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Zhou Q, Zheng Z, Yin S, Duan D, Liao X, Xiao Y, He J, Zhong J, Zeng Z, Su L, Luo L, Dong C, Chen J, Li J. Nicotinamide mitigates visceral leishmaniasis by regulating inflammatory response and enhancing lipid metabolism. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:288. [PMID: 38971783 PMCID: PMC11227177 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, treatment regimens for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are limited because of the presence of numerous adverse effects. Nicotinamide, a readily available and cost-effective vitamin, has been widely acknowledged for its safety profile. Several studies have demonstrated the anti-leishmanial effects of nicotinamide in vitro. However, the potential role of nicotinamide in Leishmania infection in vivo remains elusive. METHODS In this study, we assessed the efficacy of nicotinamide as a therapeutic intervention for VL caused by Leishmania infantum in an experimental mouse model and investigated its underlying molecular mechanisms. The potential molecular mechanism was explored through cytokine analysis, examination of spleen lymphocyte subsets, liver RNA-seq analysis, and pathway validation. RESULTS Compared to the infection group, the group treated with nicotinamide demonstrated significant amelioration of hepatosplenomegaly and recovery from liver pathological damage. The NAM group exhibited parasite reduction rates of 79.7% in the liver and 86.7% in the spleen, respectively. Nicotinamide treatment significantly reduced the activation of excessive immune response in infected mice, thereby mitigating hepatosplenomegaly and injury. Furthermore, nicotinamide treatment enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation by upregulating key enzymes to maintain lipid homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide initial evidence supporting the safety and therapeutic efficacy of nicotinamide in the treatment of Leishmania infection in BALB/c mice, suggesting its potential as a viable drug for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dengbinpei Duan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuechun Liao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
| | - Junchao Zhong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Su
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Luo
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China.
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Valencia-Portillo RT, Lindoso JA, Celeste BJ, Bittencourt AA, de Brito MEF, Duthie MS, Guderian J, Guerra J, Oliveira ALL, Reed S, Rocha MC, Santos NT, Silveira FT, Goto H, Sanchez MCA. ELISA with recombinant antigen Lb6H validated for the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304268. [PMID: 38838004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) diagnosis is an open question, and the search for a solution is urgent. The available tests that detect the etiological agent of the infection are specific for ATL diagnosis. However, they present disadvantages, such as low sensitivity and the need for invasive procedures to obtain the samples. Immunological methods (leishmanin skin test and search for anti-Leishmania antibodies) are good alternatives to the etiological diagnosis of ATL. Presently, we face problems with disease confirmation due to the discontinuity in the production of leishmanin skin test antigen, particularly in resource-poor settings. Aiming to diagnose ATL, we validated rLb6H-ELISA for IgG antibodies using 1,091 samples from leishmaniasis patients and healthy controls, divided into four panels, living in 19 Brazilian endemic and non-endemic states. The rLb6H-ELISA showed a sensitivity of 98.6% and a specificity of 100.0%, with the reference panel comprising 70 ATL patient samples and 70 healthy controls. The reproducibility evaluation showed a coefficient of variation of positive samples ≤ 8.20% for repeatability, ≤ 17,97% for reproducibility, and ≤ 8.12% for homogeneity. The plates sensitized with rLb6H were stable at 4°C and -20°C for 180 days and 37°C for seven days, indicating 12 months of validity. In samples of ATL patients from five research and healthcare centers in endemic and non-endemic areas, rLb6H-ELISA showed a sensitivity of 84.0%; no significant statistical difference was observed among the five centers (chi-square test, p = 0.13). In samples of healthy controls from four areas with different endemicity, a specificity of 92.4% was obtained; lower specificity was obtained in a visceral leishmaniasis high endemicity locality (chi-square test, p<0.001). Cross-reactivity was assessed in 166 other disease samples with a positivity of 13.9%. Based on the good diagnostic performance and the reproducibility and stability of the antigen, we suggest using ELISA-rLb6H to diagnose ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Tamara Valencia-Portillo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Angelo Lindoso
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Laboratório de Protozoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Julieta Celeste
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Azevedo Bittencourt
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Global Medical Affairs, MSD in Brazil, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jeffery Guderian
- Access to Advanced Health Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jorge Guerra
- Fundacao de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Lyrio Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Steven Reed
- Host Directed Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mussya Cisotto Rocha
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 48), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Tayná Santos
- Fundacao de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Pará, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Para, Pará, Brazil
| | - Hiro Goto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Carmen Arroyo Sanchez
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mosquera Atehortua P, Figueira da Silva A, Mafra L, Almeida-da-Silveira S, De Mello CX, Gomes Albuquerque H, André Boaventura de Carvalho L, Hureau-Mutricy L, Douine M, Maria Da-Cruz A, C. Suárez-Mutis M, Gomes-Silva A. Clinical and parasitological features of Leishmania infection among gold miners in the Oiapoque basin, an international Brazil-French Guiana border. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012210. [PMID: 38923969 PMCID: PMC11207043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gold miners working illegally in mines live in poor health conditions related to their strenuous work and precarious housing. Therefore, they are at higher risk for infectious diseases. American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) appears to be of great concern to the population living in the Guiana Shield region. Our aim was to describe their demographic characteristics, the clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and the frequency of Leishmania infection in people working in illegal gold mines in French Guiana. A cross-sectional study was carried out from October to December 2019 in Oiapoque city, Amapá, Brazil. Indeed, many gold miners working in French Guiana are originally from Brazil, and from Oiapoque in particular. A total of 105 participants from 31 different mining sites in French Guiana were recruited. Suspected Leishmania infection was confirmed by the following: detection of kDNA in blood or the lesion site; detection of specific antibodies; or detection of IFN-γ release after blood incubation with leishmanial antigens (IGRA-Leish). Nine active CL cases, 38 healed ATL (hATL) and 58 cases with no history of ATL (noATL), were identified. Only half of the treated hATL (50.0%; n = 14) reported having been assisted by a health care unit and the others treated themselves. PCR-kDNA for Leishmania was positive in the blood of 100% of CL cases. Curiously, blood PCR-kDNA was positive in 13% of hATL patients and in 15.5% of noATL patients. The IGRA-Leish was positive in 60.5% of hATL and in 37.9% of noATL. In addition to scars suggestive of CL, 71% of hATL had laboratory evidence of Leishmania infection. Restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) of the hsp70 gene identified a sympatric circulation of L. (V.) guyanensis (n = 4), L. (V.) braziliensis (n = 1), L. (L.) amazonensis (n = 2), L. (V.) shawi (n = 1) and L. (V.) naiffi/shawi (n = 1). Taking the laboratory techniques and the clinical evaluations together, 76% (n = 80) of the 105 participants had evidence of Leishmania infection. These results suggests that illegal gold miners working in French Guiana are at high risk for infection with different species of Leishmania, but their illegal condition and remoteness make it difficult for them to access health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Mosquera Atehortua
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lohaine Mafra
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samyra Almeida-da-Silveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Bioensaios, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cintia Xavier De Mello
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Louise Hureau-Mutricy
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles‑Guyane, Inserm 1424, Centre, Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Maylis Douine
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles‑Guyane, Inserm 1424, Centre, Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha C. Suárez-Mutis
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ–Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas–FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rezende Ribeiro N, Magno Oliveira Santos L, Silva Costa S, Kei Myasaki C, Pagliara Lage D, Tamietti Martins V, Cristiane Fortes De Brito R, Chaves Freire L, Maria Ravena Severino Carvalho A, Victor Serafim Brigido B, José Alves R, Antonio Ferraz Coelho E, Mendes Roatt B, Menezes-Souza D, Costa Duarte M. Development of a topical treatment for tegumentary leishmaniasis using 8-hydroxyquinoline. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114306. [PMID: 38679213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In the context of neglected diseases, tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) presents an emerging and re-emerging character in the national territory and in the world. The treatment of TL has limitations, such as intravenous administration route, high toxicity, and high treatment costs. Thus, several researchers work on new therapeutic strategies to improve the effectiveness of the treatment of leishmaniasis. In this light, the present study used a topical formulation, containing 8-hydroquinoline (8-HQN), for the treatment of Balb/c mice infected with L. amazonensis. After the treatment, the mean diameter of the lesion was measured, as well as the parasite load in organs and immunological parameters associated with the treatment. The results showed that the animals treated with 8-HQN 5%, when compared to controls, showed a reduction in the mean diameter of the lesion and in the parasite load. The animals treated with the ointment showed a type 1 cellular immune response profile associated with the production of cytokines such as INF-γ and TNF-α. In addition, the treatment did not demonstrate toxicity to mice. Therefore, the topical formulation containing 8-HQN 5% is a promising candidate in the topical treatment and could be considered, in the future, as an alternative for the treatment of TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naianda Rezende Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Magno Oliveira Santos
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Scarleth Silva Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Kei Myasaki
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pagliara Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian Tamietti Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rory Cristiane Fortes De Brito
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Larissa Chaves Freire
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Ravena Severino Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bryan Victor Serafim Brigido
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Alves
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas/CiPharma, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Talimi H, Retmi K, Fissoune R, Lemrani M. Artificial Intelligence in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Diagnosis: Current Developments and Future Perspectives. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:963. [PMID: 38732377 PMCID: PMC11083257 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a major global health problem requiring appropriate diagnosis methods. Its diagnosis is challenging, particularly in resource-limited settings. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into medical diagnostics has shown promising results in various fields, including dermatology. In this systematic review, we aim to highlight the value of using AI for CL diagnosis and the AI-based algorithms that are employed in this process, and to identify gaps that need to be addressed. Our work highlights that only a limited number of studies are related to using AI algorithms for CL diagnosis. Among these studies, seven gaps were identified for future research. Addressing these considerations will pave the way for the development of robust AI systems and encourage more research in CL detection by AI. This could contribute to improving CL diagnosis and, ultimately, healthcare outcomes in CL-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnaa Talimi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20360, Morocco;
- Systems and Data Engineering Team, National School of Applied Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tangier 93000, Morocco;
| | - Kawtar Retmi
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISSB-P), Mohammed VI Polytechnique University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco;
| | - Rachida Fissoune
- Systems and Data Engineering Team, National School of Applied Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tangier 93000, Morocco;
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca 20360, Morocco;
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Amane M, El Mazini S, Echchakery M, Hafidi M, Lemrani M, Boussaa S. Entomological, parasitological and molecular investigations in a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Youssoufia region, Morocco. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:248-257. [PMID: 38105536 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical infection caused by Leishmania parasite that affect human and animal. In Morocco, the cutaneous leishmaniasis has spread substantially to the new areas. The surveillance limited to active foci may underestimate the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This study aims to investigate the local transmission of CL in rural districts of Youssoufia province, central Morocco, as a potential focus of CL. METHODS For this purpose, parasitological, molecular and entomological investigations were carried out in this area. Data collection concerns potential vectors and human cases. Thus, 402 patients were examined for suspected leishmaniasis lesions in three localities of the province of Youssoufia. In these same localities, 983 sand flies were collected by CDC light traps and sticky paper during one-night per month during 6 months. These sand flies were all identified morphologically using the Moroccan identification key. RESULTS The results showed that among the 25 skin lesions detected in a population of 402 individuals, 18 were confirmed by kDNA nested PCR as CL positive patients, of which only 25% were positive by direct examination. Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major were identified as causative agents of CL in the study area. Direct parasitological examination showed a low sensitivity (27.78%), especially for L. major, although its specificity was evaluated at 100%. Regarding entomological results, both genera of the Moroccan sand fly were collected in the study area: Genus/Phlebotomus (75.28%) and Sergentomyia (24.72%). Phlebotomus (P) papatasi, the proven vector of L. major, was the most abundant species (33.98%), followed by Paralongicollum sergenti (22.58%), the confirmed vector of L. tropica; while Sergentomyia (S) minuta, P. longicuspis, S. fallax and P. kazeruni were collected with, respectively, 17.60%, 16.99%, 7.12% and 1.73%. CONCLUSION This study constitutes the first report of CL in the study areas, as well as the coexistence of L. tropica and L. major in these rural localities. Local transmission of CL is highly probable, as indicated by the prevalence of the two proven vectors of L. major and L. tropica. To control the spread of this disease, our results suggest the use of highly sensitive molecular methods to detect CL cases in potential leishmaniasis foci, which will improve surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Amane
- Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment Laboratory (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Sara El Mazini
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Echchakery
- Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment Laboratory (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
- Epidemiology and Biomedical Unit, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hafidi
- Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment Laboratory (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Samia Boussaa
- Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment Laboratory (BioMAgE), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
- ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing and Technical Health Occupations, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Rabat, Morocco
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Ferreira BA, Coser EM, de la Roca S, Aoki JI, Branco N, Soares GHC, Lima MIS, Coelho AC. Amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania amazonensis: In vitro and in vivo characterization of a Brazilian clinical isolate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012175. [PMID: 38768213 PMCID: PMC11142706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, Leishmania amazonensis is the etiological agent of cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. The state of Maranhão in the Northeast of Brazil is prevalent for these clinical forms of the disease and also has high rates of HIV infection. Here, we characterized the drug susceptibility of a L. amazonensis clinical isolate from a 46-year-old man with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis coinfected with HIV from this endemic area. This patient underwent several therapeutic regimens with meglumine antimoniate, liposomal amphotericin B, and pentamidine, without success. In vitro susceptibility assays against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes demonstrated that this isolate had low susceptibility to amphotericin B, when compared with the reference strain of this species that is considered susceptible to antileishmanial drugs. Additionally, we investigated whether the low in vitro susceptibility would affect the in vivo response to amphotericin B treatment. The drug was effective in reducing the lesion size and parasite burden in mice infected with the reference strain, whereas those infected with the clinical isolate and a resistant line (generated experimentally by stepwise selection) were refractory to amphotericin B treatment. To evaluate whether the isolate was intrinsically resistant to amphotericin B in animals, infected mice were treated with other drugs that had not been used in the treatment of the patient (miltefosine, paromomycin, and a combination of both). Our findings demonstrated that all drug schemes were able to reduce lesion size and parasite burden in animals infected with the clinical isolate, confirming the amphotericin B-resistance phenotype. These findings indicate that the treatment failure observed in the patient may be associated with amphotericin B resistance, and demonstrate the potential emergence of amphotericin B-resistant L. amazonensis isolates in an area of Brazil endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca A. Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth M. Coser
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Stephane de la Roca
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana I. Aoki
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nilson Branco
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. C. Soares
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara I. S. Lima
- Departamento de Biologia, Programas de Pós Graduação em Saúde e Ambiente e Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Adriano C. Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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8
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Barraza DE, Nanni PI, Bracamonte ME, Chaile RE, Goy CB, Acuña L, Marco JD, Madrid RE. Simple and promising paper-based electrochemical platform for serological detection of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e230149. [PMID: 38359306 PMCID: PMC10868376 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an endemic neglected tropical disease (NTD), its conventional treatment is toxic, slow, and invasive. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for the clinical management of suspected patients, so the development and use of low-cost, miniaturised and portable devices could be the key. OBJECTIVES This work aimed to develop a simple paper-based electrochemical platform for the serological detection of ATL. METHODS Platform was fabricated in Whatman N°1 paper, contains a hydrophobic zone generated by wax printing, two pencil graphite electrodes, and uses specific crude extracts (CA) antigens for ATL immuno-determination. The platform performance was analysed by measuring the relative impedance change for different antigen-antibody combinations. Then, 10 serum human samples previously diagnosed by the gold standard (five positive ATL cases and five non-ATL cases) were evaluated. FINDINGS The platform presented a linear response for the charge transfer resistance (ΔRct) and the interface reactance (ΔXc). Also, optimal working conditions were established (1/60 serum dilution and 180 µg/mL CA concentration). Then, the platform permits to distinguish between ATL and non-ATL (p < 0.05) human serum samples. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our platform could allow the diagnosis, management, and monitoring of leishmaniasis while being an extremely simple and environmentally friendly technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Barraza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Paula I Nanni
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María E Bracamonte
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Patología Experimental, Salta, Argentina
| | - Roberto E Chaile
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carla B Goy
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Acuña
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Patología Experimental, Salta, Argentina
| | - Jorge D Marco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Patología Experimental, Salta, Argentina
| | - Rossana E Madrid
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
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9
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da Costa CS, Marques EM, do Nascimento JR, Lima VAS, Santos-Oliveira R, Figueredo AS, de Jesus CM, de Souza Nunes GC, Brandão CM, de Jesus ET, Sa MC, Tanaka AA, Braga G, Santos ACF, de Lima RB, Silva LA, Alencar LMR, da Rocha CQ, Gonçalves RS. Design of Liquid Formulation Based on F127-Loaded Natural Dimeric Flavonoids as a New Perspective Treatment for Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:252. [PMID: 38399306 PMCID: PMC10891960 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (IPD) remain a challenge for medicine due to several interconnected reasons, such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR). American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an overlooked IPD causing persistent skin ulcers that are challenging to heal, resulting in disfiguring scars. Moreover, it has the potential to extend from the skin to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat in both humans and various animals. Given the limited effectiveness and AMR of current drugs, the exploration of new substances has emerged as a promising alternative for ATL treatment. Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC). Bureau is a native Brazilian plant rich in dimeric flavonoids, including Brachydin (BRA), which displays antimicrobial activity, but still little has been explored regarding the development of therapeutic formulations. In this work, we present the design of a low-cost liquid formulation based on the use of Pluronic F127 for encapsulation of high BRA concentration (LF-B500). The characterization techniques revealed that BRA-loaded F127 micelles are well-stabilized in an unusual worm-like form. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that LF-B500 was non-toxic to macrophages but efficient in the inactivation of forms of Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes with IC50 of 16.06 µg/mL. The results demonstrated that LF-B500 opened a new perspective on the use of liquid formulation-based natural products for ATL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Silva da Costa
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (C.S.d.C.); (E.M.M.); (J.R.d.N.); (V.A.S.L.); (C.Q.d.R.)
| | - Estela Mesquita Marques
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (C.S.d.C.); (E.M.M.); (J.R.d.N.); (V.A.S.L.); (C.Q.d.R.)
| | - Jessyane Rodrigues do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (C.S.d.C.); (E.M.M.); (J.R.d.N.); (V.A.S.L.); (C.Q.d.R.)
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP-Estadual University Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Victor Antônio Silva Lima
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (C.S.d.C.); (E.M.M.); (J.R.d.N.); (V.A.S.L.); (C.Q.d.R.)
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil
| | - Aline Santana Figueredo
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (A.S.F.); (C.M.d.J.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Caroline Martins de Jesus
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (A.S.F.); (C.M.d.J.); (L.A.S.)
| | | | - Clenilma Marques Brandão
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Maranhão, São Luis 65075-441, Brazil; (C.M.B.); (E.T.d.J.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Edson Tobias de Jesus
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Maranhão, São Luis 65075-441, Brazil; (C.M.B.); (E.T.d.J.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Mayara Coelho Sa
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Institute of Maranhão, São Luis 65075-441, Brazil; (C.M.B.); (E.T.d.J.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Auro Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (A.A.T.); (G.B.); (A.C.F.S.); (R.B.d.L.)
| | - Gustavo Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (A.A.T.); (G.B.); (A.C.F.S.); (R.B.d.L.)
| | - Ana Caroline Ferreira Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (A.A.T.); (G.B.); (A.C.F.S.); (R.B.d.L.)
| | - Roberto Batista de Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (A.A.T.); (G.B.); (A.C.F.S.); (R.B.d.L.)
| | - Lucilene Amorim Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (A.S.F.); (C.M.d.J.); (L.A.S.)
| | | | - Cláudia Quintino da Rocha
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (C.S.d.C.); (E.M.M.); (J.R.d.N.); (V.A.S.L.); (C.Q.d.R.)
| | - Renato Sonchini Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (C.S.d.C.); (E.M.M.); (J.R.d.N.); (V.A.S.L.); (C.Q.d.R.)
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10
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Berhe H, Kumar Cinthakunta Sridhar M, Zerihun M, Qvit N. The Potential Use of Peptides in the Fight against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:227. [PMID: 38399281 PMCID: PMC10892537 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are both neglected tropical diseases that affect millions of people around the world. Leishmaniasis is currently the second most widespread vector-borne parasitic disease after malaria. The World Health Organization records approximately 0.7-1 million newly diagnosed leishmaniasis cases each year, resulting in approximately 20,000-30,000 deaths. Also, 25 million people worldwide are at risk of Chagas disease and an estimated 6 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine are currently used to treat leishmaniasis. Also, nifurtimox and benznidazole are two drugs currently used to treat Chagas disease. These drugs are associated with toxicity problems such as nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, in addition to resistance problems. As a result, the discovery of novel therapeutic agents has emerged as a top priority and a promising alternative. Overall, there is a need for new and effective treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, as the current drugs have significant limitations. Peptide-based drugs are attractive due to their high selectiveness, effectiveness, low toxicity, and ease of production. This paper reviews the potential use of peptides in the treatment of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Several studies have demonstrated that peptides are effective against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, suggesting their use in drug therapy for these diseases. Overall, peptides have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, but more research is needed to fully investigate their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (H.B.); (M.K.C.S.); (M.Z.)
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11
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Torrico MC, Ballart C, Fernández-Arévalo A, Solano M, Rojas E, Abras A, Gonzales F, Mamani Y, Arnau A, Lozano D, Gascón J, Picado A, Torrico F, Muñoz C, Gállego M. The need for culture in tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis in Bolivia: A comparative evaluation of four parasitological techniques using two sampling methods. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107092. [PMID: 38065375 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are zoonotic diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. In Bolivia, leishmaniasis occurs mainly in the cutaneous form (CL) followed by the mucosal or mucocutaneous form (ML or MCL), grouped as tegumentary leishmaniosis (TL), while cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are rare. The cases of TL are routinely diagnosed by parasitological methods: Direct Parasitological Exam (DPE) and axenic culture, the latter being performed only by specialized laboratories. The aim of the present study was to optimize the parasitological diagnosis of TL in Bolivia, using two sampling methods. Samples from 117 patients with suspected TL, obtained by aspiration (n = 121) and scraping (n = 121) of the edge of the lesion were tested by: direct parasitological exam, culture in TSTB medium, and miniculture and microculture in Schneider's medium. A positive laboratory result by any of the four techniques evaluated using either of the two sampling methods was considered the gold standard. Of the 117 suspected patients included, TL was confirmed in 96 (82 %), corresponding 79 of the confirmed cases (82.3 %) to CL and 16 (16.7 %) to ML. Parasitological techniques specificity was 100 % and their analytical sensitivity was greater with scraping samples in TSTB culture (98 %). Scraping samples in TSTB and miniculture correlated well with the reference (Cohen's kappa coefficient=0.88) and showed good reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient ≥0.91). Microculture provided positive results earlier than the other culture methods (mean day 4.5). By day 14, 98 % of positive cultures had been detected. Scraping sampling and miniculture were associated with higher culture contamination (6 % and 17 %, respectively). Bacterial contamination predominated, regardless of the sampling and culture method, while filamentous fungi and mixed contamination were more frequently observed in cultures from scraping samples. In conclusion: (i) scraping samples proved more suitable for the diagnosis of TL as they increased analytical sensitivity, are less traumatic for the patient and are safer for laboratory personnel than aspirates; (ii) culture, mainly in TSBT medium, should be used for the diagnosis of TL due to its high sensitivity (doubling the number of cases diagnosed by DPE) and its low cost compared to other culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Cruz Torrico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fundación CEADES y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
| | - Cristina Ballart
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fernández-Arévalo
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Solano
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Ernesto Rojas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Alba Abras
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Fabiola Gonzales
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Yercin Mamani
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Albert Arnau
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Fundación CEADES y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Joaquim Gascón
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Albert Picado
- Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Fundación CEADES y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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12
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Montoya AL, Gil ER, Vinales I, Estevao IL, Taboada P, Torrico MC, Torrico F, Marco JD, Almeida IC, Michael K. Big is not better: Comparing two alpha-Gal-bearing glycotopes in neoglycoproteins as biomarkers for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109015. [PMID: 38198982 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.109015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is among Latin America's most widespread Leishmania species and is responsible for tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL). This disease has multiple clinical presentations, with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) being the most frequent. It manifests as one or a few localized skin ulcers, which can spread to other body areas. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment, typically with pentavalent antimonials, is critical. Traditional diagnostic methods, like parasite culture, microscopy, or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the parasite DNA, have limitations due to the uneven distribution of parasites in biopsy samples. Nonetheless, studies have revealed high levels of parasite-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies in L. (V.) braziliensis-infected patients. Previously, we demonstrated that the neoglycoprotein NGP28b, consisting of the L. (Leishmania) major type-2 glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL)-3-derived trisaccharide Galpα1,6Galpα1,3Galfβ conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) via a linker, acts as a reliable serological biomarker (BMK) for L. (V.) braziliensis infection in Brazil. This indicates the presence of GIPL-3 or a similar structure in this parasite, and its terminal trisaccharide either functions as or is part of an immunodominant glycotope. Here, we explored whether extending the trisaccharide with a mannose unit would enhance its efficacy as a biomarker for the serological detection of L. (V.) braziliensis. We synthesized the tetrasaccharide Galpα1,6Galpα1,3Galfβ1,3Manpα(CH2)3SH (G31SH) and conjugated it to maleimide-functionalized BSA to afford NGP31b. When we assessed the efficacy of NGP28b and NGP31b by chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on a cohort of CL patients with L. (V.) braziliensis infection from Bolivia and Argentina against a healthy control group, both NGPs exhibited similar or identical sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. This finding implies that the mannose moiety at the reducing end is not part of the glycotope recognized by the parasite-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies in patients' sera, nor does it exert a relevant influence on the terminal trisaccharide's conformation. Moreover, the mannose does not seem to inhibit glycan-antibody interactions. Therefore, NGP31b is a viable and dependable BMK for the serodiagnosis of CL caused by L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba L Montoya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Eileni R Gil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Irodiel Vinales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Igor L Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Paola Taboada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Mary Cruz Torrico
- Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Faculty of Medicine, and Fundación CEADES, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Faculty of Medicine, and Fundación CEADES, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Jorge Diego Marco
- Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Igor C Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
| | - Katja Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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13
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Zakariaei Z, Fakhar M, Bari S, Derakhshani M, Banimostafavi ES, Soleymani M. Nasal Leishmaniasis Misdiagnosed With Intranasal Polyp in a Patient Candidate for Rhinoplasty. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CASE REPORTS 2023; 16:11795476231186913. [PMID: 37799763 PMCID: PMC10548795 DOI: 10.1177/11795476231186913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is a chronic and rare form of leishmaniasis that causes malignant lesions in the mucosa of the nasal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal regions. We describe a 29-year-old woman who had been suffering from an intranasal polyp for 3 years. The polyp recurred annually after surgical removal, and was diagnosed as nasal leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Zakariaei
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Division, Mazandaran Registry Center for Opioids Poisoning, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Simin Bari
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Majid Derakhshani
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Elham Sadat Banimostafavi
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mostafa Soleymani
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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14
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Chen K, Deguenon JM, Lawrie RD, Roe RM. Biomolecular Minerals and Volcanic Glass Bio-Mimics to Control Adult Sand Flies, the Vector of Human Leishmania Protozoan Parasites. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1235. [PMID: 37627300 PMCID: PMC10452665 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) serve as vectors for transmitting protozoan parasites, Leishmania spp., that cause the disease called leishmaniasis. The main approach to controlling sand flies is the use of chemical insecticides. The discovery of alternative methods for their control is needed because of potential health risks of chemical insecticides and development of sand fly resistance to these pesticides. The biomineral produced by diatoms (diatomaceous earth, DE; Celite) and a volcanic glass bio-mimic (Imergard) have been shown by our group to be efficacious against mosquitoes, filth flies, and ticks but never studied for the control of sand flies. In a modified World Health Organization cone test, 50% of adult Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies at 29 ± 1 °C, 55 ± 5% RH, and 12:12 LD, when exposed to Imergard and Celite, were dead in 13.08 and 7.57 h, respectively. Proof of concept was established for the use of these biominerals for sand fly and leishmaniasis disease control. Using a light source as an attractant to the minerals had no significant effect on the LT50, the time to 50% mortality. The LT50 at a higher relative humidity of 70 ± 5% increased to 20.91 and 20.56 h for Imergard and Celite, respectively, suggesting their mode of action was dehydration. Scanning electron microscopy of dead sand flies showed high coating levels of Celite only on the sides of the thorax and on the tarsi, suggesting an alternative mode of action for mechanical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R. Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 3230 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (K.C.); (J.M.D.); (R.D.L.)
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15
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Mirzaei M, Sharifi I, Mohammad-Rafi F, Anjomshoa M, Abiri A, Moqaddari AH, Nooshadokht M, Raiesi O, Amirheidari B. Antileishmanial effects and drugability characteristics of a heterocyclic copper complex: An in silico, in vitro and molecular study. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 245:112245. [PMID: 37167732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan Leishmania presents a severe illness, principally in tropical and subtropical areas. Antileishmanial metal complexes, like Glucantime®️ with proven activity, are routinely studied to probe their potency. We investigated the effects of a Cu (II) homoleptic complex coordinated by two dimethyl-bipyridine ligands against Leishmania major stages in silico and in vitro. The affinity of this heterocyclic Cu (II) complex (CuDMBP) towards a parasitic metacaspase was studied by molecular docking. Key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the complex were predicted using three web-based tools. CuDMBP was tested for in vitro antileishmanial activities using MTT assay, model murine macrophages, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Molecular docking confirmed the tendency between the target macromolecule and the complex. ADMET evaluations highlighted CuDMBP's key pharmacological features, including P-glycoprotein-associated GI absorption and lack of trans-BBB permeability. MTT showed significant inhibitory effects against promastigotes. CuDMBP significantly increased the level of cellular IL-12 expression (p < 0.05), while the upregulation observed in the expression of iNOS was considered not significant (p > 0.05). It decreased the expression of IL-10 significantly (p < 0.05). Findings demonstrated that CuDMBP deserves to be introduced as a leishmanicidal candidate provided further studies are carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirzaei
- Pathobiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farrokh Mohammad-Rafi
- Pathobiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Marzieh Anjomshoa
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ardavan Abiri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Hossain Moqaddari
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nooshadokht
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Extremophile and Productive Microorganisms Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Omid Raiesi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Bagher Amirheidari
- Extremophile and Productive Microorganisms Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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16
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Retamiro KM, Nunes KC, Zani AP, Zani CP, Beltran LB, Silva SDO, Garcia FP, Ueda-Nakamura T, Bergamasco R, Nakamura CV. Ionized alkaline water reduces injury in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280695. [PMID: 37410769 PMCID: PMC10325109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionized water has been reported to contribute to the tissue repair process and wound healing. Water purifiers can generate ionized water by means of activated charcoal with silver and minerals, the main purpose of which are to reduce microbiological and physicochemical contaminants. Moreover, when water is subjected to a magnetic field an organization of water molecules occurs due to the presence of mineral salts. The resulting water is thus more alkaline, which has been shown to be non-toxic to mice and can actually prolong survival. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, caused by obligate uni- and intracellular protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania, that can manifest in the form of skin lesions. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the evolution of disease in L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice that received tap water (TW) or ionized alkaline water (IAW). As a control, additional groups of mice receiving TW or IAW were also treated with the antileishmanial miltefosine. All mouse groups received either TW or IAW as drinking water 30 days prior to infection and the groups continued to receive the respective drinking water for 4 weeks, after which the blood and plasma were collected. Biochemical assays of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, creatinine, urea, glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol were performed, in addition to hematology tests. There was a significant decrease in the volume of the lesion for groups that received IAW, in which the ingestion of ionized alkaline water favored the non-evolution of the lesion in the footpads of the animals. The results of the blood count and leukogram tests were within the normal values for BALB/c mice demonstrating that ionized water has no toxic effects on blood factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Miyuki Retamiro
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Karine Campos Nunes
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Aline Pinto Zani
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Caroline Pinto Zani
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Laiza Bergamasco Beltran
- Laboratory of Management, Preservation and Environmental Control, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Sueli de Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Francielle Pelegrin Garcia
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Bergamasco
- Laboratory of Management, Preservation and Environmental Control, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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de Almeida MC, Felix JDS, Lopes MFDS, de Athayde FRF, Troiano JA, Scaramele NF, Furlan ADO, Lopes FL. Co-expression analysis of lncRNA and mRNA suggests a role for ncRNA-mediated regulation of host-parasite interactions in primary skin lesions of patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2023:106966. [PMID: 37302689 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by different Leishmania species, manifests as cutaneous or visceral forms. In the American continent, the cutaneous form is called American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and is primarily caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), the most severe form of ATL, arises in approximately 20% of patients from a primary cutaneous lesion. Evidence indicates changes in overall expression patterns of mRNAs and lncRNAs of the host in response to Leishmania infection, with the parasite capable of modulating host immune response, which may contribute to disease progression. We evaluated whether the co-expression of lncRNAs and their putative target mRNAs in primary cutaneous lesions of patients with ATL could be associated with the development of ML. Previously available public RNA-Seq data from primary skin lesions of patients infected with L. braziliensis was employed. We identified 579 mRNAs and 46 lncRNAs differentially expressed in the primary lesion that subsequently progressed to mucosal disease. Co-expression analysis revealed 1,324 significantly correlated lncRNA-mRNA pairs. Among these, we highlight the positive correlation and trans-action between lncRNA SNHG29 and mRNA S100A8, both upregulated in the ML group. S100A8 and its heterodimeric partner S100A9 form a pro-inflammatory complex expressed by immune cells and seems to participate in host innate immune response processes of infection. These findings expand the knowledge of the Leishmania-host interaction and indicate that the expression of lncRNAs in the primary cutaneous lesion could regulate mRNAs and play roles in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cordeiro de Almeida
- Department of Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Souza Felix
- Department of Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda da Silva Lopes
- Department of Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Regina Florencio de Athayde
- Department of Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Antonini Troiano
- Department of Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Francisco Scaramele
- Department of Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Oliveira Furlan
- Department of Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Lombardi Lopes
- Department of Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Afonso RC, Yien RMK, de Siqueira LBDO, Simas NK, Dos Santos Matos AP, Ricci-Júnior E. Promising natural products for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Exp Parasitol 2023; 251:108554. [PMID: 37268108 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although there are available treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the drugs used are far from ideal, toxic, and costly, in addition to the challenge faced by the development of resistance. Plants have been used as a source of natural compounds with antileishmanial action. However, few have reached the market and become phytomedicines with registration in regulatory agencies. Difficulties related to the extraction, purification, chemical identification, efficacy, safety, and production in sufficient quantity for clinical studies, hinder the emergence of new effective phytomedicines against leishmaniasis. Despite the difficulties reported, the major research centers in the world see that natural products are a trend concerning the treatment of leishmaniasis. The present work consists of a literature review of articles with in vivo studies, covering the period from January 2011 to December 2022, providing an overview of promising natural products for CL treatment. The papers show encouraging antileishmanial action of natural compounds with reduced parasite load and lesion size in animal models, suggesting new strategies for the treatment of the disease. The results reported in this review show advances in using natural products as safe and effective formulations, which can stimulate clinical studies to establish clinical therapy. In conclusion, the information in this review article serves as a preliminary basis for establishing a therapeutic protocol for future clinical trials that can validate the safety and efficacy of natural compounds, providing the development of affordable and safe phytomedicines for the treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhuane Coutinho Afonso
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Mara Kao Yien
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Department of Natural Products and Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Naomi Kato Simas
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Department of Natural Products and Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dos Santos Matos
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Júnior
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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19
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Yentur Doni N, Bertani PJ, Volpedo G, Saljoughian N, Varikuti S, Matlashewski G, Lu W, Satoskar AR. Development of a novel immunoFET technology-based POC assay for detection of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania major. Parasite Immunol 2023:e12984. [PMID: 37183939 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered as one of the 20 neglected tropical diseases. Current methods of leishmanial diagnosis depend on conventional laboratory-based techniques, which are time-consuming, costly and require special equipment and trained personnel. In this context, we aimed to provide an immuno field effect transistors (ImmunoFET) biosensor that matches the conventional standards for point-of-care (POC) monitoring and detection of Leishmania (L.) donovani/Leishmania major. Crude antigens prepared by repeated freeze thawing of L. donovani/L. major stationary phase promastigotes were used for ELISA and ImmunoFETs. Lesishmania-specific antigens were serially diluted in 1× PBS from a concentration of 106 -102 parasites/mL. A specific polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA was established for the detection of Leishmania antigens. An immunoFET technology-based POC novel assay was constructed for the detection of Leishmania antigens. Interactions between antigen-antibody at the gate surface generate an electrical signal that can be measured by semiconductor field-effect principles. Sensitivity was considered and measured as the change in current divided by the initial current. The final L. donovani/L. major crude antigen protein concentrations were measured as 1.50 mg/mL. Sandwich ELISA against the Leishmania 40S ribosomal protein detected Leishmania antigens could detect as few as 100 L. donovani/L. major parasites. An immunoFET biosensor was constructed based on the optimization of aluminium gallium nitride/gallium nitride (AlGaN/GaN) surface oxidation methods. The device surface was composed by an AlGaN/GaN wafer with a 23 nm AlGaN barrier layer, a 2 μm GaN layer on the silicon carbide (SiC) substrate for Leishmania binding, and coated with a specific antibody against the Leishmania 40S ribosomal protein, which was successfully detected at concentrations from 106 to 102 parasites/mL in 1× PBS. At the concentration of 104 parasites, the immunoFETs device sensitivities were 13% and 0.052% in the sub-threshold regime and the saturation regime, respectively. Leishmania parasites were successfully detected by the ImmunoFET biosensor at a diluted concentration as low as 150 ng/mL. In this study, the developed ImmunoFET biosensor performed well. ImmunoFET biosensors can be used as an alternative diagnostic method to ELISA. Increasing the sensitivity and optimization of immuno-FET biosensors might allow earlier and faster detection of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebiye Yentur Doni
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Harran University, Türkiye
- Wexner Medical Centre, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, The Ohio State of University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul J Bertani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Wexner Medical Centre, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, The Ohio State of University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Noushin Saljoughian
- Wexner Medical Centre, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, The Ohio State of University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Wexner Medical Centre, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, The Ohio State of University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State of university, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wu Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Wexner Medical Centre, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, The Ohio State of University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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20
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Fróes LAR, Toma TS, Jachiet M, Rousset L, Poderoso RE, Trindade MAB. Bacterial, fungal and parasitic co-infections in leprosy: A scoping review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011334. [PMID: 37216331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In leprosy patients, the most commonly reported non-viral co-infections are Tuberculosis, Leishmaniasis, Chromoblastomycosis and Helminths. The presence of a secondary infection is believed to increase the likelihood of leprosy reactions. The purpose of this review was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the most reported bacterial, fungal, and parasitic co-infections in leprosy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted by two independent reviewers, resulting in the inclusion of 89 studies. For tuberculosis, a total of 211 cases were identified, with a median age of 36 years and male predominance (82%). Leprosy was the initial infection in 89% of cases, 82% of individuals had multibacillary disease, and 17% developed leprosy reactions. For leishmaniasis, 464 cases were identified, with a median age of 44 years and male predominance (83%). Leprosy was the initial infection in 44% of cases, 76% of individuals presented with multibacillary disease, and 18% developed leprosy reactions. Regarding chromoblastomycosis, we identified 19 cases with a median age of 54 years and male predominance (88%). Leprosy was the primary infection in 66% of cases, 70% of individuals had multibacillary disease, and 35% developed leprosy reactions. Additionally, we found 151 cases of co-infection with leprosy and helminths, with a median age of 43 years and male predominance (68%). Leprosy was the primary infection in 66% of cases, and 76% of individuals presented with multibacillary disease, while the occurrence of leprosy reactions varied from 37% to 81% across studies. CONCLUSION We observed a male-dominated pattern of co-infections among working-age individuals with multibacillary leprosy. Unlike prior studies reporting increased leprosy reactions in chronic viral co-infections, our findings did not indicate any increase among bacterial, fungal, or parasitic co-infections. Rather, co-infections with tuberculosis and leishmaniasis appeared to reduce leprosy reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tereza Setsuko Toma
- Núcleo de Evidências, Instituto de Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marie Jachiet
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital saint Louis APHP Paris, Université Paris Cité
| | - Laurie Rousset
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital saint Louis APHP Paris, Université Paris Cité
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21
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Moreira POL, Nogueira PM, Monte-Neto RL. Next-Generation Leishmanization: Revisiting Molecular Targets for Selecting Genetically Engineered Live-Attenuated Leishmania. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041043. [PMID: 37110466 PMCID: PMC10145799 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research devoted to finding a vaccine against leishmaniasis, we are still lacking a safe and effective vaccine for humans. Given this scenario, the search for a new prophylaxis alternative for controlling leishmaniasis should be a global priority. Inspired by leishmanization-a first generation vaccine strategy where live L. major parasites are inoculated in the skin to protect against reinfection-live-attenuated Leishmania vaccine candidates are promising alternatives due to their robust elicited protective immune response. In addition, they do not cause disease and could provide long-term protection upon challenge with a virulent strain. The discovery of a precise and easy way to perform CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing allowed the selection of safer null mutant live-attenuated Leishmania parasites obtained by gene disruption. Here, we revisited molecular targets associated with the selection of live-attenuated vaccinal strains, discussing their function, their limiting factors and the ideal candidate for the next generation of genetically engineered live-attenuated Leishmania vaccines to control leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo O L Moreira
- Biotechnology Applied to Pathogens (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Paula M Nogueira
- Biotechnology Applied to Pathogens (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Rubens L Monte-Neto
- Biotechnology Applied to Pathogens (BAP), Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Brazil
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22
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Kim HJ, Kim EJ, Choi JW, Kim YC, Lee HI, Shin HI. A Rare Case of Imported Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania infantum in the Republic of Korea, 2021. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040223. [PMID: 37104348 PMCID: PMC10142730 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease and an infectious disease transmitted by sandflies that occurs worldwide. In the absence of physicians seeking to identify the causes of disease in non-endemic areas, appropriate diagnoses cannot be made, thereby hampering effective treatment. In this report, we examined a nodular lesion on a patient's chin by performing a biopsy and molecular analysis. The biopsy finding led to the identification of a Leishmania amastigote. On the basis of PCR analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 gene and 5.8 S ribosomal RNA with a subsequent BLAST search, we identified the causal organism as Leishmania infantum. The patient, who had visited Spain from 1 July to 31 August 2018, was accordingly diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis and was administered liposomal amphotericin B, which successfully treated the skin lesion. Travel history plays an important role in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis, and physicians should bear in mind that travelers can also introduce diseases and pathogens to non-endemic areas. Identification of Leishmania at the species level will increase the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science and Infectious Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Woong Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - You Chan Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Il Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Il Shin
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
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23
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Pagniez J, Petitdidier E, Parra-Zuleta O, Pissarra J, Bras-Gonçalves R. A systematic review of peptide-based serological tests for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Parasite 2023; 30:10. [PMID: 37010451 PMCID: PMC10069404 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological methods should meet the needs of leishmaniasis diagnosis due to their high sensitivity and specificity, economical and adaptable rapid diagnostic test format, and ease of use. Currently, the performances of serological diagnostic tests, despite improvements with recombinant proteins, vary greatly depending on the clinical form of leishmaniasis and the endemic area. Peptide-based serological tests are promising as they could compensate for antigenic variability and improve performance, independently of Leishmania species and subspecies circulating in the endemic areas. The objective of this systematic review was to inventory all studies published from 2002 to 2022 that evaluate synthetic peptides for serological diagnosis of human leishmaniases and also to highlight the performance (e.g., sensitivity and specificity) of each peptide reported in these studies. All clinical forms of leishmaniasis, visceral and tegumentary, and all Leishmania species responsible for these diseases were considered. Following PRISMA statement recommendations, 1,405 studies were identified but only 22 articles met the selection criteria and were included in this systematic review. These original research articles described 77 different peptides, of which several have promising performance for visceral or tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis. This review highlights the importance of and growing interest in synthetic peptides used for serological diagnosis of leishmaniases, and their performances compared to some widely used tests with recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Pagniez
- UMR177 INTERTRYP 911 avenue Agropolis B.P. 64501 34394 Montpellier France
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- UMR177 INTERTRYP 911 avenue Agropolis B.P. 64501 34394 Montpellier France
| | | | - Joana Pissarra
- UMR177 INTERTRYP 911 avenue Agropolis B.P. 64501 34394 Montpellier France
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Zamanpour M, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A, Mohammadi AMA, Akhoundi B. Diagnosis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Comparative Study Using CL Detect ™ Dipstick, Direct Smear and Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods. Acta Parasitol 2023:10.1007/s11686-023-00662-5. [PMID: 36913075 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In most of the endemic areas, the detection of CL is based on searching for amastigotes using the direct smear method. Since expert microscopists are not usually available in every laboratory, false diagnoses are a disaster that happens. Therefore, the aim of current research is to evaluate the validity of the CL Detect™ Rapid Test (CDRT) for diagnosis CL in comparison to direct smear and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. METHODS A total of 70 patients with skin lesions suspected to be CL were recruited. Skin samples from the lesions were collected and used for direct microscopic examination and the PCR method. Furthermore, the skin sample was collected in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions for the CDRT-based rapid diagnostic test. RESULTS Of 70 samples, 51 and 35 samples were positive by direct smear examination and the CDRT, respectively. The PCR showed positive results in 59 samples; 50 and 9 samples were identified as Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated to be 68.6% (95% CI 54.11-80.89%) and 100% (95% CI 82.35-100%). When the results of CDRT were compared to the microscopic examinations, an agreement of 77.14% was seen between the CDRT and microscopic examination. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity were 59.32% (95% CI 45.75-71.93%) and 100% (95% CI 71.5-100%) when the CDRT was compared to PCR assay (as gold standard) and an agreement (65.71%) was found between CDRT and PCR assay. CONCLUSION As the CDRT is simple, rapid, and does not require great proficiency, it is recommended for use in the detection of CL caused by L. major or L. tropica as a diagnostic method, especially in areas with limited access to expert microscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zamanpour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram Mir Amin Mohammadi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Akhoundi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ferreira BA, Coser EM, Saborito C, Yamashiro-Kanashiro EH, Lindoso JAL, Coelho AC. In vitro miltefosine and amphotericin B susceptibility of strains and clinical isolates of Leishmania species endemic in Brazil that cause tegumentary leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2023; 246:108462. [PMID: 36642298 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis encompasses a spectrum of clinical manifestations caused by the parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, there are at least seven Leishmania species that are endemic and responsible for this set of clinical manifestations of the disease. Current treatment is limited to a restricted number of drugs that in general have several drawbacks including parenteral use, toxicity, and severe side effects. Amphotericin B is considered a second-line drug for tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil, while miltefosine was recently approved for clinical use in the treatment of this disease. In this study, we investigated the in vitro susceptibility of Leishmania strains representative of the species endemic to Brazil, as well as a panel of thirteen clinical isolates of tegumentary leishmaniasis, to both amphotericin B and miltefosine. A moderate variation in the susceptibility to both drugs was found, where the EC50 values varied from 11.43 to 52.67 μM for miltefosine and from 12.89 to 62.36 nM for amphotericin B in promastigotes, while for the intracellular amastigotes, values ranged from 1.08 to 9.60 μM and from 1.69 to 22.71 nM for miltefosine and amphotericin B respectively. Furthermore, the clinical isolates and strains of the subgenus Viannia were evaluated for the presence of Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), as this is an important factor associated with disease severity and treatment outcome. These findings provide a preclinical dataset of the activity of these drugs against the causative species of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca A Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth M Coser
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristiele Saborito
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Edite H Yamashiro-Kanashiro
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia (LIM 48), Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Angelo L Lindoso
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano C Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa. mBio 2023; 14:e0264222. [PMID: 36633419 PMCID: PMC9973342 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02642-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite infections affect human and animal health significantly and contribute to a major burden on the global economy. Parasitic protozoan viruses (PPVs) affect the protozoan parasites' morphology, phenotypes, pathogenicity, and growth rates. This discovery provides an opportunity to develop a novel preventive and therapeutic strategy for parasitic protozoan diseases (PPDs). Currently, there is greater awareness regarding PPVs; however, knowledge of viruses and their associations with host diseases remains limited. Parasite-host interactions become more complex owing to PPVs; however, few studies have investigated underlying viral regulatory mechanisms in parasites. In this study, we reviewed relevant studies to identify studies that investigated PPV development and life cycles, the triangular association between viruses, parasites, and hosts, and the effects of viruses on protozoan pathogenicity. This study highlights that viruses can alter parasite biology, and viral infection of parasites may exacerbate the adverse effects of virus-containing parasites on hosts or reduce parasite virulence. PPVs should be considered in the prevention of parasitic epidemics and outbreaks, although their effects on the host and the complexity of the triangular association between PPVs, protozoans, and hosts remain unclear. IMPORTANCE PPVs-based regulation of parasitic protozoa can provide a theoretical basis and direction for PPD prevention and control, although PPVs and PPV regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we investigated the differences between PPVs and the unique properties of each virus regarding virus discovery, structures, and life cycles, focused on the Trichomonas vaginalis virus, Giardia lamblia virus, Leishmania RNA virus, and the Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1. The triangular association between PPVs, parasitic protozoa, and hosts reveals the "double-edged sword" property of PPVs, which maintains a balance between parasitic protozoa and hosts in both positive and negative respects. These studies discuss the complexity of parasitic protozoa and their co-existence with hosts and suggest novel pathways for using PPVs as tools to gain a deeper understanding of protozoal infection and treatment.
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Underestimation of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania infantum in an Endemic Area of the Mediterranean Basin (Balearic Islands). Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010126. [PMID: 36677419 PMCID: PMC9867513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. In the Mediterranean basin, leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by bites of sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus, with the dog as the main reservoir host. The most common form is cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), although visceral cases also occur. The aim of this study was to assess the underestimation of CL in an endemic Mediterranean region. Thus, a retrospective study was performed on all CL cases diagnosed and treated in the Dermatology Service of Manacor Hospital (Majorca, Balearic Islands), and the data obtained were compared with those of local government epidemiological bulletins for the same period. The different clinical presentations were compiled, and data related to sex, age, and lesion type and number were analyzed. The results reveal a clear sub-notification, which indicates that the real incidence of human CL in this area is unknown.
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Dinulos JE, Dinulos JG. Present and future: infectious tropical travel rashes and the impact of climate change. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 130:452-462. [PMID: 36574899 PMCID: PMC9789609 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss pertinent cutaneous findings with which patients may present after travel to tropical destinations. We address arthropod-borne infectious diseases such as cutaneous leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, cutaneous larva migrans, and myiasis. We discuss other relevant diseases with cutaneous signs such as monkey pox and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We provide clinicians with information regarding the background, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these tropical rashes. In addition, we address the impact that climate change will have on the temporal and geographic incidence of these rashes. Viral, fungal, and vector-borne diseases have seen a geographic expansion into more northern latitudes. Among these are tick-borne Lyme disease, aquatic snail-related seabather's eruption, and atopic dermatitis. As these diseases spread, we believe that the updated information within this article is significant to the practicing physician in today's warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James G Dinulos
- Seacoast Dermatology, PLLC, Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Department of Dermatology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Framingham, Connecticut.
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Cincura C, Costa RS, De Lima CMF, Oliveira-Filho J, Rocha PN, Carvalho EM, Lessa MM. Assessment of Immune and Clinical Response in Patients with Mucosal Leishmaniasis Treated with Pentavalent Antimony and Pentoxifylline. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:383. [PMID: 36422934 PMCID: PMC9696819 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is a severe form of tegumentary leishmaniasis associated with a persistent inflammatory response. High levels of TNF, IFN-γ, CXCL9 and CXCL10 are found in ML patients, and the association of pentoxifylline with antimony is more effective in decreasing the healing time in ML patients when compared to antimony alone. The present study aimed to investigate the existence of a correlation between cytokine and chemokine production and ML severity and evaluate the potential value of cytokine and chemokine production as marker of therapeutic response in ML patients. This prospective study included 86 subjects in an area of endemic Leishmania braziliensis transmission. Patients diagnosed with ML were classified into clinical stages ranging from I to V according to disease severity. TNF, IFN-γ, CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels were quantified in the supernatant of the mononuclear cell cultures by ELISA before and after treatment with antimony alone or antimony plus pentoxifylline. The median TNF level in the group with mild disease (Stages I-II) was 1064 pg/mL (142-3738 pg/mL), while, in the group with moderate or severe disease (Stages III-V), it was 1941 pg/mL (529-5294 pg/mL) (p = 0.008). A direct correlation was observed between ML clinical severity and levels of TNF production (r = 0.44, p = 0.007). Patients who were treated with antimony and pentoxifylline healed significantly faster than those treated with antimony alone (52 vs. 77 days, hazard ratio = 0.60; 95% confidence interval = 0.38-0.95, p = 0.013). Therapeutic failure was higher in the group that received antimony alone (25% vs. 7%; p = 0.041). There was a significant decrease in CXCL9 after therapy of ML in both groups (p = 0.013; p = 0.043). TNF levels are associated with the severity of mucosal diseases, and pentoxifylline associated with antimony should be the recommended therapy for ML in countries where liposomal amphotericin B is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cincura
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
- Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia, Unidade Cérvico-Facial, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rubia S. Costa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz–IGM–Fiocruz–Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Clara Monica F. De Lima
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
- Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia, Unidade Cérvico-Facial, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jamary Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais–INCT–DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Novis Rocha
- Departamento de Medicina Interna e Apoio Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz–IGM–Fiocruz–Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais–INCT–DT (CNPq/MCT), Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcus M. Lessa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
- Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia, Unidade Cérvico-Facial, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Cirurgia Experimental e Especialidades Cirúrgicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Bahia, Brazil
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Laboratory diagnostics for human Leishmania infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:412. [PMID: 36335408 PMCID: PMC9636697 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infections span a range of clinical syndromes and impact humans from many geographic foci, but primarily the world's poorest regions. Transmitted by the bite of a female sand fly, Leishmania infections are increasing with human movement (due to international travel and war) as well as with shifts in vector habitat (due to climate change). Accurate diagnosis of the 20 or so species of Leishmania that infect humans can lead to the successful treatment of infections and, importantly, their prevention through modelling and intervention programs. A multitude of laboratory techniques for the detection of Leishmania have been developed over the past few decades, and although many have drawbacks, several of them show promise, particularly molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction. This review provides an overview of the methods available to diagnostic laboratories, from traditional techniques to the now-preferred molecular techniques, with an emphasis on polymerase chain reaction-based detection and typing methods.
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Bhowate RR, Bhargava PA, Badki SD, Meshram M. Mucosal Leishmaniasis Involving the Nostril and Maxillary Sinus: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e30289. [PMID: 36381698 PMCID: PMC9650962 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An eight-year-old child presented with nasal discharge, stuffiness, and whitish polypoid swelling in the left nostril with Bitot’s spot. Computed tomography (CT) evaluation showed complete involvement of the left nostril and maxillary sinus. Blood investigations revealed leukocytosis, raised absolute eosinophils, increased alkaline phosphatase, and reduced vitamin A levels. Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory infiltrate with Leishman-Donovan bodies, which confirms the diagnosis of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). In the present case, the recording of demographic data is important as the child was a migrant from the leishmaniasis-endemic area of Bihar state, India. Nasal polypoid growth was removed by endoscopic surgery, followed by a combination of allopathic and polyherbal preparation. The child responded well to these therapeutic measures, and there was no recurrence of nasal discharge, stuffiness, and crustation at six-month follow-up.
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Dueñas E, Nakamoto JA, Cabrera-Sosa L, Huaihua P, Cruz M, Arévalo J, Milón P, Adaui V. Novel CRISPR-based detection of Leishmania species. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958693. [PMID: 36187950 PMCID: PMC9520526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis, a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a major public health problem in many regions of Latin America. Its diagnosis is difficult given other conditions resembling leishmaniasis lesions and co-occurring in the same endemic areas. A combination of parasitological and molecular methods leads to accurate diagnosis, with the latter being traditionally performed in centralized reference and research laboratories as they require specialized infrastructure and operators. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) systems have recently driven innovative tools for nucleic acid detection that combine high specificity, sensitivity and speed and are readily adaptable for point-of-care testing. Here, we harnessed the CRISPR-Cas12a system for molecular detection of Leishmania spp., emphasizing medically relevant parasite species circulating in Peru and other endemic areas in Latin America, with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis being the main etiologic agent of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. We developed two assays targeting multi-copy targets commonly used in the molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rDNA), highly conserved across Leishmania species, and a region of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles conserved in the L. (Viannia) subgenus. Our CRISPR-based assays were capable of detecting down to 5 × 10−2 (kDNA) or 5 × 100 (18S rDNA) parasite genome equivalents/reaction with PCR preamplification. The 18S PCR/CRISPR assay achieved pan-Leishmania detection, whereas the kDNA PCR/CRISPR assay was specific for L. (Viannia) detection. No cross-reaction was observed with Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y or human DNA. We evaluated the performance of the assays using 49 clinical samples compared to a kDNA real-time PCR assay as the reference test. The kDNA PCR/CRISPR assay performed equally well as the reference test, with positive and negative percent agreement of 100%. The 18S PCR/CRISPR assay had high positive and negative percent agreement of 82.1% and 100%, respectively. The findings support the potential applicability of the newly developed CRISPR-based molecular tools for first-line diagnosis of Leishmania infections at the genus and L. (Viannia) subgenus levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dueñas
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Jose A. Nakamoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Cabrera-Sosa
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Huaihua
- Laboratorio de Patho-antígenos, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - María Cruz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Hospital Nacional Adolfo Guevara Velasco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Jorge Arévalo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Patho-antígenos, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Pohl Milón
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
| | - Vanessa Adaui
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Adaui,
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A 2022 Updated Narrative Review into Diagnosis and Management Developments. Am J Clin Dermatol 2022; 23:823-840. [PMID: 36103050 PMCID: PMC9472198 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review is an update of an earlier narrative review published in 2015 on developments in the clinical management of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) including diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control measurements. CL is a vector-borne infection caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania. The vector is the female sandfly. Globally, CL affects 12 million cases and annually 2 million new cases occur. CL is endemic in almost 100 countries and the total risk population is approximately 350 million people. WHO lists CL an emerging and uncontrolled disease and a neglected tropical disease. Local experience-based evidence remains the mainstay for the management of CL. Whereas intralesional therapeutic options are the first treatment option for most CL patients, those with mucocutaneous and disseminated involvement require a systemic therapeutic approach. Moreover, different Leishmania species can vary in their treatment outcomes. Therefore, species determination is critical for optimal CL clinical management. New DNA techniques allow for relatively easy Leishmania species determination, yet they are not easily implemented in resource-limited settings. There is a desperate need for novel, less toxic, and less painful treatment options, especially for children with CL. Yet, the large and well conducted studies required to provide the necessary evidence are lacking. To further control and potentially eliminate CL, we urgently need to improve vector control, and diagnostics, and we require efficient and safe vaccines. Alas, since CL primarily affects poor people, biotechnical companies dedicate little investment into the research programs that could lead to diagnostic, pharmaceutical, and vaccine innovations.
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Piyasiri SB, Samaranayake TN, Silva H, Manamperi NH, Karunaweera ND. ELISA-based evaluation of antibody response to Leishmania in a region endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12940. [PMID: 35836368 PMCID: PMC9481270 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis includes several clinical forms. While routine diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is by microscopy, an antibody response to CL has been reported in several recent studies. This study evaluated anti-leishmanial immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses as a biomarker of active leishmaniasis and a measure of exposure to Leishmania. Sera from 50 untreated CL patients, 140 patients under treatment and 280 healthy individuals residing in endemic regions collected as part of an epidemiological survey, was analysed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay established in-house using receiver operator characteristic curve at optimized cut-off value. The assay showed high performance as a diagnostic tool in identifying exposure in endemic individuals (sensitivity: 98%, specificity: 90.3%). All patients showed lower antibody levels over time since onset of lesion/s. Antibody levels were higher (p ˂ .01) and persisted for a longer period in untreated patients. In patients under treatment, the level of anti-IgG antibodies was negatively correlated with the total duration the patient had been on treatment. The anti-leishmanial IgG response in Leishmania donovani-induced CL is transient and is unlikely to confer protective immunity. Optimized serological assays may be useful in endemic settings for diagnosis and monitoring the treatment response in CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachee Bhanu Piyasiri
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Hermali Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Viana SM, Montoya AL, Carvalho AM, de Mendonça BS, Portillo S, Olivas JJ, Karimi NH, Estevao IL, Ortega-Rodriguez U, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO, Maldonaldo RA, Michael K, de Oliveira CI, Almeida IC. Serodiagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of New-World tegumentary leishmaniasis using synthetic type-2 glycoinositolphospholipid-based neoglycoproteins. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2147-2159. [PMID: 36039908 PMCID: PMC9518598 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from localized cutaneous ulcers (CL), mucosal (ML), or disseminated (DL) disease, to a subclinical (SC) asymptomatic form. Current diagnosis based on parasite culture and/or microscopy lacks sensitivity and specificity. Previous studies showed that patients with CL and ML have very high levels of Leishmania-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies. However, the native parasite α-Gal glycotope(s) is(are) still elusive, thus they have not yet been explored for a more accurate TL diagnosis. Using a chemiluminescent immunoassay, we evaluated the seroreactivity of TL patients across its clinical spectrum, and of endemic (EC) and nonendemic healthy controls (NEC) against three synthetic neoglycoproteins (NGP29b, NGP30b, and NGP28b), respectively comprising the L. major-derived type-2 glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL)-1 (Galfβ1,3Manα), GIPL-2 (Galα1,3Galfβ1,3Manα), and GIPL-3 (Galα1,6Galα1,3Galfβ) glycotopes. Contrary to NGP29b and NGP30b, NGP28b exhibited high sensitivity and specificity to a CL serum pool. More importantly, NGP28b reacted strongly and specifically with individual sera from distinct clinical forms of TL, especially with SC sera, with 94% sensitivity and 97% specificity, by post-two-graph receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. Contrary to NGP29b, NGP28b showed low cross-reactivity with Chagas disease and control (NEC/EC) sera. Additionally, seroreactivity of CL patients against NGP28b was significantly decreased after successful chemotherapy, indicating that L. braziliensis-specific anti-α-Gal antibodies may serve as an early biomarker of cure in CL. Our data also points towards the applicability of L. major type-2 GIPL-3-derived Galα1,6Galα1,3Galfβ glycotope for the serological diagnosis of American TL, particularly of the subclinical form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayonara M Viana
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alba L Montoya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Augusto M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Susana Portillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Janet J Olivas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Nasim H Karimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Igor L Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Uriel Ortega-Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa A Maldonaldo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Katja Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Igor C Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
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de Carvalho BC, Vital T, Osiro J, Gomes CM, Noronha E, Dallago B, Rosa ADC, Carvalho JL, Hagström L, Hecht M, Nitz N. Multiparametric analysis of host and parasite elements in new world tegumentary leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:956112. [PMID: 36017367 PMCID: PMC9395741 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.956112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Clinically, the disease presents a broad spectrum of symptoms, the mechanisms underlying the development of lesions remaining to be fully elucidated. In the present work, we performed a correlation and multiparametric analysis to evaluate how parasite- and host-related aspects associate with each other, and with the different clinical manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis. This cross-sectional study involved 75 individuals from endemic areas of Brazil, grouped according to their symptoms. Leishmania species were determined by DNA sequencing, and parasite load, antibody production, and cytokine profile were evaluated by kDNA qPCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, principal component analysis, canonical discriminant analysis, and correlation analysis. Among the recruited patients, 23 (31%) were asymptomatic, 34 (45%) had primary cutaneous leishmaniasis, 10 (13%) presented recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis, and eight (11%) had mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania species identified included L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. guyanensis. Surprisingly, no Leishmania RNA virus infection was detected in any sample. In summary, our work showed that parasite load, antibody production, and cytokine levels alone are not determinants for tegumentary leishmaniasis symptoms. However, the correlation analysis allowed us to observe how these factors are correlated to each other within the groups, which revealed a unique network for each clinical manifestation. Our work reinforces the complexity of tegumentary leishmaniasis outcomes - which are associated with multiple host and parasite-related elements and provides a holistic model of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Caroline de Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tamires Vital
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Osiro
- Dermatology Diagnostic Group, Dermatomicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ciro Martins Gomes
- Dermatology Diagnostic Group, Dermatomicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Elza Noronha
- Brasília University Hospital, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dallago
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ana de Cássia Rosa
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Luciana Hagström
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Nadjar Nitz,
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Medeiros RMTE, Carvalho AMRS, Ferraz IDA, Medeiros FAC, Cruz LDR, Rocha MODC, Coelho EAF, Gonçalves DU, Mendes TADO, Duarte MC, Menezes-Souza D. Mapping linear B-cell epitopes of the Tryparedoxin Peroxidase and its implications in the serological diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106521. [PMID: 35595092 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is essential to avoid permanent damage and severe functional sequelae and there is an urgent need to discover new antigens. The present study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential use of the Tryparedoxin Peroxidase (TryP) as an antigen for serological tests. The proposal integrates data from immunoproteomics with immunoinformatics, in addition to a precise analysis of protein levels in the evolutionary stages of the parasite by flow cytometry. To evaluate the performance in the diagnosis of TL, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) assays were performed using the recombinant protein and the respective B-cell epitope, followed by an analysis of the contribution of this peptide in the recognition of the protein by patients, evaluated by serum depletion assays. We showed that the TryP has a linear B-cell epitope with high divergence compared to orthologs from Trypanosoma cruzi and Homo sapiens. The results also show high expression and positive cells for TryP (TryP+) in the infective metacyclic promastigotes (MET) and intracellular (24 and 48 hours) stages. From the depletion assays, it was possible to confirm the contribution of the peptide in the specific recognition of the TryP protein by patients with TL (13.7-15.9%). ELISA using the peptide showed high performance in the diagnosis compared to the recombinant TryP (rTryP), Soluble Leishmania braziliensis Antigen (sLba) and Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) with accuracy of 94.29, 89.29, 65.00 and 37.14%, respectively). We can conclude that the MNEPAPP peptide is a potential antigen for the diagnosis of TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutyanne Maria Tonelli Elisei Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Ravena Severino Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela de Andrade Ferraz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Alvarenga Cardoso Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiza Dos Reis Cruz
- Laboratorio de Química Orgânica Sintética, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Manoel Otávio da Costa Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Luo L, Zhang B. Adoption of Computed Tomography Image via Nano Contrast Agent in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Arrhythmia Patients. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To explore the function and specific adoption of nano contrast agent in computed tomography (CT) images of patients with arrhythmia. In this study, the control group received general CT examination, and the test group received preoperative injection of nano contrast agent. All patients
were scanned by retrospective electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated helical scanning, after which the coronary artery reconstruction and analysis were performed in a dedicated image post-processing workstation. Compared with the control group, there were decreases in heart rate variability, multistage
reconstruction requirement, ECG editing requirement, and the undiagnosed segment ratio during CT scanning in the test group, while the proportion of diagnosable segments and diagnosable patients increased; the average duration of CT image postprocessing in the test group was higher than that
in the control group. The nano contrast agent could improve the quality of CT images of some patients with arrhythmia, and the improvement was different in patients with different types of arrhythmia. The overall CT image quality and post-processing of patients with arrhythmia were improved
by nano contrast agent, and this experiment laid a foundation for the clinical adoption of nano contrast agent in CT image detection and pointed out the direction for subsequent clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Luo
- Department of Hepatology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, 410005, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410005, PR China
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Yaich S, Abid H, Toumi S, Fendri B, Chaker H, Agrebi I, Dammak N, Masmoudi M, Masmoudi A, Turki H, Kammoun K, Hmida MB. Leishmaniose cutanée après transplantation rénale : à propos de 7 cas et revue de la littérature. Nephrol Ther 2022; 18:506-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Assolini JP, Carloto ACM, Bortoleti BTDS, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto Pellissier F, Feuser PE, Cordeiro AP, Hermes de Araújo PH, Sayer C, Miranda Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Nanomedicine in leishmaniasis: A promising tool for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease - An update overview. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 923:174934. [PMID: 35367420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from visceral to cutaneous, with millions of new cases and thousands of deaths notified every year. The severity of the disease and its various clinical forms are determined by the species of the causative agent, Leishmania, as well as the host's immune response. Major challenges still exist in the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis, and there is no vaccine available to prevent this disease in humans. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool in a variety of fields. In this review, we highlight the main and most recent advances in nanomedicine to improve the diagnosis and treatment, as well as for the development of vaccines, for leishmaniasis. Nanomaterials are nanometric in size and can be produced by a variety of materials, including lipids, polymers, ceramics, and metals, with varying structures and morphologies. Nanotechnology can be used as biosensors to detect antibodies or antigens, thus improving the sensitivity and specificity of such immunological and molecular diagnostic tests. While in treatment, nanomaterials can act as drug carriers or, be used directly, to reduce any toxic effects of drug compounds to the host and to be more selective towards the parasite. Furthermore, preclinical studies show that different nanomaterials can carry different Leishmania antigens, or even act as adjuvants to improve a Th1 immune response in an attempt to produce an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Universidade Alto Vale do Rio Peixe, Caçador, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Poester Cordeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Vale DL, Machado AS, Ramos FF, Lage DP, Freitas CS, de Oliveira D, Galvani NC, Luiz GP, Fagundes MI, Fernandes BB, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Ludolf F, Tavares GSV, Guimarães NS, Chaves AT, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Tupinambás U, Rocha MOC, Gonçalves DU, Martins VT, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Coelho EAF. Evaluation from a B-cell epitope-based chimeric protein for the serodiagnosis of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105562. [PMID: 35513293 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of leishmaniasis presents problems due to the variable sensitivity and/or specificity of tests. In addition, high levels of anti-parasite antibodies can remain after treatment, making it difficult to conduct a prognostic follow-up of patients. In this context, it is necessary to identify new candidates to be examined for the sensitive and specific diagnosis of the disease. In the present study, four Leishmania proteins, previously shown as antigenic for tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL), were evaluated, and their linear specific B-cell epitopes were predicted and used to generate a new gene codifying chimeric protein called ChimB, which was cloned, and the recombinant version was expressed, purified, and evaluated in ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) to diagnose TL and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A total of 220 human serum samples were used, and, when ChimB was used, results showed sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 100% for the diagnosis of both diseases; however, when using peptides, the sensitivity values reached from 28.0% to 57.3% and specificity varied from 16.3% to 83.7%. A soluble Leishmania extract (SLA) showed sensitivity and specificity values of 30.7% and 45.9%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) value for ChimB was 1.0, while for synthetic peptides, this value reached between 0.502 and 0.635, whereas for SLA, the value was of 0.589. Serological assays using sera samples collected before and after treatment showed significant reductions in the anti-ChimB antibody levels after therapy, suggesting a prognostic role of this recombinant antigen. In conclusion, preliminary data suggest the use from ChimB as a potential candidate for the diagnosis and prognosis of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daysiane de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nathalia C Galvani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel P Luiz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mirian I Fagundes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana T Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manoel O C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Oranges T, Veraldi S, Granieri G, Fidanzi C, Janowska A, Dini V, Romanelli M. Parasites causing cutaneous wounds: Theory and practice from a dermatological point of view. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106332. [PMID: 35092728 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of parasites can infest open wounds, or cause wounds due to the effects of the infestation. Parasitic infestations can involve the skin and subcutaneous tissues, with various clinical manifestations. In case of cutaneous wounds related to infestations, protozoa, helminths and arthropods are the main groups of parasites involved and emerging new aspects have been recently reported. Treating the wound correctly is fundamental in these patients in order to reduce the development of pathological scars and prevent complications. In particular, a gentle debridement for devitalized/infested tissue removal, the appropriate use of topical antiseptics and dressings such as hydrogel, hydrocolloids and antimicrobial dressings can be useful to control superinfections, moisture balance, inflammation and to promote edge proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Oranges
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy; Department of Pediatrics, Dermatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giammarco Granieri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Cristian Fidanzi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Agata Janowska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Valentina Dini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Marco Romanelli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa 56126, Italy.
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43
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Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Nonendemic Country: A Case Series of Children in Australia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e177-e181. [PMID: 34966136 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe 4 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children in Australia. Treatment is challenging given lack of firm guidelines and limited access to conventional modalities used in endemic countries. Topical paromomycin or oral fluconazole were effective outpatient-based first-line treatments, however, topical paromomycin use was limited by expense to import or compound locally.
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de Faria VCS, Gonçalves DU, Soares ARC, Barbosa PH, Saliba JW, de Souza CSA, Cota GF, de Avelar DM. Impact assessment of different DNA extraction methods for non-invasive molecular diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106275. [PMID: 34906549 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate two methods of nucleic acid extraction (spin-column-based method - commercial kit and direct boil - DB) from swab sampling compared to biopsy sampling for the diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL), (cutaneous - CL and mucocutaneous - MCL forms). The impact of these nucleic acid extraction protocols on different types of PCR and LAMP techniques were compared regarding nucleic acid quality, molecular assays accuracy, indirect quantitation, and costs. The evaluated patients were 57 TL cases (36 CL and 21 MCL) and 34 non-cases. Swab samples extracted by the DB method showed a higher DNA degradation rate and worse DNA quality in comparison to the commercial kit. Molecular tests performed on biopsy samples showed identical or higher performance in all analysis, as compared to their own performance on swab samples for TL (CL and MCL). However, only the SSU rRNA TaqMan™ RT-PCR test showed a significant difference between the performance of biopsy and swab samples extracted by commercial kit. The kDNA-cPCR coupled with swab extracted by commercial kit showed the highest accuracy (95.6%) for TL diagnosis. The sensitivity of the LAMP-RT 18S method in swab samples extracted with a commercial kit (82.5%) was close to that found in biopsy samples (86%) for TL diagnosis. The DB extraction method presented the lowest cost. The use of swab as a minimally-invasive sampling method, associated with an efficient nucleic acid extraction protocol, may represent a low-cost alternative for the diagnosis of CL and MCL.
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Freire ML, Rego FD, Lopes KF, Coutinho LA, Grenfell RFQ, Avelar DM, Cota G, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Oliveira E. Anti-mitochondrial Tryparedoxin Peroxidase Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunohistochemistry for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790906. [PMID: 35295679 PMCID: PMC8918995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a globally spreading public health problem. Among Latin America countries, Brazil has the greatest number of recorded CL cases with several Leishmania species being associated with human cases. Laboratory diagnosis is one of the major challenges to disease control due to the low accuracy of parasitological techniques, the restricted use of molecular techniques, and the importance of differential diagnosis with regard to several dermatological and systemic diseases. In response, we have developed and validated an immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique for CL diagnosis using anti-mTXNPx monoclonal antibody (mAb). Recombinant Leishmania–mTXNPx was produced and used as an immunogen for mAb production through the somatic hybridization technique. The viability of mAb labeling of Leishmania amastigotes was tested by IHC performed with skin biopsies from hamsters experimentally infected with Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania guyanensis. The enzymes horseradish peroxidase (IHC-HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (IHC-AP), both biotin-free polymer detection systems, were used in the standardization step. The IHC was further validated with skin biopsies from 49 CL patients diagnosed by clinical examination and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and from 37 patients presenting other dermatological infectious diseases. Other parasitological techniques, such as direct examination and culture, were also performed for confirmed CL patients. Histopathology and IHC were performed for all included patients. Overall, the highest sensitivity was observed for IHC-AP (85.7%), followed by IHC-HRP (79.6%), direct examination (77.6%), histopathological examination (HE; 65.3%), and in vitro culture (49%). Only IHC and HE presented specificity over 90% and were able to detect CL patients regardless of parasite burden (odds ratio > 1.94; 95%CI: 0.34–11.23). A significant increase in positivity rates was observed when IHC-AP was combined with direct examination (95.9%) and HE (93.9%). The IHC techniques evaluated in here detected the main Leishmania species causing CL in Brazil and can support diagnostic strategies for controlling this neglected disease, especially if used in combination with other approaches for an integrative laboratorial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Dutra Rego
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gláucia Cota
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Antônio Pascoal-Xavier
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edward Oliveira
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Edward Oliveira,
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Pudasaini P, Pudasaini P. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: A case report of a diagnostic dilemma. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05428. [PMID: 35198202 PMCID: PMC8841021 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most prevalent clinical form of leishmaniasis and is caused by vector‐borne protozoan parasite. Variation in diagnostic accuracy exists. A 54‐year‐old female farmer by occupation presented with lesion over right thigh for 8 months. Lesion evolved over period of 2–3 months and progressed to form ulcer with surrounding redness. On examination, solitary plaque with crateriform ulcer 3 * 2 cm in size roughly oval in shape was present. Ulcer floor was moist, smooth shiny with serous discharge, and well‐defined raised erythematous margin was present. Biopsy was done which showed features suggestive of lupus vulgaris, for which anti‐tubercular treatment (ATT) was started. There was persistence of ulcer despite 4 months of ATT, for which diagnosis was reconsidered and fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed. FNAC showed numerous intra‐ and extracellular amastigotes suggestive of leishmaniasis which was treated with complete disappearance of ulcer over 4 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Pudasaini
- Department of Dermatology Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital (GMCTH) Pokhara Nepal
| | - Prashanta Pudasaini
- Department of General Surgery Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital (KMCTH) Kathmandu Nepal
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Carvalho AGD, Luz JGG, Steinmann P, Ignotti E. Are the clinical features of leprosy and American tegumentary leishmaniasis worse in patients with both diseases? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e37. [PMID: 35674635 PMCID: PMC9173689 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Steinmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Ignotti
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil; Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil
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48
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Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis using a new chimeric protein based on specific B-cell epitopes of Leishmania antigenic proteins. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105341. [PMID: 34883228 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Serological tests used for the diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) presents problems, mainly related to their variable sensitivity and/or specificity, which can be caused by low levels of antileishmanial antibodies or by presence of cross-reactive diseases, respectively. In this context, the search for new antigenic candidates presenting higher sensitivity and specificity is urgently required. In the present study, the amino acid sequences of the LiHyT, LiHyD, LiHyV, and LiHyP proteins, which were previously showed to be antigenic in the visceral leishmaniasis (VL), were evaluated and eight B-cell epitopes were predicted and used for construction of gene codifying a chimeric protein called ChimLeish. The protein was expressed, purified and evaluated as a recombinant antigen in ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) for the diagnosis of TL. The own B cell epitopes used to construct the chimera were synthetized and also evaluated as antigens, as well as a soluble Leishmania braziliensis antigenic extract (SLA). Results showed that ChimLeish presented 100% sensitivity and specificity to diagnose TL, while synthetic peptides showed sensitivity varying from 9.1% to 90.9%, while specificity reached from 98.3% to 99.1%. SLA showed sensitivity and specificity of 18.2% and 98.3%, respectively. A preliminary prognostic evaluation showed that anti-ChimLeish IgG antibodies declined in significant levels, when serological reactivity was compared before and six months after treatment, suggesting also a possible prognostic role of this antigen for TL.
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Detection and differentiation of Leishmania parasites in asymptomatic canine by High-Resolution Melting analysis of microsatellite fragment in ITS gene. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105300. [PMID: 34808275 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of Leishmania infection was reported in dogs as the main reservoir of CanL in many locations in the old world. Detection and firmly identification of Leishmania species in asymptomatic dogs by reliable method was considered and employed. Non-invasive and non-anesthetized blood sampling in asymptomatic dogs was conducted. Nested, conventional and real-time PCR with HRM technique was performed targeting ITS-rDNA gene. 88 asymptomatic dogs were sampled from three CanL endemic provinces of Iran in 2018-2019. 23 blood samples were Leishmania positive. L. major, L. tropica and L. infantum were accurately identified for the first time with HRM targeting ITS2-microsatellite. Three samples were mixed infections. CLC software TM predictions for microsatellite ITS-rDNA were 86.93 °C: L. major, 85.76 °C: L. tropica and 86.04 °C: L. infantum. Standard strains of Leishmania species were accurately separated with almost one to 2 °C deference (L. major: 86.61 °C, L. infantum: 85.41 °C, L. tropica: 84.82 °C). Each HRM curve represents one species in a sample for helping accurate identification of Leishmania species and even mixed infection when two curves are present. Detecting parasites at primary stages in asymptomatic cases is essential using Real-time HRM. As same as mammalian Leishmania in rodents which is present at early stages and non-pathogenesis, only L. major would exist and other Leishmania disappears. This can conclude also for L. major, L. infantum and L. tropica in dogs. The role of L. major existence in canine blood should be investigated more.
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Khazaei M, Rahnama V, Motazedian MH, Samani SM, Hatam G. In vitro effect of artemether-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) on Leishmania infantum. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:964-971. [PMID: 34789979 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an acute and deadly form of leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania infantum parasite. Due to the toxicity and side effects of conventional treatment options, such as glucantime and other pentavalent drugs, finding novel drugs with fewer adverse effects is required. Artemether (ART), is one of the derivatives of artemisinin, which was shown to be effective in treating malaria and more recently, leishmaniasis. In this fundamental-applied research, we compared the effect of ART and nanostructure loaded with artemether (NLC-ART) on Leishmania infantum promastigotes and amastigotes, at different concentrations (2.5-5-10-25-50-100 μg/ml) using the MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method after 24 and 48 h of treatment. Inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (μg/ml) of promastigote and amastigote of L. infantum to ART/ NLC-ART, after 48 h of treatment, were found to be 37.12 / 32.1 and 16.43 / 15.42, respectively. Moreover, we found that (NLC-ART), had the lowest cytotoxicity against the J774 macrophage cell line. Conclusion: The NLC-ART can be a good candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Khazaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Rahnama
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Nanomedicine and Nano Biology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi Samani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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