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Cerda-Apresa D, Gutierrez-Rodriguez SM, Davila-Barboza JA, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Saavedra-Rodriguez KL, Flores AE. Repurposing Insecticides for Mosquito Control: Evaluating Spiromesifen, a Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor against Aedes aegypti (L.). Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:184. [PMID: 39195622 PMCID: PMC11360630 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9080184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing resistance of Aedes aegypti (L.) to conventional insecticides presents a major challenge in arbovirus control, necessitating the exploration of alternative insecticidal chemistries. Spiromesifen, derived from spirocyclic tetronic acids, is widely used against agricultural pests and is crucial in resistance management due to its unique lipid synthesis inhibition. This study evaluates the insecticidal activity of spiromesifen against temephos-resistant Ae. aegypti populations, focusing on larval body weight, volume, biochemical composition, and adult female reproductive potential. Spiromesifen demonstrated effective larvicidal activity, significantly reducing adult emergence. Resistance to spiromesifen was not observed, with resistance ratios (RR50, RR90) ranging from 0.36- to 3.31-fold. Larvae exposed to LC50 showed significant reductions in body weight and volume, and reduced carbohydrate, lipid, and protein contents. Enhanced catalase activity and malondialdehyde levels indicated increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, highlighting its effects on lipid metabolism. Spiromesifen also exhibited sterilizing effects, significantly reducing fecundity and fertility in adult females, thereby impacting Ae. aegypti reproductive capacity. These findings highlight the potential of spiromesifen as a component of integrated vector management strategies, especially in regions with prevalent insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti, serving as an effective larvicide and impacting adult reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cerda-Apresa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico; (D.C.-A.); (S.M.G.-R.); (J.A.D.-B.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Selene M. Gutierrez-Rodriguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico; (D.C.-A.); (S.M.G.-R.); (J.A.D.-B.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Jesus A. Davila-Barboza
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico; (D.C.-A.); (S.M.G.-R.); (J.A.D.-B.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico; (D.C.-A.); (S.M.G.-R.); (J.A.D.-B.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Iram P. Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico; (D.C.-A.); (S.M.G.-R.); (J.A.D.-B.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
| | - Karla L. Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Adriana E. Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico; (D.C.-A.); (S.M.G.-R.); (J.A.D.-B.); (B.L.-M.); (I.P.R.-S.)
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Penilla-Navarro P, Solis-Santoyo F, Lopez-Solis A, Rodriguez AD, Vera-Maloof F, Lozano S, Contreras-Mejía E, Vázquez-Samayoa G, Torreblanca-Lopez R, Perera R, Black IV WC, Saavedra-Rodriguez K. Pyrethroid susceptibility reversal in Aedes aegypti: A longitudinal study in Tapachula, Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011369. [PMID: 38166129 PMCID: PMC10786364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti has become widespread after almost two decades of frequent applications to reduce the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Because few insecticide classes are available for public health use, insecticide resistance management (IRM) is proposed as a strategy to retain their use. A key hypothesis of IRM assumes that negative fitness is associated with resistance, and when insecticides are removed from use, susceptibility is restored. In Tapachula, Mexico, pyrethroids (PYRs) were used exclusively by dengue control programs for 15 years, thereby contributing to selection for high PYR resistance in mosquitoes and failure in dengue control. In 2013, PYRs were replaced by organophosphates-insecticides from a class with a different mode of action. To test the hypothesis that PYR resistance is reversed in the absence of PYRs, we monitored Ae. aegypti's PYR resistance from 2016 to 2021 in Tapachula. We observed significant declining rates in the lethal concentration 50 (LC50), for permethrin and deltamethrin. For each month following the discontinuation of PYR use by vector control programs, we observed increases in the odds of mosquitoes dying by 1.5% and 8.4% for permethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. Also, knockdown-resistance mutations (kdr) in the voltage-gated sodium channel explained the variation in the permethrin LC50s, whereas variation in the deltamethrin LC50s was only explained by time. This trend was rapidly offset by application of a mixture of neonicotinoid and PYRs by vector control programs. Our results suggest that IRM strategies can be used to reverse PYR resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, long-term commitment by operational and community programs will be required for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Alma Lopez-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Farah Vera-Maloof
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Saul Lozano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Elsa Contreras-Mejía
- Jurisdiccion Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Geovanni Vázquez-Samayoa
- Jurisdiccion Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rene Torreblanca-Lopez
- Jurisdiccion Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rushika Perera
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - William C. Black IV
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Shafiq M, Abubakar M, Riaz M, Shad SA. Development of alpha-cypermethrin resistance and its effect on biological parameters of yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2023; 123:14. [PMID: 38060021 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-cypermethrin interacts with the sodium channel and causes nerve blockage in insects. It is used to manage Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae), a primary vector of dengue worldwide. It not only affects both target and non-target organisms, but overuse of this insecticide increases the chances of resistance development in insect pests. In this study, resistance development, biological parameters, and stability of alpha-cypermethrin resistance were studied in a laboratory-selected strain of Ae. aegypti. The alpha-cypermethrin selected strain (Alpha Sel) developed an 11.86-fold resistance level after 12 rounds of alpha-cypermethrin selection compared to the unselected strain (Unsel). In biological parameters, Alpha Sel and Cross1 (Unsel ♂ and Alpha Sel♀) had shorter larval durations compared to Unsel and Cross2 (Unsel ♀ and Alpha Sel ♂) populations. The pupal duration of Alpha Sel and both crosses was shorter than that in the Unsel strain. The relative fitness of Alpha Sel, Cross1, and Cross2 was significantly less than that of the Unsel strain. These results indicate that alpha-cypermethrin resistance comes with fitness costs. Moreover, the frequency of alpha-cypermethrin resistance decreased when the Alpha Sel population was reared without further selection pressure for four generations. So, resistance was unstable and reversed when insecticide pressure ceased. We concluded that the judicious and rotational use of different insecticides with different modes of action and the adoption of other IPM-recommended practices would suppress resistance development for more extended periods in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shafiq
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Abubakar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ali Shad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Al-Amin HM, Gyawali N, Graham M, Alam MS, Lenhart A, Hugo LE, Rašić G, Beebe NW, Devine GJ. Insecticide resistance compromises the control of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36942761 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With no effective drugs or widely available vaccines, dengue control in Bangladesh is dependent on targeting the primary vector Aedes aegypti with insecticides and larval source management. Despite these interventions, the dengue burden is increasing in Bangladesh, and the country experienced its worst outbreak in 2019 with 101 354 hospitalized cases. This may be partially facilitated by the presence of intense insecticide resistance in vector populations. Here, we describe the intensity and mechanisms of resistance to insecticides commonly deployed against Ae. aegypti in Dhaka, Bangladesh. RESULTS Dhaka Ae. aegypti colonies exhibited high-intensity resistance to pyrethroids. Using CDC bottle assays, we recorded 2-24% mortality (recorded at 24 h) to permethrin and 48-94% mortality to deltamethrin, at 10× the diagnostic dose. Bioassays conducted using insecticide-synergist combinations suggested that metabolic mechanisms were contributing to pyrethroid resistance, specifically multi-function oxidases, esterases, and glutathione S-transferases. In addition, kdr alleles were detected, with a high frequency (78-98%) of homozygotes for the V1016G mutation. A large proportion (≤ 74%) of free-flying and resting mosquitoes from Dhaka colonies survived exposure to standard applications of pyrethroid aerosols in an experimental free-flight room. Although that exposure affected the immediate host-seeking behavior of Ae. aegypti, the effect was transient in surviving mosquitoes. CONCLUSION The intense resistance characterized in this study is likely compromising the operational effectiveness of pyrethroids against Ae. aegypti in Dhaka. Switching to alternative chemical classes may offer a medium-term solution, but ultimately a more sustainable and effective approach to controlling dengue vectors is required. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Narayan Gyawali
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melissa Graham
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gordana Rašić
- Mosquito Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel W Beebe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- CSIRO, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Asgarian TS, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Nikpoor F. Worldwide Status of Insecticide Resistance of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, Vectors of Arboviruses of Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika and Yellow Fever. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2023; 17:1-27. [PMID: 37609563 PMCID: PMC10440498 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v17i1.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Controlling of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, vectors of five important mosquito-borne diseases, is known as the most effective method to prevent the transmission of arboviruses to humans, but the emergence of insecticide resistance is threat for control and prevention of vector borne diseases. A better understanding of mosquito resistance to insecticides will help to develop more effective methods to control insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. Methods Worldwide geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus by the available papers and map of the data for carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, microbial and insect growth regulator insecticides were reviewed. Article data published up to December 2022 were investigated by searching the following databases: "Google Scholar", "PubMed", "Scopus", "SID" and "Web of Knowledge". Results The results showed that the susceptibility and resistance status of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to insecticides in the world is very diverse. Conclusion Due to the importance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses, resistance management should be given more attention worldwide to prevent insecticide resistance in the arbovirus vector and replace the new approach for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Sadat Asgarian
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpoor
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abbas N, Hafez AM. Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in Musca domestica: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-Resistance. INSECTS 2023; 14:233. [PMID: 36975918 PMCID: PMC10058011 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Musca domestica L., the common house fly, is a cosmopolitan carrier of human and livestock disease pathogens. The species exhibits resistance to many insecticides; therefore, effective M. domestica insecticide resistance management programs are required worldwide. In the present study, the development of alpha-cypermethrin resistance, realized heritability (h2), instability of resistance trait (DR), and cross-resistance (CR) was investigated in an alpha-cypermethrin-selected M. domestica strain (Alpha-Sel) across 24 generations (Gs). Compared with an alpha-cypermethrin-unselected strain (Alpha-Unsel), resistance to alpha-cypermethrin increased from 46.4-fold (G5) to 474.2-fold (G24) in Alpha-Sel females and 41.0-fold (G5) to 253.2-fold (G24) in Alpha-Sel males. Alpha-cypermethrin resistance declined by between -0.10 (G5) and -0.05 (G24) in both M. domestica sexes without insecticide exposure for 24 generations. The h2 of alpha-cypermethrin resistance was 0.17 and 0.18 for males and females, respectively, in G1-G24. With selection intensities of 10-90%, the G values required for a tenfold increase in the LC50 of alpha-cypermethrin were 6.3-53.7, 4.1-33.8, and 3.0-24.7, given h2 values of 0.17, 0.27, and 0.37, respectively, and a constant slope of 2.1 for males and h2 values of 0.18, 0.28, and 0.38, respectively, and a constant slope of 2.0 for females. Compared with Alpha-Unsel, Alpha-Sel M. domestica exhibited moderate CR to bifenthrin (15.5-fold), deltamethrin (28.4-fold), and cyfluthrin (16.8-fold), low CR to two pyrethroids and five organophosphates, and no CR to insect growth regulators. The instability of resistance trait, low h2, and absent or low CR associated with alpha-cypermethrin resistance in M. domestica indicate resistance could be managed with rotational use of the insecticide.
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Hernandez JR, Liu S, Fredregill CL, Pietrantonio PV. Impact of the V410L kdr mutation and co-occurring genotypes at kdr sites 1016 and 1534 in the VGSC on the probability of survival of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) to Permanone in Harris County, TX, USA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011033. [PMID: 36689414 PMCID: PMC9870149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Harris County, TX, is the third most populous county in the USA and upon detection of arboviruses Harris County Public Health applies insecticides (e.g., pyrethroid-based Permanone 31-66) against adults of Culex quinquefasciatus to prevent disease transmission. Populations of Aedes aegypti, while not yet a target of public health control, are likely affected by pyrethroid exposure. As this species is a vector of emerging arboviruses, its resistance status to Permanone and the kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) associated with pyrethroid resistance were investigated. We examined females of known genotype at the V1016I and F1534C sites (N = 716) for their genotype at the 410 amino acid position in the VGSC, and for the influence of their kdr genotype on survival to Permanone at three different distances from the insecticide source in field tests. Most females (81.8%) had at least one resistant L allele at the 410 position, being the first report of the V410L mutation in Ae. aegypti for Texas. When only genotypes at the 410 position were analyzed, the LL genotype exhibited higher survivorship than VL or VV. Out of 27 possible tri-locus kdr genotypes only 23 were found. Analyses of the probability of survival of tri-locus genotypes and for the V410L genotype using a multivariate logistic regression model including area, distance, and genotype found significant interactions between distance and genotype. When only the most common tri-locus genotypes were analyzed (LL/II/CC, 48.2%; VL/II/CC, 19.1%; and VV/II/CC, 10.1%) genotype had no effect on survival, but significant interactions of distance and genotype were found. This indicated that the V410L kdr allele increased survival probability at certain distances. Genotypes did not differ in survivorship at 7.62-m, but LL/II/CC had higher survivorship than VL/II/CC at 15.24- and 22.86-m. The model also identified differences in survivorship among the operational areas investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Hernandez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuling Liu
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chris L. Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito and Vector Control Division (HCPH-MVCD), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia V. Pietrantonio
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Knockdown Resistance Mutations in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Myanmar. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040322. [PMID: 35447764 PMCID: PMC9028491 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of mosquitoes confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Analysis of kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected from five different townships in the Mandalay area, Myanmar, revealed high levels of validated kdr mutations in domains II and III of vgsc. Moreover, high frequencies of concurrent kdr mutations were also detected. The results of this study suggest that kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance are widespread in the Ae. aegypti population of the study area. Our results provide a valuable molecular basis to understand the pyrethroid resistance status of the Ae. aegypti population in the area and underscore the need for an effective vector control program in Myanmar. Abstract Aedes aegypti is an important mosquito vector transmitting diverse arboviral diseases in Myanmar. Pyrethroid insecticides have been widely used in Myanmar as the key mosquito control measure, but the efforts are constrained by increasing resistance. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) are related to pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti. We analyzed the patterns and distributions of the kdr mutations in Ae. aegypti in the Mandalay area of Myanmar. The segment 6 regions of domains II and III of vgsc were separately amplified from individual Ae. aegypti genomic DNA via polymerase chain reaction. The amplified gene fragments were sequenced. High proportions of three major kdr mutations, including S989P (54.8%), V1016G (73.6%), and F1534C (69.5%), were detected in the vgsc of Ae. aegypti from all studied areas. Other kdr mutations, T1520I and F1534L, were also found. These kdr mutations represent 11 distinct haplotypes of the vgsc population. The S989P/V1016G/F1534C was the most prevalent, followed by S989P/V1016V and V1016G/F1534C. A quadruple mutation, S989P/V1016G/T1520I/F1534C, was also identified. High frequencies of concurrent kdr mutations were observed in vgsc of Myanmar Ae. aegypti, suggesting a high level of pyrethroid resistance in the population. These findings underscore the need for an effective vector control program in Myanmar.
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Buckner EA, Williams KF, Ramirez S, Darrisaw C, Carrillo JM, Latham MD, Lesser CR. A Field Efficacy Evaluation of In2Care Mosquito Traps in Comparison with Routine Integrated Vector Management at Reducing Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2021; 37:242-249. [PMID: 34817613 DOI: 10.2987/21-7038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the predominant vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. This mosquito is difficult to control with conventional methods due to its container-inhabiting behavior and resistance to insecticides. Autodissemination of pyriproxyfen (PPF), a potent larvicide, has shown promise as an additional tool to control Aedes species in small-scale field trials. However, few large-scale field evaluations have been conducted. We undertook a 6-month-long large-scale field study to compare the effectiveness and operational feasibility of using In2Care Mosquito Traps (In2Care Traps, commercially available Aedes traps with PPF and Beauveria bassiana) compared to an integrated vector management (IVM) strategy consisting of source reduction, larviciding, and adulticiding for controlling Ae. aegypti eggs, larvae, and adults. We found that while the difference between treatments was only statistically significant for eggs and larvae (P < 0.05 for eggs and larvae and P > 0.05 for adults), the use of In2Care Traps alone resulted in 60%, 57%, and 57% fewer eggs, larvae, and adults, respectively, collected from that site compared to the IVM site. However, In2Care Trap deployment and maintenance were more time consuming and labor intensive than the IVM strategy. Thus, using In2Care Traps alone as a control method for large areas (e.g., >20 ha) may be less practical for control programs with the capacity to conduct ground and aerial larviciding and adulticiding. Based on our study results, we conclude that In2Care Traps are effective at suppressing Ae. aegypti and have the most potential for use in areas without sophisticated control programs and within IVM programs to target hotspots with high population levels and/or risk of Aedes-borne pathogen transmission.
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Solis-Santoyo F, Rodriguez AD, Penilla-Navarro RP, Sanchez D, Castillo-Vera A, Lopez-Solis AD, Vazquez-Lopez ED, Lozano S, Black WC, Saavedra-Rodriguez K. Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti from Tapachula, Mexico: Spatial variation and response to historical insecticide use. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009746. [PMID: 34570792 PMCID: PMC8475978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide use continues as the main strategy to control Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. In the city of Tapachula, Mexico, mosquito control programs switched from pyrethroids to organophosphates for outdoor spatial spraying in 2013. Additionally, the spraying scheme switched from total coverage to focused control, prioritizing areas with higher entomological-virological risk. Five years after this strategy had been implemented, we evaluated the status and variability of insecticide resistance among Ae. aegypti collected at 26 sites in Tapachula. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We determined the lethal concentrations at 50% of the tested populations (LC50) using a bottle bioassay, and then, we calculated the resistance ratio (RR) relative to the susceptible New Orleans strain. Permethrin and deltamethrin (pyrethroids), chlorpyrifos and malathion (organophosphates), and bendiocarb (carbamate) were tested. The frequencies of the substitutions V1016I and F1534C, which are in the voltage-gated sodium channel and confer knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides, were calculated. Despite 5 years having passed since the removal of pyrethroids from the control programs, Ae. aegypti remained highly resistant to permethrin and deltamethrin (RR > 10-fold). In addition, following 5 years of chlorpyrifos use, mosquitoes at 15 of 26 sites showed moderate resistance to chlorpyrifos (5- to 10-fold), and the mosquitoes from one site were highly resistant. All sites had low resistance to malathion (< 5-fold). Resistance to bendiocarb was low at 19 sites, moderate at five, and high at two. Frequencies of the V1016I ranged from 0.16-0.71, while C1534 approached fixation at 23 sites (0.8-1). Resistance profiles and kdr allele frequencies varied across Tapachula. The variability was not associated with a spatial pattern at the scale of the sampling. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Mosquito populations respond to selection pressure at a focal scale in the field. Spatial variation across sites highlights the importance of testing multiple sites within geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - R. Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Daniel Sanchez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | | | - Alma D. Lopez-Solis
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Eduardo D. Vazquez-Lopez
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria VII, Tapachula Chiapas, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Saul Lozano
- Centers for Diseases Prevention and Control, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C. Black
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Campbell CL, Lozano S, Penilla-Navarro P, Lopez-Solis A, Solis-Santoyo F, Rodriguez AD, Perera R, Black IV WC. Permethrin resistance in Aedes aegypti: Genomic variants that confer knockdown resistance, recovery, and death. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009606. [PMID: 34138859 PMCID: PMC8211209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids are one of the few classes of insecticides available to control Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Unfortunately, evolving mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in mosquito populations threaten our ability to control disease outbreaks. Two common pyrethroid resistance mechanisms occur in Ae. aegypti: 1) knockdown resistance, which involves amino acid substitutions at the pyrethroid target site-the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC)-and 2) enhanced metabolism by detoxification enzymes. When a heterogeneous population of mosquitoes is exposed to pyrethroids, different responses occur. During exposure, a proportion of mosquitoes exhibit immediate knockdown, whereas others are not knocked-down and are designated knockdown resistant (kdr). When these individuals are removed from the source of insecticide, the knocked-down mosquitoes can either remain in this status and lead to dead or recover within a few hours. The proportion of these phenotypic responses is dependent on the pyrethroid concentration and the genetic background of the population tested. In this study, we sequenced and performed pairwise genome comparisons between kdr, recovered, and dead phenotypes in a pyrethroid-resistant colony from Tapachula, Mexico. We identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with each phenotype and identified genes that are likely associated with the mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance, including detoxification, the cuticle, and insecticide target sites. We identified high association between kdr and mutations at VGSC and moderate association with additional insecticide target site, detoxification, and cuticle protein coding genes. Recovery was associated with cuticle proteins, the voltage-dependent calcium channel, and a different group of detoxification genes. We provide a list of detoxification genes under directional selection in this field-resistant population. Their functional roles in pyrethroid metabolism and their potential uses as genomic markers of resistance require validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center of Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Corey L. Campbell
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center of Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Saul Lozano
- Centers for Diseases Prevention and Control, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Alma Lopez-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Americo D. Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Rushika Perera
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center of Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C. Black IV
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center of Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Clarkson TC, Janich AJ, Sanchez-Vargas I, Markle ED, Gray M, Foster JR, Black IV WC, Foy BD, Olson KE. Nootkatone Is an Effective Repellent against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050386. [PMID: 33925333 PMCID: PMC8145050 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nootkatone, a natural organic compound in grapefruit and Alaskan yellow cedar, may have use as an insecticide and repellent against Aedes mosquito vectors of arboviruses. Here, we tested nootkatone against two medically important mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The insecticide potential of nootkatone was tested for both species using bottle bioassays and the repellency/irritancy and biting inhibition bioassays (RIBB) were used as tests for the A. aegypti strains only. We analyzed nootkatone’s insecticide potential against the New Orleans and Vergel strains of A. aegypti and ATM-NJ95 and Coatzacoalcos strains of A. albopictus. These strains were chosen because the New Orleans and ATM-NJ95 were permethrin susceptible (PERM-S) and Vergel was a confirmed permethrin resistant (PERM-R) strain. Coatzalcalcos was of unknown permethrin susceptibility. Permethrin is a commonly used insecticide to control mosquito populations, and permethrin resistance is becoming widespread in mosquito populations. We therefore wanted to compare nootkatone’s efficacy (and possible synergy) in the background of permethrin-susceptible and -resistant vectors. Bottle bioassays confirmed that the PERM-R Vergel strain was significantly less sensitive to nootkatone compared to PERM-S A. aegypti (New Orleans) and both A. albopictus strains were at least as sensitive to nootkatone as the New Orleans strain. We also showed that Zika virus (ZIKV)-infected New Orleans mosquitoes were as susceptible to nootkatone as the mock-infected controls. The infected Vergel strain was significantly less sensitive to nootkatone exposure than the New Orleans, ATM-NJ95, or Coatzacoalcos mosquitoes. In general, our studies concluded that as an insecticide, nootkatone was approximately 1000× less sensitive than permethrin, making it ineffective against A. aegypti and A. albopictus. However, RIBB analyses determined that nootkatone-treated arms of human subjects inhibited host-seeking and biting by A. aegypti mosquitoes. RIBB studies concluded that 20% nootkatone repelled mosquitoes at a rate comparable to commercially available N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET; 7%) or picaridin (5%). Nootkatone has the potential to be an efficacious repellent against adult Aedes mosquitoes. Abstract We tested a nootkatone product for insecticide activity against the most prominent vectors of Zika virus (ZIKV), Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus. We tested the permethrin-resistant (PERM-R) Vergel strain of A. aegypti and the permethrin-susceptible (PERM-S) New Orleans strain of A. aegypti to determine if insecticide resistance affected their susceptibility to nootkatone. Bottle bioassays showed that the PERM-S strain (New Orleans) was more susceptible to nootkatone than the confirmed A. aegypti permethrin-resistant (PERM-R) strain, Vergel. The A. albopictus strain ATM-NJ95 was a known PERM-S strain and Coatzacoalcos permethrin susceptibility was unknown but proved to be similar to the ATM-NJ95 PERM-S phenotype. The A. albopictus strains (ATM-NJ95 and Coatzacoalcos) were as susceptible to nootkatone as the New Orleans strain. Bottle bioassays conducted with ZIKV-infected mosquitoes showed that the New Orleans (PERM-S) strain was as susceptible to nootkatone as the mock-infected controls, but the PERM-R strain was less susceptible to nootkatone than the mock-infected controls. Repellency/irritancy and biting inhibition bioassays (RIBB) of A. aegypti determined whether the nootkatone-treated arms of three human subjects prevented uninfected A. aegypti mosquitoes from being attracted to the test subjects and blood-feeding on them. The RIBB analyses data calculated the spatial activity index (SAI) and biting inhibition factor (BI) of A. aegypti at different nootkatone concentrations and then compared the SAI and BI of existing repellency products. We concluded that nootkatone repelled mosquitoes at a rate comparable to 7% DEET or 5% picaridin and has the potential to be an efficacious repellent against adult A. aegypti mosquitoes.
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13
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Black WC, Snell TK, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Kading RC, Campbell CL. From Global to Local-New Insights into Features of Pyrethroid Detoxification in Vector Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040276. [PMID: 33804964 PMCID: PMC8063960 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The threat of mosquito-borne diseases continues to be a problem for public health in subtropical and tropical regions of the world; in response, there has been increased use of adulticidal insecticides, such as pyrethroids, in human habitation areas over the last thirty years. As a result, the prevalence of pyrethroid-resistant genetic markers in natural mosquito populations has increased at an alarming rate. This review details recent advances in the understanding of specific mechanisms associated with pyrethroid resistance, with emphasis on features of insecticide detoxification and the interdependence of multiple cellular pathways. Together, these advances add important context to the understanding of the processes that are selected in resistant mosquitoes. Specifically, before pyrethroids bind to their targets on motoneurons, they must first permeate the outer cuticle and diffuse to inner tissues. Resistant mosquitoes have evolved detoxification mechanisms that rely on cytochrome P450s (CYP), esterases, carboxyesterases, and other oxidation/reduction (redox) components to effectively detoxify pyrethroids to nontoxic breakdown products that are then excreted. Enhanced resistance mechanisms have evolved to include alteration of gene copy number, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, as well as changes to cellular signaling mechanisms. Here, we outline the variety of ways in which detoxification has been selected in various mosquito populations, as well as key gene categories involved. Pathways associated with potential new genes of interest are proposed. Consideration of multiple cellular pathways could provide opportunities for development of new insecticides.
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14
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Janich AJ, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Vera-Maloof FZ, Kading RC, Rodríguez AD, Penilla-Navarro P, López-Solis AD, Solis-Santoyo F, Perera R, Black WC. Permethrin Resistance Status and Associated Mechanisms in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) From Chiapas, Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:739-748. [PMID: 33034352 PMCID: PMC7954096 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are major public health concerns regarding the spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, which are mainly controlled by using insecticides against the vectors, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Pyrethroids are the primary class of insecticides used for vector control, due to their rapid knockdown effect and low toxicity to vertebrates. Unfortunately, continued use of pyrethroids has led to widespread insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, we lack information for Ae. albopictus-a sympatric species in Chiapas since 2002. In this study, we evaluated the permethrin resistance status of Ae. albopictus collected from Mexico and Texas. We also selected for permethrin resistance in the laboratory and investigated the potential mechanisms conferring resistance in this species. Knockdown resistance mutations, specifically F1534C, in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, and increased activity of detoxifying enzymes were evaluated. Low levels of permethrin resistance (<2.4-fold) were observed in our field populations of Ae. albopictus and the F1534C mutation was not detected in any of the sites. Low levels of resistance were also observed in the artificially selected strain. There was significantly higher cytochrome P450 activity in our permethrin-selected and nonselected strains from Mexico compared to the control strain. Our results suggest the Ae. albopictus sampled from 2016 are mostly susceptible to pyrethroids. These results contrast with the high levels of permethrin resistance (>58-fold) found in Ae. aegypti from the same sites in Mexico. This research indicates the importance of continued monitoring of Ae. albopictus populations to prevent resistance from developing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Janich
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Farah Z Vera-Maloof
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Rebekah C Kading
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Américo D Rodríguez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Alma D López-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Rushika Perera
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - William C Black
- Arthropod Borne Infectious Disease Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Assessing cross-resistance within the pyrethroids in terms of their interactions with key cytochrome P450 enzymes and resistance in vector populations. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:115. [PMID: 33602297 PMCID: PMC7893915 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is important to understand whether the potential impact of pyrethroid resistance on malaria control can be mitigated by switching between different pyrethroids or whether cross-resistance within this insecticide class precludes this approach. Methods Here we assess the relationships among pyrethroids in terms of their binding affinity to, and depletion by, key cytochrome P450 enzymes (hereafter P450s) that are known to confer metabolic pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) and An. funestus, in order to identify which pyrethroids may diverge from the others in their vulnerability to resistance. We then investigate whether these same pyrethroids also diverge from the others in terms of resistance in vector populations. Results We found that the type I and II pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin, respectively, are closely related in terms of binding affinity to key P450s, depletion by P450s and resistance within vector populations. Bifenthrin, which lacks the common structural moiety of most pyrethroids, diverged from the other pyrethroids tested in terms of both binding affinity to key P450s and depletion by P450s, but resistance to bifenthrin has rarely been tested in vector populations and was not analysed here. Etofenprox, which also lacks the common structural moiety of most pyrethroids, diverged from the more commonly deployed pyrethroids in terms of binding affinity to key P450s and resistance in vector populations, but did not diverge from these pyrethroids in terms of depletion by the P450s. The analysis of depletion by the P450s indicated that etofenprox may be more vulnerable to metabolic resistance mechanisms in vector populations. In addition, greater resistance to etofenprox was found across Aedes aegypti populations, but greater resistance to this compound was not found in any of the malaria vector species analysed. The results for pyrethroid depletion by anopheline P450s in the laboratory were largely not repeated in the findings for resistance in malaria vector populations. Conclusion Importantly, the prevalence of resistance to the pyrethroids α-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin and permethrin was correlated across malaria vector populations, and switching between these compounds as a tool to mitigate against pyrethroid resistance is not advised without strong evidence supporting a true difference in resistance.![]()
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Epelboin Y, Wang L, Giai Gianetto Q, Choumet V, Gaborit P, Issaly J, Guidez A, Douché T, Chaze T, Matondo M, Dusfour I. CYP450 core involvement in multiple resistance strains of Aedes aegypti from French Guiana highlighted by proteomics, molecular and biochemical studies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243992. [PMID: 33428654 PMCID: PMC7799788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a worldwide threat for vector control around the world, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of several arboviruses, is a particular concern. To better understand the mechanisms of resistance, four isofemale strains originally from French Guiana were isolated and analysed using combined approaches. The activity of detoxification enzymes involved in insecticide resistance was assayed, and mutations located at positions 1016 and 1534 of the sodium voltage-gated channel gene, which have been associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti populations in Latin America, were monitored. Resistance to other insecticide families (organophosphates and carbamates) was evaluated. A large-scale proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins involved in insecticide resistance. Our results revealed a metabolic resistance and resistance associated with a mutation of the sodium voltage-gated channel gene at position 1016. Metabolic resistance was mediated through an increase of esterase activity in most strains but also through the shifts in the abundance of several cytochrome P450 (CYP450s). Overall, resistance to deltamethrin was linked in the isofemale strains to resistance to other class of insecticides, suggesting that cross- and multiple resistance occur through selection of mechanisms of metabolic resistance. These results give some insights into resistance to deltamethrin and into multiple resistance phenomena in populations of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanouk Epelboin
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Lanjiao Wang
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Computational Biology Department, USR CNRS 3756, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Environment and Infectious risks Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Jean Issaly
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Amandine Guidez
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Chaze
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR CNRS 2000, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Global Health department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Targanski SK, Sousa JR, de Pádua GM, de Sousa JM, Vieira LC, Soares MA. Larvicidal activity of substituted chalcones against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and non-target organisms. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:325-334. [PMID: 32729190 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expansion of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) population has increased the number of cases of arboviruses, in part due to the inefficiency and toxicity of the chemical control methods available to control this vector. We synthesized 19 chalcone derivatives and examined their activity against Ae. aegypti larvae in order to select larvicidal compounds that are non-toxic to other organisms. RESULTS Seven chalcone derivatives (3a, 3e, 3f, 6a, 6c, 6d, and 6f) had lethal concentrations of substituted chalcones capable of killing 50% (LC50 ) values lower than 100 mg mL-1 at 24 h post-treatment, which is the dose that the World Health Organization recommends for the selection of promising larvicides. The type of substituent added to (E)-1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one (3a) markedly affected the larvicidal activity. Addition of chlorine, bromine and methoxy groups to the aromatic rings reduced the larvicidal activity, while replacement of the B-ring (phenyl) by a furan ring significantly increased the larvicidal activity. The furan-chalcone (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (6c) killed Ae. aegypti larvae (LC50 = 6.66 mg mL-1 ; LC90 = 9.97 mg mL-1 ) more effectively than the non-substituted chalcone (3a) (LC50 = 14.43 mg mL-1 ; LC90 = 20.96 mg mL-1 ), and was not toxic to the insect Galleria mellonella, to the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis, and to the algae Chorella vulgaris. CONCLUSIONS The substitution pattern of chalcones influenced their larvicidal activity. In the set of compounds tested, (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (6c) was the most effective larvicide against Ae. aegypti, with no clear signs of toxicity to other animal models. Its mechanism of action and effectiveness under field conditions remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K Targanski
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Janaína R Sousa
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Geilly Ms de Pádua
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Jéssica M de Sousa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cc Vieira
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Várzea Grande, Brazil
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Khan HAA. Resistance to insecticides and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in Aedes albopictus from Punjab, Pakistan. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21034. [PMID: 33273631 PMCID: PMC7713067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of insecticides has ecological consequences such as emergence of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution. Aedes albopictus is a major vector of dengue virus in the Punjab province, Pakistan. Control of Ae. albopictus with insecticides along with source eradication is critical in the prevention and control of dengue fever but is threatened by the development of insecticide resistance. Here, field strains of Ae. albopictus from eight cities of Punjab were evaluated for resistance against temephos, deltamethrin and permethrin. For temephos, high resistance (RRLC50 > tenfold) was found in larvae of the Rawalpindi strain, moderate resistance (RRLC50 = five- to tenfold) in Multan, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Lahore and Sheikhupura strains, and low resistance (RRLC50 < fivefold) in Kasur and Sahiwal strains. In the case of deltamethrin, high resistance was seen in adults of the strain from Faisalabad, moderate resistance in the strains from Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Lahore and Kasur, and low resistance in Sahiwal, Multan and Rawalpindi strains. For permethrin, adults of all the field strains exhibited high levels of resistance. In synergism bioassays, toxicity of all the insecticides in the field strains significantly enhanced when tested in combination with piperonyl butoxide or S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate, suggesting the probability of metabolic-based mechanisms of resistance. In conclusion, field strains of Ae. albopictus from Punjab exhibit resistance to temephos, deltamethrin and permethrin, which might be associated with metabolic mechanisms of resistance.
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Wang R, Che W, Wang J, Qu C, Luo C. Cross-resistance and biochemical mechanism of resistance to cyantraniliprole in a near-isogenic line of whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (Q biotype). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104590. [PMID: 32527441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci, sweetpotato whitefly, is one notorious insect pest on a series of crops worldwide, and many populations show high resistance to various insecticides. The cyantraniliprole-resistant strain of B. tabaci SX-R (138.4-fold) was obtained by selections with an outdoor-collected cyantraniliprole resistant population. By crossing and repeated backcrossing to a susceptible MED-S strain, the trait of cyantraniliprole resistance from SX-R was moved into MED-S to establish one near-isogenic line (CYAN-R). MED-S and CYAN-R were utilized to build patterns of cross-resistance, CYAN-R strain exhibited 63.317-fold resistance to cyantraniliprole, but no cross-resistance to several other successfully commercialized chemical agents. After that significant inhibition of cyantraniliprole resistance by piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and increased cytochrome P450 (3.4-fold) were observed in CYAN-R strain, indicating putative involvement of P450 in detoxification. Furthermore, five published detoxification-related P450 genes in B. tabaci, CYP4C64, CYP6CM1, CYP6CX1, CYP6CX4, and CYP6DZ7 were selected and expression levels of them were measured for exploring mechanisms of cyantraniliprole resistance. Compare with MED-S, no significant overexpression of the five P450 genes was observed in the CYAN-R strain. Above results could be conductive to study on mechanism of cyantraniliprole resistance and will be very helpful for the management of whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Wunan Che
- Department of Pesticide Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jinda Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Cheng Qu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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20
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Villanueva-Segura K, Ponce-Garcia G, Lopez-Monroy B, Mora-Jasso E, Perales L, Gonzalez-Santillan FJ, Ontiveros-Zapata K, Davila-Barboza JA, Flores AE. Multiplex PCR for simultaneous genotyping of kdr mutations V410L, V1016I and F1534C in Aedes aegypti (L.). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:325. [PMID: 32586378 PMCID: PMC7318494 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knockdown resistance (kdr) is the main mechanism that confers resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. This is a product of non-synonymous mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene, and these mutations produce a change of a single amino acid which reduces the affinity of the target site for the insecticide molecule. In Mexico, V410L, V1016I and F1534C mutations are common in pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti (L.) populations. METHODS A multiplex PCR was developed to detect the V410L, V1016I and F1534C mutations in Ae. aegypti. The validation of the technique was carried out by DNA sequencing using field populations previously characterized for the three mutations through allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) and with different levels of genotypic frequencies. RESULTS The standardized protocol for multiplex end-point PCR was highly effective in detecting 15 genotypes considering the three mutations V410L, V1106I and F1534C, in 12 field populations of Ae. aegypti from Mexico. A complete concordance with AS-PCR and DNA sequencing was found for the simultaneous detection of the three kdr mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our diagnostic method is highly effective for the simultaneous detection of V410L, V1016I and F1534C, when they co-occur. This technique represents a viable alternative to complement and strengthen current monitoring and resistance management strategies against Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Esteban Mora-Jasso
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Lucia Perales
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Francisco J Gonzalez-Santillan
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Kevin Ontiveros-Zapata
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Jesus A Davila-Barboza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av, Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
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Khan HAA. Characterization of permethrin resistance in a Musca domestica strain: resistance development, cross-resistance potential and realized heritability. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2969-2974. [PMID: 30873734 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Permethrin (a pyrethroid) has been recommended for the management of a number of insect pests, including Musca domestica. Recently, resistance to permethrin has been reported from the Punjab province, Pakistan, which necessitates the need to manage the resistance problem. For this reason, a field strain of M. domestica was selected with permethrin for ten consecutive generations (G1-G10) to determine the risk assessment, the rapidity with which permethrin resistance can develop, and the presence or absence of the cross-resistance phenomenon. RESULTS The results revealed that permethrin resistance increased very quickly in response to selection experiments. The resistance ratio (RR) value increased by 16.04- to 605.92-fold and the LD50 value increased by 100.22 to 3787.08 ng fly-1 after selection experiments. Moreover, the increase in LD50 value remained stable when the selected strain (Perm-SEL) was cultured in the absence of permethrin for the next five generations (G11-G15). The results revealed the possibility of minor cross-resistance in the Perm-SEL strain with β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin, and lack of cross-resistance with imidacloprid and spinosad. The realized heritability (h2 ) value for the Perm-SEL strain was 0.23. Assuming a mean slope value of 1.27 and an h2 value of 0.23, then ten to four generations would be estimated for a 10-fold increase in the LD50 values at 50-90% selection intensity, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of present study revealed high risk for permethrin resistance development under continuous selection pressure. Permethrin resistance developed very quickly under laboratory conditions, which might reflect the likelihood of resistance evolution in field conditions if permethrin selection pressure holds for a long time. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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22
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Davila-Barboza J, Villanueva-Segura OK, Lopez-Monroy B, Ponce-Garcia G, Bobadilla-Utrera C, Montes-Rincon M, Molina-Garza ZJ, Arredondo-Jimenez JI, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Manrique-Saide PC, Flores AE. Novel Kdr mutations (K964R and A943V) in pyrethroid-resistant populations of Triatoma mazzottii and Triatoma longipennis from Mexico and detoxifying enzymes. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:809-820. [PMID: 29611294 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although having five different ways of transmission the vector-borne is the principal way of transmission of Chagas disease, which involves insects of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Nineteen of the 31 species that occur in Mexico are associated with humans, and all are capable of transmitting the disease. Pyrethroids are the insecticides recommended for the control of these vectors in Mexico. We determined the susceptibility to the pyrethroids deltamethrin and permethrin of peridomestic populations of Triatoma mazzottii Usinger and two populations of Triatoma longipennis Usinger in comparison with a reference strain for each species. Bioassays were performed for the determination of the LD50 for both field populations and reference strains. A maximum of 27 fold resistance to deltamethrin was observed in T. mazzottii, meanwhile, for permethrin, T. longipennis from Jalisco show the highest value of 3.19 fold. There was significantly increased activity of esterases in field populations in comparison with their corresponding reference strain. The results of the search of kdr mutations related to the resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin in the evaluated species show the presence of mutations in the field populations, as is the case with individuals of T. mazzottii, for which the mutation was found A943V, and for the two populations of T. longipennis included in this study, we report the presence of the kdr mutation K964R. Evaluation of the various mechanisms involved in resistance to pyrethroids in triatomines from Mexico could guide us to the real justification for insecticide resistance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Davila-Barboza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - O Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Mayela Montes-Rincon
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Zinnia J Molina-Garza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Juan I Arredondo-Jimenez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Iram P Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Pablo C Manrique-Saide
- Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL, Mexico
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23
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Saavedra‐Rodriguez K, Campbell CL, Lenhart A, Penilla P, Lozano‐Fuentes S, Black WC. Exome-wide association of deltamethrin resistance in Aedes aegypti from Mexico. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 28:591-604. [PMID: 30758862 PMCID: PMC6766855 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the major vector of a number of arboviruses that cause disease in humans. Without vaccines or pharmaceuticals, pyrethroid insecticides remain the major tool for public health protection. Pyrethroid resistance is now widespread. Replacement substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) that reduce the stability of pyrethroid binding account for most of the resistance, but metabolic mechanisms also inactivate pyrethroids. High-throughput sequencing and the A. aegypti L5 annotated physical map has allowed interrogation of the exome for genes and single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with pyrethroid resistance. We exposed females of A. aegypti from Mexico to a deltamethrin discriminating dose to designate them as resistant (active after 1 h) or susceptible (knocked down with no recovery after 4 h). The vgsc on chromosome 3 had the highest association, followed by genes proximal to vgsc. We identified potential detoxification genes located singly (eg HPX8C) or within clusters in chromosome 2 [three esterase clusters, two of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP)] and chromosome 3 (one cluster of 16 CYP325 and seven CYP9 genes). Deltamethrin resistance in A. aegypti is associated with mutations in the vgsc gene and a large assortment of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Saavedra‐Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - C. L. Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - A. Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and MalariaCenter for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - P. Penilla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and MalariaCenter for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - S. Lozano‐Fuentes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - W. C. Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
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24
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Williams T, Farfán JL, Mercado G, Valle J, Abella A, Marina CF. Efficacy of Spinosad Granules and Lambda-Cyhalothrin Contrasts with Reduced Performance of Temephos for Control of Aedes spp. in Vehicle Tires in Veracruz, Mexico. INSECTS 2019; 10:E242. [PMID: 31390780 PMCID: PMC6723916 DOI: 10.3390/insects10080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the efficacy of λ-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen and granular formulations of spinosad and temephos for the control of mosquito larvae present in experimental tires in Veracruz State, Mexico in the period 2015-2016. Both λ-cyhalothrin and spinosad granules provided control of larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex spp. in used tires in Veracruz State, Mexico, over a 9-12 week period, although numbers of Culex were low. The numbers of Aedes larvae + pupae in pyriproxyfen and temephos-treated tires were slightly less than half of the untreated control tires, probably a result the pupicidal characteristics of pyriproxyfen and possible resistance in the case of temephos. Spinosad was less harmful to predatory Toxorhynchites spp. than λ-cyhalothrin or temephos. The reduced susceptibility to temephos in Aedes populations was confirmed at five other sites in Veracruz. Public health authorities should consider incorporating spinosad as a larvicide in coastal areas at a high risk of dengue, chikungunya and Zika outbreaks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Williams
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Juan L Farfán
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Mercado
- Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Valle
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
| | - Antonio Abella
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio-FMVZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
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25
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Rault LC, O'Neal ST, Johnson EJ, Anderson TD. Association of age, sex, and pyrethroid resistance status on survival and cytochrome P450 gene expression in Aedes aegypti (L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 156:96-104. [PMID: 31027587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a vector of viruses that negatively impact human health. Insecticide resistance complicates mosquito control efforts, but understanding the mechanisms of resistance can help to improve management practices. This study examined different factors that could influence the interpretation of toxicity bioassays and gene expression studies in A. aegypti, including sex and age, in the context of resistance to pyrethroids. Bioassays using a pyrethroid-resistant strain, Puerto Rico (PR), and a pyrethroid-susceptible strain, Rockefeller (Rock), of A. aegypti were conducted with females and males of three age groups to determine differences in mortality induced by deltamethrin. Overall, strain was the only factor with a significant effect on the LD50. Enzyme assays showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in PR was constitutively higher than in Rock, and that pretreatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) followed by a topical application of deltamethrin (LD25) significantly increased mortality in both strains. Evaluation of the expression levels of seven CYP9J genes previously reported to be involved in pyrethroid resistance revealed that CYP9J10, CYP9J19, and CYP9J28 were more highly expressed in PR than in Rock at all ages of females and males, indicating that they may be essential for resistance. The expression of CYP9J24, CYP9J26, CYP9J27, and CYP9J32 was higher in PR males compared to other groups, including PR females. Significant differences in expression between sexes and strains were also observed as a result of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Rault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Scott T O'Neal
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Ellis J Johnson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Amelia-Yap ZH, Chen CD, Sofian-Azirun M, Lau KW, Suana IW, Syahputra E, Razak A, Low VL. Efficacy of Mosquito Coils: Cross-resistance to Pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Indonesia. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2854-2860. [PMID: 30265353 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of several arthropod-borne viral infectious diseases globally. Relentless vector control efforts are performed to curtail disease transmissions, insecticides remain as the first line of defense in Indonesia. With a dearth of publication on the efficacy of mosquito coil in Indonesia, this is the first report related to mosquito coil despite its common use in households. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were sampled from nine regencies in Indonesia and tested using the glass-chamber method against three commercially available local pyrethroid-based mosquito coils containing d-allethrin, transfluthrin, and metofluthrin. The 50% knockdown time of female Ae. aegypti tested with d-allethrin, transfluthrin, and metofluthrin containing coils ranged from 0.65 to 14.32; 0.8 to 16.4; and 0.78 to 20.57 min, respectively. Mortality rates in accordance with WHO resistance indicators showed that strains from Denpasar, Mataram, Kuningan, Padang, Samarinda, and Sumba Timur were resistant (<80% mortality rate), whereas strains from Manggarai Barat, Dompu, and Pontianak were susceptible (>98% mortality rate) to the active ingredients assayed. Moreover, the knockdown rates between d-allethrin and transfluthrin, d-allethrin and metofluthrin, as well as transfluthrin and metofluthrin displayed significant associations, portraying the presence of cross-resistance within pyrethroid insecticides. The minimal insecticidal effect of mosquito coils against some Indonesian Ae. aegypti also pointed out the development of pyrethroid resistance, prompting a revamping of the vector control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hua Amelia-Yap
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Dhang Chen
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian-Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Koon Weng Lau
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Wayan Suana
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit No. 62, Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia
| | - Edy Syahputra
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Razak
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Padang State University, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hamka, Kampus Air Tawar, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chi-Chim WA, Bocanegra-Garcia V, Reyes-Solis G, García-Rejon JE, Baak-Baak CM, Machain-Williams C, Chan-Orilla JA, Gomez-Garcia C, Ballina-Gomez HS, Reyes-Lopez MA. Frequency of the L1014F Mutation in the Sodium Channel Gene, in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Rural and Urban Areas of Yucatan State, Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1633-1637. [PMID: 30060188 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) is a mosquito species that has attracted a lot of attention from a medical and veterinary point of view; however, little is known about the frequency of L1014F mutations that have been found in the sodium channel gene, with this being a target for DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. The distribution and frequency of the L1014F mutation in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations was determined in rural and urban areas of Yucatan, Mexico from January 2015 to March 2016. Nine hundred fifty adult females out of 17,727 immature states were collected and analyzed in all sites sampled (n = 10). Susceptible homozygotes were identified (L1014/L1014) in 12% (114/950), heterozygous individuals (F1014/L1014) in 34% (323/950), and mutated homozygotes (F1014/F1014) in 54% (513/950) during the dry and rainy seasons. In this work, study areas with a high frequency of L1014F mutation were identified. These findings may help guarantee a more effective and efficient use of the resources available for the control of this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert A Chi-Chim
- Conservation Medicine Lab. Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro S/N esq. Elias Piña, Narcizo Mendoza, Cd. Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-Garcia
- Conservation Medicine Lab. Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro S/N esq. Elias Piña, Narcizo Mendoza, Cd. Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Solis
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Julian E García-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Carlos M Baak-Baak
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Julio A Chan-Orilla
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Gomez-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular I. Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENMyH-IPN), México
| | | | - Miguel Angel Reyes-Lopez
- Conservation Medicine Lab. Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro S/N esq. Elias Piña, Narcizo Mendoza, Cd. Reynosa, Mexico
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28
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Pichler V, Bellini R, Veronesi R, Arnoldi D, Rizzoli A, Lia RP, Otranto D, Montarsi F, Carlin S, Ballardini M, Antognini E, Salvemini M, Brianti E, Gaglio G, Manica M, Cobre P, Serini P, Velo E, Vontas J, Kioulos I, Pinto J, Della Torre A, Caputo B. First evidence of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Italian Aedes albopictus populations 26 years after invasion. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1319-1327. [PMID: 29278457 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus has spread during the last few decades all over the world. This has increased significantly the risk of exotic arbovirus transmission (e.g. chikungunya, dengue, and Zika) also in temperate areas, as demonstrated by the Chikungunya 2007 and 2017 outbreaks in northeastern and central Italy. Insecticides are an important tool for limiting the circulation of these mosquito-borne viruses. The aim of the present study was to address the gap in current knowledge of pyrethroid insecticide resistance of European Ae. albopictus populations, focusing on populations from Italy, Albania and Greece. RESULTS Bioassays for resistance to permethrin (0.75%), α-cypermethrin (0.05%) or deltamethrin (0.05%) were performed according to World Health Organization (WHO) protocols and showed reduced susceptibility (<90% mortality) of some Italian populations to permethrin and α-cypermethrin, but not to deltamethrin. CONCLUSION This study reports the first evidence of resistance to pyrethroids in adult Italian Ae. albopictus populations. Results refer to the season preceding the Chikungunya 2017 outbreak in central Italy and highlight the need to increase efforts to monitor the spread of insecticide resistance and the need to develop strategies to limit the spread of insecticide resistance, particularly in areas where extensive treatments have been carried out to contain disease outbreaks. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pichler
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Department of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Veronesi
- Department of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Crevalcore, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Sara Carlin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Ballardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Antognini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Mattia Manica
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pietro Cobre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Serini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - John Vontas
- Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Joao Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Kuri-Morales PA, Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Moreno-Garcia M, Santos-Luna R, Román-Pérez S, Salazar-Penagos F, Lombera-González M, Sánchez-Tejeda G, González-Roldán JF. Insecticide susceptibility status in Mexican populations of Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti): a nationwide assessment. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:162-174. [PMID: 29165810 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, mosquito vector-borne diseases are of public health concern as a result of their impact on human morbidity and mortality. The use of insecticides against adult mosquitoes is one of the most common ways of controlling mosquito population densities. However, the use of these compounds has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance. The aim of this study was to estimate susceptibility to six pyrethroids, two carbamates and two organophosphates in Mexican populations of Stegomyia aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (= Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Bottle insecticide susceptibility tests, with 1 h exposure, were performed on adult mosquitoes from 75 localities across 28 states. At 30 min of exposure, the proportion of fallen mosquitoes was recorded. After 60 min of exposure, mosquitoes were recovered in non-treated containers and mortality was determined at 24 h after the set-up of the experiment. In general, the carbamate insecticides represented the most effective group in terms of the proportion of mosquitoes fallen at 30 min (72-100%) and 24-h mortality (97-100%). High and widespread resistance to pyrethroids Types I and II and, to a lesser extent, to organophosphates was observed. Insecticide susceptibility among and within states was highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C González-Acosta
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Moreno-Garcia
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioensayo, Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Morelos, Mexico
| | - R Santos-Luna
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - S Román-Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - G Sánchez-Tejeda
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J F González-Roldán
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico City, Mexico
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Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Maloof FV, Campbell CL, Garcia-Rejon J, Lenhart A, Penilla P, Rodriguez A, Sandoval AA, Flores AE, Ponce G, Lozano S, Black WC. Parallel evolution of vgsc mutations at domains IS6, IIS6 and IIIS6 in pyrethroid resistant Aedes aegypti from Mexico. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6747. [PMID: 29712956 PMCID: PMC5928250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary urban mosquito vector of viruses causing dengue, Zika and chikungunya fevers –for which vaccines and effective pharmaceuticals are still lacking. Current strategies to suppress arbovirus outbreaks include removal of larval-breeding sites and insecticide treatment of larval and adult populations. Insecticidal control of Ae. aegypti is challenging, due to a recent rapid global increase in knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides. Widespread, heavy use of pyrethroid space-sprays has created an immense selection pressure for kdr, which is primarily under the control of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (vgsc). To date, eleven replacements in vgsc have been discovered, published and shown to be associated with pyrethroid resistance to varying degrees. In Mexico, F1,534C and V1,016I have co-evolved in the last 16 years across Ae. aegypti populations. Recently, a novel replacement V410L was identified in Brazil and its effect on vgsc was confirmed by electrophysiology. Herein, we screened V410L in 25 Ae. aegypti historical collections from Mexico, the first heterozygote appeared in 2002 and frequencies have increased in the last 16 years alongside V1,016I and F1,534C. Knowledge of the specific vgsc replacements and their interaction to confer resistance is essential to predict and to develop strategies for resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Farah Vera Maloof
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Corey L Campbell
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julian Garcia-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patricia Penilla
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Americo Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Arturo Acero Sandoval
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Laboratorio de Entomologia Medica, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce
- Laboratorio de Entomologia Medica, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Saul Lozano
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C Black
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
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Evans HC, Elliot SL, Barreto RW. Entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for the management of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Americas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:206-214. [PMID: 29412361 PMCID: PMC5804314 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical biological control has been used extensively for the management of exotic weeds and agricultural pests, but never for alien insect vectors of medical importance. This simple but elegant control strategy involves the introduction of coevolved natural enemies from the centre of origin of the target alien species. Aedes aegypti - the primary vector of the dengue, yellow fever and Zika flaviviruses - is just such an invasive alien in the Americas where it arrived accidentally from its West African home during the slave trade. Here, we introduce the concept of exploiting entomopathogenic fungi from Africa for the classical biological control of Ae. aegypti in the Americas. Fungal pathogens attacking arthropods are ubiquitous in tropical forests and are important components in the natural balance of arthropod populations. They can produce a range of specialised spore forms, as well as inducing a variety of bizarre behaviours in their hosts, in order to maximise infection. The fungal groups recorded as specialised pathogens of mosquito hosts worldwide are described and discussed. We opine that similar fungal pathogens will be found attacking and manipulating Ae. aegypti in African forests and that these could be employed for an economic, environmentally-safe and long-term solution to the flavivirus pandemics in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Evans
- Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International, Egham, Surrey, UK.,Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Entomologia, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Simon L Elliot
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Entomologia, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Robert W Barreto
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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32
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Lopez-Monroy B, Gutierrez-Rodriguez SM, Villanueva-Segura OK, Ponce-Garcia G, Morales-Forcada F, Alvarez LC, Flores AE. Frequency and intensity of pyrethroid resistance through the CDC bottle bioassay and their association with the frequency of kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mexico. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2176-2184. [PMID: 29575404 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of Aedes aegypti (L.), the main urban vector that causes arboviral diseases such as dengue, Chikungunya and Zika, has proved to be a challenge because of a rapid increase in insecticide resistance. Therefore, adequate monitoring of insecticide resistance is an essential element in the control of Ae. aegypti and the diseases it transmits. We estimated the frequency and intensity (Resistance Frequency Rapid Diagnostic Test [F-RDT] and Resistance Intensity Rapid Diagnostic Test [I-RDT]) of pyrethroid resistance in populations of Ae. aegypti from Mexico using the bottle bioassay and results were related to the frequencies of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations V1016I and F1534C. RESULTS All populations under study were resistant to the pyrethroids: bifenthrin (99%), d-(cis-trans)-phenothrin (6.3% cis, 91.7% trans) and permethrin (99.5%) according to F-RDT, and showed moderate to high-intensity resistance at 10× the diagnostic dose (DD) in I-RDT. Frequencies of the kdr mutation V1016I in Ae. aegypti populations were correlated with moderate permethrin resistance at 10× DD, whereas F1534C mutation frequencies were correlated with high bifenthrin resistance at 5× DD. Both I1016 and C1535 were highly correlated with high-intensity phenothrin resistance at 1× to 10× DD. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that high frequencies of kdr mutations V1016I and F1534C are reflected in the results of F-RDT and I-RDT tests. Bioassays in conjunction with the characterization of genetic resistance mechanisms are indispensable in the strategic and rational management of resistance in mosquitoes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Selene M Gutierrez-Rodriguez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Olga Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Franco Morales-Forcada
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Leslie C Alvarez
- Universidad de los Andes, Nucleo Universitario Rafael Rangel, estado Trujillo, Venezuela
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Departamento de Zoologia de Invertebrados, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico
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33
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Kuri-Morales PA, Correa-Morales F, González-Acosta C, Moreno-Garcia M, Dávalos-Becerril E, Benitez-Alva JI, Peralta-Rodriguez J, Salazar-Bueyes V, González-Roldán JF. Efficacy of 13 Commercial Household Aerosol Insecticides Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Morelos, Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:417-422. [PMID: 29228197 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses. Control programs include community participation using personal protection such as household aerosol insecticides. In both, urban or rural areas, the use of aerosol insecticides is a common practice to avoiding mosquito biting. Thus, information on the efficacy of commercial products must be available. This study reports the efficacy of 13 household aerosol insecticides against Ae. aegypti from an endemic dengue area in Mexico. To test each insecticide, six netting cages, containing 10 non-blood fed female mosquitoes each one, were placed in different locations inside a bedroom. Readings at 30 min and 24 h after exposure were recorded. No products showed 100% mortality after 30 min of exposure. Only three products killed the 100% of the individuals 24 h after exposure. Results showed a high mortality variance among insecticides. Location in the room also impacts the insecticide efficacy. Mosquitoes located inside cabinets or with behind an obstacle (preventing an accurate insecticide exposure) showed lower mortalities. Products and spraying methods could and should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miguel Moreno-Garcia
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico
- Unidad de Bioensayo-Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge Peralta-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Bioensayo-Centro Regional de Control de Vectores Panchimalco, Servicios de Salud de Morelos, Mexico
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Exon-Enriched Libraries Reveal Large Genic Differences Between Aedes aegypti from Senegal, West Africa, and Populations Outside Africa. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:571-582. [PMID: 28007834 PMCID: PMC5295602 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.036053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is one of the most studied mosquito species, and the principal vector of several arboviruses pathogenic to humans. Recently failure to oviposit, low fecundity, and poor egg-to-adult survival were observed when Ae. aegypti from Senegal (SenAae) West Africa were crossed with Ae. aegypti (Aaa) from outside of Africa, and in SenAae intercrosses. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses indicated rearrangements on chromosome 1, and pericentric inversions on chromosomes 2 and 3. Herein, high throughput sequencing (HTS) of exon-enriched libraries was used to compare chromosome-wide genetic diversity among Aaa collections from rural Thailand and Mexico, a sylvatic collection from southeastern Senegal (PK10), and an urban collection from western Senegal (Kaolack). Sex-specific polymorphisms were analyzed in Thailand and PK10 to assess genetic differences between sexes. Expected heterozygosity was greatest in SenAae FST distributions of 15,735 genes among all six pairwise comparisons of the four collections indicated that Mexican and Thailand collections are genetically similar, while FST distributions between PK10 and Kaolack were distinct. All four comparisons of SenAae with Aaa indicated extreme differentiation. FST was uniform between sexes across all chromosomes in Thailand, but were different, especially on the sex autosome 1, in PK10. These patterns correlate with the reproductive isolation noted earlier. We hypothesize that cryptic Ae. aegypti taxa may exist in West Africa, and the large genic differences between Aaa and SenAae detected in the present study have accumulated over a long period following the evolution of chromosome rearrangements in allopatric populations that subsequently cause reproductive isolation when these populations became sympatric.
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Ponce G, Sanchez IP, García SM, Torrado JM, Lozano-Fuentes S, Lopez-Monroy B, Flores AE. First report of L1014F kdr mutation in Culex quinquefasciatus in Mexico. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:829-834. [PMID: 25765734 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The L1014F mutation in the voltage-sodium channel gene has been associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in various arthropod species including mosquitoes. We determined the frequency of the L1014F kdr mutation in 16 field populations of Culex quinquefasciatus from Northeastern Mexico collected between 2008 and 2013. The L1014F was present in all populations analyzed with the lowest frequency (3.33%) corresponding to the population from Monclova collected in 2012, and the highest frequency (63.63%) from the Monterrey population collected in 2012. The presence of a kdr mutation in populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus from northeastern Mexico provides evidence of pyrethroid resistance. This requires a special attention, considering that pyrethroid-based insecticides are commonly used in vector-control campaigns, especially against Aedes aegypti (L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ponce
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA
| | - Iram P Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA
| | - Selene M García
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA
| | - Jose M Torrado
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA
| | - Saúl Lozano-Fuentes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66455, Mexico, USA
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36
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Villanueva OK, Ponce G, Lopez B, Gutierrez SM, Rodriguez IP, Reyes G, Saavedra KJ, Black WC, Garcia J, Beaty B, Eisen L, Flores AE. Effect of Photoperiod On Permethrin Resistance In Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2016; 32:308-314. [PMID: 28206856 DOI: 10.2987/16-6577.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms have been exposed to light-dark cycles that allowed them to adapt to different ecological niches. Circadian cycles affect hormone release, metabolism, and response to xenobiotic compounds. Current studies have shown that insect susceptibility to toxic agents depends on circadian cycles, mainly because the biochemical processes involved in detoxification and responses to oxidative stress are modulated by this process. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of photoperiod on resistance to permethrin in Aedes aegypti . Collections of Ae. aegypti from 4 locations in Yucatan, southern Mexico, were subjected to 2 different photoperiod schemes: dark (0 h light:24 h dark) and natural photoperiod (12 h light:12 h dark). The comparison of both photoperiods was evaluated with respect to permethrin resistance using bottle bioassays and by monitoring the possible mechanism related such as enzymatic activity and by the frequency of 2 knockdown resistance mutations in the voltage-dependent sodium channel gene (V1016I and F1534C). The susceptible strain was used as a reference. The mosquitoes in dark photoperiod showed a reduction in resistance to the pyrethroid. The α-esterases and glutathione S-transferase enzymatic activities showed lower levels in the dark photoperiod, and the frequencies of V1016I knockdown resistance mutation showed significant difference between photoperiod schemes.
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Ponce-García G, Del Río-Galvan S, Barrera R, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Villanueva-Segura K, Felix G, Amador M, Flores AE. Knockdown Resistance Mutations in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Puerto Rico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1410-1414. [PMID: 27493252 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Permethrin resistance is widespread in Aedes aegypti (L.), the main dengue, zika, and chikungunya virus vector in Latin America and the Caribbean. A common mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids-knockdown resistance (kdr)-is conferred through mutations in the insect's voltage-dependent sodium channel. In this mosquito, around 10 replacement substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (vgsc) have been reported in pyrethroid-resistant strains. Two of these mutations, named Ile1,016 and Cys1,534, are widespread in mosquito populations from Latin America and the Caribbean. This study assessed the levels of permethrin resistance and the frequency of two kdr mutations in eight Ae. aegypti populations collected in Puerto Rico in 2013. Permethrin resistance factors ranged from 33-214-fold relative to the New Orleans reference strain. The frequency of kdr mutation Ile1,016 ranged from 0.65 to fixation (1.0), and for Cys1,534 frequencies varied from 0.8 to fixation. Alarmingly, two populations-Carolina and Caguas-reached fixation at both loci. Our results suggest that permethrin effectiveness for Ae. aegypti control is compromised in these collections from Puerto Rico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ponce-García
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México (; ; ; )
| | - Samantha Del Río-Galvan
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México (; ; ; )
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, San Juan, Puerto Rico (; ; )
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Insect Genetics, Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México (; ; ; )
| | - Gilberto Felix
- Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, San Juan, Puerto Rico (; ; )
| | - Manuel Amador
- Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, San Juan, Puerto Rico (; ; )
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México (; ; ; )
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Smith LB, Kasai S, Scott JG. Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: Important mosquito vectors of human diseases. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 133:1-12. [PMID: 27742355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes are vectors of important human disease viruses, including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika. Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control adult Aedes mosquitoes, especially during disease outbreaks. Herein, we review the status of pyrethroid resistance in A. aegypti and A. albopictus, mechanisms of resistance, fitness costs associated with resistance alleles and provide suggestions for future research. The widespread use of pyrethroids has given rise to many populations with varying levels of resistance worldwide, albeit with substantial geographical variation. In adult A. aegypti and A. albopictus, resistance levels are generally lower in Asia, Africa and the USA, and higher in Latin America, although there are exceptions. Susceptible populations still exist in several areas of the world, particularly in Asia and South America. Resistance to pyrethroids in larvae is also geographically widespread. The two major mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance are increased detoxification due to P450-monooxygenases, and mutations in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene. Several P450s have been putatively associated with insecticide resistance, but the specific P450s involved are not fully elucidated. Pyrethroid resistance can be due to single mutations or combinations of mutations in Vssc. The presence of multiple Vssc mutations can lead to extremely high levels of resistance. Suggestions for future research needs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia B Smith
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey G Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Heringer L, Johnson BJ, Fikrig K, Oliveira BA, Silva RD, Townsend M, Barrera R, Eiras ÁE, Ritchie SA. Evaluation of Alternative Killing Agents for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Gravid Aedes Trap (GAT). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:873-879. [PMID: 27247350 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Gravid Aedes Trap (GAT) uses visual and olfactory cues to attract gravid Aedes aegypti (L.) that are then captured when knocked down by a residual pyrethroid surface spray. However, the use of surface sprays can be compromised by poor availability of the spray and pesticide resistance in the target mosquito. We investigated several "alternative" insecticide and insecticide-free killing agents for use in the GAT. This included long-lasting insecticide-impregnated nets (LLINs), vapor-active synthetic pyrethroids (metofluthrin), canola oil, and two types of dry adhesive sticky card. During bench top assays LLINs, metofluthrin, and dry sticky cards had 24-h knockdown (KD) percentages >80% (91.2 ± 7.2%, 84.2 ± 6.8%, and 83.4 ± 6.1%, respectively), whereas the 24-h KD for canola oil was 70 ± 7.7%, which improved to 90.0 ± 3.7% over 48 h. Importantly, there were no significant differences in the number of Ae. aegypti collected per week or the number of traps positive for Ae. aegypti between the sticky card and canola oil treatments compared with the surface spray and LLIN treatments in semifield and field trials. These results demonstrate that the use of inexpensive and widely available insecticide-free agents such as those described in this study are effective alternatives to pyrethroids in regions with insecticide-resistant populations. The use of such environmentally friendly insecticide-free alternatives will also be attractive in areas where there is substantial resistance to insecticide use due to environmental and public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Heringer
- Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores (LabEQ), Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (; ; ; )
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (; ; ; )
| | - Brian J Johnson
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (; ; ; )
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870 Australia
| | - Kara Fikrig
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (; ; ; )
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St., P.O. Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Bruna A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores (LabEQ), Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (; ; ; )
| | - Richard D Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores (LabEQ), Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (; ; ; )
| | - Michael Townsend
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (; ; ; )
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870 Australia
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
| | - Álvaro E Eiras
- Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores (LabEQ), Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (; ; ; )
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (; ; ; )
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870 Australia
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Deming R, Manrique-Saide P, Medina Barreiro A, Cardeña EUK, Che-Mendoza A, Jones B, Liebman K, Vizcaino L, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Lenhart A. Spatial variation of insecticide resistance in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti presents unique vector control challenges. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:67. [PMID: 26846468 PMCID: PMC4743324 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a major public health problem in Mexico, where the use of chemical insecticides to control the principal dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, is widespread. Resistance to insecticides has been reported in multiple sites, and the frequency of kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance has increased rapidly in recent years. In the present study, we characterized patterns of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti populations in five small towns surrounding the city of Merida, Mexico. METHODS A cross-sectional, entomological survey was performed between June and August 2013 in 250 houses in each of the five towns. Indoor resting adult mosquitoes were collected in all houses and four ovitraps were placed in each study block. CDC bottle bioassays were conducted using F0-F2 individuals reared from the ovitraps and kdr allele (Ile1016 and Cys1534) frequencies were determined. RESULTS High, but varying, levels of resistance to chorpyrifos-ethyl was detected in all study towns, complete susceptibility to bendiocarb in all except one town, and variations in resistance to deltamethrin between towns, ranging from 63-88% mortality. Significant associations were detected between deltamethrin resistance and the presence of both kdr alleles. Phenotypic resistance was highly predictive of the presence of both alleles, however, not all mosquitoes containing a mutant allele were phenotypically resistant. An analysis of genotypic differentiation (exact G test) between the five towns based on the adult female Ae. aegypti collected from inside houses showed highly significant differences (p < 0.0001) between genotypes for both loci. When this was further analyzed to look for fine scale differences at the block level within towns, genotypic differentiation was significant for both loci in San Lorenzo (Ile1016, p = 0.018 and Cys1534, p = 0.007) and for Ile1016 in Acanceh (p = 0.013) and Conkal (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that 3 years after switching chemical groups, deltamethrin resistance and a high frequency of kdr alleles persisted in Ae. aegypti populations. The spatial variation that was detected in both resistance phenotypes and genotypes has practical implications, both for vector control operations as well as insecticide resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan Deming
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico.
| | - Anuar Medina Barreiro
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico.
| | - Edgar Ulises Koyoc Cardeña
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico.
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Servicios de Salud de Yucatán, Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico.
| | - Bryant Jones
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kelly Liebman
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Lucrecia Vizcaino
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia pipientis (wMel strain) has been successfully established in several populations of Aedes aegypti, the primary dengue vector. The virulent Wolbachia strain wMelPop is known to cause several pathological impacts (increased egg mortality, life shortening, etc.) reducing overall fitness in the mosquito Ae. aegypti. Increased egg mortality could substantially reduce egg banks in areas with a lengthy monsoonal dry season, and be employed to eliminate local populations. We tested this application under semi-field cage conditions. First, we determined that wMelPop infection significantly reduced the survival of desiccation-resistant eggs of the dengue vector Ae. aegypti, with shade and temperature having a significant impact; nearly all wMelPop-infected eggs failed to hatch after 6 and 10 weeks in summer and winter conditions, respectively. In laboratory selection experiments we found that egg desiccation resistance can be increased by selection, and that this effect of wMelPop infection is due to the nuclear background of the host rather than Wolbachia. We then conducted an invasion of wMelPop within a semi-field cage using sustained weekly releases of wMelPop infected mosquitoes, with fixation achieved after 9 weeks. The egg populations wMelPop infected and an uninfected control were then subjected to a simulated prolonged monsoonal dry season (2.5 months) before flooding to induce hatching. The wMelPop infected eggs suffered significantly greater mortality than the controls, with only 0.67% and 4.35% of respective infected and uninfected eggs held in 99% shade hatching after 80 days. These studies suggest that wMelPop could be used to locally eliminate populations of Ae. aegypti that are exposed to prolonged dry conditions, particularly if combined with vector control. Dengue is a leading cause of morbidity in the tropics. As a commercial vaccine is not available, control or modification of the mosquito vectors is employed to prevent transmission. Strains of the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia affect the survival and ability of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti to transmit dengue. The Wolbachia strain wMelPop over-replicates within Ae. aegypti, inducing strong dengue virus blocking and early mortality of both egg and adult mosquitoes. We investigated whether this life-shortening Wolbachia strain can be used to eliminate local populations of Ae. aegypti in a semi-field cage. Our results indicate that Ae. aegypti eggs infected with wMelPop died at a significantly higher rate than uninfected eggs, and were nearly eliminated during a simulated dry season of 2–3 months. This suggests that that releases of wMelPop could facilitate control and elimination of Ae. aegypti if used in concert with vector control.
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Han WW, Lazaro A, McCall PJ, George L, Runge-Ranzinger S, Toledo J, Velayudhan R, Horstick O. Efficacy and community effectiveness of larvivorous fish for dengue vector control. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 20:1239-1256. [PMID: 25962851 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and community effectiveness of larvivorous fish for the control of dengue vectors and dengue transmission, when used as a single agent or in combination with other vector control methods. METHOD Comprehensive literature search of published and grey literature using PubMed, EMBASE (DMDI), Web of Science, WHOLIS, WILEY, LILACS, GIFT, Cochrane Library, ELDIS, New York Academy of Medicine Grey Literature Report and Google. All results were checked for duplicates and examined for eligibility. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed using RoBANS. RESULTS Thirteen articles were considered eligible for inclusion. Incorporating a wide range of interventions and outcome measures, three were efficacy studies and 10 assessed community effectiveness. None of the studies were randomised or cluster-randomised controlled trials. All three efficacy studies and seven community effectiveness studies investigated fish as a single agent. All efficacy studies reported elimination of Aedes larvae from treated containers, while community effectiveness studies reported reductions in immature vector stages, two of which also detected a continuous decline over 2 years. An impact on adult mosquitoes was shown in only two community effectiveness studies. Reductions in dengue cases following intervention were reported in two studies, but it was not possible to attribute this to the intervention. CONCLUSION While the use of larvivorous fish as a single agent or in combination with other control measures could lead to reductions in immature vector stages, considerable limitations in all the studies restricted any conclusions with respect to the evaluation of community effectiveness. Evidence for the community effectiveness of larvivorous fish as a single agent remains minimal and cluster-randomised controlled studies that include the assessment of impact on dengue are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Han
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Lazaro
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P J McCall
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - L George
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Runge-Ranzinger
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Consultant in Public Health, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - J Toledo
- Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - R Velayudhan
- Department for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O Horstick
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Alvarez LC, Ponce G, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Lopez B, Flores AE. Frequency of V1016I and F1534C mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in Aedes aegypti in Venezuela. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:863-9. [PMID: 24935645 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The V1016I and F1534C mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene have been associated with resistance to pyrethroids and DDT in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. A study was carried out to determine the frequency of I1016 and C1534 by real-time PCR in five natural populations of Ae. aegypti in Venezuela during 2008, 2010 and 2012, as well as in a strain selected with 0.14 µg of deltamethrin for 15 generations. RESULTS In natural populations, frequencies of I1016 varied between 0.01 and 0.37, and frequencies of C1534 between 0.35 and 1.0. In the Pampanito strain, the frequency of I1016 increased from 0.02 in F1 up to 0.5 in F15 and from 0.35 up to fixation for C1534 after selection with deltamethrin. CONCLUSION The results showed that C1534 frequencies are higher than I1016 frequencies in natural populations of Ae. aegypti in Venezuela, and that deltamethrin selected the C1534 more rapidly than I1016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Alvarez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico; Universidad de los Andes, Nucleo Universitario Rafael Rangel. Villa Universitaria Pampanito, estado Trujillo, 3102, Venezuela
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Ruiz-Guerrero R, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Norzagaray-Campos M. Toxicity of Mexican native plant extracts against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(15)30347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Beaty M, Lozano-Fuentes S, Denham S, Garcia-Rejon J, Reyes-Solis G, Machain-Williams C, Loroño-Pino MA, Flores-Suarez A, Ponce-Garcia G, Beaty B, Eisen L, Black WC. Local evolution of pyrethroid resistance offsets gene flow among Aedes aegypti collections in Yucatan State, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:201-9. [PMID: 25371186 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the major vector of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1-4). Previous studies have shown that Ae. aegypti in Mexico have a high effective migration rate and that gene flow occurs among populations that are up to 150 km apart. Since 2000, pyrethroids have been widely used for suppression of Ae. aegypti in cities in Mexico. In Yucatan State in particular, pyrethroids have been applied in and around dengue case households creating an opportunity for local selection and evolution of resistance. Herein, we test for evidence of local adaptation by comparing patterns of variation among 27 Ae. aegypti collections at 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): two in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene para known to confer knockdown resistance, three in detoxification genes previously associated with pyrethroid resistance, and eight in putatively neutral loci. The SNPs in para varied greatly in frequency among collections, whereas SNPs at the remaining 11 loci showed little variation supporting previous evidence for extensive local gene flow. Among Ae. aegypti in Yucatan State, Mexico, local adaptation to pyrethroids appears to offset the homogenizing effects of gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Meaghan Beaty
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Saul Lozano-Fuentes
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Steven Denham
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Julian Garcia-Rejon
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Solis
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Maria Alba Loroño-Pino
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Adriana Flores-Suarez
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Barry Beaty
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Lars Eisen
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - William C Black
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
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Maestre-Serrano R, Gomez-Camargo D, Ponce-Garcia G, Flores AE. Susceptibility to insecticides and resistance mechanisms in Aedes aegypti from the Colombian Caribbean Region. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 116:63-73. [PMID: 25454522 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We determined the susceptibility to insecticides and the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in resistance in nine populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) of the Colombian Caribbean region. Bioassays were performed on larvae for susceptibility to temephos and on adults to the insecticides malathion, fenitrothion, pirimiphos-methyl, permethrin, deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin. The resistance ratio (RR) for each insecticide in the populations was determined, using the susceptible Rockefeller strain as a susceptible control. Additionally, we evaluated the response of the populations to the diagnostic dose (DD) of the organochlorine pesticide DDT. The following biochemical mechanisms associated with resistance were studied: α-esterases, β-esterases, mixed-function oxidases (MFO), glutathione s-transferases (GST) and insensitive acetylcholinesterase (iAChE) as well as the presence of kdr I1,016 mutation and its frequency. All populations studied showed susceptibility to the organophosphates evaluated (RR < 5-fold), except for the Puerto Colombia and Soledad populations which showed high resistance (RR 15-fold) and moderate resistance (RR 5-fold) to temephos, respectively, and Sincelejo (Sucre) with moderate resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (RR 5-fold). All populations evaluated with DD of DDT were found to be resistant with 2-28% of mortality. Variability was observed in the resistance to pyrethroids: permethrin (RR 1.2- to 30.8-fold), deltamethrin RR 0.9- to 37.8-fold), λ-cyalothrin (RR 3.4- to 83-fold) and cyfluthrin (RR 0.3- to 33.8-fold). Incipiently α-esterases and MFO levels were found in the Valledupar population; MFO showed the same profile in Cienaga and GST in the Sincelejo population, all other populations showed unaltered profiles of the enzymes evaluated. The kdr I1,016 mutation was found in all populations evaluated with variability in its allelic and genotypic frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Maestre-Serrano
- Universidad de Cartagena, Facultad de Medicina - Sede Zaragocilla, Calle 30 N° 48 - 152, Cartagena de Indias (Bolivar) 1300, Colombia
| | - Doris Gomez-Camargo
- Universidad de Cartagena, Facultad de Medicina - Sede Zaragocilla, Calle 30 N° 48 - 152, Cartagena de Indias (Bolivar) 1300, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66451, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66451, Mexico.
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Lopez B, Ponce G, Gonzalez JA, Gutierrez SM, Villanueva OK, Gonzalez G, Bobadilla C, Rodriguez IP, Black WC, Flores AE. Susceptibility to chlorpyrifos in pyrethroid-resistant populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:644-649. [PMID: 24897857 PMCID: PMC4122320 DOI: 10.1603/me13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos was evaluated in females from six strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) that expressed high levels of cross-resistance to eight pyrethroid insecticides. Relative to LC50 and LC90 at 24 h of a susceptible New Orleans (NO) strain, three strains were highly resistant to chlorpyrifos (Coatzacoalcos, resistance ratio [RRLC90 = 11.97; Pozarica, RRLC90 = 12.98; and Cosoleacaque, RRLC50 = 13.94 and RRLC90 = 17.57), one strain was moderately resistant (Veracruz, RRLC90 = 5.92), and two strains were susceptible (Tantoyuca and Martinez de la Torre, RRLC50 and RRLC90 < 5) in bottle bioassays according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Furthermore, high levels of alpha- or beta-esterase activity in the sample populations were correlated with resistance, suggesting that esterase activity may be a mechanism causing the development of organophosphate resistance in these populations. Overall, the populations in this study were less resistant to chlorpyrifos than to pyrethroids. Rotation of insecticides used in control activities is recommended to delay or minimize the occurrence of high levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos among local populations of Ae. aegypti. The diagnostic dose and diagnostic time for chlorpyrifos resistance monitoring was determined to be 85 microg per bottle and 30 min, respectively, using the susceptible NO strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lopez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66451 Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66451 Mexico
| | - Jessica A. Gonzalez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66451 Mexico
| | - Selene M. Gutierrez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66451 Mexico
| | - Olga K. Villanueva
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66451 Mexico
| | - Gabriela Gonzalez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66451 Mexico
| | - Cristina Bobadilla
- Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Publica de los Servicios de Salud de Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Iram P. Rodriguez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66451 Mexico
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Departamento de Genetica, Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64460, Mexico
| | - William C. Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Adriana E. Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., 66451 Mexico
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