetic diseases and immune system analysis. Models are thoroughly described in these two areas and highlight the competitive advantages of rat models over available corresponding mouse versions. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of the advantages and potential of rat models for addressing specific scientific questions and to characterize the best genome-engineering tools for developing new projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chenouard
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- genOway, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Ignacio Anegon
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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19
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CRISPR-Cas systems for genome editing of mammalian cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:15-30. [PMID: 34127192 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, ZFNs and TALENs have been used for targeted genome engineering and have gained scientific attention. It has demonstrated huge potential for gene knockout, knock-in, and indels in desired locations of genomes to understand molecular mechanism of diseases and also discover therapy. However, both the genome engineering techniques are still suffering from design, screening and validation in cell and higher organisms. CRISPR-Cas9 is a rapid, simple, specific, and versatile technology and it has been applied in many organisms including mammalian cells. CRISPR-Cas9 has been used for animal models to modify animal cells for understanding human disease for novel drug discovery and therapy. Additionally, base editing has also been discussed herewith for conversion of C/G-to-T/A or A/T-to-G/C without DNA cleavage or donor DNA templates for correcting mutations or altering gene functions. In this chapter, we highlight CRISPR-Cas9 and base editing for desired genome editing in mammalian cells for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications.
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20
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The evolution and history of gene editing technologies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 178:1-62. [PMID: 33685594 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientific enquiry must be the driving force of research. This sentiment is manifested as the profound impact gene editing technologies are having in our current world. There exist three main gene editing technologies today: Zinc Finger Nucleases, TALENs and the CRISPR-Cas system. When these systems were being uncovered, none of the scientists set out to design tools to engineer genomes. They were simply trying to understand the mechanisms existing in nature. If it was not for this simple sense of wonder, we probably would not have these breakthrough technologies. In this chapter, we will discuss the history, applications and ethical issues surrounding these technologies, focusing on the now predominant CRISPR-Cas technology. Gene editing technologies, as we know them now, are poised to have an overwhelming impact on our world. However, it is impossible to predict the route they will take in the future or to comprehend the full impact of its repercussions.
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21
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Tsunekawa Y, Terhune RK, Matsuzaki F. Protocol for De Novo Gene Targeting Via In Utero Electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2312:309-320. [PMID: 34228299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1441-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developments in genome-editing technology, especially CRISPR-Cas9, have revolutionized the way in which genetically engineered animals are generated. However, the process of generation includes microinjection to the one-cell stage embryo and the transfer of the microinjected embryo to the surrogate animals, which requires trained personnel. We recently reported the method includes introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 systems to the developing cerebral cortex via in utero electroporation thus generating gene-targeted neural stem cells in vivo. This technique is widely applicable for gene knockout, monitoring gene expression, and lineage analysis in developmental biology. In this chapter, the detailed protocol of EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) knock-in method via in utero electroporation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tsunekawa
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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22
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Sharma J, Abbott J, Klaskala L, Zhao G, Birket SE, Rowe SM. A Novel G542X CFTR Rat Model of Cystic Fibrosis Is Sensitive to Nonsense Mediated Decay. Front Physiol 2020; 11:611294. [PMID: 33391025 PMCID: PMC7772197 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.611294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations that lead to the insertion of a premature termination codon (PTC) in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) transcript affect 11% of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) worldwide and are associated with severe disease phenotype. While CF rat models have contributed significantly to our understanding of CF disease pathogenesis, there are currently no rat models available for studying CF nonsense mutations. Here we created and characterized the first homozygous CF rat model that bears the CFTR G542X nonsense mutation in the endogenous locus using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. In addition to displaying severe CF manifestations and developmental defects such as reduced growth, abnormal tooth enamel, and intestinal obstruction, CFTR G542X knockin rats demonstrated an absence of CFTR function in tracheal and intestinal sections as assessed by nasal potential difference and transepithelial short-circuit current measurements. Reduced CFTR mRNA levels in the model further suggested sensitivity to nonsense-mediated decay, a pathway elicited by the presence of PTCs that degrades the PTC-bearing transcripts and thus further diminishes the level of CFTR protein. Although functional restoration of CFTR was observed in G542X rat tracheal epithelial cells in response to single readthrough agent therapy, therapeutic efficacy was not observed in G542X knockin rats in vivo. The G542X rat model provides an invaluable tool for the identification and in vivo validation of potential therapies for CFTR nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joseph Abbott
- Horizon Discovery Group, PLC, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Guojun Zhao
- Horizon Discovery Group, PLC, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Susan E. Birket
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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23
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Babochkina TI, Gerlinskaya LA, Moshkin MP. Generation of donor organs in chimeric animals via blastocyst complementation. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:913-921. [PMID: 35088005 PMCID: PMC8763716 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of organs for transplantation is an important problem in medicine today. The growth of organs
in chimeric animals may be the solution of this. The proposed technology is the interspecific blastocyst complementation method in combination with genomic editing for obtaining “free niches” and pluripotent stem cell
production methods. The CRISPR/Cas9 method allows the so-called “free niches” to be obtained for blastocyst
complementation. The technologies of producing induced pluripotent stem cells give us the opportunity to obtain human donor cells capable of populating a “free niche”. Taken together, these technologies allow interspecific
blastocyst complementation between humans and other animals, which makes it possible in the future to grow
human organs for transplantations inside chimeric animals. However, in practice, in order to achieve successful
interspecific blastocyst complementation, it is necessary to solve a number of problems: to improve methods for
producing “chimeric competent” cells, to overcome specific interspecific barriers, to select compatible cell developmental stages for injection and the corresponding developmental stage of the host embryo, to prevent apoptosis of donor cells and to achieve effective proliferation of the human donor cells in the host animal. Also, it is
very important to analyze the ethical aspects related to developing technologies of chimeric organisms with the
participation of human cells. Today, many researchers are trying to solve these problems and also to establish new
approaches in the creation of interspecific chimeric organisms in order to grow human organs for transplantation.
In the present review we described the historical stages of the development of the blastocyst complementation
method, examined in detail the technologies that underlie modern blastocyst complementation, and analyzed
current progress that gives us the possibility to grow human organs in chimeric animals. We also considered the
barriers and issues preventing the successful implementation of interspecific blastocyst complementation in practice, and discussed the further development of this method
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Babochkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - L A Gerlinskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M P Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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24
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Pensado-López A, Veiga-Rúa S, Carracedo Á, Allegue C, Sánchez L. Experimental Models to Study Autism Spectrum Disorders: hiPSCs, Rodents and Zebrafish. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1376. [PMID: 33233737 PMCID: PMC7699923 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) affect around 1.5% of the global population, which manifest alterations in communication and socialization, as well as repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. ASD is a complex disorder with known environmental and genetic contributors; however, ASD etiology is far from being clear. In the past decades, many efforts have been put into developing new models to study ASD, both in vitro and in vivo. These models have a lot of potential to help to validate some of the previously associated risk factors to the development of the disorder, and to test new potential therapies that help to alleviate ASD symptoms. The present review is focused on the recent advances towards the generation of models for the study of ASD, which would be a useful tool to decipher the bases of the disorder, as well as to conduct drug screenings that hopefully lead to the identification of useful compounds to help patients deal with the symptoms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pensado-López
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (S.V.-R.)
- Genomic Medicine Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Sara Veiga-Rúa
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (S.V.-R.)
- Genomic Medicine Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Genomic Medicine Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Catarina Allegue
- Genomic Medicine Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (S.V.-R.)
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25
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Wilke C, Haas E, Reetz K, Faber J, Garcia‐Moreno H, Santana MM, van de Warrenburg B, Hengel H, Lima M, Filla A, Durr A, Melegh B, Masciullo M, Infante J, Giunti P, Neumann M, de Vries J, Pereira de Almeida L, Rakowicz M, Jacobi H, Schüle R, Kaeser SA, Kuhle J, Klockgether T, Schöls L, Barro C, Hübener‐Schmid J, Synofzik M. Neurofilaments in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: blood biomarkers at the preataxic and ataxic stage in humans and mice. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11803. [PMID: 32510847 PMCID: PMC7338806 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With molecular treatments coming into reach for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), easily accessible, cross-species validated biomarkers for human and preclinical trials are warranted, particularly for the preataxic disease stage. We assessed serum levels of neurofilament light (NfL) and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy (pNfH) in ataxic and preataxic subjects of two independent multicentric SCA3 cohorts and in a SCA3 knock-in mouse model. Ataxic SCA3 subjects showed increased levels of both NfL and pNfH. In preataxic subjects, NfL levels increased with proximity to the individual expected onset of ataxia, with significant NfL elevations already 7.5 years before onset. Cross-sectional NfL levels correlated with both disease severity and longitudinal disease progression. Blood NfL and pNfH increases in human SCA3 were each paralleled by similar changes in SCA3 knock-in mice, here also starting already at the presymptomatic stage, closely following ataxin-3 aggregation and preceding Purkinje cell loss in the brain. Blood neurofilaments, particularly NfL, might thus provide easily accessible, cross-species validated biomarkers in both ataxic and preataxic SCA3, associated with earliest neuropathological changes, and serve as progression, proximity-to-onset and, potentially, treatment-response markers in both human and preclinical SCA3 trials.
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26
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Kaneko T, Tanaka S. Improvement of genome editing by electroporation using embryos artificially removed cumulus cells in the oviducts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 527:1039-1042. [PMID: 32439162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many genome-edited animals have been produced using the CRISPR/Cas system. Genome-edited strains were produced by introducing nucleases into pronuclear stage embryos. Recently, a new electroporation technique (TAKE: Technique for Animal Knockout system by Electroporation) was developed for the production of genome-edited animals by introducing nucleases into intact embryos using electroporation instead of the microinjection method. Furthermore, this method, which can introduce nucleases into intact embryos, enables genome editing of mouse embryos in the oviducts. However, the present protocol required improvements for low litter size and restriction of operation time. In this study, the influence on the development and genome editing of mouse embryos in the oviducts by electroporation and operation time was examined. The genome-editing rate was higher in the embryos electroporated at 16:00-17:00 (PM) (54%) on the following day of natural mating compared to that of embryos at 10:00-11:00 (AM) (27%). The embryos at AM formed a complex with cumulus cells, and cumulus cells were freed from embryos by treatment with hyalronidase before electroporation. The results showed that the genome-editing rate was significantly increased in the embryos treated with hyalronidase at AM, because the cumulus cells surrounding the embryos interfered with the introduction of nucleases into embryos. This study demonstrated that it was possible to adjust the operation time for the introduction of nucleases into embryos in the oviducts by treatment with hyalronidase before electroporation. However, litter size and development of embryos after electroporation was quite low in all experiments (5-7) compared with the control without operation (11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Kaneko
- Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Science, Iwate University, Iwate, 020-8551, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, 020-8551, Japan.
| | - Shungo Tanaka
- Division of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Arts and Science, Iwate University, Iwate, 020-8551, Japan
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Lanigan TM, Kopera HC, Saunders TL. Principles of Genetic Engineering. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E291. [PMID: 32164255 PMCID: PMC7140808 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering is the use of molecular biology technology to modify DNA sequence(s) in genomes, using a variety of approaches. For example, homologous recombination can be used to target specific sequences in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell genomes or other cultured cells, but it is cumbersome, poorly efficient, and relies on drug positive/negative selection in cell culture for success. Other routinely applied methods include random integration of DNA after direct transfection (microinjection), transposon-mediated DNA insertion, or DNA insertion mediated by viral vectors for the production of transgenic mice and rats. Random integration of DNA occurs more frequently than homologous recombination, but has numerous drawbacks, despite its efficiency. The most elegant and effective method is technology based on guided endonucleases, because these can target specific DNA sequences. Since the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR/Cas9 technology, endonuclease-mediated gene targeting has become the most widely applied method to engineer genomes, supplanting the use of zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and meganucleases. Future improvements in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing may be achieved by increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair. Here, we describe principles of genetic engineering and detail: (1) how common elements of current technologies include the need for a chromosome break to occur, (2) the use of specific and sensitive genotyping assays to detect altered genomes, and (3) delivery modalities that impact characterization of gene modifications. In summary, while some principles of genetic engineering remain steadfast, others change as technologies are ever-evolving and continue to revolutionize research in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Lanigan
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huira C. Kopera
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Li C, Lieber A. Adenovirus vectors in hematopoietic stem cell genome editing. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3623-3648. [PMID: 31705806 PMCID: PMC10473235 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represents a therapeutic option for a number of hematological genetic diseases, as HSCs have the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into all blood cell lineages. This review presents advances of genome editing in HSCs utilizing adenovirus vectors as delivery vehicles. We focus on capsid-modified, helper-dependent adenovirus vectors that are devoid of all viral genes and therefore exhibit an improved safety profile. We discuss HSC genome engineering for several inherited disorders and infectious diseases including hemoglobinopathies, Fanconi anemia, hemophilia, and HIV-1 infection by ex vivo and in vivo editing in transgenic mice, nonhuman primates, as well as in human CD34+ cells. Mechanisms of therapeutic gene transfer including episomal expression of designer nucleases and base editors, transposase-mediated random integration, and targeted homology-directed repair triggered integration into selected genomic safe harbor loci are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - André Lieber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Son A, Ahuja M, Schwartz DM, Varga A, Swaim W, Kang N, Maleth J, Shin DM, Muallem S. Ca 2+ Influx Channel Inhibitor SARAF Protects Mice From Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:1660-1672.e2. [PMID: 31493399 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatitis is characterized by increased influx of Ca2+ into acinar cells, by unknown mechanisms. Inhibitors of Ca2+ influx channels could be effective in treating acute pancreatitis, but these have deleterious side effects that can result in death. We investigated the expression patterns and functions of acinar cell Ca2+ channels and factors that regulate them during development of acute pancreatitis, along with changes in the channel inactivator store-operated calcium entry-associated regulatory factor (SARAF). We investigated whether SARAF is a target for treatment of acute pancreatitis and its status in human with pancreatitis. METHODS We generated mice that expressed SARAF tagged with hemagglutinin, using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and isolated acinar cells. We also performed studies with Saraf-/- mice, Sarafzf/zf mice, mice without disruption of Saraf (control mice), and mice that overexpress fluorescently labeled SARAF in acinar cells. We analyzed interactions between stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and SARAF in HEK cells stimulated with carbachol using fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy and immunoprecipitation. Mice were given injections of caerulein or L-arginine to induce pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissues and blood samples were collected and levels of serum amylase, trypsin, tissue damage, inflammatory mediators, and inflammatory cells were measured. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of pancreatic tissues from 6 organ donors without pancreatic disease (controls) and 8 patients with alcohol-associated pancreatitis. RESULTS Pancreatic levels of Ca2+ influx channels or STIM1 did not differ significantly between acinar cells from mice with vs. without pancreatitis. By contrast, pancreatic levels of Saraf messenger RNA and SARAF protein initially markedly increased but then decreased during cell stimulation or injection of mice with caerulein, resulting in excessive Ca2+ influx. STIM1 interacted stably with SARAF following stimulation of HEK or mouse acinar cells with physiologic levels of carbachol, but only transiently following stimulation with pathologic levels of carbachol, leading to excessive Ca2+ influx. We observed reduced levels of SARAF messenger RNA in pancreatic tissues from patients with pancreatitis, compared with controls. SARAF knockout mice developed more severe pancreatitis than control mice after administration of caerulein or L-arginine, and pancreatic acinar cells from these mice had significant increases in Ca2+ influx. Conversely, overexpression of SARAF in acini reduced Ca2+ influx, eliminated inflammation, and reduced severity of acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS In mice with pancreatitis, SARAF initially increases but is then degraded, resulting in excessive, pathological Ca2+ influx by acinar cells. SARAF knockout mice develop more severe pancreatitis than control mice, whereas mice that express SARAF from a transgene in acinar cells develop less-severe pancreatitis. SARAF therefore appears to prevent pancreatic damage during development of acute pancreatitis. Strategies to stabilize or restore SARAF to acinar cells might be developed for treatment of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Son
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Malini Ahuja
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arpad Varga
- HAS-USZ Momentum Epithelial Cell Signaling and Secretion Research Group, First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - William Swaim
- NIDCR imaging core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Namju Kang
- Department of Oral Biology, BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jozsef Maleth
- HAS-USZ Momentum Epithelial Cell Signaling and Secretion Research Group, First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Shmuel Muallem
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Benavides F, Rülicke T, Prins JB, Bussell J, Scavizzi F, Cinelli P, Herault Y, Wedekind D. Genetic quality assurance and genetic monitoring of laboratory mice and rats: FELASA Working Group Report. Lab Anim 2019; 54:135-148. [PMID: 31431136 PMCID: PMC7160752 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219867719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic quality assurance (QA), including genetic monitoring (GeMo) of inbred
strains and background characterization (BC) of genetically altered (GA) animal
models, should be an essential component of any QA programme in laboratory
animal facilities. Genetic quality control is as important for ensuring the
validity of the animal model as health and microbiology monitoring are. It
should be required that studies using laboratory rodents, mainly mice and rats,
utilize genetically defined animals. This paper, presented by the FELASA Working
Group on Genetic Quality Assurance and Genetic Monitoring of Laboratory Murines,
describes the objectives of and available methods for genetic QA programmes in
rodent facilities. The main goals of any genetic QA programme are: (a) to verify
the authenticity and uniformity of inbred stains and substrains, thus ensuring a
genetically reliable colony maintenance; (b) to detect possible genetic
contamination; and (c) to precisely describe the genetic composition of GA
lines. While this publication focuses mainly on mouse and rat genetic QA, the
principles will apply to other rodent species some of which are briefly
mentioned within the context of inbred and outbred stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benavides
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Bas Prins
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James Bussell
- Biomedical and Veterinary Services Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Paolo Cinelli
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA-PHENOMIN-ICS, Illkirch, France
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Hara A, Nakagawa Y, Nakao K, Tamaki M, Ikemoto T, Shimada M, Matsuhisa M, Mizukami H, Maruyama N, Watada H, Fujitani Y. Development of monoclonal mouse antibodies that specifically recognize pancreatic polypeptide. Endocr J 2019; 66:459-468. [PMID: 30842364 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a 36-amino acid peptide encoded by the Ppy gene, which is produced by a small population of cells located in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans. Owing to the high amino acid sequence similarity among neuropeptide Y family members, antibodies against PP that are currently available are not convincingly specific to PP. Here we report the development of mouse monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to PP. We generated Ppy knockout (Ppy-KO) mice in which the Ppy-coding region was replaced by Cre recombinase. The Ppy-KO mice were immunized with mouse PP peptide, and stable hybridoma cell lines producing anti-PP antibodies were isolated. Firstly, positive clones were selected in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for reactivity with PP coupled to bovine serum albumin. During the screening, hybridoma clones producing antibodies that cross-react to the peptide YY (PYY) were excluded. In the second screening, hybridoma clones in which their culture media produce no signal in Ppy-KO islets but detect specific cells in the peripheral region of wild-type islets, were selected. Further studies demonstrated that the selected monoclonal antibody (23-2D3) specifically recognizes PP-producing cells, not only in mouse, but also in human and rat islets. The monoclonal antibodies with high binding specificity for PP developed in this study will be fundamental for future studies towards elucidating the expression profiles and the physiological roles of PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Hara
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Tamaki
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Munehide Matsuhisa
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | | | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Identification of Diabetic Therapeutic Targets, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
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LaFleur MW, Nguyen TH, Coxe MA, Yates KB, Trombley JD, Weiss SA, Brown FD, Gillis JE, Coxe DJ, Doench JG, Haining WN, Sharpe AH. A CRISPR-Cas9 delivery system for in vivo screening of genes in the immune system. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1668. [PMID: 30971695 PMCID: PMC6458184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies that target the function of immune cells have significant clinical efficacy in diseases such as cancer and autoimmunity. Although functional genomics has accelerated therapeutic target discovery in cancer, its use in primary immune cells is limited because vector delivery is inefficient and can perturb cell states. Here we describe CHIME: CHimeric IMmune Editing, a CRISPR-Cas9 bone marrow delivery system to rapidly evaluate gene function in innate and adaptive immune cells in vivo without ex vivo manipulation of these mature lineages. This approach enables efficient deletion of genes of interest in major immune lineages without altering their development or function. We use this approach to perform an in vivo pooled genetic screen and identify Ptpn2 as a negative regulator of CD8+ T cell-mediated responses to LCMV Clone 13 viral infection. These findings indicate that this genetic platform can enable rapid target discovery through pooled screening in immune cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W LaFleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thao H Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew A Coxe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen B Yates
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Justin D Trombley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah A Weiss
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Flavian D Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jacob E Gillis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Coxe
- School of Energy, Matter, and Transport Engineering at Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Homanics GE. Gene-edited CRISPy Critters for alcohol research. Alcohol 2019; 74:11-19. [PMID: 30621855 PMCID: PMC6334660 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered animals are powerful tools that have provided invaluable insights into mechanisms of alcohol action and alcohol-use disorder. Traditionally, production of gene-targeted animals was a tremendously expensive, time consuming, and technically demanding undertaking. However, the recent advent of facile methods for editing the genome at very high efficiency is revolutionizing how these animals are made. While pioneering approaches to create gene-edited animals first used zinc finger nucleases and subsequently used transcription activator-like effector nucleases, these approaches have been largely supplanted in an extremely short period of time with the recent discovery and precocious maturation of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) system. CRISPR uses a short RNA sequence to guide a non-specific CRISPR-associated nuclease (Cas) to a precise, single location in the genome. Because the CRISPR/Cas system can be cheaply, rapidly, and easily reprogrammed to target nearly any genomic locus of interest simply by recoding the sequence of the guide RNA, this gene-editing system has been rapidly adopted by numerous labs around the world. With CRISPR/Cas, it is now possible to perform gene editing directly in early embryos from every species of animals that is of interest to the alcohol field. Techniques have been developed that enable the rapid production of animals in which a gene has been inactivated (knockout) or modified to harbor specific nucleotide changes (knockins). This system has also been used to insert specific DNA sequences such as reporter or recombinase genes into specific loci of interest. Genetically engineered animals created with the CRISPR/Cas system (CRISPy Critters) are being produced at an astounding pace. Animal production is no longer a significant bottleneck to new discoveries. CRISPy animal studies are just beginning to appear in the alcohol literature, but their use is expected to explode in the near future. CRISPy mice, rats, and other model organisms are sure to facilitate advances in our understanding of alcohol-use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg E Homanics
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 6060 Biomedical Science Tower-3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 6060 Biomedical Science Tower-3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 6060 Biomedical Science Tower-3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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Gurumurthy CB, Lloyd KCK. Generating mouse models for biomedical research: technological advances. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm029462. [PMID: 30626588 PMCID: PMC6361157 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, new methods and procedures have been developed to generate genetically engineered mouse models of human disease. This At a Glance article highlights several recent technical advances in mouse genome manipulation that have transformed our ability to manipulate and study gene expression in the mouse. We discuss how conventional gene targeting by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells has given way to more refined methods that enable allele-specific manipulation in zygotes. We also highlight advances in the use of programmable endonucleases that have greatly increased the feasibility and ease of editing the mouse genome. Together, these and other technologies provide researchers with the molecular tools to functionally annotate the mouse genome with greater fidelity and specificity, as well as to generate new mouse models using faster, simpler and less costly techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106-5915, USA
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106-5915, USA
| | - Kevin C Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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Abstract
This chapter contains a collection of protocols involved in using ZFNs to create rat models with various types of genome editing, including simple knockout, point mutation, large deletions, floxing, and insertions. The protocols cover ZFN and donor design criteria, in vitro transcription of ZFNs, validation of ZFNs activity in cultured cells, RNA stability test, microinjection sample preparation, genotyping and in vitro confirmation of floxed alleles, and Southern blot analysis, most of which are not limited to using ZFNs. Instead they apply to model creation in general. When appropriate, a comparison between ZFNs and CRISPR is provided. Standard pronuclear microinjection per se is not discussed.
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Abstract
Microinjection/micromanipulation is more than 100 years old. It is a technique that is instrumental in biomedical research and healthcare. Its longevity lies in its preciseness in mechanical retrieval, or delivery of biological materials, which in some cases is simply necessary or more effective than other retrieval/delivery means. Microinjection is favored for its straightforwardness in transferring contents from micromolecules to macromolecules and from organelles to cells. Microinjection/micromanipulation has been practiced over the century like an art form. Variations in handlings and instruments can be tolerated to a surprising degree with satisfactory outcomes. Throughout the century, microinjection developed as an indispensable tool along with the evolution of biomedical fields: from transgenics to gene targeting, from animal cloning to human infertility treatment, from nuclease-guided genetic engineering to RNA-guided genome editing (Fig. 1). The birth of the CRISPRology rejuvenated microinjection. For microinjection/micromanipulation, the second century has already begun with the early arrival of computerized instrumentation and lately of the high-throughput nanomanipulators potentially operable by artificial intelligence. As we yin-yang both systemic and precision approaches in research and medicine, microinjection will no doubt continue to find its unique place in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xu
- Genetically Engineered Murine Model (GEMM) Core Facility, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Transgenic mouse models can be subdivided into two main categories based on genomic location: (1) targeted genomic manipulation and (2) random integration into the genome. Despite the potential confounding insertional mutagenesis and host locus-dependent expression, random integration transgenics allowed for rapid in vivo assessment of gene/protein function. Since precise genomic manipulation required the time-consuming prerequisite of first generating genetically modified embryonic stem cells, the rapid nature of generating random integration transgenes remained a strong benefit outweighing various disadvantages. The advent of targetable nucleases, such as CRISPR/Cas9, has eliminated the prerequisite of first generating genetically modified embryonic stem cells for some types of targeted genomic mutations. This chapter outlines the generation of mouse models with targeted genomic manipulation using the CRISPR/Cas9 system directly into single cell mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Scott
- Knockout Mouse Core, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Knockout Mouse Core, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Gamage TH, Gunnes G, Lee RH, Louch WE, Holmgren A, Bruton JD, Lengle E, Kolstad TRS, Revold T, Amundsen SS, Dalen KT, Holme PA, Tjønnfjord GE, Christensen G, Westerblad H, Klungland A, Bergmeier W, Misceo D, Frengen E. STIM1 R304W causes muscle degeneration and impaired platelet activation in mice. Cell Calcium 2018; 76:87-100. [PMID: 30390422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STIM1 and ORAI1 regulate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in most cell types, and mutations in these proteins have deleterious and diverse effects. We established a mouse line expressing the STIM1 R304 W gain-of-function mutation causing Stormorken syndrome to explore effects on organ and cell physiology. While STIM1 R304 W was lethal in the homozygous state, surviving mice presented with reduced growth, skeletal muscle degeneration, and reduced exercise endurance. Variable STIM1 expression levels between tissues directly impacted cellular SOCE capacity. In contrast to patients with Stormorken syndrome, STIM1 was downregulated in fibroblasts from Stim1R304W/R304W mice, which maintained SOCE despite constitutive protein activity. In studies using foetal liver chimeras, STIM1 protein was undetectable in homozygous megakaryocytes and platelets, resulting in impaired platelet activation and absent SOCE. These data indicate that downregulation of STIM1 R304 W effectively opposes the gain-of-function phenotype associated with this mutation, and highlight the importance of STIM1 in skeletal muscle development and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini H Gamage
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gjermund Gunnes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Robert Hugh Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - William Edward Louch
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo Norway
| | - Asbjørn Holmgren
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joseph D Bruton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Lengle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje R Selnes Kolstad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo Norway
| | - Tobias Revold
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | | | | | - Pål Andre Holme
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Erland Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo Norway
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Klungland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Doriana Misceo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Lee JG, Sung YH, Baek IJ. Generation of genetically-engineered animals using engineered endonucleases. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:885-897. [PMID: 29777358 PMCID: PMC6153862 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The key to successful drug discovery and development is to find the most suitable animal model of human diseases for the preclinical studies. The recent emergence of engineered endonucleases is allowing for efficient and precise genome editing, which can be used to develop potentially useful animal models for human diseases. In particular, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat systems are revolutionizing the generation of diverse genetically-engineered experimental animals including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, and even non-human primates that are commonly used for preclinical studies of the drug discovery. Here, we describe recent advances in engineered endonucleases and their application in various laboratory animals. We also discuss the importance of genome editing in animal models for more closely mimicking human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Geol Lee
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, ConveRgence mEDIcine research cenTer (CREDIT), Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Simone BW, Martínez-Gálvez G, WareJoncas Z, Ekker SC. Fishing for understanding: Unlocking the zebrafish gene editor's toolbox. Methods 2018; 150:3-10. [PMID: 30076892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of the field of gene editing can largely be attributed to the discovery and optimization of designer endonucleases. These include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regular interspersed short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) systems including Cas9, Cas12a, and structure-guided nucleases. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have proven to be a powerful model system for genome engineering testing and applications due to their external development, high fecundity, and ease of housing. As the zebrafish gene editing toolkit continues to grow, it is becoming increasingly important to understand when and how to utilize which of these technologies for maximum efficacy in a particular project. While CRISPR-Cas9 has brought broad attention to the field of genome engineering in recent years, designer endonucleases have been utilized in genome engineering for more than two decades. This chapter provides a brief overview of designer endonuclease and other gene editing technologies in zebrafish as well as some of their known functional benefits and limitations depending on specific project goals. Finally, selected prospects for additional gene editing tools are presented, promising additional options for directed genomic programming of this versatile animal model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Simone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Zachary WareJoncas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Lampreht Tratar U, Horvat S, Cemazar M. Transgenic Mouse Models in Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2018; 8:268. [PMID: 30079312 PMCID: PMC6062593 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of existing mouse models in cancer research is of utmost importance as they aim to explore the casual link between candidate cancer genes and carcinogenesis as well as to provide models to develop and test new therapies. However, faster progress in translating mouse cancer model research into the clinic has been hampered due to the limitations of these models to better reflect the complexities of human tumors. Traditionally, immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice with syngeneic and xenografted tumors transplanted subcutaneously or orthotopically have been used. These models are still being widely employed for many different types of studies, in part due to their widespread availability and low cost. Other types of mouse models used in cancer research comprise transgenic mice in which oncogenes can be constitutively or conditionally expressed and tumor-suppressor genes silenced using conventional methods, such as retroviral infection, microinjection of DNA constructs, and the so-called "gene-targeted transgene" approach. These traditional transgenic models have been very important in studies of carcinogenesis and tumor pathogenesis, as well as in studies evaluating the development of resistance to therapy. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing approach has revolutionized the field of mouse cancer models and has had a profound and rapid impact on the development of more effective systems to study human cancers. The CRISPR/Cas9-based transgenic models have the capacity to engineer a wide spectrum of mutations found in human cancers and provide solutions to problems that were previously unsolvable. Recently, humanized mouse xenograft models that accept patient-derived xenografts and CD34+ cells were developed to better mimic tumor heterogeneity, the tumor microenvironment, and cross-talk between the tumor and stromal/immune cells. These features make them extremely valuable models for the evaluation of investigational cancer therapies, specifically new immunotherapies. Taken together, improvements in both the CRISPR/Cas9 system producing more valid mouse models and in the humanized mouse xenograft models resembling complex interactions between the tumor and its environment might represent one of the successful pathways to precise individualized cancer therapy, leading to improved cancer patient survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursa Lampreht Tratar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Horvat
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Isola, Slovenia
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LIU Y, CHEN Q, YANG X, TANG Q, YAO K, XU Y. [Generation of a new strain of NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ -/- mice with targeted disruption of Prkdc and IL2Rγ genes using CRISPR/Cas9 system]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:639-646. [PMID: 29997084 PMCID: PMC6765701 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.06.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-/- (NSG) mouse strain is the most widely used immunodeficient strain for xenograft transplantation. However, the existing SCID mutation is a spontaneous mutation of the Prkdc gene, which leads to leaky T cell developmental block and difficulty in genotyping. It is therefore important to develop a new strain of NSG mice with targeted disruption of Prkdc and IL2Rγ genes. METHODS Targeted disruption of Prkdc and IL2Rγ genes was achieved using the CRISPR/ Cas9 system. By intercrossing the knockout and NOD mice, we obtained a novel strain of NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-/- (NSG) mice, denoted as cNSG (Chinese NSG) mice. RESULTS In addition to the NOD mutation, cNSG mice exhibited a complete absence of T cells, B cells and NK cells. cNSG mice allowed more efficient engraftment of human cancer cells than the commonly used immunodeficient nude mice. CONCLUSION cNSG mice will provide an important xenotransplantation model for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen LIU
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Qu CHEN
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Xinglong YANG
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Qingshuang TANG
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Kaitai YAO
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
| | - Yang XU
- />Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China南方医科大学肿瘤研究所,广东 广州 510515
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Li C, Psatha N, Gil S, Wang H, Papayannopoulou T, Lieber A. HDAd5/35 ++ Adenovirus Vector Expressing Anti-CRISPR Peptides Decreases CRISPR/Cas9 Toxicity in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2018; 9:390-401. [PMID: 30038942 PMCID: PMC6054697 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We generated helper-dependent HDAd5/35++ adenovirus vectors expressing CRISPR/Cas9 for potential hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) gene therapy of β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease through re-activation of fetal γ-globin expression (HDAd-globin-CRISPR). The process of CRISPR/Cas9 gene transfer using these vectors was not associated with death of human CD34+ cells and did not affect their in vitro expansion and erythroid differentiation. However, functional assays for primitive HSCs, e.g., multi-lineage progenitor colony formation and engraftment in irradiated NOD/Shi-scid/interleukin-2 receptor γ (IL-2Rγ) null (NSG) mice, revealed toxicity of HDAd-globin-CRISPR vectors related to the prolonged expression and activity of CRISPR/Cas9. To control the duration of CRISPR/Cas9 activity, we generated an HDAd5/35++ vector that expressed two anti-CRISPR (Acr) peptides (AcrII4 and AcrII2) capable of binding to the CRISPR/Cas9 complex (HDAd-Acr). CD34+ cells that were sequentially infected with HDAd-CRISPR and HDAd-Acr engrafted at a significantly higher rate. Target site disruption frequencies in engrafted human cells were similar to those in pre-transplantation CD34+ cells, indicating that genome-edited primitive HSCs survived. In vitro differentiated HSCs isolated from transplanted mice demonstrated increased γ-globin expression as a result of genome editing. Our data indicate that the HDAd-Acr vector can be used as a tool to reduce HSC cytotoxicity of the CRISPR/Cas9 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nikoletta Psatha
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sucheol Gil
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - André Lieber
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357720, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Pronounced Hyperactivity, Cognitive Dysfunctions, and BDNF Dysregulation in Dopamine Transporter Knock-out Rats. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1959-1972. [PMID: 29348190 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1931-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) controls many vital physiological functions and is critically involved in several neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The major function of the plasma membrane dopamine transporter (DAT) is the rapid uptake of released DA into presynaptic nerve terminals leading to control of both the extracellular levels of DA and the intracellular stores of DA. Here, we present a newly developed strain of rats in which the gene encoding DAT knockout Rats (DAT-KO) has been disrupted by using zinc finger nuclease technology. Male and female DAT-KO rats develop normally but weigh less than heterozygote and wild-type rats and demonstrate pronounced spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity. While striatal extracellular DA lifetime and concentrations are significantly increased, the total tissue content of DA is markedly decreased demonstrating the key role of DAT in the control of DA neurotransmission. Hyperactivity of DAT-KO rats can be counteracted by amphetamine, methylphenidate, the partial Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist RO5203648 ((S)-4-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-oxazol-2-ylamine) and haloperidol. DAT-KO rats also demonstrate a deficit in working memory and sensorimotor gating tests, less propensity to develop obsessive behaviors and show strong dysregulation in frontostriatal BDNF function. DAT-KO rats could provide a novel translational model for human diseases involving aberrant DA function and/or mutations affecting DAT or related regulatory mechanisms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we present a newly developed strain of rats in which the gene encoding the dopamine transporter (DAT) has been disrupted (Dopamine Transporter Knockout rats [DAT-KO rats]). DAT-KO rats display functional hyperdopaminergia accompanied by pronounced spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity. Hyperactivity of DAT-KO rats can be counteracted by amphetamine, methylphenidate, and a few other compounds exerting inhibitory action on dopamine-dependent hyperactivity. DAT-KO rats also demonstrate cognitive deficits in working memory and sensorimotor gating tests, less propensity to develop compulsive behaviors, and strong dysregulation in frontostriatal BDNF function. These observations highlight the key role of DAT in the control of brain dopaminergic transmission. DAT-KO rats could provide a novel translational model for human diseases involving aberrant dopamine functions.
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Noncanonical thyroid hormone signaling mediates cardiometabolic effects in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11323-E11332. [PMID: 29229863 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706801115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) and TH receptors (TRs) α and β act by binding to TH response elements (TREs) in regulatory regions of target genes. This nuclear signaling is established as the canonical or type 1 pathway for TH action. Nevertheless, TRs also rapidly activate intracellular second-messenger signaling pathways independently of gene expression (noncanonical or type 3 TR signaling). To test the physiological relevance of noncanonical TR signaling, we generated knockin mice with a mutation in the TR DNA-binding domain that abrogates binding to DNA and leads to complete loss of canonical TH action. We show that several important physiological TH effects are preserved despite the disruption of DNA binding of TRα and TRβ, most notably heart rate, body temperature, blood glucose, and triglyceride concentration, all of which were regulated by noncanonical TR signaling. Additionally, we confirm that TRE-binding-defective TRβ leads to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis with resistance to TH, while mutation of TRα causes a severe delay in skeletal development, thus demonstrating tissue- and TR isoform-specific canonical signaling. These findings provide in vivo evidence that noncanonical TR signaling exerts physiologically important cardiometabolic effects that are distinct from canonical actions. These data challenge the current paradigm that in vivo physiological TH action is mediated exclusively via regulation of gene transcription at the nuclear level.
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Vacca M, Böhme J, Zambetti LP, Khameneh HJ, Paleja BS, Laudisi F, Ho AWS, Neo K, Leong KWK, Marzuki M, Lee B, Poidinger M, Santambrogio L, Tsenova L, Zolezzi F, De Libero G, Singhal A, Mortellaro A. NLRP10 Enhances CD4 + T-Cell-Mediated IFNγ Response via Regulation of Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-12 Release. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1462. [PMID: 29163529 PMCID: PMC5673625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP10 is a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor that functions as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor for microbial products. Here, we generated a Nlrp10-/- mouse to delineate the role of NLRP10 in the host immune response and found that Nlrp10-/- dendritic cells (DCs) elicited sub-optimal IFNγ production by antigen-specific CD4+ T cells compared to wild-type (WT) DCs. In response to T-cell encounter, CD40 ligation or Toll-like receptor 9 stimulation, Nlrp10-/- DCs produced low levels of IL-12, due to a substantial decrease in NF-κB activation. Defective IL-12 production was also evident in vivo and affected IFNγ production by CD4+ T cells. Upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, Nlrp10-/- mice displayed diminished T helper 1-cell responses and increased bacterial growth compared to WT mice. These data indicate that NLRP10-mediated IL-12 production by DCs is critical for IFNγ induction in T cells and contributes to promote the host defense against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Vacca
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julia Böhme
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lia Paola Zambetti
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hanif Javanmard Khameneh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhairav S Paleja
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federica Laudisi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian W S Ho
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kurt Neo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith Weng Kit Leong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mardiana Marzuki
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Liana Tsenova
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Francesca Zolezzi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Yang H, Ahn C, Shin EK, Lee JS, An BS, Jeung EB. NCKX3 was compensated by calcium transporting genes and bone resorption in a NCKX3 KO mouse model. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 454:93-102. [PMID: 28602864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene knockout is the most powerful tool for determination of gene function or permanent modification of the phenotypic characteristics of an animal. Existing methods for gene disruption are limited by their efficiency, time required for completion and potential for confounding off-target effects. In this study, a rapid single-step approach to knockout of a targeted gene in mice using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) was demonstrated for generation of mutant (knockout; KO) alleles. Specifically, ZFNs to target the sodium/calcium/potassium exchanger3 (NCKX3) gene in C57bl/6j were designed using the concept of this approach. NCKX3 KO mice were generated and the phenotypic characterization and molecular regulation of active calcium transporting genes was assessed when mice were fed different calcium diets during growth. General phenotypes such as body weight and plasma ion level showed no distinct abnormalities. Thus, the potassium/sodium/calcium exchanger of NCKX3 KO mice proceeded normally in this study. As a result, the compensatory molecular regulation of this mechanism was elucidated. Renal TRPV5 mRNA of NCKX3 KO mice increased in both male and female mice. Expression of TRPV6 mRNA was only down-regulated in the duodenum of male KO mice. Renal- and duodenal expression of PTHR and VDR were not changed; however, GR mRNA expression was increased in the kidney of NCKX3 KO mice. Depletion of the NCKX3 gene in a KO mouse model showed loss of bone mineral contents and increased plasma parathyroid hormone, suggesting that NCKX3 may play a role in regulating calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea; Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Shin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of National Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Webber BR, O’Connor KT, McElmurry RT, Durgin EN, Eide C, Lees CJ, Riddle MJ, Mathews W, Frank NY, Kluth MA, Ganss C, Moriarity BS, Frank MH, Osborn MJ, Tolar J. Rapid generation of Col7a1 -/- mouse model of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and partial rescue via immunosuppressive dermal mesenchymal stem cells. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1218-1224. [PMID: 28892093 PMCID: PMC5623156 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a debilitating and ultimately lethal blistering disease caused by mutations to the Col7a1 gene. Development of novel cell therapies for the treatment of RDEB would be fostered by having immunodeficient mouse models able to accept human cell grafts; however, immunodeficient models of many genodermatoses such as RDEB are lacking. To overcome this limitation, we combined the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) system with microinjection into NOD/SCID IL2rγcnull (NSG) embryos to rapidly develop an immunodeficient Col7a1-/- mouse model of RDEB. Through dose optimization, we achieve F0 biallelic knockout efficiencies exceeding 80%, allowing us to quickly generate large numbers of RDEB NSG mice for experimental use. Using this strategy, we clearly demonstrate important strain-specific differences in RDEB pathology that could underlie discordant results observed between independent studies and establish the utility of this system in proof-of-concept human cellular transplantation experiments. Importantly, we uncover the ability of a recently identified skin resident immunomodulatory dermal mesenchymal stem cell marked by ABCB5 to reduce RDEB pathology and markedly extend the lifespan of RDEB NSG mice via reduced skin infiltration of inflammatory myeloid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau R. Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kyle T. O’Connor
- Masonic Cancer Center at the University of Minnesota, Mouse Genetics Laboratory Shared Resource, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ron T. McElmurry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elise N. Durgin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cindy Eide
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher J. Lees
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan J. Riddle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wendy Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Natasha Y. Frank
- Department of Medicine, Boston VA Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A. Kluth
- Rheacell GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg, Germany,Ticeba GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ganss
- Rheacell GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg, Germany,Ticeba GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Markus H. Frank
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J. Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA,Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence to: Jakub Tolar, Pediatric BMT, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN 55455; 612-626-6723;
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Tsunekawa Y, Terhune RK, Fujita I, Shitamukai A, Suetsugu T, Matsuzaki F. Developing a de novo targeted knock-in method based on in utero electroporation into the mammalian brain. Development 2017; 143:3216-22. [PMID: 27578183 PMCID: PMC5047673 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genome-editing technology has revolutionized the field of biology. Here, we report a novel de novo gene-targeting method mediated by in utero electroporation into the developing mammalian brain. Electroporation of donor DNA with the CRISPR/Cas9 system vectors successfully leads to knock-in of the donor sequence, such as EGFP, to the target site via the homology-directed repair mechanism. We developed a targeting vector system optimized to prevent anomalous leaky expression of the donor gene from the plasmid, which otherwise often occurs depending on the donor sequence. The knock-in efficiency of the electroporated progenitors reached up to 40% in the early stage and 20% in the late stage of the developing mouse brain. Furthermore, we inserted different fluorescent markers into the target gene in each homologous chromosome, successfully distinguishing homozygous knock-in cells by color. We also applied this de novo gene targeting to the ferret model for the study of complex mammalian brains. Our results demonstrate that this technique is widely applicable for monitoring gene expression, visualizing protein localization, lineage analysis and gene knockout, all at the single-cell level, in developmental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tsunekawa
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Raymond Kunikane Terhune
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ikumi Fujita
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsunori Shitamukai
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Taeko Suetsugu
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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