1
|
Zahid A, Wilson JC, Grice ID, Peak IR. Otitis media: recent advances in otitis media vaccine development and model systems. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345027. [PMID: 38328427 PMCID: PMC10847372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is an inflammatory disorder of the middle ear caused by airways-associated bacterial or viral infections. It is one of the most common childhood infections as globally more than 80% of children are diagnosed with acute otitis media by 3 years of age and it is a common reason for doctor's visits, antibiotics prescriptions, and surgery among children. Otitis media is a multifactorial disease with various genetic, immunologic, infectious, and environmental factors predisposing children to develop ear infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis are the most common culprits responsible for acute otitis media. Despite the massive global disease burden, the pathogenesis of otitis media is still unclear and requires extensive future research. Antibiotics are the preferred treatment to cure middle ear infections, however, the antimicrobial resistance rate of common middle ear pathogens has increased considerably over the years. At present, pneumococcal and influenza vaccines are administered as a preventive measure against otitis media, nevertheless, these vaccines are only beneficial in preventing carriage and/or disease caused by vaccine serotypes. Otitis media caused by non-vaccine serotype pneumococci, non-typeable H. influenza, and M. catarrhalis remain an important healthcare burden. The development of multi-species vaccines is an arduous process but is required to reduce the global burden of this disease. Many novel vaccines against S. pneumoniae, non-typeable H. influenza, and M. catarrhalis are in preclinical trials. It is anticipated that these vaccines will lower the disease burden and provide better protection against otitis media. To study disease pathology the rat, mouse, and chinchilla are commonly used to induce experimental acute otitis media to test new therapeutics, including antibiotics and vaccines. Each of these models has its advantages and disadvantages, yet there is still a need to develop an improved animal model providing a better correlated mechanistic understanding of human middle ear infections, thereby underpinning the development of more effective otitis media therapeutics. This review provides an updated summary of current vaccines against otitis media, various animal models of otitis media, their limitations, and some future insights in this field providing a springboard in the development of new animal models and novel vaccines for otitis media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zahid
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer C. Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - I. Darren Grice
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian R. Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pawlowski A, Lannergård J, Gonzalez-Miro M, Cao D, Larsson S, Persson JJ, Kitson G, Darsley M, Rom AL, Hedegaard M, Fischer PB, Johansson-Lindbom B. A group B Streptococcus alpha-like protein subunit vaccine induces functionally active antibodies in humans targeting homotypic and heterotypic strains. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100511. [PMID: 35243418 PMCID: PMC8861819 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal vaccination is a promising strategy for preventing neonatal disease caused by group B Streptococcus. The safety and immunogenicity of the prototype vaccine GBS-NN, a fusion protein consisting of the N-terminal domains of the alpha-like proteins (Alp) αC and Rib, were recently evaluated favorably in healthy adult women in a phase 1 trial. Here we demonstrate robust immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses against αC and Rib, as well as against the heterotypic Alp family members Alp1–Alp3. IgA and heterotypic IgG responses are more variable between subjects and correlate with pre-existing immunity. Vaccine-induced IgG mediates opsonophagocytic killing and prevents bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. Like the vaccine-induced response, naturally acquired IgG against the vaccine domains is dominated by IgG1. Consistent with the high IgG1 cross-placental transfer rate, naturally acquired IgG against both domains reaches higher concentrations in neonatal than maternal blood, as assessed in a separate group of non-vaccinated pregnant women and their babies. GBS-NN subunit vaccine broadly elicits IgG1 to homotypic αC and Rib N-terminal domains IgA and heterotypic IgG responses occur in vaccinees with pre-existing immunity Abs mediate opsonophagocytic killing and prevent bacterial epithelial cell invasion IgG against αC-N and Rib-N is transferred efficiently across the placenta
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Lannergård
- Immunology Section, BMC D14, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Duojia Cao
- Immunology Section, BMC D14, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Larsson
- Immunology Section, BMC D14, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny J Persson
- Immunology Section, BMC D14, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Geoff Kitson
- Minervax A/S, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Ane Lilleøre Rom
- Department of Obstetrics, the Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Research Unit for Women's and Children's Health, the Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hedegaard
- Department of Obstetrics, the Juliane Marie Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per B Fischer
- Minervax A/S, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bengt Johansson-Lindbom
- Immunology Section, BMC D14, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.,Minervax A/S, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lane JR, Tata M, Briles DE, Orihuela CJ. A Jack of All Trades: The Role of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A in the Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:826264. [PMID: 35186799 PMCID: PMC8847780 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.826264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), or the pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive bacterium that colonizes the upper airway. Spn is an opportunistic pathogen capable of life-threatening disease should it become established in the lungs, gain access to the bloodstream, or disseminate to vital organs including the central nervous system. Spn is encapsulated, allowing it to avoid phagocytosis, and current preventative measures against infection include polyvalent vaccines composed of capsular polysaccharide corresponding to its most prevalent serotypes. The pneumococcus also has a plethora of surface components that allow the bacteria to adhere to host cells, facilitate the evasion of the immune system, and obtain vital nutrients; one family of these are the choline-binding proteins (CBPs). Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the most abundant CBPs and confers protection against the host by inhibiting recognition by C-reactive protein and neutralizing the antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin. Recently our group has identified two new roles for PspA: binding to dying host cells via host-cell bound glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and co-opting of host lactate dehydrogenase to enhance lactate availability. These properties have been shown to influence Spn localization and enhance virulence in the lower airway, respectively. Herein, we review the impact of CBPs, and in particular PspA, on pneumococcal pathogenesis. We discuss the potential and limitations of using PspA as a conserved vaccine antigen in a conjugate vaccine formulation. PspA is a vital component of the pneumococcal virulence arsenal - therefore, understanding the molecular aspects of this protein is essential in understanding pneumococcal pathogenesis and utilizing PspA as a target for treating or preventing pneumococcal pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gingerich AD, Mousa JJ. Diverse Mechanisms of Protective Anti-Pneumococcal Antibodies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824788. [PMID: 35155281 PMCID: PMC8834882 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, otitis media, septicemia, and meningitis in children and adults. Current prevention and treatment efforts are primarily pneumococcal conjugate vaccines that target the bacterial capsule polysaccharide, as well as antibiotics for pathogen clearance. While these methods have been enormously effective at disease prevention and treatment, there has been an emergence of non-vaccine serotypes, termed serotype replacement, and increasing antibiotic resistance among these serotypes. To combat S. pneumoniae, the immune system must deploy an arsenal of antimicrobial functions. However, S. pneumoniae has evolved a repertoire of evasion techniques and is able to modulate the host immune system. Antibodies are a key component of pneumococcal immunity, targeting both the capsule polysaccharide and protein antigens on the surface of the bacterium. These antibodies have been shown to play a variety of roles including increasing opsonophagocytic activity, enzymatic and toxin neutralization, reducing bacterial adherence, and altering bacterial gene expression. In this review, we describe targets of anti-pneumococcal antibodies and describe antibody functions and effectiveness against S. pneumoniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Gingerich
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jarrod J. Mousa,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bedeley E, Gori A, Yeboah-Manu D, Diallo K. Control of Streptococcal Infections: Is a Common Vaccine Target Achievable Against Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658824. [PMID: 33967998 PMCID: PMC8103614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Streptococcus agalactiae [group B streptococcus (GBS)] and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remain significant pathogens as they cause life threatening infections mostly in children and the elderly. The control of diseases caused by these pathogens is dependent on antibiotics use and appropriate vaccination. The introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) against some serotypes has led to reduction in pneumococcal infections, however, the subsequent serotype switching, and replacement has been a serious challenge. On the other hand, no vaccine is yet licensed for use in the control of GBS diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the history and global disease burden, disease pathophysiology and management, vaccines update, and the biology of both pathogens. Furthermore, we address recent findings regarding structural similarities that could be explored for vaccine targets across both mucosal pathogens. Finally, we conclude by proposing future genomic sequence comparison using the wealth of available sequences from both species and the possibility of identifying more related structural components that could be exploited for pan-pathogen vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Bedeley
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrea Gori
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kanny Diallo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pneumococcal Choline-Binding Proteins Involved in Virulence as Vaccine Candidates. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020181. [PMID: 33672701 PMCID: PMC7924319 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a pathogen responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Currently, the available vaccines for the prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV-23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes (up to 100 different serotypes have been identified) and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and non-encapsulated pneumococci. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes after these vaccines is an increasing threat. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new pneumococcal vaccines which could cover a wide range of serotypes. One of the vaccines most characterized as a prophylactic alternative to current PPV-23 or PCVs is a vaccine based on pneumococcal protein antigens. The choline-binding proteins (CBP) are found in all pneumococcal strains, giving them the characteristic to be potential vaccine candidates as they may protect against different serotypes. In this review, we have focused the attention on different CBPs as vaccine candidates because they are involved in the pathogenesis process, confirming their immunogenicity and protection against pneumococcal infection. The review summarizes the major contribution of these proteins to virulence and reinforces the fact that antibodies elicited against many of them may block or interfere with their role in the infection process.
Collapse
|
7
|
Luck JN, Tettelin H, Orihuela CJ. Sugar-Coated Killer: Serotype 3 Pneumococcal Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:613287. [PMID: 33425786 PMCID: PMC7786310 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.613287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which surrounds the bacteria, is one of the most significant and multifaceted contributors to Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence. Capsule prevents entrapment in mucus during colonization, traps water to protect against desiccation, can serve as an energy reserve, and protects the bacterium against complement-mediated opsonization and immune cell phagocytosis. To date, 100 biochemically and serologically distinct capsule types have been identified for S. pneumoniae; 20 to 30 of which have well-defined propensity to cause opportunistic human infection. Among these, serotype 3 is perhaps the most problematic as serotype 3 infections are characterized as having severe clinical manifestations including empyema, bacteremia, cardiotoxicity, and meningitis; consequently, with a fatality rate of 30%–47%. Moreover, serotype 3 resists antibody-mediated clearance despite its inclusion in the current 13-valent conjugate vaccine formulation. This review covers the role of capsule in pneumococcal pathogenesis and the importance of serotype 3 on human disease. We discuss how serotype 3 capsule synthesis and presentation on the bacterial surface is distinct from other serotypes, the biochemical and physiological properties of this capsule type that facilitate its ability to cause disease, and why existing vaccines are unable to confer protection. We conclude with discussion of the clonal properties of serotype 3 and how these have changed since introduction of the 13-valent vaccine in 2000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Luck
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Effect of N-terminal poly histidine-tag on immunogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein SP0845. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1240-1248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Otitis media (OM) is a spectrum of infectious and inflammatory diseases that involve the middle ear. It includes acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME) and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). AREAS COVERED This manuscript discusses some of the emerging and unsolved problems regarding OM, and some of the newly developed prophylactic and therapeutic medical measures. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, considerable progress in the knowledge of OM physiopathology has been made. However, although extremely common, diseases included under OM have not been adequately studied, and many areas of development, evolution and possible treatments of these pathologies are not defined. It is necessary that these deficiencies be quickly overcome if we want to reduce the total burden of a group of diseases that still have extremely high medical, social and economic relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Emeritus of Pediatrics, Università Degli Studi Di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma , Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Development of Next Generation Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Conferring Broad Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010132. [PMID: 32192117 PMCID: PMC7157650 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen causing pneumonia with over 2 million deaths annually, especially in young children and the elderly. To date, at least 98 different pneumococcal capsular serotypes have been identified. Currently, the vaccines for prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and unencapsulated S. pneumoniae. This has led to a rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new, effective, and affordable pneumococcal vaccines, which could cover a wide range of serotypes. This review discusses the new approaches to develop effective vaccines with broad serotype coverage as well as recent development of promising pneumococcal vaccines in clinical trials. New vaccine candidates are the inactivated whole-cell vaccine strain (Δpep27ΔcomD mutant) constructed by mutations of specific genes and several protein-based S. pneumoniae vaccines using conserved pneumococcal antigens, such as lipoprotein and surface-exposed protein (PspA). Among the vaccines in Phase 3 clinical trials are the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PCV-15 (V114) and 20vPnC. The inactivated whole-cell and several protein-based vaccines are either in Phase 1 or 2 trials. Furthermore, the recent progress of nanoparticles that play important roles as delivery systems and adjuvants to improve the performance, as well as the immunogenicity of the nanovaccines, are reviewed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Odutola A, Ota MOC, Antonio M, Ogundare EO, Saidu Y, Owiafe PK, Worwui A, Idoko OT, Owolabi O, Kampmann B, Greenwood BM, Alderson M, Traskine M, Swinnen K, Verlant V, Dobbelaere K, Borys D. Immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine formulations containing pneumococcal proteins, and immunogenicity and reactogenicity of co-administered routine vaccines - A phase II, randomised, observer-blind study in Gambian infants. Vaccine 2019; 37:2586-2599. [PMID: 30975570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two conserved pneumococcal proteins, pneumolysin toxoid (dPly) and pneumococcal histidine triad protein D (PhtD), combined with 10 polysaccharide conjugates from the pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) in two investigational pneumococcal vaccine (PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD) formulations were immunogenic and well-tolerated when administered to Gambian children. Here, we report immunogenicity of the polysaccharide conjugates, and immunogenicity and reactogenicity of co-administered routine vaccines. METHODS In this phase II, controlled, observer-blind, single-centre study, healthy infants aged 8-10 weeks were randomised (1:1:1:1:1:1) to six groups. Four groups received 3+0 schedule (2-3-4 months [M]) of PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD (10 or 30 µg of each protein), PHiD-CV, or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; and two groups received 2+1 schedule (2-4-9 M) of PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD (30 µg of each protein) or PHiD-CV. All infants received diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTPw-HBV/Hib) and oral trivalent polio vaccines (OPV) at 2-3-4 M, and measles, yellow fever, and OPV vaccines at 9 M. We evaluated immune responses at 2-5-9-12 M; and reactogenicity 0-3 days post-vaccination. RESULTS 1200 infants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012; 1152 completed the study. 1 M post-primary vaccination, for each PHiD-CV serotype except 6B and 23F, ≥97.4% (3+0 schedule) and ≥96.4% (2+1 schedule) of infants had antibody concentrations ≥0.2 μg/mL. Immune responses were comparable between groups within the same vaccination schedules. Observed antibody geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) increased by 1 M post-primary vaccination compared to pre-vaccination. In the following months, GMCs and opsonophagocytic activity titres waned, with an increase post-booster for the 2+1 schedule. Immune responses to protein D and, DTPw-HBV/Hib, OPV, measles, and yellow fever vaccines were not altered by co-administration with pneumococcal proteins. Reactogenicity of co-administered vaccines was comparable between groups and did not raise concerns. CONCLUSION Immune responses to the 10 PHiD-CV polysaccharide conjugates and co-administered vaccines were not altered by addition of dPly and PhtD. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01262872.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aderonke Odutola
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Martin O C Ota
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Martin Antonio
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Ezra O Ogundare
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Yauba Saidu
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Patrick K Owiafe
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Archibald Worwui
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Olubukola T Idoko
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Olumuyiwa Owolabi
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia.
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Vaccines & Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Brian M Greenwood
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Crager SE. Mejorar el acceso mundial a las nuevas vacunas: propiedad intelectual, transferencia de tecnología y vías de reglamentación. Am J Public Health 2018. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302236s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Eve Crager
- Departamento de Medicina de Urgencias, Universidad de California en Los Ángeles, Los Ángeles, California, Estados Unidos de América. La correspondencia deberá enviarse a Sara Eve Crager,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Crager SE. Improving Global Access to New Vaccines: Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, and Regulatory Pathways. Am J Public Health 2018. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302236r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Eve Crager
- Sara Eve Crager is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carmona Martinez A, Prymula R, Miranda Valdivieso M, Otero Reigada MDC, Merino Arribas JM, Brzostek J, Szenborn L, Ruzkova R, Horn MR, Jackowska T, Centeno-Malfaz F, Traskine M, Dobbelaere K, Borys D. Immunogenicity and safety of 11- and 12-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccines (11vPHiD-CV, 12vPHiD-CV) in infants: Results from a phase II, randomised, multicentre study. Vaccine 2018; 37:176-186. [PMID: 30054160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed 2 investigational 11- and 12-valent vaccines, containing capsular polysaccharides of 10 serotypes as in the pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D-conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) and CRM197-conjugated capsular polysaccharides of serotypes 19A (11-valent) or 19A and 6A (12-valent). METHODS In this phase II, partially-blind, multicentre study (NCT01204658), healthy infants were randomised (1:1:1:1) to receive 11vPHiD-CV, 12vPHiD-CV, PHiD-CV, or 13-valent CRM197-conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13), at 2, 3, and 4 (primary series), and 12-15 months of age (booster dose), co-administered with DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib. Confirmatory objectives assessed non-inferiority of investigational vaccines to comparators (PHiD-CV for common serotypes; PCV13 for 19A and 6A), in terms of percentage of infants with pneumococcal antibody concentrations ≥0.2 μg/mL and antibody geometric mean concentrations, post-primary vaccination. Reactogenicity and safety were assessed. RESULTS 951 children received ≥1 primary dose, 919 a booster dose. Pre-defined immunological non-inferiority criteria were met simultaneously for 9/11 11vPHiD-CV serotypes (all except 23F and 19A) and 10/12 12vPHiD-CV serotypes (all except 19A and 6A); thus, non-inferiority objectives were reached. For each PHiD-CV serotype, percentages of children with antibody concentrations ≥0.2 µg/mL were ≥96.7% post-primary (except 6B [≥75.2%] and 23F [≥81.1%]), and ≥98.1% post-booster vaccination. For each PHiD-CV serotype except serotype 1, ≥81.0% and ≥93.9% of children had opsonophagocytic activity titres ≥8, post-primary and booster vaccination. AEs incidence was similar across all groups. SAEs were reported for 117 children (29 in the 11vPHiD-CV group, 26 in the 12vPHiD-CV group, 38 in the PHiD-CV group and 24 in the PCV13 group); 4 SAEs were considered vaccination-related. No fatal events were recorded. CONCLUSION Addition of 19A and 6A CRM197-conjugates did not alter immunogenicity of the PHiD-CV conjugates; for both investigational vaccines post-booster immune responses to 10 common serotypes appeared similar to those elicited by PHiD-CV. Safety and reactogenicity profiles of the investigational vaccines were comparable to PHiD-CV. Clinical trial registry: NCT01204658.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Prymula
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | - Jerzy Brzostek
- Health Care Establishment in Debica, Infectious Diseases Outpatient Clinic, ul. Krakowska 91, 39-200 Debica, Poland.
| | - Leszek Szenborn
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 2-2A, Chalubinskiego, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Ruzkova
- Pediatric Office Dr. Renata Ruzkova, Kladenska 53, Medicentrum 6, s.r.o., 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michael R Horn
- Pediatric Office Dr. Med. Michael Horn, Achenweg 1, 83471 Schönau am Königssee, Germany.
| | - Teresa Jackowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Fernando Centeno-Malfaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Rio Hortega University Hospital, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brooks LRK, Mias GI. Streptococcus pneumoniae's Virulence and Host Immunity: Aging, Diagnostics, and Prevention. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1366. [PMID: 29988379 PMCID: PMC6023974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infectious pathogen responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Diseases caused by this bacterium are classified as pneumococcal diseases. This pathogen colonizes the nasopharynx of its host asymptomatically, but overtime can migrate to sterile tissues and organs and cause infections. Pneumonia is currently the most common pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal pneumonia is a global health concern and vastly affects children under the age of five as well as the elderly and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. S. pneumoniae has a large selection of virulence factors that promote adherence, invasion of host tissues, and allows it to escape host immune defenses. A clear understanding of S. pneumoniae's virulence factors, host immune responses, and examining the current techniques available for diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention will allow for better regulation of the pathogen and its diseases. In terms of disease prevention, other considerations must include the effects of age on responses to vaccines and vaccine efficacy. Ongoing work aims to improve on current vaccination paradigms by including the use of serotype-independent vaccines, such as protein and whole cell vaccines. Extending our knowledge of the biology of, and associated host immune response to S. pneumoniae is paramount for our improvement of pneumococcal disease diagnosis, treatment, and improvement of patient outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavida R. K. Brooks
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - George I. Mias
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Principi N, Esposito S. Development of pneumococcal vaccines over the last 10 years. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:7-17. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1384462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Paediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kataoka K, Fukuyama Y, Briles DE, Miyake T, Fujihashi K. Dendritic cell-targeting DNA-based nasal adjuvants for protective mucosal immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:195-205. [PMID: 28463465 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To develop safe vaccines for inducing mucosal immunity to major pulmonary bacterial infections, appropriate vaccine antigens (Ags), delivery systems and nontoxic molecular adjuvants must be considered. Such vaccine constructs can induce Ag-specific immune responses that protect against mucosal infections. In particular, it has been shown that simply mixing the adjuvant with the bacterial Ag is a relatively easy means of constructing adjuvant-based mucosal vaccine preparations; the resulting vaccines can elicit protective immunity. DNA-based nasal adjuvants targeting mucosal DCs have been studied in order to induce Ag-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses that provide essential protection against microbial pathogens that invade mucosal surfaces. In this review, initially a plasmid encoding the cDNA of Flt3 ligand (pFL), a molecule that is a growth factor for DCs, as an effective adjuvant for mucosal immunity to pneumococcal infections, is introduced. Next, the potential of adding unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and pFL together with a pneumococcal Ag to induce protection from pneumococcal infections is discussed. Pneumococcal surface protein A has been used as vaccine for restoring mucosal immunity in older persons. Further, our nasal pFL adjuvant system with phosphorylcholine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (PC-KLH) has also been used in pneumococcal vaccine development to induce complete protection from nasal carriage by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Finally, the possibility that anti-PC antibodies induced by nasal delivery of pFL plus PC-KLH may play a protective role in prevention of atherogenesis and thus block subsequent development of cardiovascular disease is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kataoka
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fukuyama
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
| | - David E Briles
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
| | - Tatsuro Miyake
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prymula R, Szenborn L, Silfverdal SA, Wysocki J, Albrecht P, Traskine M, Gardev A, Song Y, Borys D. Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two investigational pneumococcal protein-based vaccines: Results from a randomized phase II study in infants. Vaccine 2017; 35:4603-4611. [PMID: 28729019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination with formulations containing pneumococcal protein antigens such as pneumolysin toxoid (dPly) and histidine-triad protein D (PhtD) may extend serotype-related protection of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS This phase II, multi-center, observer-blind trial conducted in Europe (NCT01204658) assessed 2 investigational vaccines containing 10 serotype-specific polysaccharide conjugates of PHiD-CV and either 10 or 30µg of dPly and PhtD each. Infants randomized 1:1:1:1 received 4 doses of PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-10, PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30, PHiD-CV, or 13-valent PCV (PCV13), co-administered with DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib, at ages ∼2, 3, 4 and 12-15months. Occurrences of fever >40.0°C following primary vaccination with PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD vaccines compared to PHiD-CV (non-inferiority objective), dose superiority, safety and immunogenicity were assessed. RESULTS 575 children received primary vaccination, and 564 booster vaccination. The non-inferiority objective was met; no fever >40.0°C causally related to vaccination was reported during primary vaccination. Incidence of adverse events appeared similar between the 3 PHiD-CV groups. Serious adverse events were reported in 13, 9, 21 (1 related to vaccination), and 17 children in the PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-10, PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30, PHiD-CV, and PCV13 groups, respectively. PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30 was superior to PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-10 in terms of post-dose 3 anti-Ply and Anti-PhtD antibody levels. Anti-Ply and anti-PhtD antibody levels were higher in both PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD groups than in controls and increased from post-primary to post-booster timepoint. Post-primary and booster vaccination, for each PHiD-CV serotype, ≥98.5% of participants in PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD groups had antibody concentrations ≥ 0.2μg/mL, except for 6B (≥72.3%) and 23F (≥82.7%) post-primary vaccination. Similar results were observed in the PHiD-CV group. Immune responses to protein D and DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib were within similar ranges for the 3 PHiD-CV groups. CONCLUSION Both PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD formulations co-administered with DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib in infants were well-tolerated and immunogenic for dPly and PhtD antigens, while immune responses to serotype-specific, protein D and co-administered antigens did not appear altered in comparison to PHiD-CV group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Prymula
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Leszek Szenborn
- Department and Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 2-2A, Chalubinskiego, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Jacek Wysocki
- Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. H.Święcickiego 6, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; Regional Medical Center for Mother and Child, ul. Smoluchowskiego 11, 60-179 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Albrecht
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | - Yue Song
- GSK, Av. Fleming 20, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cohen R, Cohen JF, Chalumeau M, Levy C. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for children in high- and non–high-income countries. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:625-640. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1320221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cohen
- Université Paris Est, IMRB-GRC GEMINI, Créteil, France
- ACTIV, Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne, Saint-Maur des Fossés, France
- Clinical Research Center (CRC), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Créteil, France
- Unité Court Séjour, Petits Nourrissons, Service de Néonatologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Créteil, France
| | - Jérémie François Cohen
- Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1153, Paris, France
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; AP-HP; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Martin Chalumeau
- Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (Epopé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1153, Paris, France
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; AP-HP; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Levy
- Université Paris Est, IMRB-GRC GEMINI, Créteil, France
- ACTIV, Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne, Saint-Maur des Fossés, France
- Clinical Research Center (CRC), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun X, Wang J, Zhou J, Wang H, Wang X, Wu J, He Y, Yin Y, Zhang X, Xu W. Subcutaneous immunization with Streptococcus pneumoniae GAPDH confers effective protection in mice via TLR2 and TLR4. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
21
|
Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS, Corscadden KJ, Coates HL, Vijayasekaran S, Hillwood J, Toster S, Edminston P, Zhang G, Keil A, Richmond PC. No evidence for impaired humoral immunity to pneumococcal proteins in Australian Aboriginal children with otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 92:119-125. [PMID: 28012512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Australian Aboriginal population experiences disproportionately high rates of otitis media (OM). Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the main pathogens responsible for OM and currently no vaccine offering cross strain protection exists. Vaccines consisting of conserved antigens to S. pneumoniae may reduce the burden of OM in high-risk populations; however no data exists examining naturally acquired antibody in Aboriginal children with OM. METHODS Serum and salivary IgA and IgG were measured against the S. pneumoniae antigens PspA1 and 2, CbpA and Ply in a cross sectional study of 183 children, including 36 non-Aboriginal healthy control children and 70 Aboriginal children and 77 non-Aboriginal children undergoing surgery for OM using a multiplex bead assay. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the 3 groups for serum anti-PspA1 IgA, anti-CbpA and anti-Ply IgG and for all salivary antibodies assessed. Aboriginal children with a history of OM had significantly higher antibody titres than non-Aboriginal healthy children with no history of OM and non-Aboriginal children with a history of OM for several proteins in serum and saliva. Non-Aboriginal children with a history of OM had significantly higher salivary anti-PspA1 IgG than healthy children, while all other titres were comparable between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Conserved vaccine candidate proteins from S. pneumoniae induce serum and salivary antibody responses in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children with a history of OM. Aboriginal children do not have an impaired antibody response to the antigens measured from S. pneumoniae and they may represent vaccine candidates in Indigenous populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B Thornton
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Karli J Corscadden
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Harvey L Coates
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Shyan Vijayasekaran
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillwood
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.
| | - Sophie Toster
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.
| | - Phillipa Edminston
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Anthony Keil
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Peter C Richmond
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains one of the most frequent bacterial causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. National immunization programs implementing pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have successfully reduced rates of vaccine-type invasive disease and colonization both via direct effects in immunized children and, in some settings, indirect effects in unimmunized individuals. Limitations of the current PCV approach include the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes contributing to carriage and invasive disease in high-PCV coverage settings and the high cost of goods of PCVs which limits their accessibility in developing countries where the burden of disease remains highest. Furthermore, the distribution of serotypes causing disease varies geographically and includes more serotypes than are currently covered in a single PCV formulation. Researchers have long been exploring the potential of genetically conserved non-capsular pneumococcal antigens as vaccine candidates that might overcome such limitations. To better evaluate the rationale of such approaches, an understanding of the mechanisms of immunity to the various phases of pneumococcal infection is of paramount importance. Herein we will review the evolving understanding of both vaccine-induced and naturally acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization and infection and discuss how this informs current approaches using serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine candidates. We will then review the alternative vaccine candidates that have been or are currently under evaluation in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moffitt
- a Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
| | - Richard Malley
- a Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
In vivo screen of genetically conserved Streptococcus pneumoniae proteins for protective immunogenicity. Vaccine 2016; 34:6292-6300. [PMID: 27816374 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated 52 different E. coli expressed pneumococcal proteins as immunogens in a BALB/c mouse model of S. pneumoniae lung infection. Proteins were selected based on genetic conservation across disease-causing serotypes and bioinformatic prediction of antibody binding to the target antigen. Seven proteins induced protective responses, in terms of reduced lung burdens of the serotype 3 pneumococci. Three of the protective proteins were histidine triad protein family members (PhtB, PhtD and PhtE). Four other proteins, all bearing LPXTG linkage domains, also had activity in this model (PrtA, NanA, PavB and Eng). PrtA, NanA and Eng were also protective in a CBA/N mouse model of lethal pneumococcal infection. Despite data inferring widespread genomic conservation, flow-cytometer based antisera binding studies confirmed variable levels of antigen expression across a panel of pneumococcal serotypes. Finally, BALB/c mice were immunized and intranasally challenged with a viulent serotype 8 strain, to help understand the breadth of protection. Those mouse studies reaffirmed the effectiveness of the histidine triad protein grouping and a single LPXTG protein, PrtA.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gao S, Zeng L, Zhang X, Wu Y, Cui J, Song Z, Sun X, Wang H, Yin Y, Xu W. Attenuated Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine candidate SPY1 promotes dendritic cell activation and drives a Th1/Th17 response. Immunol Lett 2016; 179:47-55. [PMID: 27609353 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the causative agent of pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media and sepsis. Vaccination is an effective strategy to combat S. pneumoniae invasion. We previously reported that SPY1, a novel attenuated vaccine candidate against S. pneumoniae, induces a protective immune response against pneumococcal infection in mice. However, underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully illustrated. To explore the mechanism of innate and adaptive immunities induced by SPY1. In this study, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) of mice were infected with SPY1 and its parental wild-type strain D39, SPY1-infected DCs were co-cultured with homologous CD4+T cells or adoptive transfer to C57BL/6 mice. Results showed that SPY1 promoted DCs maturation with increased levels of surface molecules such as CD40, CD86, and MHC II, and upregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and IL-23. By contrast, D39 did not efficiently induce DCs activation and maturation. SPY1 could also activate MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in DC, but D39 unlikely affected this pathways. SPY1 treated DCs also induced Th1 and Th17 responses in vitro and in vivo. Our results supported the potential of SPY1 as a novel attenuated pneumococcus vaccine, because SPY1-activated DCs exhibit fully matured phenotype, initiated an adaptive immune response, and orchestrated Th1 and Th17 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Lingbin Zeng
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, Chengdu 610091, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhixin Song
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kunda NK, Alfagih IM, Miyaji EN, Figueiredo DB, Gonçalves VM, Ferreira DM, Dennison SR, Somavarapu S, Hutcheon GA, Saleem IY. Pulmonary dry powder vaccine of pneumococcal antigen loaded nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:903-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Tamborrini M, Geib N, Marrero-Nodarse A, Jud M, Hauser J, Aho C, Lamelas A, Zuniga A, Pluschke G, Ghasparian A, Robinson JA. A Synthetic Virus-Like Particle Streptococcal Vaccine Candidate Using B-Cell Epitopes from the Proline-Rich Region of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:850-74. [PMID: 26501327 PMCID: PMC4693222 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternatives to the well-established capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae that circumvent limitations arising from limited serotype coverage and the emergence of resistance due to capsule switching (serotype replacement) are being widely pursued. Much attention is now focused on the development of recombinant subunit vaccines based on highly conserved pneumococcal surface proteins and virulence factors. A further step might involve focusing the host humoral immune response onto protective protein epitopes using as immunogens structurally optimized epitope mimetics. One approach to deliver such epitope mimetics to the immune system is through the use of synthetic virus-like particles (SVLPs). SVLPs are made from synthetic coiled-coil lipopeptides that are designed to spontaneously self-assemble into 20–30 nm diameter nanoparticles in aqueous buffer. Multivalent display of epitope mimetics on the surface of SVLPs generates highly immunogenic nanoparticles that elicit strong epitope-specific humoral immune responses without the need for external adjuvants. Here, we set out to demonstrate that this approach can yield vaccine candidates able to elicit a protective immune response, using epitopes derived from the proline-rich region of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). These streptococcal SVLP-based vaccine candidates are shown to elicit strong humoral immune responses in mice. Following active immunization and challenge with lethal doses of streptococcus, SVLP-based immunogens are able to elicit significant protection in mice. Furthermore, a mimetic-specific monoclonal antibody is shown to mediate partial protection upon passive immunization. The results show that SVLPs combined with synthetic epitope mimetics may have potential for the development of an effective vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamborrini
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Nina Geib
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.G.); (A.M.-N.); (A.Z.)
| | | | - Maja Jud
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hauser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Celestine Aho
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Araceli Lamelas
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Armando Zuniga
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.G.); (A.M.-N.); (A.Z.)
| | - Gerd Pluschke
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; E-Mails: (M.T.); (M.J.); (J.H.); (C.A.); (A.L.); (G.P.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Arin Ghasparian
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.G.); (A.M.-N.); (A.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.G.); (J.A.R.); Tel.: +41-43-433-8685 (A.G.); +41-44-635-4242 (J.A.R.)
| | - John A. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.G.); (J.A.R.); Tel.: +41-43-433-8685 (A.G.); +41-44-635-4242 (J.A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vashishta M, Khan N, Mehto S, Sehgal D, Natarajan K. Pneumococal Surface Protein A (PspA) Regulates Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression on Dendritic Cells in a Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Calcium Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26214513 PMCID: PMC4516265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia leads to high mortality in children under the age of five years worldwide, resulting in close to 20 percent of all deaths in this age group. Therefore, investigations into host-pathogen interactions during Streptococcus pneumoniae infection are key in devising strategies towards the development of better vaccines and drugs. To that end, in this study we investigated the role of S. pneumoniae and its surface antigen Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) in modulating the expression of co-stimulatory molecule Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on dendritic cells (DCs) and the subsequent effects of increased PD-L1 on key defence responses. Our data indicate that stimulation of DCs with PspA increases the surface expression of PD-L1 in a time and dose dependent manner. Characterization of mechanisms involved in PspA induced expression of PD-L1 indicate the involvement of Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and calcium homeostasis. While calcium release from intracellular stores positively regulated PD-L1 expression, calcium influx from external milieu negatively regulated PD-L1 expression. Increase in PD-L1 expression, when costimulated with PspA and through TLR2 was higher than when stimulated with PspA or through TLR2. Further, knockdown of TLR2 and the intermediates in the TLR signaling machinery pointed towards the involvement of a MyD88 dependent pathway in PspA induced PD-L1 expression. Incubation of DCs with S. pneumoniae resulted in the up-regulation of PD-L1 expression, while infection with a strain lacking surface PspA failed to do so. Our data also suggests the role of PspA in ROS generation. These results suggest a novel and specific role for PspA in modulating immune responses against S. pneumoniae by regulating PD-L1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Vashishta
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (MV); (KN); (DS)
| | - Naeem Khan
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash Mehto
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Devinder Sehgal
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (MV); (KN); (DS)
| | - Krishnamurthy Natarajan
- Infectious Disease Immunology Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (MV); (KN); (DS)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu JH, Dai WJ, Chen B, Fan XY. Mucosal Immunization with PsaA Protein, Using Chitosan as a Delivery System, Increases Protection Against Acute Otitis Media and Invasive Infection byStreptococcus pneumoniae. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:177-85. [PMID: 25565478 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-H. Xu
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery; Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital of Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Hearing Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - W.-J. Dai
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery; Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital of Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Hearing Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - B. Chen
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery; Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital of Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Hearing Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - X.-Y. Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University; Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Crager SE. Improving global access to new vaccines: intellectual property, technology transfer, and regulatory pathways. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:e85-91. [PMID: 25211753 PMCID: PMC4202949 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The 2012 World Health Assembly Global Vaccine Action Plan called for global access to new vaccines within 5 years of licensure. Current approaches have proven insufficient to achieve sustainable vaccine pricing within such a timeline. Paralleling the successful strategy of generic competition to bring down drug prices, a clear consensus is emerging that market entry of multiple suppliers is a critical factor in expeditiously bringing down prices of new vaccines. In this context, key target objectives for improving access to new vaccines include overcoming intellectual property obstacles, streamlining regulatory pathways for biosimilar vaccines, and reducing market entry timelines for developing-country vaccine manufacturers by transfer of technology and know-how. I propose an intellectual property, technology, and know-how bank as a new approach to facilitate widespread access to new vaccines in low- and middle-income countries by efficient transfer of patented vaccine technologies to multiple developing-country vaccine manufacturers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Eve Crager
- Sara Eve Crager is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Feldman C, Anderson R. Review: Current and new generation pneumococcal vaccines. J Infect 2014; 69:309-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
31
|
Prymula R, Pazdiora P, Traskine M, Rüggeberg JU, Borys D. Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational vaccine containing two common pneumococcal proteins in toddlers: A phase II randomized clinical trial. Vaccine 2014; 32:3025-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Mucosal immunization with recombinant fusion protein DnaJ-ΔA146Ply enhances cross-protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice via interleukin 17A. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1666-75. [PMID: 24491576 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01391-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (Ply) and its variants are protective against pneumococcal infections in animal models, and as a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, pneumolysin has been reported to be a mucosal adjuvant. DnaJ has been approved as a useful candidate vaccine protein; we therefore designed novel fusion proteins of DnaJ with a form of Ply that has a deletion of A146 (ΔA146Ply-DnaJ [the C terminus of ΔA146Ply connected with the N terminus of DnaJ] and DnaJ-ΔA146Ply [the C terminus of DnaJ connected with the N terminus of ΔA146Ply]) to test whether they are protective against focal and lethal pneumococcal infections and their potential protective mechanisms. The purified proteins were used to intranasally immunize the animals without additional adjuvant. Immunization with DnaJ-ΔA146Ply or DnaJ plus ΔA146Ply (Ply with a single deletion of A146) could significantly reduce S. pneumoniae colonization in the nasopharynx and lung relative with DnaJ alone. Additionally, we observed the best protection for DnaJ-ΔA146Ply-immunized mice after challenge with lethal doses of S. pneumoniae strains, which was comparable to that achieved by PPV23. Mice immunized with DnaJ-ΔA146Ply produced significantly higher levels of anti-DnaJ IgG in serum and secretory IgA (sIgA) in saliva than those immunized with DnaJ alone. The production of IL-17A was also striking in DnaJ-ΔA146Ply-immunized mice. IL-17A knockout (KO) mice did not benefit from DnaJ-ΔA146Ply immunization in colonization experiments, and sIgA production was impaired in IL-17A KO mice. Collectively, our results indicate a mucosal adjuvant potential for ΔA146Ply and that, without additional adjuvant, DnaJ-ΔA146Ply fusion protein exhibits extensive immune stimulation and is effective against pneumococcal challenges, properties which are partially attributed to the IL-17A-mediated immune responses.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae still causes severe morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in young children and the elderly. Much effort has been dedicated to developing protein-based universal vaccines to conquer the current shortcomings of capsular vaccines and capsular conjugate vaccines, such as serotype replacement, limited coverage and high costs. A recombinant live vector vaccine delivering protective antigens is a promising way to achieve this goal. In this review, we discuss the researches using live recombinant vaccines, mainly live attenuated Salmonella and lactic acid bacteria, to deliver pneumococcal antigens. We also discuss both the limitations and the future of these vaccines.
Collapse
|
34
|
Haughney SL, Petersen LK, Schoofs AD, Ramer-Tait AE, King JD, Briles DE, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Retention of structure, antigenicity, and biological function of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) released from polyanhydride nanoparticles. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8262-71. [PMID: 23774257 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a choline-binding protein which is a virulence factor found on the surface of all Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. Vaccination with PspA has been shown to be protective against a lethal challenge with S. pneumoniae, making it a promising immunogen for use in vaccines. Herein the design of a PspA-based subunit vaccine using polyanhydride nanoparticles as a delivery platform is described. Nanoparticles based on sebacic acid (SA), 1,6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH) and 1,8-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG), specifically 50:50 CPTEG:CPH and 20:80 CPH:SA, were used to encapsulate and release PspA. The protein released from the nanoparticle formulations retained its primary and secondary structure as well as its antigenicity. The released PspA was also biologically functional based on its ability to bind to apolactoferrin and prevent its bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli. When the PspA nanoparticle formulations were administered subcutaneously to mice they elicited a high titer and high avidity anti-PspA antibody response. Together these studies provide a framework for the rational design of a vaccine against S. pneumoniae based on polyanhydride nanoparticles.
Collapse
|
35
|
Protection against pneumococcal infection elicited by immunization with multiple pneumococcal heat shock proteins. Vaccine 2013; 31:3564-71. [PMID: 23727004 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection, and they are considered as potential protein vaccine antigens. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of immunization with pneumococcal HSPs, including ClpP (hsp100/Clp peptidase subunit), DnaJ (hsp40) and GroEL (hsp60), to protect against pneumococcal carriage, lung colonization and sepsis in mouse models using different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In a nasopharyngeal colonization model by serotype 6B or 14 and in a lung colonization model by serotype 19F, immunization with pneumococcal HSPs could elicit effective protection. Likewise, vaccination with ClpP, DnaJ or GroEL allowed significantly longer mouse survival times after lethal intranasal challenge with serotype pneumococcal 2, 3 or 4. Interestingly, combinations of these HSPs could consistently enhance the protection against nasopharynx carriage, lung colonization as well as invasive infection caused by different pneumococcal serotypes. In an in vitro killing assay, anti-sera against ClpP, DnaJ or GroEL could kill S. pneumoniae by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a complement-dependent way, and combinations of multiple anti-sera against these HSPs could increase the killing ability compared with single anti-sera. Finally, passive immunization studies with anti-sera against pneumococcal HSPs also demonstrated that an additive effect could be achieved by using multiple anti-sera when compared with single anti-sera. Thus, inclusion of multiple pneumococcal HSPs is important for the development of protein-based pneumococcal vaccines.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Three bacteria--Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis--account for most acute bacterial meningitis. Measurement of the effect of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines is most reliable for H influenzae meningitis because one serotype and one age group account for more than 90% of cases and the incidence has been best measured in high-income countries where these vaccines have been used longest. Pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis are caused by diverse serotypes and have a wide age distribution; measurement of their incidence is complicated by epidemics and scarcity of surveillance, especially in low-income countries. Near elimination of H influenzae meningitis has been documented after vaccine introduction. Despite greater than 90% reductions in disease attributable to vaccine serotypes, all-age pneumococcal meningitis has decreased by around 25%, with little data from low-income settings. Near elimination of serogroup C meningococcal meningitis has been documented in several high-income countries, boding well for the effect of a new serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine in the African meningitis belt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B McIntyre
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|