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Hoffman GR, Giduturi C, Cordaro NJ, Yoshida CT, Schoffstall AM, Stabio ME, Zuckerman MD. Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Xylazine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2091-2098. [PMID: 38747710 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Xylazine (also known as "tranq") is a potent nonopioid veterinary sedative that has recently experienced a surge in use as a drug adulterant, most often combined with illicitly manufactured fentanyl. This combination may heighten the risk of fatal overdose. Xylazine has no known antidote approved for use in humans, and age-adjusted overdose deaths involving xylazine were 35 times higher in 2021 than 2018. In April 2023, the Biden Administration declared xylazine-laced fentanyl an emerging drug threat in the United States. In 2022, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) reported nearly a quarter of seized fentanyl powder contained xylazine. This dramatic increase in prevalence has solidified the status of xylazine as an emerging drug of abuse and an evolving threat to public health. The following narrative review outlines the synthesis, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse effects of xylazine, as well as the role it may play in the ongoing opioid epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Hoffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918, United States
| | - Chetan Giduturi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Nicholas J Cordaro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Cassidy T Yoshida
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Allen M Schoffstall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918, United States
| | - Maureen E Stabio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Matthew D Zuckerman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Al Gburi MRA, Altinoz E, Elbe H, Onal MO, Yilmaz U, Yilmaz N, Karayakali M, Demir M. Pinealectomy and melatonin administration in rats: their effects on pulmonary edema induced by α-naphthylthiourea. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:1024-1034. [PMID: 36069203 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2119994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to observe the possible effects of melatonin (MLT) deprivation (pinealectomy) and exogenous MLT administration on pulmonary edema induced by alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU), a toxic chemical agent, in rats. Seventy animals were assigned to seven groups: control, sham pinealectomy (PINX), PINX, ANTU (10 mg/kg intraperitoneal on day 30), ANTU + MLT (10 mg/kg/day i.p. for 30 days), ANTU + PINX, and ANTU + PINX + MLT.In this study, pleural effusion (PE) formation, lung weight/body weight (LW/BW) and PE/BW ratios (fluid accumulation and weight values in the lungs) increase detected. Pre-ANTU MLT administration led to significant decreases in PE, LW/BW, and PE/BW levels. The inhibited glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels that ANTU increase lipid peroxidation in the study. MLT administration eliminated oxidative stress by reducing MDA and ameliorating GSH and SOD levels.Pre-ANTU MLT administration led to a significant decrease in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in the lung when compared to the ANTU group without MLT administration. Post-pinealectomy ANTU administration significantly increased IL-1β and TNF-α levels when compared to ANTU and MLT administration without pinealectomy. Diffused inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial pulmonary edema, and histopathological congestion were observed after the administration of ANTU. Severity of the damage was elevated in the ANTU + PINX group. MLT treatment regressed pulmonary effusion and edema and improves lung structure. In brief, the findings suggested that MLT inhibited proinflammatory mediators and could serve as a therapeutic agent to prevent inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyup Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Hulya Elbe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Melike Ozgul Onal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Umit Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Nesibe Yilmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Melike Karayakali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Demir
- Department of Physiology, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
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Çiftci G, Çiftci A, Onuk B, Çenesiz M, Savaşan S, Çenesiz S. Investigation of the effects of atorvastatin and Lactobacillus acidophilus on some hormones and oxidative stress in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 165:106716. [PMID: 36764153 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM The investigation of serum leptin, ghrelin, insulin, seratonin hormones, NO, total oxidant/antioxidant status and brain cannaboid 1 receptor protein and apoptotic cell levels in atorvastatin and Lactobacillus acidophilus administrated experimental hypercholesterolemia was aimed in the project. METHODS In the study, 5 experimental groups were formed. Group 1 was fed with standard rat chow, and Group 2 was fed with 2% cholesterol added standard rat chow for 8 weeks. Group 3 was fed with 2% cholesterol feed and received atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) for the last 4 weeks. Group 4 was given L. acidophilus (2 ×108 cfu/kg/day). Group 5 was given atorvastatin and L. acidophilus probiotic in the last 4 weeks of the experiment period. After the experimental period, blood samples were taken from each rat. Rats were sacrificed and brain tissues were taken for analyzes. In sera samples, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, serotonin hormones and NO levels were measured with ELISA. In brain samples, cannabinoid 1 receptor proteins and apoptosis levels were measured by ELISA. Total oxidant and antioxidant levels were investigated with using Rel Assay Kits. RESULTS The addition of cholesterol to feeds increased the levels of serum cholesterol, insulin and leptin levels; on the other hand, reduced the levels of serotonin and ghrelin. In hypercholesterolemia, total oxidant and NO levels were increased, and total antioxidant levels were decreased. CONCLUSION The results showed that administrations of L. acidophilus and atorvastatin might be recommended for treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülay Çiftci
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Alper Çiftci
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Burcu Onuk
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Metin Çenesiz
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sadık Savaşan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Sena Çenesiz
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
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Fux D, Metzner M, Brandl J, Feist M, Behrendt-Wippermann M, von Thaden A, Baumgartner C. Pharmacokinetics of metamizole (dipyrone) as an add-on in calves undergoing umbilical surgery. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265305. [PMID: 35290991 PMCID: PMC8923478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This preliminary clinical investigation of the pharmacokinetic behavior of the main metamizole (dipyrone) metabolites 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) in calves undergoing umbilical surgery is part of an already published main study. A single intravenous dose of metamizole was added to ketamine/xylazine/isoflurane anesthesia. Eight Simmental calves weighing 90 ± 10.8 kg and aged 47.6 ± 10.4 days received 40 mg/kg metamizole intravenously 10 minutes prior to general anesthesia. Blood samples were collected over 24 hours and analyzed for 4-MAA and 4-AA. Meloxicam was additionally given twice: 2.5 hours pre- and 20.5 hours postsurgically. The pharmacokinetic profile of 4-MAA was best fitted to a two-compartment model and was characterized by a fast distribution half-life and slow elimination half-life (t½alpha = 5.29 minutes, t½beta = 9.49 hours). The maximum concentration (Cmax 101.63 μg/mL) was detected at the first measurement time point 15 minutes after administration. In contrast, 4-AA showed fast, high and biphasic plasma peak concentration behavior in five calves (2.54–2.66 μg/mL after 15–30 minutes, and 2.10–2.14 μg/mL after 2–3.5 hours) with a t½beta of 8.87 hours, indicating a rapid distribution and subsequent redistribution from well-perfused organs. Alternatively, three calves exhibited a slower and lower monophasic plasma peak concentration (1.66 μg/mL after 6.5 hours) with a t½beta of 6.23 hours, indicating slow accumulation in the intravascular compartment. The maximum concentration and area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) of 4-AA were lower than those of 4-MAA. This metabolic behavior supports our already published data on clinical monitoring and plasma cortisol concentrations (PCCs). Compared to those of saline controls, lower PCCs correspond to the t½alpha of 4-MAA. Data on Tmax and t½beta also match these clinical observations. However, further studies are required to assess the exact analgesic mechanism and potency of the metamizole metabolites in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fux
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Metzner
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Johanna Brandl
- Center of Preclinical Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Melanie Feist
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Magdalena Behrendt-Wippermann
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Anne von Thaden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- Center of Preclinical Research, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kiefer D, Müller-Wirtz LM, Maurer F, Hüppe T, Mathes AM, Volk T, Kreuer S, Fink T. Intravenous propofol, ketamine (ketofol) and rocuronium after sevoflurane induction provides long lasting anesthesia in ventilated rats. Exp Anim 2021; 71:231-239. [PMID: 34880161 PMCID: PMC9130037 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats are commonly used animals for laboratory experiments and many experiments require general anesthesia. However, the lack of published and reproducible intravenous anesthesia protocols
for rats results in unnecessary animal use to establish new anesthesia techniques across institutions. We therefore developed an anesthesia protocol with propofol, ketamine, and rocuronium
for mechanically ventilated rats, and evaluated vital parameters and plasma concentrations. 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent inhalation induction with sevoflurane and tracheal, venous
and arterial cannulation. After established venous access, sevoflurane was substituted by propofol and ketamine (ketofol). Rocuronium was added under mechanical ventilation for 7 h. Drug
dosages were stepwise reduced to prevent accumulation. All animals survived the observation period and showed adequate depth of anesthesia. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate remained
within normal ranges. Median propofol plasma concentrations remained stable: 1, 4, 7 h: 2.0 (interquartile range (IQR): 1.8–2.2), 2.1 (1.8–2.2), 1.8 (1.6–2.1) µg/ml, whereas
median ketamine concentrations slightly differed after 7 h compared to 1 h: 1, 4, 7 h: 3.7 (IQR: 3.5–4.5), 3.8 (3.3–4.1), 3.8 (3.0–4.1) µg/ml. Median rocuronium plasma
concentrations were lower after 4 and 7 h compared to 1 h: 1, 4, 7 h: 3.9 (IQR: 3.5–4.9), 3.2 (2.7–3.3), 3.0 (2.4–3.4) µg/ml. Our anesthesia protocol provides stable and
reliable anesthesia in mechanically ventilated rats for several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kiefer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Lukas M Müller-Wirtz
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Felix Maurer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Tobias Hüppe
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Alexander M Mathes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Thomas Volk
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Sascha Kreuer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Tobias Fink
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
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Gaarde L, Kolstrup S, Bollen P. The effects of post-operative oxygen supply on blood oxygenation and acid-base status in rats anaesthetized with fentanyl/fluanisone and midazolam. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255829. [PMID: 34370776 PMCID: PMC8351956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In anaesthetic practice the risk of hypoxia and arterial blood gas disturbances is evident, as most anaesthetic regimens depress the respiratory function. Hypoxia may be extended during recovery, and for this reason we wished to investigate if oxygen supply during a one hour post-operative period reduced the development of hypoxia and respiratory acidosis in rats anaesthetized with fentanyl/fluanisone and midazolam. Twelve Sprague Dawley rats underwent surgery and were divided in two groups, breathing either 100% oxygen or atmospheric air during a post-operative period. The peripheral blood oxygen saturation and arterial acid-base status were analyzed for differences between the two groups. We found that oxygen supply after surgery prevented hypoxia but did not result in a significant difference in the blood acid-base status. All rats developed respiratory acidosis, which could not be reversed by supplemental oxygen supply. We concluded that oxygen supply improved oxygen saturation and avoided hypoxia but did not have an influence on the acid-base status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Gaarde
- Department of Cardio-Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Kolstrup
- Biomedical Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Bollen
- Biomedical Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Radford KD, Berman RY, Zhang M, Wu TJ, Choi KH. Sex-related differences in intravenous ketamine effects on dissociative stereotypy and antinociception in male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173042. [PMID: 32976859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a multimodal dissociative anesthetic drug, is widely used to treat various conditions including acute pain and treatment-resistant depression. We previously reported that subanesthetic doses of intravenous (i.v.) ketamine produced transient dissociative stereotypy and antinociception in male rats. However, sex-related differences in the effects of i.v. ketamine on these measures are not well characterized. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 weeks old) received an i.v. bolus saline or ketamine (2 and 5 mg/kg), and dissociative stereotypy (head weaving, ataxia, and circling) and natural behaviors (horizontal activity, rearing, and grooming) were quantified over a 10-min period. Ten minutes after the behavioral observation, antinociception was measured using a tail flick test. The i.v. ketamine administration increased head weaving, ataxia, circling, and horizontal activity while decreasing rearing and grooming behaviors in male and female rats. Following 5 mg/kg ketamine administration, ataxia was greater in female rats, while head weaving was greater in male rats. Among the female rats, head weaving was greater in the low estrogen group (diestrus phase) as compared to the high estrogen group (proestrus/estrus phase). Ketamine doses (2 and 5 mg/kg) produced antinociception in male and female rats, and female rats were more sensitive to the antinociceptive effects of 2 mg/kg ketamine. The current findings suggest that i.v. ketamine administration, a clinically relevant route of administration, may produce sex-related differences in dissociative behaviors and analgesia between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennett D Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rina Y Berman
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - T John Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kwang H Choi
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Saghir SA, Ansari RA, Dorato MA. Rethinking toxicity testing: Influence of aging on the outcome of long-term toxicity testing and possible remediation. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111327. [PMID: 32380075 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, toxicity testing is conducted at fixed dose rates (i.e., mg/kg/day) without considering life-changing events, e.g., stress, sickness, aging- and/or pregnancy-related changes in physical, physiological and biochemical parameters. In humans, life-changing events may cause systemic dose non-proportionality requiring modulation of drug dosage; similar changes occur in animals altering systemic dose during chronic/carcinogenic testing leading to "late-occurring" effects in some studies. For example, propylene monomethyl ether, an industrial chemical, initially induced sedation in rats and mice with recovery upon induction of hepatic CYPs after ~1 week. Sedation reappeared in rats but not in mice after ~12 months of exposure due to decreased CYP activity in rats, elderly mice were able to maintain slightly higher CYP activity avoiding recurrence of sedation. The systemic dose of two pharmaceuticals (doxazosin and brimonidine tartrate) increased up to 6-fold in ≥12-month old rats with no toxicity. In a rat reproductive toxicity study, systemic dose of 2,4-D, an herbicide, rapidly increased due to increased consumption of 2,4-D-fortified diet during pregnancy, lactation and neonatal growth, requiring adjustment to maintain the targeted systemic dose. Ideally, toxicological studies should be based on systemic dose with the option of modulating external dose rates to maintain the targeted systemic dose. Systemic dose can easily be monitored in selected core study animals at desired intervals considering recent developments in sampling and analysis at a fraction of the overall cost of a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmed Saghir
- Scotts Miracle-Gro, 14111 Scottslawn Road, Marysville, OH, 43041, USA; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; ToxInternational, Inc., 5057 Stonecroft Ct., Hilliard, OH 43026, USA.
| | - Rais Ahmad Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA.
| | - Michael A Dorato
- Inotiv, 13 Firstfield Road, Suite 110, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
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Schuetze S, Manig A, Ribes S, Nau R. Aged mice show an increased mortality after anesthesia with a standard dose of ketamine/xylazine. Lab Anim Res 2019; 35:8. [PMID: 32257896 PMCID: PMC7081538 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Geriatric animal models are crucial for a better understanding and an improved therapy of age-related diseases. We observed a high mortality of aged mice after anesthesia with a standard dose of ketamine/xylazine, an anesthetic regimen frequently used in laboratory veterinary medicine. C57BL/6-N mice at the age of 2.14 ± 0.23 months (young mice) and 26.31 ± 2.15 months (aged mice) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg ketamine and 0.2 mg xylazine. 4 of 26 aged mice (15.4%) but none of 26 young mice died within 15 min after injection of the anesthetics. The weight of aged mice was significantly higher than that of young mice (32.8 ± 5.4 g versus 23.2 ± 3.4 g, p < 0.0001). Thus, aged mice received lower doses of anesthetics in relation to their body weight which are within the lower range of doses recommended in the literature or even beneath. There were no differences between deceased and surviving aged mice concerning their sex, weight and their motor performance prior to anesthesia. Our data clearly show an age-related increase of mortality upon anesthesia with low standard doses of ketamine/xylazine. Assessment of weight and motor performance did not help to predict vulnerability of aged mice to the anesthetics. Caution is necessary when this common anesthetic regimen is applied in aged mice: lower doses or the use of alternative anesthetics should be considered to avoid unexpected mortality. The present data from our geriatric mouse model strongly corroborate an age-adjusted reduction of anesthetic doses to reduce anesthesia-related mortality in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schuetze
- 1Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.,2Department of Geriatrics, AGAPLESION Frankfurter Diakonie Kliniken, 60431 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Manig
- 1Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.,3Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ribes
- 1Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- 1Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.,4Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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McDougall SA, Park GI, Ramirez GI, Gomez V, Adame BC, Crawford CA. Sex-dependent changes in ketamine-induced locomotor activity and ketamine pharmacokinetics in preweanling, adolescent, and adult rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:740-755. [PMID: 30981586 PMCID: PMC7059997 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although ketamine has long been known to increase locomotor activity, only recently was it realized that this behavioral effect varies according to both sex and age. The purpose of the present study was threefold: first, to measure the locomotor activating effects of ketamine in male and female rats across early ontogeny and into adulthood; second, to assess ketamine and norketamine pharmacokinetics in the dorsal striatum and hippocampus of the same age groups; and, third, to use curvilinear regression to determine the relationship between locomotor activity and dorsal striatal concentrations of ketamine and norketamine. A high dose of ketamine (80 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered in order to examine the complete cycle of locomotor responsiveness across a 280-min testing session. In separate groups of rats, the dorsal striata and hippocampi were removed at 10 time points (0-360 min) after ketamine administration and samples were assayed for ketamine, norketamine, and dopamine using HPLC. In female rats, ketamine produced high levels of locomotor activity that varied only slightly among age groups. Male preweanling rats responded like females, but adolescent and adult male rats exhibited lesser amounts of ketamine-induced locomotor activity. Ketamine and norketamine pharmacokinetics, especially peak values and area under the curve, generally mirrored age- and sex-dependent differences in locomotor activity. Among male rats and younger female rats, dorsal striatal ketamine and norketamine levels accounted for a large proportion of the variance in locomotor activity. In adult female rats, however, an additional factor, perhaps involving other ketamine and norketamine metabolites, was influencing locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanders A McDougall
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA.
| | - Ginny I Park
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Goretti I Ramirez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Vanessa Gomez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Brittnee C Adame
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Cynthia A Crawford
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
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Shopova T, Kiefer D, Wolf B, Maurer F, Sessler DI, Volk T, Fink T, Kreuer S. Simultaneous quantification of propofol, ketamine and rocuronium in just 10 μL plasma using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry and its pilot application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4540. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Shopova
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Daniel Kiefer
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Beate Wolf
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Felix Maurer
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Daniel I. Sessler
- Michael Cudahy Professor & Chair, Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology InstituteCleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Thomas Volk
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Tobias Fink
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Sascha Kreuer
- CBR‐ Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain TherapySaarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine Homburg/Saar Germany
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12
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Nobrega R, Sheehy KA, Lippold C, Rice AL, Finkel JC, Quezado ZMN. Patient characteristics affect the response to ketamine and opioids during the treatment of vaso-occlusive episode-related pain in sickle cell disease. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:445-454. [PMID: 28902183 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundN-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation has been implicated in the pathobiology of inflammatory, nociceptive and neuropathic pain, opioid tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and central sensitization. Some of those mechanisms underlie sickle cell disease(SCD)-associated pain.MethodsWe conducted an exploratory cohort study of SCD patients who during vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) received subanesthetic doses of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine, as an adjunct to opioids. We sought to identify predictors of changes in pain scores and of the percentage of ketamine infusions associated with meaningful changes (≥20% reduction) in pain and opioid consumption.ResultsEight-five patients received 181 ketamine infusions for VOE-associated pain. Combined with opioids, ketamine yielded significant decrease in pain scores and opioid consumption. Ketamine administered to males and to younger patients yielded greater pain score decrease compared with females (P=0.013) and older patients (P=0.018). Fifty-four percent of infusions yielded meaningful reductions in pain scores, and in multivariate analysis, sex, age group, pain location, and infusion duration independently predicted pain score changes.ConclusionThis study suggests that in SCD patients admitted with VOE-associated pain, ketamine has age- and sex-dependent effects. These data can inform sample and effect size calculations for controlled trials to determine which SCD patients would benefit most from ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Nobrega
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Kathy A Sheehy
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Caroline Lippold
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Amy L Rice
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Julia C Finkel
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Zenaide M N Quezado
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, The Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.,Pediatric Anesthesia and Critical Care, Department of Perioperative Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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13
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Qi R, Li J, Wu X, Geng X, Chen N, Yu H. Effects of Ketamine on Basal Gamma Band Oscillation and Sensory Gating in Prefrontal Cortex of Awake Rats. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:457-464. [PMID: 29380249 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma band oscillation (GBO) and sensory gating (SG) are associated with many cognitive functions. Ketamine induces deficits of GBO and SG in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the time-courses of the effects of different doses of ketamine on GBO power and SG are poorly understood. Studies have indicated that GBO power and SG have a common substrate for their generation and abnormalities. In this study, we found that (1) ketamine administration increased GBO power in the PFC in rats differently in the low- and high-dose groups; (2) auditory SG was significantly lower than baseline in the 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg groups, but not in the 15 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg groups; and (3) changes in SG and basal GBO power were significantly correlated in awake rats. These results indicate a relationship between mechanisms underlying auditory SG and GBO power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renli Qi
- Second Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Second Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xujun Wu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Second Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Nanhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
| | - Hualin Yu
- Second Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
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14
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Drug metabolism in the elderly: A multifactorial problem? Maturitas 2017; 100:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Radford KD, Park TY, Lee BH, Moran S, Osborne LA, Choi KH. Dose-response characteristics of intravenous ketamine on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 153:130-140. [PMID: 28024909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians administer subanesthetic intravenous (IV) ketamine infusions for treatment of refractory depression, chronic pain, and post-traumatic stress disorder in humans. However, ketamine is administered via the subcutaneous (SC) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes to rodents in most pre-clinical research, which may limit translational application. The present study characterized the dose-response of a subanesthetic IV ketamine bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 1-h infusion (5, 10, and 20mg/kg/h) on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and thermal nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The secondary aim was to measure ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations following IV ketamine bolus at 1, 20, and 50min and at the conclusion of the 1-h infusion using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that ketamine bolus and infusions produced dose-dependent dissociative stereotypy. Bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 20mg/kg/h infusion increased locomotor activity while 5mg/kg/h infusion decreased locomotor activity. Both 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions reduced the acoustic startle reflex, while 5mg/kg bolus and 20mg/kg/h infusion impaired pre-pulse inhibition. Ketamine 5mg/kg bolus and the 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions induced significant and prolonged antinociception to the hotplate test. Plasma concentrations of ketamine decreased quickly after bolus while norketamine levels increased from 1 to 20min and plateaued from 20 to 50min. The peak ketamine plasma concentrations [ng/ml] were similar between 5mg/kg bolus [4100] vs. 20mg/kg/h infusion [3900], and 2mg/kg bolus [1700] vs. 10mg/kg/h infusion [1500]. These results support the findings from previous ketamine injection studies and further validate the feasibility of administering subanesthetic doses of IV ketamine infusion to rats for neuropharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennett D Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Y Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Center for Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bong Hyo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean Moran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Osborne
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kwang H Choi
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Center for Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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16
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Salmin SF, Giroux MC, Vachon P, Beaudry F. In vitro metabolism of specific CYP2D and CYP3A opioid substrates using rat liver S9 fractions and mass spectrometry reveal a severe metabolic impairment with increasing age. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27390106 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Codeine and oxycodone are opioids used to alleviate pain. The outcome of the treatment is ultimately related to their metabolism by Cytochromes P450 (CYPs). Depending on the drugs used, alterations in the metabolism of drugs by CYPs can lead to severe consequences including alterations in their efficacy, safety and toxicity. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel HPLC-MS/MS method capable of quantifying codeine and oxycodone along with specific metabolites using an isotopic dilution strategy and study the rate of formation of morphine (CYP2D), norcodeine (CYP3A), oxymorphone (CYP2D) and noroxycodone (CYP3A). The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Biobasic C18 100 × 1 mm column combined with an isocratic mobile phase composed of methanol and 10 mm ammonium acetate (40:60) at a flow rate of 75 μL/min. The mass spectrometer was operating in scan mode MS/MS and the analytical range was set at 10-10 000 nm. The precision (RSD) and accuracy (RE) observed were 4.4-11.5 and -9.1-6.1% respectively. Liver S9 fractions from 3-, 6-, 12- and 18-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared and Michaelis-Menten parameters were determined. The derived maximum enzyme velocity suggested a rapid saturation of the CYP2D and CYP3A active sites in the liver S9 fractions of 18-month-old rats. Moreover, metabolic stabilities of codeine and oxycodone in rat liver S9 fractions were significantly greater for the 18-month-old rats. This study suggests that there is an impairment of CYP2D and CYP3A metabolism in aging rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin Fuad Salmin
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animal du Québec (GREPAQ), Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Chantal Giroux
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Pascal Vachon
- Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.,Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animal du Québec (GREPAQ), Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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17
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Dodelet-Devillers A, Zullian C, Beaudry F, Gourdon J, Chevrette J, Hélie P, Vachon P. Physiological and pharmacokinetic effects of multilevel caging on Sprague Dawley rats under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. Exp Anim 2016; 65:383-392. [PMID: 27263962 PMCID: PMC5111841 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While the cage refinement is a necessary step towards improving the welfare of research rats, increasing the complexity and surface area of the living space of an animal may have physiological impacts that need to be taken into consideration. In this study, ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) caused a short duration anesthesia that was significantly decreased in Sprague-Dawley rats housed in multilevel cages (MLC), compared to rats housed in standard cages (SDC). The withdrawal reflex, the palpebral reflexes and the time-to-sternal all occurred earlier in MLC housed rats, suggesting an effect of housing on the physiology of the rats. In addition, during anesthesia, cardiac frequencies were increased in animals housed in the smaller SDC. Respiratory frequencies, the blood oxygen saturation and rectal temperatures during anesthesia did not vary between conditions during the anesthesia. While xylazine pharmacokinetics were unchanged with caging conditions, the clearance and half-lives of ketamine and its metabolite, norketamine, were altered in the rats housed in MLC. Finally, while no difference was ultimately seen in rat body weights, isolated liver and adrenal gland weights were significantly lighter in rats housed in the MLC. Increasing cage sizes, while having a positive impact on wellbeing in rats, can alter anesthetic drug metabolism and thus modify anesthesia parameters and associated physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Dodelet-Devillers
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Zhou X, Rougée LRA, Bedwell DW, Cramer JW, Mohutsky MA, Calvert NA, Moulton RD, Cassidy KC, Yumibe NP, Adams LA, Ruterbories KJ. Difference in the Pharmacokinetics and Hepatic Metabolism of Antidiabetic Drugs in Zucker Diabetic Fatty and Sprague-Dawley Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1184-92. [PMID: 27217490 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat, an inbred strain of obese Zucker fatty rat, develops early onset of insulin resistance and displays hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The phenotypic changes resemble human type 2 diabetes associated with obesity and therefore the strain is used as a pharmacological model for type 2 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and hepatic metabolism in male ZDF and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of five antidiabetic drugs that are known to be cleared via various mechanisms. Among the drugs examined, metformin, cleared through renal excretion, and rosiglitazone, metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 2C, did not exhibit differences in the plasma clearance in ZDF and SD rats. In contrast, glibenclamide, metabolized by hepatic CYP3A, canagliflozin, metabolized mainly by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), and troglitazone, metabolized by sulfotransferase and UGT, exhibited significantly lower plasma clearance in ZDF than in SD rats after a single intravenous administration. To elucidate the mechanisms for the difference in the drug clearance, studies were performed to characterize the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes using liver S9 fractions from the two strains. The results revealed that the activity for CYP3A and UGT was decreased in ZDF rats using the probe substrates, and decreased unbound intrinsic clearance in vitro for glibenclamide, canagliflozin, and troglitazone was consistent with lower plasma clearance in vivo. The difference in pharmacokinetics of these two strains may complicate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic correlations, given that ZDF is used as a pharmacological model, and SD rat as the pharmacokinetics and toxicology strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Luc R A Rougée
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David W Bedwell
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeff W Cramer
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan A Calvert
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard D Moulton
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth C Cassidy
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan P Yumibe
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa A Adams
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth J Ruterbories
- Drug Disposition (X.Z., L.R.A.R., D.W.B., J.W.C., M.A.M., N.A.C., R.D.M., K.C.C., N.P.Y., K.J.R.) and Tailoring Therapeutics (L.A.A.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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