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Mims TS, Kumari R, Leathem C, Antunes K, Joseph S, Yen MI, Ferstl D, Jamieson SM, Sabbar A, Biebel C, Lazarevic N, Willis NB, Henry L, Yen CLE, Smith JP, Gosain A, Meisel M, Willis KA, Talati AJ, Elabiad MT, Hibl B, Pierre JF. Altered hepatic and intestinal homeostasis in a neonatal murine model of short-term total parenteral nutrition and antibiotics. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G556-G569. [PMID: 37753583 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00129.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) prevents starvation and supports metabolic requirements intravenously when patients are unable to be fed enterally. Clinically, infants are frequently provided PN in intensive care settings along with exposure to antibiotics (ABX) to minimize infection during care. Unfortunately, neonates experience extremely high rates of hepatic complications. Adult rodent and piglet models of PN are well-established but neonatal models capable of leveraging the considerable transgenic potential of the mouse remain underdeveloped. Utilizing our newly established neonatal murine PN mouse model, we administered ABX or controlled drinking water to timed pregnant dams to disrupt the maternal microbiome. We randomized mouse pups to PN or sham surgery controls +/- ABX exposure. ABX or short-term PN decreased liver and brain organ weights, intestinal length, and mucosal architecture (vs. controls). PN significantly elevated evidence of hepatic proinflammatory markers, neutrophils and macrophage counts, bacterial colony-forming units, and evidence of cholestasis risk, which was blocked by ABX. However, ABX uniquely elevated metabolic regulatory genes resulting in accumulation of hepatocyte lipids, triglycerides, and elevated tauro-chenoxycholic acid (TCDCA) in serum. Within the gut, PN elevated the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Enterococcus, and Suterella with decreased Anaerostipes and Lactobacillus compared with controls, whereas ABX enriched Proteobacteria. We conclude that short-term PN elevates hepatic inflammatory stress and risk of cholestasis in early life. Although concurrent ABX exposure protects against hepatic immune activation during PN, the dual exposure modulates metabolism and may contribute toward early steatosis phenotype, sometimes observed in infants unable to wean from PN.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study successfully established a translationally relevant, murine neonatal parenteral nutrition (PN) model. Short-term PN is sufficient to induce hepatitis-associated cholestasis in a neonatal murine model that can be used to understand disease in early life. The administration of antibiotics during PN protects animals from bacterial translocation and proinflammatory responses but induces unique metabolic shifts that may predispose the liver toward early steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahliyah S Mims
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Roshan Kumari
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Cameron Leathem
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Karen Antunes
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sydney Joseph
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mei-I Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Danielle Ferstl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sophia M Jamieson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Austin Sabbar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Claudia Biebel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nikolai Lazarevic
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nathaniel B Willis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Lydia Henry
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chi-Liang E Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Ankush Gosain
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kent A Willis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Ajay J Talati
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mohammad T Elabiad
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Brianne Hibl
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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2
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Jarrell ZR, Lee CM, Kim KH, He X, Smith MR, Raha JR, Bhatnagar N, Orr M, Kang SM, Chen Y, Jones DP, Go YM. Metabolic reprograming and increased inflammation by cadmium exposure following early-life respiratory syncytial virus infection-the involvement of protein S-palmitoylation. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:kfad112. [PMID: 37941452 PMCID: PMC10823773 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection (eRSV) is one of the leading causes of serious pulmonary disease in children. eRSV is associated with higher risk of developing asthma and compromised lung function later in life. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal, widely present in the environment and in food. We recently showed that eRSV re-programs metabolism and potentiates Cd toxicity in the lung, and our transcriptome-metabolome-wide study showed strong associations between S-palmitoyl transferase expression and Cd-stimulated lung inflammation and fibrosis signaling. Limited information is available on the mechanism by which eRSV re-programs metabolism and potentiates Cd toxicity in the lung. In the current study, we used a mouse model to examine the role of protein S-palmitoylation (Pr-S-Pal) in low dose Cd-elevated lung metabolic disruption and inflammation following eRSV. Mice exposed to eRSV were later treated with Cd (3.3 mg CdCl2/L) in drinking water for 6 weeks (RSV+Cd). The role of Pr-S-Pal was studied using a palmitoyl transferase inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate (BP, 10 µM). Inflammatory marker analysis showed that cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory cells were highest in the RSV+Cd group, and BP decreased inflammatory markers. Lung metabolomics analysis showed that pathways including phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, phosphatidylinositol and sphingolipid were altered across treatments. BP antagonized metabolic disruption of sphingolipid and glycosaminoglycan metabolism by RSV+Cd, consistent with BP effect on inflammatory markers. This study shows that Cd exposure following eRSV has a significant impact on subsequent inflammatory response and lung metabolism, which is mediated by Pr-S-Pal, and warrants future research for a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Jarrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Choon-Myung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Xiaojia He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Matthew R Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
| | - Jannatul R Raha
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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3
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Antala S, Gromer KD, Gadhvi G, Kriegermeier A, Wang JJ, Abdala-Valencia H, Wechsler JB, Perlman H, Winter DR, Zhang ZJ, Green RM, Taylor SA. Single-cell sequencing of a novel model of neonatal bile duct ligation in mice identifies macrophage heterogeneity in obstructive cholestasis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14104. [PMID: 37644108 PMCID: PMC10465511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) play a role in neonatal etiologies of obstructive cholestasis, however, the role for precise MΦ subsets remains poorly defined. We developed a neonatal murine model of bile duct ligation (BDL) to characterize etiology-specific differences in neonatal cholestatic MΦ polarization. Neonatal BDL surgery was performed on female BALB/c mice at 10 days of life (DOL) with sham laparotomy as controls. Comparison was made to the Rhesus Rotavirus (RRV)-induced murine model of biliary atresia (BA). Evaluation of changes at day 7 after surgery (BDL and sham groups) and murine BA (DOL14) included laboratory data, histology (H&E, anti-CD45 and anti-CK19 staining), flow cytometry of MΦ subsets by MHCII and Ly6c expression, and single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. Neonatal BDL achieved a 90% survival rate; mice had elevated bile acids, bilirubin, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) versus controls (p < 0.05 for all). Histology demonstrated hepatocellular injury, CD45+ portal infiltrate, and CK19+ bile duct proliferation in neonatal BDL. Comparison to murine BA showed increased ALT in neonatal BDL despite no difference in histology Ishak score. Neonatal BDL had significantly lower MHCII-Ly6c+ MΦ versus murine BA, however, scRNA-seq identified greater etiology-specific MΦ heterogeneity with increased endocytosis in neonatal BDL MΦ versus cellular killing in murine BA MΦ. We generated an innovative murine model of neonatal obstructive cholestasis with low mortality. This model enabled comparison to murine BA to define etiology-specific cholestatic MΦ function. Further comparisons to human data may enable development of immune modulatory therapies to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Antala
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle D Gromer
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gaurav Gadhvi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alyssa Kriegermeier
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua B Wechsler
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deborah R Winter
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zheng J Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard M Green
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah A Taylor
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave., Box B290, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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4
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Tielemans B, De Herdt L, Pollenus E, Vanhulle E, Seldeslachts L, Marain F, Belmans F, Ahookhosh K, Vanoirbeek J, Vermeire K, Van den Steen PE, Vande Velde G. A Multimodal Imaging-Supported Down Syndrome Mouse Model of RSV Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040993. [PMID: 37112973 PMCID: PMC10144178 DOI: 10.3390/v15040993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are more prone to develop severe respiratory tract infections. Although a RSV infection has a high clinical impact and severe outcome in individuals with DS, no vaccine nor effective therapeutics are available. Any research into infection pathophysiology or prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral strategies in the specific context of DS would greatly benefit this patient population, but currently such relevant animal models are lacking. This study aimed to develop and characterize the first mouse model of RSV infection in a DS-specific context. Ts65Dn mice and wild type littermates were inoculated with a bioluminescence imaging-enabled recombinant human RSV to longitudinally track viral replication in host cells throughout infection progression. This resulted in an active infection in the upper airways and lungs with similar viral load in Ts65Dn mice and euploid mice. Flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes in lungs and spleen demonstrated immune alterations with lower CD8+ T cells and B-cells in Ts65Dn mice. Overall, our study presents a novel DS-specific mouse model of hRSV infection and shows that potential in using the Ts65Dn preclinical model to study immune-specific responses of RSV in the context of DS and supports the need for models representing the pathological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birger Tielemans
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lander De Herdt
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emilie Pollenus
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emiel Vanhulle
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Seldeslachts
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fopke Marain
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flore Belmans
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Radiomics (Oncoradiomics SA), 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Kaveh Ahookhosh
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kurt Vermeire
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI Unit/Mosaic, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Lau C, Behlen JC, Myers A, Li Y, Zhao J, Harvey N, Wright G, Hoffmann AR, Zhang R, Johnson NM. In Utero Ultrafine Particulate Exposure Yields Sex- and Dose-Specific Responses to Neonatal Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11527-11535. [PMID: 35926851 PMCID: PMC9386899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with lower respiratory tract infections. The role of ultrafine particles (UFPs, ≤0.1 μm) in respiratory disease is not fully elucidated, especially in models of immunologically immature populations. To characterize the effects of maternal UFP exposure on neonatal infection, we exposed time-mated C57Bl/6n mice to filtered air or UFPs at a low dose (LD, ∼55 μg/m3) and high dose (HD, ∼275 μg/m3) throughout gestation. At 5 days of age, offspring were infected with a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strain known to mimic infant infection or sham control. Offspring body weights were significantly reduced in response to infection in the LD RSV group, particularly females. Pulmonary gene expression analysis demonstrated significantly increased levels of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related genes in HD-exposed male offspring in sham and RSV-infected groups. In males, the highest grade of inflammation was observed in the HD RSV group, whereas in females, the LD RSV group showed the most marked inflammation. Overall, findings highlight neonatal responses are dependent on offspring sex and maternal UFP dose. Importantly, infant RSV pathology may be enhanced following even low dose UFP exposure signifying the importance of preventing maternal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lau
- Department
of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jonathan C. Behlen
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexandra Myers
- Department
of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yixin Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jiayun Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Navada Harvey
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gus Wright
- Department
of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department
of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Natalie M. Johnson
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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6
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Cai L, Xu H, Cui Z. Factors Limiting the Translatability of Rodent Model-Based Intranasal Vaccine Research to Humans. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:191. [PMID: 35819736 PMCID: PMC9274968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intranasal route of vaccination presents an attractive alternative to parenteral routes and offers numerous advantages, such as the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity, needle-free delivery, and increased patient compliance. Despite demonstrating promising results in preclinical studies, however, few intranasal vaccine candidates progress beyond early clinical trials. This discrepancy likely stems in part from the limited predictive value of rodent models, which are used frequently in intranasal vaccine research. In this review, we explored the factors that limit the translatability of rodent-based intranasal vaccine research to humans, focusing on the differences in anatomy, immunology, and disease pathology between rodents and humans. We also discussed approaches that minimize these differences and examined alternative animal models that would produce more clinically relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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7
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Li H, Ren H, Cao L, Guo J, Zhang Y, Fang Q, Xu W. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of different immunization routes induced by human respiratory syncytial virus F protein with CpG adjuvant in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:54-60. [PMID: 35716595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause worldwide of severe respiratory illness in infants and the elderly. The ideal HRSV vaccine should induce a systemic immune response, especially mucosal immunity. In this study, mice were immunized twice with F protein combined with CpG adjuvant to compare the safety and efficacy of 4 immunization routes, including intranasal primed/intramuscular boosted immunization (CpG + F/in+im), intramuscular primed/intranasal boosted immunization (CpG + F/im+in), intramuscular primed/intramuscular boosted immunization (CpG + F/im + im) and intranasal primed/intranasal boosted immunization (CpG + F/in+in). Compared with the control group (CpG/in+im, CpG/im+in, CpG/im + im and CpG/in+in), all 4 immunization routes induced a high titer of neutralizing antibodies and a strong cellular immune response. Mice in the CpG + F/in+in group induced the highest antibody neutralization titer, and IgA antibody in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was the highest. The copy of HRSVs in the lung decreased by approximately 3 log10. As seen from the IgG1/IgG2a and IFN-γ/IL-4-secreting lymphocyte ratios, compared with the mice in the CpG + F/im + im group, mice in the CpG + F/in+in group induced Th1-baised humoral and cellular immune responses and significantly reduced lung pathological injury. In conclusion, among the 4 immunization routes, the safety and efficacy induced by the mice in the CpG + F/in+in group were the best. We can conclude that intranasal immunization is superior to intramuscular immunization using F protein with CpG adjuvant as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC), PR China
| | - Hu Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC), PR China
| | - Lei Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC), PR China
| | - Jinyuan Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC), PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC), PR China
| | | | - Wenbo Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC), PR China; Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China.
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8
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes serious pulmonary disease and death in high-risk infants and elderly. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic environmental metal contaminant and constantly exposed to humans. Limited information is available on Cd toxicity after early-life respiratory virus infection. In this study, we examined the effects of low-dose Cd exposure following early-life RSV infection on lung metabolism and inflammation using mouse and fibroblast culture models. C57BL/6J mice at 8 days old were exposed to RSV 2 times with a 4-week interval. A subset of RSV-infected mice was subsequently treated with Cd at a low dose in drinking water (RSV infection at infant age [RSVinf]+Cd) for 16 weeks. The results of inflammatory marker analysis showed that the levels of cytokines and chemokines were substantially higher in RSVinf+Cd group than other groups, implying that low-dose Cd following early-life RSV infection enhanced lung inflammation. Moreover, histopathology data showed that inflammatory cells and thickening of the alveolar walls as a profibrotic signature were evident in RSVinf+Cd. The metabolomics data revealed that RSVinf+Cd-caused metabolic disruption in histamine and histidine, vitamin D and urea cycle, and pyrimidine pathway accompanying with mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 activation. Taken together, our study demonstrates for the first time that cumulative Cd exposure following early-life RSV infection has a significant impact on subsequent inflammation and lung metabolism. Thus, early-life respiratory infection may reprogram metabolism and potentiate Cd toxicity, enhance inflammation, and cause fibrosis later in life.
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9
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McGinley J, Thwaites R, Brebner W, Greenan-Barrett L, Aerssens J, Öner D, Bont L, Wildenbeest J, Martinón-Torres F, Nair H, Pollard AJ, Openshaw P, Drysdale S. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Studies Investigating the Relationship Between Serum Antibody, T Lymphocytes, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. J Infect Dis 2021; 226:S117-S129. [PMID: 34522970 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections occur in human populations around the globe, causing disease of variable severity, disproportionately affecting infants and older adults (>65 years of age). Immune responses can be protective but also contribute to disease. Experimental studies in animals enable detailed investigation of immune responses, provide insights into clinical questions, and accelerate the development of passive and active vaccination. We aimed to review the role of antibody and T-cell responses in relation to RSV disease severity in animals. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies examining the association between T-cell responses/phenotype or antibody titers and severity of RSV disease. The PubMed, Zoological Record, and Embase databases were screened from January 1980 to May 2018 to identify animal studies of RSV infection that assessed serum antibody titer or T lymphocytes with disease severity as an outcome. Sixty-three studies were included in the final review. RESULTS RSV-specific antibody appears to protect from disease in mice, but such an effect was less evident in bovine RSV. Strong T-cell, Th1, Th2, Th17, CD4/CD8 responses, and weak Treg responses accompany severe disease in mice. CONCLUSIONS Murine studies suggest that measures of T-lymphocyte activity (particularly CD4 and CD8 T cells) may be predictive biomarkers of severity. Further inquiry is merited to validate these results and assess relevance as biomarkers for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph McGinley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Will Brebner
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jeroen Aerssens
- Biomarkers Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Deniz Öner
- Biomarkers Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Wildenbeest
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Harish Nair
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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NLRP3-Inflammasome Inhibition during Respiratory Virus Infection Abrogates Lung Immunopathology and Long-Term Airway Disease Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040692. [PMID: 33923693 PMCID: PMC8072578 DOI: 10.3390/v13040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects most infants by two years of age. It can cause severe disease leading to an increased risk of developing asthma later in life. Previously, our group has shown that RSV infection in mice and infants promotes IL-1β production. Here, we characterized the role of NLRP3-Inflammasome activation during RSV infection in adult mice and neonates. We observed that the inhibition of NLRP3 activation using the small molecule inhibitor, MCC950, or in genetically modified NLRP3 knockout (Nlrp3−/−) mice during in vivo RSV infection led to decreased lung immunopathology along with a reduced expression of the mucus-associated genes and reduced production of innate cytokines (IL-1β, IL-33 and CCL2) linked to severe RSV disease while leading to significant increases in IFN-β. NLRP3-inflammasome inhibition or deletion diminished Th2 cytokines and inflammatory cell infiltration into the lungs. Furthermore, NLRP3 inhibition or deletion during early-life RSV infection led to reducing viral-exacerbated allergic response in a mouse model of RSV-induced allergy exacerbation. Here, we demonstrated the critical role of NLRP3-inflammasome activation in RSV immunopathology and the related long-term airway alteration. Moreover, these findings suggest the NLRP3-inflammasome as a potential therapeutic target to attenuate severe RSV disease and limit childhood asthma development.
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11
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Early-life EV-A71 infection augments allergen-induced airway inflammation in asthma through trained macrophage immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:472-483. [PMID: 33441966 PMCID: PMC8027667 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced asthma is prevalent among children, but its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Accumulated evidence indicates that early-life respiratory virus infection increases susceptibility to allergic asthma. Nonetheless, the relationship between systemic virus infections, such as enterovirus infection, and the ensuing effects on allergic asthma development is unknown. Early-life enterovirus infection was correlated with higher risks of allergic diseases in children. Adult mice exhibited exacerbated mite allergen-induced airway inflammation following recovery from EV-A71 infection in the neonatal period. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from recovered EV-A71-infected mice showed sustained innate immune memory (trained immunity) that could drive naïve T helper cells toward Th2 and Th17 cell differentiation when in contact with mites. Adoptive transfer of EV-A71-trained BMDMs induced augmented allergic inflammation in naïve recipient mice, which was inhibited by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) pretreatment, suggesting that trained macrophages following enterovirus infection are crucial in the progression of allergic asthma later in life.
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12
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Control of IFN-I responses by the aminopeptidase IRAP in neonatal C57BL/6 alveolar macrophages during RSV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:949-962. [PMID: 33846534 PMCID: PMC8221999 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, in whom, the sensing of RSV by innate immune receptors and its regulation are still poorly described. However, the severe bronchiolitis following RSV infection in neonates has been associated with a defect in type I interferons (IFN-I) production, a cytokine produced mainly by alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection in adults. In the present study, neonatal C57BL/6 AMs mobilized very weakly the IFN-I pathway upon RSV infection in vitro and failed to restrain virus replication. However, IFN-I productions by neonatal AMs were substantially increased by the deletion of Insulin-Responsive AminoPeptidase (IRAP), a protein previously involved in the regulation of IFN-I production by dendritic cells. Moreover, neonatal IRAPKO AMs showed a higher expression of IFN-stimulated genes than their wild-type C57BL/6 counterpart. Interestingly, depletion of IRAP did not affect adult AM responses. Finally, we demonstrated that newborn IRAPKO mice infected with RSV had more IFN-I in their lungs and eliminated the virus more efficiently than WT neonates. Taken together, early-life susceptibility to RSV infection may be related to an original age-dependent suppressive function of IRAP on the IFN-I driven-antiviral responses in neonatal AMs.
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13
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Rennick LJ, Nambulli S, Lemon K, Olinger GY, Crossland NA, Millar EL, Duprex WP. Recombinant subtype A and B human respiratory syncytial virus clinical isolates co-infect the respiratory tract of cotton rats. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1056-1068. [PMID: 32723429 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is an important respiratory pathogen causing a spectrum of illness, from common cold-like symptoms, to bronchiolitis and pneumonia requiring hospitalization in infants, the immunocompromised and the elderly. HRSV exists as two antigenic subtypes, A and B, which typically cycle biannually in separate seasons. There are many unresolved questions in HRSV biology regarding the interactions and interplay of the two subtypes. Therefore, we generated a reverse genetics system for a subtype A HRSV from the 2011 season (A11) to complement our existing subtype B reverse genetics system. We obtained the sequence (HRSVA11) directly from an unpassaged clinical sample and generated the recombinant (r) HRSVA11. A version of the virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from an additional transcription unit in the fifth (5) position of the genome, rHRSVA11EGFP(5), was also generated. rHRSVA11 and rHRSVA11EGFP(5) grew comparably in cell culture. To facilitate animal co-infection studies, we derivatized our subtype B clinical isolate using reverse genetics toexpress the red fluorescent protein (dTom)-expressing rHRSVB05dTom(5). These viruses were then used to study simultaneous in vivo co-infection of the respiratory tract. Following intranasal infection, both rHRSVA11EGFP(5) and rHRSVB05dTom(5) infected cotton rats targeting the same cell populations and demonstrating that co-infection occurs in vivo. The implications of this finding on viral evolution are important since it shows that inter-subtype cooperativity and/or competition is feasible in vivo during the natural course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Rennick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Sham Nambulli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Ken Lemon
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 9BL, UK
| | - Grace Y Olinger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Emma L Millar
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 9BL, UK
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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14
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Schuler CF, Malinczak C, Best SKK, Morris SB, Rasky AJ, Ptaschinski C, Lukacs NW, Fonseca W. Inhibition of uric acid or IL-1β ameliorates respiratory syncytial virus immunopathology and development of asthma. Allergy 2020; 75:2279-2293. [PMID: 32277487 DOI: 10.1111/all.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) affects most infants early in life and is associated with increased asthma risk. The specific mechanism remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of uric acid (UA) and IL-1β in RSV immunopathology and asthma predisposition. METHODS Tracheal aspirates from human infants with and without RSV were collected and analyzed for pro-IL-1β mRNA and protein to establish a correlation in human disease. Neonatal mouse models of RSV were employed, wherein mice infected at 6-7 days of life were analyzed at 8 days postinfection, 5 weeks postinfection, or after a chronic cockroach allergen asthma model. A xanthine oxidase inhibitor or IL-1 receptor antagonist was administered during RSV infection. RESULTS Human tracheal aspirates from RSV-infected infants showed elevated pro-IL-1β mRNA and protein. Inhibition of UA or IL-1β during neonatal murine RSV infection decreased mucus production, reduced cellular infiltrates to the lung (especially ILC2s), and decreased type 2 immune responses. Inhibition of either UA or IL-1β during RSV infection led to chronic reductions in pulmonary immune cell composition and reduced type 2 immune responses and reduced similar responses after challenge with cockroach antigen. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting UA and IL-1β during RSV infection ameliorates RSV immunopathology, reduces the consequences of allergen-induced asthma, and presents new therapeutic targets to reduce early-life viral-induced asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Schuler
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | | | - Susan B. Morris
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Andrew J. Rasky
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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15
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Laubreton D, Drajac C, Eléouët JF, Rameix-Welti MA, Lo-Man R, Riffault S, Descamps D. Regulatory B Lymphocytes Colonize the Respiratory Tract of Neonatal Mice and Modulate Immune Responses of Alveolar Macrophages to RSV Infection in IL-10-Dependant Manner. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080822. [PMID: 32751234 PMCID: PMC7472339 DOI: 10.3390/v12080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the prevalent pathogen of lower respiratory tract infections in children. The presence of neonatal regulatory B lymphocytes (nBreg) has been associated with a poor control of RSV infection in human newborns and with bronchiolitis severity. So far, little is known about how nBreg may contribute to neonatal immunopathology to RSV. We tracked nBreg in neonatal BALB/c mice and we investigated their impact on lung innate immunity, especially their crosstalk with alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection. We showed that the colonization by nBreg during the first week of life is a hallmark of neonatal lung whereas this population is almost absent in adult lung. This particular period of age when nBreg are abundant corresponds to the same period when RSV replication in lungs fails to generate a type-I interferons (IFN-I) response and is not contained. When neonatal AMs are exposed to RSV in vitro, they produce IFN-I that in turn enhances IL-10 production by nBreg. IL-10 reciprocally can decrease IFN-I secretion by AMs. Thus, our work identified nBreg as an important component of neonatal lungs and pointed out new immunoregulatory interactions with AMs in the context of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Laubreton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et Inflammation, U1173, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France;
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit Immunity and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
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16
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Early-Life Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, Trained Immunity and Subsequent Pulmonary Diseases. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050505. [PMID: 32375305 PMCID: PMC7290378 DOI: 10.3390/v12050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is often the first clinically relevant pathogen encountered in life, with nearly all children infected by two years of age. Many studies have also linked early-life severe respiratory viral infection with more pathogenic immune responses later in life that lead to pulmonary diseases like childhood asthma. This phenomenon is thought to occur through long-term immune system alterations following early-life respiratory viral infection and may include local responses such as unresolved inflammation and/or direct structural or developmental modifications within the lung. Furthermore, systemic responses that could impact the bone marrow progenitors may be a significant cause of long-term alterations, through inflammatory mediators and shifts in metabolic profiles. Among these alterations may be changes in transcriptional and epigenetic programs that drive persistent modifications throughout life, leaving the immune system poised toward pathogenic responses upon secondary insult. This review will focus on early-life severe RSV infection and long-term alterations. Understanding these mechanisms will not only lead to better treatment options to limit initial RSV infection severity but also protect against the development of childhood asthma linked to severe respiratory viral infections.
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17
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Sitthicharoenchai P, Alnajjar S, Ackermann MR. A model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of infants in newborn lambs. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:313-324. [PMID: 32347384 PMCID: PMC7223741 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many animal models have been established for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of infants with the purpose of studying the pathogenesis, immunological response, and pharmaceutical testing and the objective of finding novel therapies and preventive measures. This review centers on a neonatal lamb model of RSV infection that has similarities to RSV infection of infants. It includes a comprehensive description of anatomical and immunological similarities between ovine and human lungs along with comparison of pulmonary changes and immune responses with RSV infection. These features make the newborn lamb an effective model for investigating key aspects of RSV infection in infants. The importance of RSV lamb model application in preclinical therapeutic trials and current updates on new studies with the RSV-infected neonatal lamb are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchan Sitthicharoenchai
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Sarhad Alnajjar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- LambCure LLC, Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Mark R. Ackermann
- LambCure LLC, Corvallis, OR USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA
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18
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Zhang S, Zhao G, Su C, Li C, Zhou X, Zhao W, Zhong Y, He Z, Peng H, Dong A, Wang B. Neonatal priming and infancy boosting with a novel respiratory syncytial virus vaccine induces protective immune responses without concomitant respiratory disease upon RSV challenge. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:664-672. [PMID: 31545125 PMCID: PMC7227690 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1671134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants and young children is a global public health issue, development of a safe RSV vaccine has been impeded by formalin-inactivated RSV-enhanced respiratory disease (ERD). In developing a safer yet effective RSV vaccine for children, a strategy to decrease over-reactive T cells and increase neutralizing anti-RSV antibodies should be considered. We previously demonstrated that adult mice immunized with RSV recombinant G protein plus low-dose Cyclosporine A (G+ CsA) could, upon subsequent RSV challenge, produce increased levels of antigen-specific T regulatory cells in lungs that overcame the ERD. Neutralizing anti-RSV antibodies that prevented viral infection were also elicited. In this study, we investigated if such a G+ CsA vaccine could provide infant mice with the same protection from RSV infection without ERD. The results showed that the G+ CsA vaccine could prevent RSV infection with only a mild loss of body weight. Importantly, there was nearly normal morphology and no mucus appearance in lung tissues after RSV challenge. These results demonstrate that the G+ CsA vaccine strategy achieved similar benefits in the neonatal prime and infancy boost model as in the adult mouse model. The G+ CsA immunization strategy is potentially safe and effective in neonates and infants because it suppresses the devastating ERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Aihua Dong
- Advaccine Biotechnology Co. LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE and Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2152. [PMID: 31572372 PMCID: PMC6753334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent viral etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection. Although RSV affects people of all ages, the disease is more severe in infants and causes significant morbidity and hospitalization in young children and in the elderly. Host factors, including an immature immune system in infants, low lymphocyte levels in patients under 5 years old, and low levels of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood of adults over 65 years of age, can explain the high susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations. Other host factors that correlate with severe RSV disease include high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), which are produced in the respiratory tract of RSV-infected individuals, accompanied by a strong neutrophil response. In addition, data from studies of RSV infections in humans and in animal models revealed that this virus suppresses adaptive immune responses that could eliminate it from the respiratory tract. Here, we examine host factors that contribute to RSV pathogenesis based on an exhaustive review of in vitro infection in humans and in animal models to provide insights into the design of vaccines and therapeutic tools that could prevent diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Maya
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Original Antigenic Sin and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030107. [PMID: 31500131 PMCID: PMC6789633 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The original antigenic sin (OAS) theory considers the outcome of the first encounter with an antigen. It favors a memory response to the original antigen upon exposure to a similar or related antigen, and includes both positive and negative impacts of past exposure on the memory response to challenge, and, in particular, on vaccine efficacy. This phenomenon is closely linked with imprinting and the hierarchical nature of immune responses to previously encountered antigens. The focus of this commentary centers on the potential role of OAS or immunological imprinting on respiratory syncytial virus memory responses.
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21
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Ptaschinski C, Lukacs NW. Early Life Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Asthmatic Responses. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:309-319. [PMID: 31284922 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The infant's developing immune response is central to establishing a balanced system that reacts appropriately to infectious stimuli, but does not induce altered disease states with potential long-term sequelae. Respiratory syncytial virus may alter the immune system, affecting future responses. Early infection may have direct effects on the lung itself. Other early life processes contribute to the development of immune responses including assembly of the microbiome, which seems to have a particularly important role for establishing the immune environment. This review covers studies that have set up important paradigms and discusses recent data that direct research toward informative hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ptaschinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Way, 4059 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Way, 4059 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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22
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Hijano DR, Vu LD, Kauvar LM, Tripp RA, Polack FP, Cormier SA. Role of Type I Interferon (IFN) in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immune Response and Disease Severity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:566. [PMID: 30972063 PMCID: PMC6443902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children <2 years of age. Increased morbidity and mortality have been reported in high-risk patients, such as premature infants, patients with cardiac disease, and severely immune compromised patients. Severe disease is associated with the virulence of the virus as well as host factors specifically including the innate immune response. The role of type I interferons (IFNs) in the response to RSV infection is important in regulating the rate of virus clearance and in directing the character of the immune response, which is normally associated with protection and less severe disease. Two RSV non-structural proteins, NS1 and NS2, as well as the envelope G glycoprotein are known to suppress type I IFN production and a robust type I IFN response to RSV does not occur in human infants or neonatal mouse models of RSV infection. Additionally, presence of type I IFNs are associated with mild symptoms in infants and administration of IFN-α prior to infection of neonatal mice with RSV reduces immunopathology. This evidence has driven RSV prophylaxis and therapeutic efforts to consider strategies for enhancing type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hijano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Luan D Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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23
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Sex-associated TSLP-induced immune alterations following early-life RSV infection leads to enhanced allergic disease. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:969-979. [PMID: 31076663 PMCID: PMC6599479 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have linked severe RSV infection during early-life with an enhanced likelihood of developing childhood asthma, showing a greater susceptibility in boys. Our studies show that early-life RSV infection leads to differential long-term effects based upon the sex of the neonate; leaving male mice prone to exacerbation upon secondary allergen exposure while overall protecting female mice. During initial viral infection, we observed better viral control in the female mice with correlative expression of interferon-β that was not observed in male mice. Additionally, we observed persistent immune alterations in male mice at 4 weeks post infection. These alterations include Th2 and Th17-skewing, innate cytokine expression (Tslp and Il33), and infiltration of innate immune cells (DC and ILC2). Upon exposure to allergen, beginning at 4 weeks following early-life RSV-infection, male mice show severe allergic exacerbation while female mice appear to be protected. Due to persistent expression of TSLP following early-life RSV infection in male mice, genetically modified TSLPR-/- mice were evaluated and demonstrated an abrogation of allergen exacerbation in male mice. These data indicate that TSLP is involved in the altered immune environment following neonatal RSV-infection that leads to more severe responses in males during allergy exposure, later in life. Thus, TSLP may be a clinically relevant therapeutic target early in life.
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24
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Han M, Rajput C, Ishikawa T, Jarman CR, Lee J, Hershenson MB. Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma. Viruses 2018; 10:E682. [PMID: 30513770 PMCID: PMC6316391 DOI: 10.3390/v10120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Caitlin R Jarman
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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25
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Harbeson D, Francis F, Bao W, Amenyogbe NA, Kollmann TR. Energy Demands of Early Life Drive a Disease Tolerant Phenotype and Dictate Outcome in Neonatal Bacterial Sepsis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1918. [PMID: 30190719 PMCID: PMC6115499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in newborns. In the face of growing antibiotic resistance, it is crucial to understand the pathology behind the disease in order to develop effective interventions. Neonatal susceptibility to sepsis can no longer be attributed to simple immune immaturity in the face of mounting evidence that the neonatal immune system is tightly regulated and well controlled. The neonatal immune response is consistent with a "disease tolerance" defense strategy (minimizing harm from immunopathology) whereas adults tend toward a "disease resistance" strategy (minimizing harm from pathogens). One major advantage of disease tolerance is that is less energetically demanding than disease resistance, consistent with the energetic limitations of early life. Immune effector cells enacting disease resistance responses switch to aerobic glycolysis upon TLR stimulation and require steady glycolytic flux to maintain the inflammatory phenotype. Rapid and intense upregulation of glucose uptake by immune cells necessitates an increased reliance on fatty acid metabolism to (a) fuel vital tissue function and (b) produce immunoregulatory intermediates which help control the magnitude of inflammation. Increasing disease resistance requires more energy: while adults have fat and protein stores to catabolize, neonates must reallocate resources away from critical growth and development. This understanding of sepsis pathology helps to explain many of the differences between neonatal and adult immune responses. Taking into account the central role of metabolism in the host response to infection and the severe metabolic demands of early life, it emerges that the striking clinical susceptibility to bacterial infection of the newborn is at its core a problem of metabolism. The evidence supporting this novel hypothesis, which has profound implications for interventions, is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Harbeson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Freddy Francis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Winnie Bao
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nelly A. Amenyogbe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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26
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Hijano DR, Siefker DT, Shrestha B, Jaligama S, Vu LD, Tillman H, Finkelstein D, Saravia J, You D, Cormier SA. Type I Interferon Potentiates IgA Immunity to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection During Infancy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11034. [PMID: 30038294 PMCID: PMC6056463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in infants and young children worldwide. Although mucosal RSV vaccines can reduce RSV disease burden, little is known about mucosal immune response capabilities in children. Neonatal or adult mice were infected with RSV; a subset of neonatal mice received interferon alpha (IFN-α) (intranasal) prior to RSV infection. B cells, B cell activating factor (BAFF) and IgA were measured by flow cytometry. RSV specific IgA was measured in nasal washes. Nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and lungs were stained for BAFF and IgA. Herein, we show in a mouse model of RSV infection that IFN-α plays a dual role as an antiviral and immune modulator and age-related differences in IgA production upon RSV infection can be overcome by IFN-α administration. IFN-α administration before RSV infection in neonatal mice increased RSV-specific IgA production in the nasal mucosa and induced expression of the B-cell activating factor BAFF in NALT. These findings are important, as mucosal antibodies at the infection site, and not serum antibodies, have been shown to protect human adults from experimental RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Hijano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David T Siefker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bishwas Shrestha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luan D Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Heather Tillman
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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27
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Kimura D, Saravia J, Jaligama S, McNamara I, Vu LD, Sullivan RD, Mancarella S, You D, Cormier SA. New mouse model of pulmonary hypertension induced by respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H581-H589. [PMID: 29906223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00627.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been observed in up to 75% of infants with moderate to severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in infants with congenital heart disease. The purpose of the present study was to establish a mouse model of PH secondary to RSV bronchiolitis that mimics the disease etiology as it occurs in infants. Neonatal mice were infected with RSV at 5 days of age and then reinfected 4 wk later. Serum-free medium was administered to age-matched mice as a control. Echocardiography and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) measurements via right jugular vein catheterization were conducted 5 and 6 days after the second infection, respectively. Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation monitoring did not indicate hypoxia at 2-4 days post-RSV infection, before reinfection, and at 2-7 days after reinfection. RSV-infected mice had significantly higher RVSP than control mice. Pulsed-wave Doppler recording of the pulmonary blood flow by echocardiogram demonstrated a significantly shortened pulmonary artery acceleration time and decreased pulmonary artery acceleration time-to-ejection time ratio in RSV-infected mice. Morphometry showed that RSV-infected mice exhibited a significantly higher pulmonary artery medial wall thickness and had an increased number of muscularized pulmonary arteries compared with control mice. These findings, confirmed by RVSP measurements, demonstrate the development of PH in the lungs of mice infected with RSV as neonates. This animal model can be used to study the pathogenesis of PH secondary to RSV bronchiolitis and to assess the effect of treatment interventions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus-induced pulmonary hypertension, to our knowledge. This model will allow us to decipher molecular mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension secondary to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis with the use of knockout and/or transgenic animals and to monitor therapeutic effects with echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,Battelle Life Science Research, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Isabella McNamara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada
| | - Luan D Vu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Ryan D Sullivan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Salvatore Mancarella
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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28
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Denney L, Branchett W, Gregory LG, Oliver RA, Lloyd CM. Epithelial-derived TGF-β1 acts as a pro-viral factor in the lung during influenza A infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:523-535. [PMID: 29067998 PMCID: PMC5797694 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are under constant bombardment from potentially antigenic particles and so must maintain a balance between homeostasis and inappropriate immune activation and consequent pathology. Epithelial cells have a vital role orchestrating pulmonary homeostasis and defense against pathogens. TGF-β regulates an array of immune responses-both inflammatory and regulatory-however, its function is highly location- and context-dependent. We demonstrate that epithelial-derived TGF-β acts as a pro-viral factor suppressing early immune responses during influenza A infection. Mice specifically lacking bronchial epithelial TGF-β1 (epTGFβKO) displayed marked protection from influenza-induced weight loss, airway inflammation, and pathology. However, protection from influenza-induced pathology was not associated with a heightened lymphocytic immune response. In contrast, the kinetics of interferon beta (IFNβ) release into the airways was significantly enhanced in epTGFβKO mice compared with control mice, with elevated IFNβ on day 1 in epTGFβKO compared with control mice. This induced a heighted antiviral state resulting in impaired viral replication in epTGFβKO mice. Thus, epithelial-derived TGF-β acts to suppress early IFNβ responses leading to increased viral burden and pathology. This study demonstrates the importance of the local epithelial microenvironmental niche in shaping initial immune responses to viral infection and controlling host disease.
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29
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Pulmonary Susceptibility of Neonates to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Problem of Innate Immunity? J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8734504. [PMID: 29250560 PMCID: PMC5700507 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8734504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common and highly contagious viral agent responsible for acute lower respiratory infection in infants. This pathology characterized by mucus hypersecretion and a disturbed T cell immune response is one of the major causes of infant hospitalization for severe bronchiolitis. Although different risk factors are associated with acute RSV bronchiolitis, the immunological factors contributing to the susceptibility of RSV infection in infants are not clearly elucidated. Epidemiological studies have established that the age at initial infection plays a central role in the severity of the disease. Thus, neonatal susceptibility is intrinsically linked to the immunological characteristics of the young pulmonary mucosa. Early life is a critical period for the lung development with the first expositions to external environmental stimuli and microbiota colonization. Furthermore, neonates display a lung immune system that profoundly differs to those from adults, with the predominance of type 2 immune cells. In this review, we discuss the latest information about the lung immune environment in the early period of life at a steady state and upon RSV infection and how we can modulate neonatal susceptibility to RSV infection.
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30
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Lee SY, Noh Y, Goo JH, Rho S, Kim MJ, Kang CY, Song M, Kim JO. Natural killer T cell sensitization during neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection induces eosinophilic lung disease in re-infected adult mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176940. [PMID: 28570692 PMCID: PMC5453428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major viral pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly worldwide. Infants with severe RSV bronchiolitis tend to experience more wheezing and asthma in later childhood. Because invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are associated with the asthma pathology, we investigated whether neonatal iNKT cells are involved in the aggravation of pulmonary diseases following RSV infection in mice. Intranasal exposure to the iNKT cell ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GC) with RSV primary infection in neonatal mice elicited neither cytokine production (except for a slight increase of IL-5) nor pulmonary eosinophilia, despite the presence of both CD1d+ cells and NKT cells. Interestingly, in adult mice re-infected with RSV, neonatal iNKT cell sensitization by α-GC during RSV primary infection resulted in much higher levels of pulmonary Th2 cytokines and elevated eosinophilia with airway hyperresponsiveness, whereas this was not observed in cd1d knockout mice. In contrast, α-GC priming of adults during RSV re-infection did not induce more severe airway symptoms than RSV re-infection in the absence of α-GC. α-GC co-administration during RSV primary infection facilitated RSV clearance regardless of age, but viral clearance following re-infection was not iNKT cell-dependent. This study clearly demonstrates that RSV-induced immune responses can be altered by iNKT cells, suggesting that neonatal iNKT cell sensitization during RSV primary infection is associated with exacerbation of pulmonary diseases following RSV re-infection in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Young Lee
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youran Noh
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Goo
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Semi Rho
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Yuil Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- Molecular Immunology Section, Clinical Research Lab, International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwankak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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31
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Shrestha B, You D, Saravia J, Siefker DT, Jaligama S, Lee GI, Sallam AA, Harding JN, Cormier SA. IL-4Rα on dendritic cells in neonates and Th2 immunopathology in respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:153-161. [PMID: 28389622 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a1216-536r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of bronchiolitis in children, and severe RSV infection early in life has been associated with asthma development. Using a neonatal mouse model, we have shown that down-regulation of IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) with antisense oligonucleotides in the lung during neonatal infection protected from RSV immunopathophysiology. Significant down-regulation of IL-4Rα was observed on pulmonary CD11b+ myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) suggesting a role for IL-4Rα on mDCs in the immunopathogenesis of neonatal RSV infection. Here, we demonstrated that neonatal CD11b+ mDCs expressed higher levels of IL-4Rα than their adult counterparts. Because CD11b+ mDCs mainly present antigens to CD4+ T cells, we hypothesized that increased expression of IL-4Rα on neonatal CD11b+ mDCs was responsible for Th2 - biased RSV immunopathophysiology. Indeed, when IL-4Rα was selectively deleted from CD11b+ mDCs, the immunopathophysiology typically observed following RSV reinfection was ablated, including Th2 inflammation, airway-mucus hyperproduction, and pulmonary dysfunction. Further, overexpression of IL-4Rα on adult CD11b+ DCs and their adoptive transfer into adult mice was able to recapitulate the Th2-biased RSV immunopathology typically observed only in neonates infected with RSV. IL-4Rα levels on CD11c+ cells were inversely correlated with maturation status of CD11b+ mDCs upon RSV infection. Our data demonstrate that developmentally regulated IL-4Rα expression is critical for the maturity of pulmonary CD11b+ mDCs and the Th2-biased immunopathogenesis of neonatal RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwas Shrestha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David T Siefker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Greg I Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Asmaa A Sallam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Harding
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and .,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and
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32
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Srinivasa BT, Restori KH, Shan J, Cyr L, Xing L, Lee S, Ward BJ, Fixman ED. STAT6 inhibitory peptide given during RSV infection of neonatal mice reduces exacerbated airway responses upon adult reinfection. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:519-529. [PMID: 27566834 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0215-062rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalization during infancy is strongly associated with the subsequent development of asthma. Early life RSV infection results in a Th2-biased immune response, which is also typical of asthma. Murine models of neonatal RSV infection have been developed to examine the possible contribution of RSV-driven Th2 responses to the development of airway hyper-responsiveness later in childhood. We have investigated the ability of a cell-penetrating STAT6 inhibitory peptide (STAT6-IP), when delivered selectively during neonatal RSV infection, to modify pathogenesis induced upon secondary RSV reinfection of adults 6 wk later. Neonatal STAT6-IP treatment inhibited the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and significantly reduced lung eosinophilia and collagen deposition in adult mice following RSV reinfection. STAT6-IP-treated, RSV-infected neonates had reduced levels of both IL-4 and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) in the lungs. Our findings suggest that targeting STAT6 activity at the time of early-life RSV infection may effectively reduce the risk of subsequent asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Katherine H Restori
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jichuan Shan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Cyr
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Li Xing
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Soojin Lee
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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33
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Dumont P. Increasing the complexity of respiratory syncytial virus infection: Reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and premature senescence. Virulence 2016; 7:372-5. [DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1162370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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34
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Keegan AD, Shirey KA, Bagdure D, Blanco J, Viscardi RM, Vogel SN. Enhanced allergic responsiveness after early childhood infection with respiratory viruses: Are long-lived alternatively activated macrophages the missing link? Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw047. [PMID: 27178560 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood infection with respiratory viruses, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza, is associated with an increased risk of allergic asthma and severe exacerbation of ongoing disease. Despite the long recognition of this relationship, the mechanism linking viral infection and later susceptibility to allergic lung inflammation is still poorly understood. We discuss the literature and provide new evidence demonstrating that these viruses induce the alternative activation of macrophages. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) induced by RSV or influenza infection persisted in the lungs of mice up to 90 days after initial viral infection. Several studies suggest that AAM contribute to allergic inflammatory responses, although their mechanism of action is unclear. In this commentary, we propose that virus-induced AAM provide a link between viral infection and enhanced responses to inhaled allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dayanand Bagdure
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 29 South Greene St., Suite 1000, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Department of Research and Development, Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., 9650 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rose M Viscardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 29 South Greene St., Suite 1000, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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35
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Ruckwardt TJ, Morabito KM, Graham BS. Determinants of early life immune responses to RSV infection. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:151-157. [PMID: 26986236 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus causes significant morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, and a vaccine that adequately protects from severe disease remains an important unmet need. RSV disease has an inordinate impact on the very young, and the physical and immunological immaturity of early life complicates vaccine design. Defining and targeting the functional capacities of early life immune responses and controlling responses during primary antigen exposure with selected vaccine delivery approaches will be important for protecting infants by active immunization. Alternatively, vaccination of older children and pregnant mothers may ameliorate disease burden indirectly until infants reach about six months of age, when they can generate more effective anti-RSV immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Carey AJ, Gracias DT, Thayer JL, Boesteanu AC, Kumova OK, Mueller YM, Hope JL, Fraietta JA, van Zessen DBH, Katsikis PD. Rapid Evolution of the CD8+ TCR Repertoire in Neonatal Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2602-13. [PMID: 26873987 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is little consensus regarding the most appropriate animal model to study acute infection and the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell (CTL) responses in neonates. TCRβ high-throughput sequencing in naive CTL of differently aged neonatal mice was performed, which demonstrated differential Vβ family gene usage. Using an acute influenza infection model, we examined the TCR repertoire of the CTL response in neonatal and adult mice infected with influenza type A virus. Three-day-old mice mounted a greatly reduced primary NP(366-374)-specific CTL response when compared with 7-d-old and adult mice, whereas secondary CTL responses were normal. Analysis of NP(366-374)-specific CTL TCR repertoire revealed different Vβ gene usage and greatly reduced public clonotypes in 3-d-old neonates. This could underlie the impaired CTL response in these neonates. To directly test this, we examined whether controlling the TCR would restore neonatal CTL responses. We performed adoptive transfers of both nontransgenic and TCR-transgenic OVA(257-264)-specific (OT-I) CD8(+) T cells into influenza-infected hosts, which revealed that naive neonatal and adult OT-I cells expand equally well in neonatal and adult hosts. In contrast, nontransgenic neonatal CD8(+) T cells when transferred into adults failed to expand. We further demonstrate that differences in TCR avidity may contribute to decreased expansion of the endogenous neonatal CTL. These studies highlight the rapid evolution of the neonatal TCR repertoire during the first week of life and show that impaired neonatal CTL immunity results from an immature TCR repertoire, rather than intrinsic signaling defects or a suppressive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102;
| | - Donald T Gracias
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Jillian L Thayer
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Alina C Boesteanu
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Ogan K Kumova
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L Hope
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - David B H van Zessen
- Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102; Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
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Remot A, Descamps D, Jouneau L, Laubreton D, Dubuquoy C, Bouet S, Lecardonnel J, Rebours E, Petit-Camurdan A, Riffault S. Flt3 ligand improves the innate response to respiratory syncytial virus and limits lung disease upon RSV reexposure in neonate mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:874-84. [PMID: 26681580 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe bronchiolitis in infants worldwide. The immunological factors responsible for RSV susceptibility in infants are poorly understood. Here, we used the BALB/c mouse model of neonatal RSV infection to study the mechanisms leading to severe disease upon reexposure to the virus when adults. Two major deficiencies in neonatal lung innate responses were found: a poor DCs mobilization, and a weak engagement of the IFNI pathway. The administration of Flt3 ligand (Flt3-L), a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic cells, to neonates before RSV-infection, resulted in increased lung DC number, and reconditioned the IFNI pathway upon RSV neonatal infection. Besides, neonates treated with Flt3-L were protected against exacerbated airway disease upon adult reexposure to RSV. This was associated with a reorientation of RSV-specific responses toward Th1-mediated immunity. Thus, the poor lung DCs and IFNI responses to RSV in neonates may be partly responsible for the deleterious long-term consequences revealed upon adult reexposure to RSV, which could be prevented by Flt3-L treatment. These results open new perspectives for developing neonatal immuno-modulating strategies to reduce the burden of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Remot
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Daphné Laubreton
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Stephan Bouet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérôme Lecardonnel
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rebours
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sabine Riffault
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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38
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Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins 1 and 2 are crucial pathogenic factors that modulate interferon signaling and Treg cell distribution in mice. Virology 2015; 485:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Al-Afif A, Alyazidi R, Oldford SA, Huang YY, King CA, Marr N, Haidl ID, Anderson R, Marshall JS. Respiratory syncytial virus infection of primary human mast cells induces the selective production of type I interferons, CXCL10, and CCL4. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1346-54.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Saravia J, You D, Shrestha B, Jaligama S, Siefker D, Lee GI, Harding JN, Jones TL, Rovnaghi C, Bagga B, DeVincenzo JP, Cormier SA. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Is Mediated by Age-Variable IL-33. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005217. [PMID: 26473724 PMCID: PMC4608776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of infant hospitalizations and severe RSV infections are a significant risk factor for childhood asthma. The pathogenic mechanisms responsible for RSV induced immunopathophysiology remain elusive. Using an age-appropriate mouse model of RSV, we show that IL-33 plays a critical role in the immunopathogenesis of severe RSV, which is associated with higher group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) specifically in neonates. Infection with RSV induced rapid IL-33 expression and an increase in ILC2 numbers in the lungs of neonatal mice; this was not observed in adult mice. Blocking IL-33 with antibodies or using an IL-33 receptor knockout mouse during infection was sufficient to inhibit RSV immunopathogenesis (i.e., airway hyperresponsiveness, Th2 inflammation, eosinophilia, and mucus hyperproduction); whereas administration of IL-33 to adult mice during RSV infection was sufficient to induce RSV disease. Additionally, elevated IL-33 and IL-13 were observed in nasal aspirates from infants hospitalized with RSV; these cytokines declined during convalescence. In summary, IL-33 is necessary, either directly or indirectly, to induce ILC2s and the Th2 biased immunopathophysiology observed following neonatal RSV infection. This study provides a mechanism involving IL-33 and ILC2s in RSV mediated human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bishwas Shrestha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sridhar Jaligama
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Siefker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Greg I. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Harding
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tamekia L. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Rovnaghi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bindiya Bagga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John P. DeVincenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Children’s Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Shrivastava P, Atanley E, Sarkar I, Watkiss E, Gomis S, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Blunted inflammatory and mucosal IgA responses to pneumonia virus of mice in C57BL/6 neonates are correlated to reduced protective immunity upon re-infection as elderly mice. Virology 2015; 485:233-43. [PMID: 26298860 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants and pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) causes similar disease in mice. The impact of PVM infection in BALB/c and C57BL/6 neonates, and upon re-infection as elderly mice, was compared. As previously shown for adult mice, PVM caused more disease in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 neonates. After PVM-15 infection BALB/c neonates showed higher production of inflammatory mediators, more influx of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and higher IFN-α expression, and more IgA in the lungs than C57BL/6 neonates. After re-infection as elderly, BALB/c mice developed virus neutralizing antibodies in serum and lung, and were protected from clinical disease, whereas C57BL/6 mice did not develop an anamnestic response and were not protected. These results suggest that an effective local innate response, as well as priming of mucosal adaptive responses in neonates after PVM-15 infection is correlated to decreased susceptibility and protection upon re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Shrivastava
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
| | - Ethel Atanley
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Indranil Sarkar
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Ellen Watkiss
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5.
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42
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You D, Siefker DT, Shrestha B, Saravia J, Cormier SA. Building a better neonatal mouse model to understand infant respiratory syncytial virus disease. Respir Res 2015; 16:91. [PMID: 26231396 PMCID: PMC4531813 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the number one cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants; and severe RSV infection in infants is associated with asthma development. Today, there are still no vaccines or specific antiviral therapies against RSV. The mechanisms of RSV pathogenesis in infants remain elusive. This is partly due to the fact that the largely-used mouse model is semi-permissive for RSV. The present study sought to determine if a better neonatal mouse model of RSV infection could be obtained using a chimeric virus in which the F protein of A2 strain was replaced with the F protein from the line 19 clinical isolate (rA2-19F). METHODS Five-day-old pups were infected with the standard laboratory strain A2 or rA2-19F and various immunological and pathophysiological parameters were measured at different time points post infection, including lung histology, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cellularity and cytokines, pulmonary T cell profile, and lung viral load. A cohort of infected neonates were allowed to mature to adulthood and reinfected. Pulmonary function, BALF cellularity and cytokines, and T cell profiles were measured at 6 days post reinfection. RESULTS The rA2-19F strain in neonatal mice caused substantial lung pathology including interstitial inflammation and airway mucus production, while A2 caused minimal inflammation and mucus production. Pulmonary inflammation was characterized by enhanced Th2 and reduced Th1 and effector CD8(+) T cells compared to A2. As with primary infection, reinfection with rA2-19F induced similar but exaggerated Th2 and reduced Th1 and effector CD8(+) T cell responses. These immune responses were associated with increased airway hyperreactivity, mucus hyperproduction and eosinophilia that was greater than that observed with A2 reinfection. Pulmonary viral load during primary infection was higher with rA2-19F than A2. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, rA2-19F caused enhanced lung pathology and Th2 and reduced effector CD8(+) T cell responses compared to A2 during initial infection in neonatal mice and these responses were exacerbated upon reinfection. The exact mechanism is unknown but appears to be associated with increased pulmonary viral load in rA2-19F vs. A2 infected neonatal lungs. The rA2-19F strain represents a better neonatal mouse model of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David T Siefker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bishwas Shrestha
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jordy Saravia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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43
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Grieves JL, Yin Z, Durbin RK, Durbin JE. Acute and Chronic Airway Disease After Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Cotton Rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Comp Med 2015; 65:315-326. [PMID: 26310461 PMCID: PMC4549677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) generally presents as a mild, upper airway disease in human patients but may cause severe lower airway disease in the very young and very old. Progress toward understanding the mechanisms of RSV pathogenesis has been hampered by a lack of relevant rodent models. Mice, the species most commonly used in RSV research, are resistant to upper respiratory infection and do not recapitulate the pattern of virus spread in the human host. To address the need for better rodent models of RSV infection, we have characterized the acute and chronic pathology of RSV infection of a relatively permissive host, cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). We demonstrate that virus delivered to the upper airway results in widespread RSV replication in the ciliated respiratory epithelial cells of the nasal cavity and, to a lesser extent, of the lung. Although acute inflammation is relatively mild and rapidly eliminated after viral clearance, chronic, eosinophilic lung pathology persists. These data support the use of cotton rats as a robust rodent model of human RSV disease, including the association between RSV pneumonia and subsequent development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Grieves
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhiwei Yin
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Russell K Durbin
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joan E Durbin
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
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44
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Sacco RE, Durbin RK, Durbin JE. Animal models of respiratory syncytial virus infection and disease. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:117-22. [PMID: 26176495 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of human respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis and immunity has been hampered by its exquisite host specificity, and the difficulties encountered in adapting this virus to a murine host. The reasons for this obstacle are not well understood, but appear to reflect, at least in part, the inability of the virus to block the interferon response in any but the human host. This review addresses some of the issues encountered in mouse models of respiratory syncytial virus infection, and describes the advantages and disadvantages of alternative model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Russell K Durbin
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Joan E Durbin
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States; Department of Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.
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45
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Immunological, Viral, Environmental, and Individual Factors Modulating Lung Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:875723. [PMID: 26064963 PMCID: PMC4438160 DOI: 10.1155/2015/875723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a worldwide pathogen agent responsible for frequent respiratory tract infections that may become severe and potentially lethal in high risk infants and adults. Several studies have been performed to investigate the immune response that determines the clinical course of the infection. In the present paper, we review the literature on viral, environmental, and host factors influencing virus response; the mechanisms of the immune response; and the action of nonimmunological factors. These mechanisms have often been studied in animal models and in the present review we also summarize the main findings obtained from animal models as well as the limits of each of these models. Understanding the lung response involved in the pathogenesis of these respiratory infections could be useful in improving the preventive strategies against respiratory syncytial virus.
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46
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Shim YR, Lee HK. Caspase-1 independent viral clearance and adaptive immunity against mucosal respiratory syncytial virus infection. Immune Netw 2015; 15:73-82. [PMID: 25922596 PMCID: PMC4411512 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is recognized by the innate immune system through Toll like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I. These pathways lead to the activation of type I interferons and resistance to infection. In contrast to TLRs, very few studies have examined the role of NOD-like receptors in viral recognition and induction of adaptive immune responses to RSV. Caspase-1 plays an essential role in the immune response via the maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. However, the role of caspase-1 in RSV infection in vivo is unknown. We demonstrate that RSV infection induces IL-1β secretion and that caspase-1 deficiency in bone marrow derived dendritic cells leads to defective IL-1β production, while normal RSV viral clearance and T cell responses are observed in caspase-1 deficient mice following respiratory infection with RSV. The frequencies of IFN-γ producing or RSV specific T cells in lungs from caspase-1 deficient mice are not impaired. In addition, we demonstrate that caspase-1 deficient neonatal or young mice also exhibit normal immune responses. Furthermore, we find that IL-1R deficient mice infected with RSV exhibit normal Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) immune responses. Collectively, these results demonstrate that in contrast to TLR pathways, caspase-1 might not play a central role in the induction of Th1 and CTL immune responses to RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ri Shim
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-338, Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-338, Korea
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Simões EAF, DeVincenzo JP, Boeckh M, Bont L, Crowe JE, Griffiths P, Hayden FG, Hodinka RL, Smyth RL, Spencer K, Thirstrup S, Walsh EE, Whitley RJ. Challenges and opportunities in developing respiratory syncytial virus therapeutics. J Infect Dis 2015; 211 Suppl 1:S1-S20. [PMID: 25713060 PMCID: PMC4345819 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two meetings, one sponsored by the Wellcome Trust in 2012 and the other by the Global Virology Foundation in 2013, assembled academic, public health and pharmaceutical industry experts to assess the challenges and opportunities for developing antivirals for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. The practicalities of clinical trials and establishing reliable outcome measures in different target groups were discussed in the context of the regulatory pathways that could accelerate the translation of promising compounds into licensed agents. RSV drug development is hampered by the perceptions of a relatively small and fragmented market that may discourage major pharmaceutical company investment. Conversely, the public health need is far too large for RSV to be designated an orphan or neglected disease. Recent advances in understanding RSV epidemiology, improved point-of-care diagnostics, and identification of candidate antiviral drugs argue that the major obstacles to drug development can and will be overcome. Further progress will depend on studies of disease pathogenesis and knowledge provided from controlled clinical trials of these new therapeutic agents. The use of combinations of inhibitors that have different mechanisms of action may be necessary to increase antiviral potency and reduce the risk of resistance emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A F Simões
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora
| | - John P DeVincenzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee School of Medicine Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics and the Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Paul Griffiths
- Centre for Virology, University College London Medical School
| | - Frederick G Hayden
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Richard L Hodinka
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rosalind L Smyth
- Department of Pediatrics, University College London Institute of Child Health
| | | | - Steffen Thirstrup
- NDA Advisory Services Ltd, Leatherhead, United Kingdom Department of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Rochester General Hospital, New York
| | - Richard J Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology, Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Hines EA, Szakaly RJ, Leng N, Webster AT, Verheyden JM, Lashua AJ, Kendziorski C, Rosenthal LA, Gern JE, Sorkness RL, Sun X, Lemanske RF. Comparison of temporal transcriptomic profiles from immature lungs of two rat strains reveals a viral response signature associated with chronic lung dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112997. [PMID: 25437859 PMCID: PMC4249857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life respiratory viral infections and atopic characteristics are significant risk factors for the development of childhood asthma. It is hypothesized that repeated respiratory viral infections might induce structural remodeling by interfering with the normal process of lung maturation; however, the specific molecular processes that underlie these pathological changes are not understood. To investigate the molecular basis for these changes, we used an established Sendai virus infection model in weanling rats to compare the post-infection transcriptomes of an atopic asthma susceptible strain, Brown Norway, and a non-atopic asthma resistant strain, Fischer 344. Specific to this weanling infection model and not described in adult infection models, Sendai virus in the susceptible, but not the resistant strain, results in morphological abnormalities in distal airways that persist into adulthood. Gene expression data from infected and control lungs across five time points indicated that specific features of the immune response following viral infection were heightened and prolonged in lungs from Brown Norway rats compared with Fischer 344 rats. These features included an increase in macrophage cell number and related gene expression, which then transitioned to an increase in mast cell number and related gene expression. In contrast, infected Fischer F344 lungs exhibited more efficient restoration of the airway epithelial morphology, with transient appearance of basal cell pods near distal airways. Together, these findings indicate that the pronounced macrophage and mast cell responses and abnormal re-epithelialization precede the structural defects that developed and persisted in Brown Norway, but not Fischer 344 lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Hines
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Renee J. Szakaly
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ning Leng
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anais T. Webster
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jamie M. Verheyden
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amber J. Lashua
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Louis A. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - James E. Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ronald L. Sorkness
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XS); (RFL)
| | - Robert F. Lemanske
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XS); (RFL)
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Lee GI, Saravia J, You D, Shrestha B, Jaligama S, Hebert VY, Dugas TR, Cormier SA. Exposure to combustion generated environmentally persistent free radicals enhances severity of influenza virus infection. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:57. [PMID: 25358535 PMCID: PMC4222384 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposures to elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) enhance severity of influenza virus infection in infants. The biological mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is unknown. The recent identification of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) associated with PM from a variety of combustion sources suggests its role in the enhancement of influenza disease severity. Methods Neonatal mice (< seven days of age) were exposed to DCB230 (combustion derived PM with a chemisorbed EPFR), DCB50 (non-EPFR PM sample), or air for 30 minutes/day for seven consecutive days. Four days post-exposure, neonates were infected with influenza intranasally at 1.25 TCID50/neonate. Neonates were assessed for morbidity (% weight gain, peak pulmonary viral load, and viral clearance) and percent survival. Lungs were isolated and assessed for oxidative stress (8-isoprostanes and glutathione levels), adaptive immune response to influenza, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The role of the EPFR was also assessed by use of transgenic mice expressing human superoxide dismutase 2. Results Neonates exposed to EPFRs had significantly enhanced morbidity and decreased survival following influenza infection. Increased oxidative stress was also observed in EPFR exposed neonates. This correlated with increased pulmonary Tregs and dampened protective T cell responses to influenza infection. Reduction of EPFR-induced oxidative stress attenuated these effects. Conclusions Neonatal exposure to EPFR containing PM resulted in pulmonary oxidative stress and enhanced influenza disease severity. EPFR-induced oxidative stress resulted in increased presence of Tregs in the lungs and subsequent suppression of adaptive immune response to influenza. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0057-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Impaired gamma delta T cell-derived IL-17A and inflammasome activation during early respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:126-35. [PMID: 25267484 PMCID: PMC4323740 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection remains a significant global health burden disproportionately affecting infants and leading to long-term lung disease. IL-17A has been shown to be involved in regulating viral and allergic lung inflammatory responses, which has led to a more recent interest in its role in RSV infection. Using a neonatal mouse model of RSV, we demonstrate that neonates fail to develop IL-17A responses compared to adult mice; the main immediate IL-17A contributor in adults were γδ T cells. Antibody neutralization of IL-17A in adult mice caused increased lung inflammation and airway mucus from RSV, while exogenous IL-17A administration to RSV-infected neonates caused decreased inflammation but no change in airway mucus. We also observed a lack of pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6) from infected neonates. Using human cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we compared inflammasome activation by direct retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) agonism; CBMCs failed to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines or IL-17A+ γδ T cells compared to PBMCs. Our results indicate that RSV disease severity is in part mediated by a lack of inflammasome activation and IL-17A production in neonates.
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