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Cao L, Fahim AM, Liang X, Fan S, Song Y, Liu H, Ye F, Ma C, Zhang D, Lu X. Melatonin Enhances Heat Tolerance via Increasing Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Osmotic Regulatory Substances by Upregulating zmeno1 Expression in Maize ( Zea mays L.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1144. [PMID: 39334803 PMCID: PMC11429225 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress severely affects the yield and quality of maize. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamin, MT) plays an important role in various types of stress resistance in plants, including heat tolerance. Enolase (ENO, 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase) contributes to plant growth, development, and stress response. As of now, the molecular mechanisms by which MT and ENO1 affect heat tolerance are unknown. In our research, we have revealed that heat stress (H) and heat stress + MT (MH) treatment upregulate ZmENO1 expression levels by 15 and 20 times, respectively. ZmENO1 overexpression and mutant maize lines were created by transgenic and genome editing. These results illustrate that heat stress has a significant impact on the growth of maize at the seedling stage. However, ZmENO1-OE lines showed a lower degree of susceptibility to heat stress, whereas the mutant exhibited the most severe effects. Under heat stress, exogenous application of MT improves heat resistance in maize. The ZmENO1-OE lines exhibited the best growth and highest survival rate, while the zmeno1 mutants showed the least desirable results. Following treatment with H and MH, the level of MT in ZmENO1-OE lines exhibited the greatest increase and reached the maximum value, whereas the level of MT in the zmeno1 mutant was the lowest. Heat stress decreased the maize's relative water content and fresh weight, although ZmENO1-OE lines had the highest and zmeno1 mutants had the lowest. Heat stress led to an increase in the levels of MDA, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide in all plants. Additionally, the ionic permeability and osmotic potential of the plants were significantly increased. However, the levels of MT were decreased in all plants, with the greatest decrease observed in the ZmENO1-OE lines. Interestingly, the zmeno1 mutant plants had the highest expression levels of MT. Heat stress-induced upregulation of ZmSOD, ZmPOD, ZmAPX, ZmCAT, ZmP5CS, and ZmProDH in all plants. However, the ZmENO1-OE lines exhibited the greatest increase in expression levels, while the zmeno1 mutants showed the lowest increase following MT spraying. The patterns of SOD, POD, APX, and CAT enzyme activity, as well as proline and soluble protein content, aligned with the variations in the expression levels of these genes. Our findings indicate that MT can upregulate the expression of the ZmENO1 gene. Upregulating the ZmENO1 gene resulted in elevated expression levels of ZmSOD, ZmPOD, ZmAPX, ZmCAT, ZmP5CS, and ZmProDH. This led to increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and higher levels of osmoregulatory substances. Consequently, it mitigated the cell membrane damage caused by heat stress and ultimately improved the heat resistance of maize. The results of this study provide genetic resources for molecular design breeding and lay a solid foundation for further exploring the molecular mechanism of MT regulation of heat stress tolerance in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liru Cao
- The Shennong Laboratory, Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.C.); (X.L.); (S.F.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (F.Y.); (C.M.); (D.Z.)
| | | | - Xiaohan Liang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.C.); (X.L.); (S.F.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (F.Y.); (C.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Senmiao Fan
- The Shennong Laboratory, Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.C.); (X.L.); (S.F.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (F.Y.); (C.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Yinghui Song
- The Shennong Laboratory, Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.C.); (X.L.); (S.F.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (F.Y.); (C.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Huafeng Liu
- The Shennong Laboratory, Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.C.); (X.L.); (S.F.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (F.Y.); (C.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Feiyu Ye
- The Shennong Laboratory, Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.C.); (X.L.); (S.F.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (F.Y.); (C.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Chenchen Ma
- The Shennong Laboratory, Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.C.); (X.L.); (S.F.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (F.Y.); (C.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dongling Zhang
- The Shennong Laboratory, Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.C.); (X.L.); (S.F.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (F.Y.); (C.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- The Shennong Laboratory, Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (L.C.); (X.L.); (S.F.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (F.Y.); (C.M.); (D.Z.)
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Malakar P, Gupta SK, Chattopadhyay D. Role of plant neurotransmitters in salt stress: A critical review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108601. [PMID: 38696867 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are naturally found in many plants, but the molecular processes that govern their actions still need to be better understood. Acetylcholine, γ-Aminobutyric acid, histamine, melatonin, serotonin, and glutamate are the most common neurotransmitters in animals, and they all play a part in the development and information processing. It is worth noting that all these chemicals have been found in plants. Although much emphasis has been placed on understanding how neurotransmitters regulate mood and behaviour in humans, little is known about how they regulate plant growth and development. In this article, the information was reviewed and updated considering current thinking on neurotransmitter signaling in plants' metabolism, growth, development, salt tolerance, and the associated avenues for underlying research. The goal of this study is to advance neurotransmitter signaling research in plant biology, especially in the area of salt stress physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paheli Malakar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Santosh K Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Debasis Chattopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Huang X, Tanveer M, Min Y, Shabala S. Melatonin as a regulator of plant ionic homeostasis: implications for abiotic stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5886-5902. [PMID: 35640481 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly conserved and ubiquitous molecule that operates upstream of a broad array of receptors in animal systems. Since melatonin was discovered in plants in 1995, hundreds of papers have been published revealing its role in plant growth, development, and adaptive responses to the environment. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of melatonin's involvement in regulating plant ion homeostasis and abiotic stress tolerance. The major topics covered here are: (i) melatonin's control of H+-ATPase activity and its implication for plant adaptive responses to various abiotic stresses; (ii) regulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-Ca2+ hub by melatonin and its role in stress signaling; and (iii) melatonin's regulation of ionic homeostasis via hormonal cross-talk. We also show that the properties of the melatonin molecule allow its direct scavenging of ROS, thus preventing negative effects of ROS-induced activation of ion channels. The above 'desensitization' may play a critical role in preventing stress-induced K+ loss from the cytosol as well as maintaining basic levels of cytosolic Ca2+ required for optimal cell operation. Future studies should focus on revealing the molecular identity of transporters that could be directly regulated by melatonin and providing a bioinformatic analysis of evolutionary aspects of melatonin sensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Tas, Hobart, Australia
| | - Yu Min
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Tas, Hobart, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Farouk S, AL-Huqail AA. Sustainable Biochar and/or Melatonin Improve Salinity Tolerance in Borage Plants by Modulating Osmotic Adjustment, Antioxidants, and Ion Homeostasis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:765. [PMID: 35336647 PMCID: PMC8956032 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is persistently a decisive feature confining agricultural sustainability and food security in arid and semi-arid regions. Biochar (Bi) has been advocated as a means of lessening climate changes by sequestering carbon, concurrently supplying energy and rising crop productivity under normal or stressful conditions. Melatonin (Mt) has been shown to mediate numerous biochemical pathways and play important roles in mitigating multi-stress factors. However, their integrated roles in mitigating salt toxicity remain largely inexpressible. A completely randomized design was conducted to realize the remediation potential of Bi and/or Mt in attenuation salinity injury on borage plants by evaluating its effects on growth, water status, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant capacity, ions, and finally the yield. Salinity stress significantly decreased the plant growth and attributed yield when compared with non-salinized control plants. The depression effect of salinity on borage productivity was associated with the reduction in photosynthetic pigment and ascorbic acid (AsA) concentrations, potassium (K+) percentage, K+-translocation, and potassium/sodium ratio as well as catalase (CAT) activity. Additionally, borage plants' water status was disrupted by salinity through decreasing water content (WC), relative water content (RWC), and water retention capacity (WTC), as well as water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), and turgor potential (Ψp). Moreover, salinity stress evoked oxidative bursts via hyper-accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as protein carbonyl, which is associated with membrane dysfunction. The oxidative burst was connected with the hyper-accumulation of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) in plant tissues, coupled with osmolytes' accumulation and accelerating plants' osmotic adjustment (OA) capacity. The addition of Bi and/or Mt had a positive effect in mitigating salinity on borage plants by reducing Cl-, Na+, and Na+-translocation, and oxidative biomarkers as well as Ψw, Ψs, and Ψp. Moreover, Bi and/or Mt addition to salt-affected plants increased plant growth and yield by improving plant water status and OA capacity associated with the activation of antioxidant capacity and osmolytes accumulation as well as increased photosynthetic pigments, K+, and K+/Na+ ratio. Considering these observations, Bi and/or Mt can be used as a promising approach for enhancing the productivity of salt-affected borage plants due to their roles in sustaining water relations, rising solutes synthesis, progressing OA, improving redox homeostasis, and antioxidant aptitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Farouk
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Tavakol E, Jákli B, Cakmak I, Dittert K, Senbayram M. Optimization of Potassium Supply under Osmotic Stress Mitigates Oxidative Damage in Barley. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010055. [PMID: 35009058 PMCID: PMC8747552 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is the most abundant cation in plants, playing an important role in osmoregulation. Little is known about the effect of genotypic variation in the tolerance to osmotic stress under different K treatments in barley. In this study, we measured the interactive effects of osmotic stress and K supply on growth and stress responses of two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) and monitored reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with enzymatic antioxidant activity and their respective gene expression level. The selected cultivars (cv. Milford and cv. Sahin-91Sahin-91) were exposed to osmotic stress (-0.7 MPa) induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) under low (0.04 mM) and adequate (0.8 mM) K levels in the nutrient solution. Leaf samples were collected and analyzed for levels of K, ROS, kinetic activity of antioxidants enzymes and expression levels of respective genes during the stress period. The results showed that optimal K supply under osmotic stress significantly decreases ROS production and adjusts antioxidant activity, leading to the reduction of oxidative stress in the studied plants. The cultivar Milford had a lower ROS level and a better tolerance to stress compared to the cultivar Sahin-91. We conclude that optimized K supply is of great importance in mitigating ROS-related damage induced by osmotic stress, specifically in drought-sensitive barley cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ershad Tavakol
- K+S Minerals and Agriculture GmbH, Bertha-von-Suttner Str. 7, 34041 Kassel, Germany
| | - Bálint Jákli
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-v.-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Ismail Cakmak
- Faculty of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Tuzla, Turkey;
| | - Klaus Dittert
- Department of Crop Sciences, Section of Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Gottingen, Germany;
| | - Mehmet Senbayram
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, University of Harran, Osmanbey, 63000 Sanliurfa, Turkey;
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Pompelli MF, Ferreira PPB, Chaves ARM, Figueiredo RCBQ, Martins AO, Jarma-Orozco A, Bhatt A, Batista-Silva W, Endres L, Araújo WL. Physiological, metabolic, and stomatal adjustments in response to salt stress in Jatropha curcas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:116-127. [PMID: 34628173 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a major issue affecting photosynthesis and crop production worldwide. High salinity induces both osmotic and ionic stress in plant tissues as a result of complex interactions among morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes. Salinity, in turn, can provoke inactivation of some enzymes in the Calvin-Benson cycle and therefore affect the fine adjustment of electron transport in photosystem I and carbon related reactions. Here, we used three contrasting Jatropha curcas genotypes namely CNPAE183 (considered tolerant to salinity), CNPAE218 (sensible), and JCAL171 (intermediate) to understand salinity responses. By performing a long-term (12 months) experiment in land conditions, we investigated distinct mechanisms used by J. curcas to cope with threatening salinity effects by analyzing gas exchange, mineral nutrition and metabolic responses. First, our results highlighted the plasticity of stomatal development and density in J. curcas under salt stress. It also demonstrated that the CNPAE183 presented higher salt-tolerance whereas CNPAE218 displayed a more sensitive salt-tolerance response. Our results also revealed that both tolerance and sensitivity to salinity were connected with an extensive metabolite reprogramming in the Calvin-Benson cycle and Tricarboxylic Acid cycle intermediates with significant changes in amino acids and organic acids. Collectively, these results indicate that the CNPAE183 and CNPAE218 genotypes demonstrated certain characteristics of salt-tolerant-like and salt-sensitive-like genotypes, respectively. Overall, our results highlight the significance of metabolites associated with salt responses and further provide a useful selection criterion in during screening for salt tolerance in J. curcas in breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo F Pompelli
- Grupo Regional de Investigación Participativa de los Pequeños Productores de la Costa Atlantica. Universidad de Córdoba, Carrera 6 No. 77- 305 Montería, Córdoba, Colombia.
| | - Pedro P B Ferreira
- Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Regina C B Q Figueiredo
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Microbiologia, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Auxiliadora O Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Jarma-Orozco
- Grupo Regional de Investigación Participativa de los Pequeños Productores de la Costa Atlantica. Universidad de Córdoba, Carrera 6 No. 77- 305 Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Arvind Bhatt
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang, China
| | - Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Laurício Endres
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Zhang Y, Fan Y, Rui C, Zhang H, Xu N, Dai M, Chen X, Lu X, Wang D, Wang J, Wang J, Wang Q, Wang S, Chen C, Guo L, Zhao L, Ye W. Melatonin Improves Cotton Salt Tolerance by Regulating ROS Scavenging System and Ca 2 + Signal Transduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693690. [PMID: 34262587 PMCID: PMC8273866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As one of the cash crops, cotton is facing the threat of abiotic stress during its growth and development. It has been reported that melatonin is involved in plant defense against salt stress, but whether melatonin can improve cotton salt tolerance and its molecular mechanism remain unclear. We investigated the role of melatonin in cotton salt tolerance by silencing melatonin synthesis gene and exogenous melatonin application in upland cotton. In this study, applicating of melatonin can improve salt tolerance of cotton seedlings. The content of endogenous melatonin was different in cotton varieties with different salt tolerance. The inhibition of melatonin biosynthesis related genes and endogenous melatonin content in cotton resulted in the decrease of antioxidant enzyme activity, Ca2+ content and salt tolerance of cotton. To explore the protective mechanism of exogenous melatonin against salt stress by RNA-seq analysis. Melatonin played an important role in the resistance of cotton to salt stress, improved the salt tolerance of cotton by regulating antioxidant enzymes, transcription factors, plant hormones, signal molecules and Ca2+ signal transduction. This study proposed a regulatory network for melatonin to regulate cotton's response to salt stress, which provided a theoretical basis for improving cotton's salt tolerance.
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Yan F, Zhang J, Li W, Ding Y, Zhong Q, Xu X, Wei H, Li G. Exogenous melatonin alleviates salt stress by improving leaf photosynthesis in rice seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 163:367-375. [PMID: 33930628 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (MT), an important antioxidant existing in plants and animals, has been widely reported to participate in the process of plants coping with stress. In this study, we demonstrated the mechanism of MT enhancing photosynthesis in rice under salt stress. The results showed that MT treatment increased relative water content, sucrose and starch content of rice under salt stress. This was mainly owing to the fact that MT enhanced the net photosynthetic rate and enhanced the absorption and transmission of light energy. The effect of MT on photosynthesis of rice under salt stress conditions was mainly due to the regulation of three processes: maintaining low ROS status by improving the total antioxidant capacity, promoting the xanthophyll cycle and increasing the xanthophyll pool size to dissipate excess light energy, increasing the activities of key photosynthetic enzymes. Taken together, these results provide a mechanism for MT to improve the photosynthetic capacity of rice under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Yan
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qiuyi Zhong
- Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, China.
| | - Xia Xu
- Zhangjiagang Changyinsha Modern Agricultural Demonstration Park Management Committee, Zhangjiagang, China.
| | - Haimin Wei
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ganghua Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing, China.
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Li T, Li Y, Sun Z, Xi X, Sha G, Ma C, Tian Y, Wang C, Zheng X. Resveratrol Alleviates the KCl Salinity Stress of Malus hupehensis Rhed. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:650485. [PMID: 34054896 PMCID: PMC8149799 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Applying large amounts of potash fertilizer in apple orchards for high apple quality and yield aggravates KCl stress. As a phytoalexin, resveratrol (Res) participates in plant resistance to biotic stress. However, its role in relation to KCl stress has never been reported. Herein we investigated the role of Res in KCl stress response of Malus hupehensis Rehd., a widely used apple rootstock in China which is sensitive to KCl stress. KCl-stressed apple seedlings showed significant wilting phenotype and decline in photosynthetic rate, and the application of 100 μmol Res alleviated KCl stress and maintained photosynthetic capacity. Exogenous Res can strengthen the activities of peroxidase and catalase, thus eliminating reactive oxygen species production induced by KCl stress. Moreover, exogenous Res can decrease the electrolyte leakage by accumulating proline for osmotic balance under KCl stress. Furthermore, exogenous Res application can affect K+/Na+ homeostasis in cytoplasm by enhancing K+ efflux outside the cells, inhibiting Na+ efflux and K+ absorption, and compartmentalizing K+ into vacuoles through regulating the expression of K+ and Na+ transporter genes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of exogenous Res to relieve the KCl stress of apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhijuan Sun
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangli Xi
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangli Sha
- Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Changqing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao, China
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Zhuang W, Liu T, Shu X, Wang H, Wang Z, Wang T, Zhang F, Qu S. Overexpression of MzASMT 1, a Gene From Malus zumi Mats, Enhances Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:561903. [PMID: 33193488 PMCID: PMC7649149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.561903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, widely found in various plants as a new antioxidant, could protect plants from various biotic and/or abiotic stresses, including salt stress. MzASMT 1 (KJ123721), a gene from Malus zumi Mats, is a key enzyme required for melatonin synthesis. However, whether the overexpression of MzASMT 1 could regulate the synthesis of melatonin and improve the salt tolerance in tobacco remains unknown. In this study, the overexpression of MzASMT 1 in tobacco increased the melatonin content, and the transgenic lines owned higher salt tolerance capacity. The transgenic lines overexpressing MzASMT 1 exhibited lower degree of leaf wilting; much more fresh weight; higher plant height; longer root; higher relative water content (RWC) of leaves, stem, and root; and higher chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm, which makes transgenic lines better adapt to salt stress. The transgenic lines also had higher accumulation of proline, lower accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and improved antioxidant systems, which protected plants from cell damage and oxidative stress due to excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation under salt treatment. The transcription of salt response genes was much more highly activated in transgenic lines than in wild type under salt stress. The above results contributed to the understanding of functions for MzASMT 1 in tobacco under salt stress and provided a new choice for the application of MzASMT 1 in improving plant salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Zhuang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochun Shu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxue Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Jamshidi Goharrizi K, Amirmahani F, Salehi F. Assessment of changes in physiological and biochemical traits in four pistachio rootstocks under drought, salinity and drought + salinity stresses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:973-989. [PMID: 31670837 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 7-month-old UCB-1, Badami, Ghazvini and Kale-Ghouchi pistachio rootstocks were exposed to control, drought, salinity and drought + salinity environments for 60 d. Total chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents decreased in all cultivars under drought, salinity and drought + salinity stresses. Under drought and salinity stresses, alone or in combination, Na+ and Cl- ions increased in all four pistachio rootstocks, while K+ ion decreased only in Ghazvini and Kaleh-Ghouchi cultivars. The enzyme activities of ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase increased in all cultivars when subjected to all three stresses with the exception of the ascorbate peroxidase activity in Kale-Ghouchi cultivar during drought stress. Oxidative stress parameters including electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, other aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide increased under all three stress conditions in all genotypes. The content of proline, total free amino acids and total soluble carbohydrates were enhanced under drought, salinity and drought + salinity stresses, whereas the protein content decreased in all pistachio rootstocks. In all evaluated traits, except for the K+ ion content and APX activity, the highest impacts was seen for drought + salinity > salinity > drought stresses, respectively. For the first time, we have proven that K+ ion content has a positive correlation with the ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes activities under drought + salinity stress. Finally, based on the bi-plot and cluster analyses, we have selected the UCB-1 > Badami > Ghazvini > Kale-Ghouchi cultivars as the most tolerant pistachio rootstocks under drought + salinity stress, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzaneh Amirmahani
- Genetic Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Salehi
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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12
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Wu Q, Patocka J, Nepovimova E, Kuca K. Jatropha gossypiifolia L. and its biologically active metabolites: A mini review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 234:197-203. [PMID: 30695706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) is popularly known as bellyache bush or black physic nut and is widely used in local / traditional medicine due to the various biological activities attributed to its different parts, including its leaves, roots, and latex. AIM OF THE STUDY In this review, we aim to update and discuss the chemistry, specific pharmacology, and toxicological activities of Jatropha gossypiifolia and its bioactive metabolites. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Science Direct databases were searched with the name "Jatropha gossypiifolia" and the term "bioactive metabolites". All studies on the chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the plant up to December 2018 were included in this review. RESULTS Jatropha gossypiifolia leaves are considered to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. The root and stem have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The seeds and fruits can be used against influenza and as a sedative, analgesic or anti-diarrheal agents. The latex is bactericidal and molluscicidal. Topical application of latex is used to treat wounds and bites of venomous animals. The diluted form is usually used for the treatment of diarrhoea by indigenous peoples. CONCLUSIONS The main pharmacological activities of Jatropha gossypiifolia include anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase, and antihypertensive activities. Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential, and their toxicity is primarily related to the latex and seed contents. However, the potential mechanisms of these pharmacological activities have not been fully explored. We hope this review will help to further inform the potential utilization of Jatropha gossypiifolia in complementary and alternative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Patocka
- Faculty of Health and Social Studies, Department of Radiology and Toxicology, University of South Bohemia České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Melatonin: A Small Molecule but Important for Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030709. [PMID: 30736409 PMCID: PMC6387279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the most serious limiting factors in worldwide agricultural production, resulting in huge annual yield loss. Since 1995, melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine)—an ancient multi-functional molecule in eukaryotes and prokaryotes—has been extensively validated as a regulator of plant growth and development, as well as various stress responses, especially its crucial role in plant salt tolerance. Salt stress and exogenous melatonin lead to an increase in endogenous melatonin levels, partly via the phyto-melatonin receptor CAND2/PMTR1. Melatonin plays important roles, as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, in the improvement of antioxidant systems under salt stress. These functions improve photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and activate a series of downstream signals, such as hormones, nitric oxide (NO) and polyamine metabolism. Melatonin also regulates gene expression responses to salt stress. In this study, we review recent literature and summarize the regulatory roles and signaling networks involving melatonin in response to salt stress in plants. We also discuss genes and gene families involved in the melatonin-mediated salt stress tolerance.
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Mendes KR, Granja JAA, Ometto JP, Antonino ACD, Menezes RSC, Pereira EC, Pompelli MF. Croton blanchetianus modulates its morphophysiological responses to tolerate drought in a tropical dry forest. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:1039-1051. [PMID: 32480631 DOI: 10.1071/fp17098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of variations in morphophysiological leaf traits of plant models in dry tropical forests is essential for quantifying C fluxes from forest ecosystems in response to climate changes. The present study evaluated the influences of seasonal rainfall and different light conditions on the gas exchange, nutrients, organic compounds and morphological traits in Croton blanchetianus Baill. trees within a fragment of Caatinga forest. Stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis (PN) demonstrated variations within the diurnal cycle, with maximum values at approximately midday and minimum values at predawn. The PN and the diurnal integrated CO2 assimilation were lower during the dry season than in the rainy season. Water use efficiency was positively correlated with PN (r=0.73) during the dry season only. However, the correlation between PN and gs was observed during the rainy season only (r=0.60). Thus we demonstrated that C. blanchetianus has a remarkable ability to adapt to global climatic changes and could be considered a model in studies exploring water relationships in woody plants; consequently, this species may be important in future reforestation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila R Mendes
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Botany, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - João A A Granja
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Botany, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jean P Ometto
- Brazilian Institute for Space Research, Remote Sensing Division, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio C D Antonino
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Nuclear Energy, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rômulo S C Menezes
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Nuclear Energy, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Eugênia C Pereira
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Geographical Sciences, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Pompelli
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Botany, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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15
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Tan BC, Lim YS, Lau SE. Proteomics in commercial crops: An overview. J Proteomics 2017; 169:176-188. [PMID: 28546092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is a rapidly growing area of biological research that is positively affecting plant science. Recent advances in proteomic technology, such as mass spectrometry, can now identify a broad range of proteins and monitor their modulation during plant growth and development, as well as during responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this review, we highlight recent proteomic studies of commercial crops and discuss the advances in understanding of the proteomes of these crops. We anticipate that proteomic-based research will continue to expand and contribute to crop improvement. SIGNIFICANCE Plant proteomics study is a rapidly growing area of biological research that is positively impacting plant science. With the recent advances in new technologies, proteomics not only allows us to comprehensively analyses crop proteins, but also help us to understand the functions of the genes. In this review, we highlighted recent proteomic studies in commercial crops and updated the advances in our understanding of the proteomes of these crops. We believe that proteomic-based research will continue to grow and contribute to the improvement of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Tan
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yin Sze Lim
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Su-Ee Lau
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zaghdoud C, Carvajal M, Moreno DA, Ferchichi A, Del Carmen Martínez-Ballesta M. Health-promoting compounds of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) plants as affected by nitrogen fertilisation in projected future climatic change environments. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:392-403. [PMID: 25623939 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex interactions between CO2 increase and salinity were investigated in relation to decreased N supply, in order to determine the nutritional quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) plants under these conditions. Three different decreased N fertilisation regimes (NO3(-)/NH4(+) ratios of 100:0, 50:50 and 0:100 respectively) were combined with ambient (380 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) [CO2 ] under non-saline (0 mmol L(-1) NaCl) and saline (80 mmol L(-1) NaCl) conditions. Nutrients (minerals, soluble protein and total amino acids) and natural antioxidants (glucosinolates, phenolic acids, flavonoids and vitamin C) were determined. RESULTS In NH4(+) -fed broccoli plants, a marked growth reduction was shown and a redistribution of amino acids to cope with NH4(+) toxicity resulted in higher levels of indolic glucosinolate and total phenolic compounds. However, the positive effect of the higher [CO2] - ameliorating adverse effects of salinity--was only observed when N was supplied as NO3(-). Under reduced N fertilisation, the total glucosinolates were increased by a decreased NO3(-)/NH4 (+) ratio and elevated [CO2] but were unaffected by salinity. CONCLUSION Under future climatic challenges, such as increased salinity and elevated [CO2], a clear genotypic dependence of S metabolism was observed in broccoli plants. In addition, an influence of the form in which N was supplied on plant nutritional quality was observed; a combined NO3(-)/NH4(+) (50:50) supply allowed broccoli plants not only to deal with NH4(+) toxicity but also to modify their glucosinolate content and profile. Thus, for different modes of N fertilisation, the interaction with climatic factors must be considered in the search for an optimal balance between yield and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chokri Zaghdoud
- Laboratoire Aridoculture et Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des Régions Arides, Route de Djerba Km 22.5, 4119, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Ap. de Correos 164, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego A Moreno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Ap. de Correos 164, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ali Ferchichi
- Laboratoire Aridoculture et Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des Régions Arides, Route de Djerba Km 22.5, 4119, Médenine, Tunisia
| | - María Del Carmen Martínez-Ballesta
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Ap. de Correos 164, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
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Naik HNK, Devaraj VR. Effect of Salinity Stress on Antioxidant Defense System of Niger (<i>Guizotia abyssinica</i> Cass.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.76093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hiz MC, Canher B, Niron H, Turet M. Transcriptome analysis of salt tolerant common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under saline conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92598. [PMID: 24651267 PMCID: PMC3961409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the important abiotic stress factors that limit crop production. Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., a major protein source in developing countries, is highly affected by soil salinity and the information on genes that play a role in salt tolerance is scarce. We aimed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related pathways by comprehensive analysis of transcriptomes of both root and leaf tissues of the tolerant genotype grown under saline and control conditions in hydroponic system. We have generated a total of 158 million high-quality reads which were assembled into 83,774 all-unigenes with a mean length of 813 bp and N50 of 1,449 bp. Among the all-unigenes, 58,171 were assigned with Nr annotations after homology analyses. It was revealed that 6,422 and 4,555 all-unigenes were differentially expressed upon salt stress in leaf and root tissues respectively. Validation of the RNA-seq quantifications (RPKM values) was performed by qRT-PCR (Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR) analyses. Enrichment analyses of DEGs based on GO and KEGG databases have shown that both leaf and root tissues regulate energy metabolism, transmembrane transport activity, and secondary metabolites to cope with salinity. A total of 2,678 putative common bean transcription factors were identified and classified under 59 transcription factor families; among them 441 were salt responsive. The data generated in this study will help in understanding the fundamentals of salt tolerance in common bean and will provide resources for functional genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Can Hiz
- Bogazici University Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Balkan Canher
- Bogazici University Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Harun Niron
- Bogazici University Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muge Turet
- Bogazici University Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
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