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Pawar P, Akolkar K, Saxena V. An integrated bioinformatics approach reveals the potential role of microRNA-30b-5p and let-7a-5p during SARS CoV-2 spike-1 mediated neuroinflammation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134329. [PMID: 39098684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induced neuroinflammation contributing to neurological sequelae is one of the critical outcomes of long-COVID, however underlying regulatory mechanisms involved therein are poorly understood. We deciphered the profile of dysregulated microRNAs, their targets, associated pathways, protein-protein interactions (PPI), transcription factor-hub genes interaction networks, hub genes-microRNA co-regulatory networks in SARS-CoV-2 Spike-1 (S1) stimulated microglial cells along with candidate drug prediction using RNA-sequencing and multiple bioinformatics approaches. We identified 11 dysregulated microRNAs in the S1-stimulated microglial cells (p < 0.05). KEGG analysis revealed involvement of important neuroinflammatory pathways such as MAPK signalling, PI3K-AKT signalling, Ras signalling and axon guidance. PPI analysis further identified 11 hub genes involved in these pathways. Real time PCR validation confirmed a significant upregulation of microRNA-30b-5p and let-7a-5p; proinflammatory cytokines- IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, GM-CSF; and inflammatory genes- PIK3CA and AKT in the S1-stimulated microglial cells, while PTEN and SHIP1 expression was decreased as compared to the non-stimulated cells. Drug prediction analysis further indicated resveratrol, diclofenac and rapamycin as the potential drugs based on their degree of interaction with hub genes. Thus, targeting of these microRNAs and/or their intermediate signalling molecules would be a prospective immunotherapeutic approach in alleviating SARS-CoV-2-S1 mediated neuroinflammation; and needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Pawar
- Division of Immunology and Serology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology & AIDS Research (NITVAR), MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kadambari Akolkar
- Division of Immunology and Serology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology & AIDS Research (NITVAR), MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vandana Saxena
- Division of Immunology and Serology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology & AIDS Research (NITVAR), MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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2
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Bastawy EM, Eraslan IM, Voglsanger L, Suphioglu C, Walker AJ, Dean OM, Read JL, Ziemann M, Smith CM. Novel Insights into Changes in Gene Expression within the Hypothalamus in Two Asthma Mouse Models: A Transcriptomic Lung-Brain Axis Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7391. [PMID: 39000495 PMCID: PMC11242700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with asthma experience elevated rates of mental illness. However, the molecular links underlying such lung-brain crosstalk remain ambiguous. Hypothalamic dysfunction is observed in many psychiatric disorders, particularly those with an inflammatory component due to many hypothalamic regions being unprotected by the blood-brain barrier. To gain a better insight into such neuropsychiatric sequelae, this study investigated gene expression differences in the hypothalamus following lung inflammation (asthma) induction in mice, using RNA transcriptome profiling. BALB/c mice were challenged with either bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, E. coli) or ovalbumin (OVA) allergens or saline control (n = 7 per group), and lung inflammation was confirmed via histological examination of postmortem lung tissue. The majority of the hypothalamus was micro-dissected, and total RNA was extracted for sequencing. Differential expression analysis identified 31 statistically significant single genes (false discovery rate FDR5%) altered in expression following LPS exposure compared to controls; however, none were significantly changed following OVA treatment, suggesting a milder hypothalamic response. When gene sets were examined, 48 were upregulated and 8 were downregulated in both asthma groups relative to controls. REACTOME enrichment analysis suggests these gene sets are involved in signal transduction metabolism, immune response and neuroplasticity. Interestingly, we identified five altered gene sets directly associated with neurotransmitter signaling. Intriguingly, many of these altered gene sets can influence mental health and or/neuroinflammation in humans. These findings help characterize the links between asthma-induced lung inflammation and the brain and may assist in identifying relevant pathways and therapeutic targets for future intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam M Bastawy
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Izel M Eraslan
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Lara Voglsanger
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Adam J Walker
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Justin L Read
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Mark Ziemann
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Craig M Smith
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
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3
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Gericke GS. A Unifying Hypothesis for the Genome Dynamics Proposed to Underlie Neuropsychiatric Phenotypes. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:471. [PMID: 38674405 PMCID: PMC11049865 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The sheer number of gene variants and the extent of the observed clinical and molecular heterogeneity recorded in neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) could be due to the magnified downstream effects initiated by a smaller group of genomic higher-order alterations in response to endogenous or environmental stress. Chromosomal common fragile sites (CFS) are functionally linked with microRNAs, gene copy number variants (CNVs), sub-microscopic deletions and duplications of DNA, rare single-nucleotide variants (SNVs/SNPs), and small insertions/deletions (indels), as well as chromosomal translocations, gene duplications, altered methylation, microRNA and L1 transposon activity, and 3-D chromosomal topology characteristics. These genomic structural features have been linked with various NPDs in mostly isolated reports and have usually only been viewed as areas harboring potential candidate genes of interest. The suggestion to use a higher level entry point (the 'fragilome' and associated features) activated by a central mechanism ('stress') for studying NPD genetics has the potential to unify the existing vast number of different observations in this field. This approach may explain the continuum of gene findings distributed between affected and unaffected individuals, the clustering of NPD phenotypes and overlapping comorbidities, the extensive clinical and molecular heterogeneity, and the association with certain other medical disorders.
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4
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Sood A, Fernandes V, Preeti K, Rajan S, Khatri DK, Singh SB. S1PR2 inhibition mitigates cognitive deficit in diabetic mice by modulating microglial activation via Akt-p53-TIGAR pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111278. [PMID: 38011768 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficit is one of the challenging complications of type 2 diabetes. Sphingosine 1- phosphate receptors (S1PRs) have been implicated in various neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. The association of S1PRs and cognition in type 2 diabetes remains elusive. Microglia-mediated neuronal damage could be the thread propagating cognitive deficit. The effects of S1PR2 inhibition on cognition in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were examined in this work. We further assessed microglial activation and putative microglial polarisation routes. Cognitive function loss was observed after four months of diabetes induction in Type 2 diabetes animal model. JTE013, an S1PR2 inhibitor, was used to assess neuroprotection against cognitive decline and neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo diabetes model. JTE013 (10 mg/kg) improved synaptic plasticity by upregulating psd95 and synaptophysin while reducing cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. It further enhanced anti-inflammatory microglia in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), as evidenced by increased Arg-1, CD206, and YM-1 levels and decreased iNOS, CD16, and MHCII levels. TIGAR, TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator, might facilitate the anti-inflammatory microglial phenotype by promoting oxidative phosphorylation and decreasing apoptosis. However, since p53 is a TIGAR suppressor, inhibiting p53 could be beneficial. S1PR2 inhibition increased p-Akt and TIGAR levels and reduced the levels of p53 in the PFC and hippocampus of type 2 diabetic mice, thereby decreasing apoptosis. In vitro, palmitate was used to imitate sphingolipid dysregulation in BV2 cells, followed by conditioned media exposure to Neuro2A cells. JTE013 rescued the palmitate-induced neuronal apoptosis by promoting the anti-inflammatory microglia. In the present study, we demonstrate that the inhibition of S1PR2 improves cognitive function and skews microglia toward anti-inflammatory phenotype in type 2 diabetic mice, thereby promising to be a potential therapy for neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Sood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Valencia Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Kumari Preeti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Shruti Rajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
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Lanza M, Basilotta R, Cuzzocrea S, Bulzomì M, Oddo S, Casili G, Esposito E. An RNAi-Mediated Reduction in Transcription Factor Nrf-2 Blocks the Positive Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate on Metabolic Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11303. [PMID: 37511065 PMCID: PMC10378911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is rapidly rising around the world, and this will have a significant impact on our society as it is believed to be one of the leading causes of death. One of the main causes of these occurrences is added sugar consumption, which is associated with a higher risk of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and brain illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). To this purpose, excess sugar might worsen oxidative damage and brain inflammation: two neuropathological signs of AD. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally accessible methyl ester of fumaric acid with putative neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties. In addition, DMF stimulates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), a key regulator of the antioxidant response mechanism in cells. The aim of the current study was to assess the potential therapeutic benefits of DMF in an in vitro model of metabolic stress induced by high and low sugar levels. We discovered that DMF reversed the negative impacts of high and low glucose exposure on the viability and oxidative stress of SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanistically, DMF's actions were mediated by Nrf-2. To this end, we discovered that DMF boosted the expression of the Nrf-2-regulated genes heme-oxygenase-1 (HO1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). More importantly, we found that inhibiting Nrf-2 expression prevented DMF's positive effects. Our combined findings suggest that DMF may be a valuable support for treatments for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rossella Basilotta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Bulzomì
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oddo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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6
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Gao J, Liu J, Li Y, Liu J, Wang H, Chai M, Dong Y, Zhang Z, Su G, Wang M. Targeting p53 for neuroinflammation: New therapeutic strategies in ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2023. [PMID: 37156641 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is characterized by high incidence, high recurrence, and high mortality and places a heavy burden on society and families. The pathological mechanisms of IS are complex, among which secondary neurological impairment mediated by neuroinflammation is considered to be the main factor in cerebral ischemic injury. At present, there is still a lack of specific therapies to treat neuroinflammation. The tumor suppressor protein p53 has long been regarded as a key substance in the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis in the past. Recently, studies have found that p53 also plays an important role in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as IS. Therefore, p53 may be a crucial target for the regulation of the neuroinflammatory response. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the potential of targeting p53 in the treatment of neuroinflammation after IS. We describe the function of p53, the major immune cells involved in neuroinflammation, and the role of p53 in inflammatory responses mediated by these cells. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic strategies of targeting p53 in regulating the neuroinflammatory response after IS to provide new directions and ideas for the treatment of ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jifei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junxi Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Miao Chai
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenchang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gang Su
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Manxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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7
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Jin LW, di Lucente J, Mendiola UR, Tang X, Zivkovic AM, Lebrilla CB, Maezawa I. The role of FUT8-catalyzed core fucosylation in Alzheimer's amyloid-β oligomer-induced activation of human microglia. Glia 2023; 71:1346-1359. [PMID: 36692036 PMCID: PMC11021125 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylation, especially core fucosylation of N-glycans catalyzed by α1-6 fucosyltransferase (fucosyltransferase 8 or FUT8), plays an important role in regulating the peripheral immune system and inflammation. However, its role in microglial activation is poorly understood. Here we used human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived microglia (hiMG) as a model to study the role of FUT8-catalyzed core fucosylation in amyloid-β oligomer (AβO)-induced microglial activation, in view of its significant relevance to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). HiMG responded to AβO and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with a pattern of pro-inflammatory activation as well as enhanced core fucosylation and FUT8 expression within 24 h. Furthermore, we found increased FUT8 expression in both human AD brains and microglia isolated from 5xFAD mice, a model of AD-like cerebral amyloidosis. Inhibition of fucosylation in AβO-stimulated hiMG reduced the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppressed the activation of p38MAPK, and rectified phagocytic deficits. Specific inhibition of FUT8 by siRNA-mediated knockdown also reduced AβO-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. We further showed that p53 binds to the two consensus binding sites in the Fut8 promoter, and that p53 knockdown abolished FUT8 overexpression in AβO-activated hiMG. Taken together, our evidence supports that FUT8-catalyzed core fucosylation is a signaling pathway required for AβO-induced microglia activation and that FUT8 is a component of the p53 signaling cascade regulating microglial behavior. Because microglia are a key driver of AD pathogenesis, our results suggest that microglial FUT8 could be an anti-inflammatory therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Jacopo di Lucente
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Ulises R. Mendiola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Xinyu Tang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95618
| | | | | | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2805 50 Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
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8
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Koshal P, Matera I, Abruzzese V, Ostuni A, Bisaccia F. The Crosstalk between HepG2 and HMC-III Cells: In Vitro Modulation of Gene Expression with Conditioned Media. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214443. [PMID: 36430920 PMCID: PMC9696318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have postulated an inverse correlation between developing cancer and neurodegeneration. It is known that the secretome plays a vital role in cell-cell communication in health and disease; the microglia is the resident macrophage of the central nervous system which maintains neuronal integrity by adapting as the microenvironment changes. The present study aimed to identify, in a cell model, biomarkers that link neurodegenerative diseases to cancer or vice versa. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis were used to characterize the effects on gene and protein expression of human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and human microglia (HMC-III) cells after exchanging part of their conditioned medium. Biomarkers of the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitophagy and inflammatory processes were evaluated. In both cell types, we observed the activation of cytoprotective mechanisms against any potential pro-oxidant or pro-inflammatory signals present in secretomes. In contrast, HepG2 but not HMC-III cells seem to trigger autophagic processes following treatment with conditioned medium of microglia, thus suggesting a cell-specific adaptive response.
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9
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Liu X, Yao C, Tang Y, Liu X, Duan C, Wang C, Han F, Xiang Y, Wu L, Li Y, Ji A, Cai T. Role of p53 methylation in manganese-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in BV2 microglial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113824. [PMID: 36068751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential cofactor for many enzymes and plays an important role in normal growth and development. However, excess exposure to manganese (Mn) may be an important environmental factor leading to neurodegeneration. The overexpression of microglial cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a key role in neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. The existing data suggest that Mn can induce neuroinflammation by up-regulating COX-2 expression. However, the mechanisms involved in Mn-induced microglial COX-2 up-regulation remain to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of p53 in Mn-induced COX-2 expression in microglial cells. The results showed that Mn exposure induced the up-regulation of COX-2 and inhibited the expression of p53 in BV2 microglial cells. The addition of p53 activator and the over-expression of p53 blocked the expression of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a COX-2 downstream effector, induced by Mn. Further, Mn increased the methylation of p53 DNA in microglia, while the addition of demethylation reagent 5-Aza-dC enhanced the expression of p53 but decreased the expression of COX-2. These results suggested that Mn may inhibit p53 expression through induction of DNA methylation, which can further induce the expression of COX-2 in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yafei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ailing Ji
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China.
| | - Tongjian Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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10
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Demir EA, Gulbol-Duran G, Urhan-Kucuk M, Dogan H, Tutuk O, Cimen F, Bayirli M, Tumer C, Duran N. Behavioral and Cognitive Consequences of Obesity in Parents and Offspring in Female and Male Rats: Implications of Neuroinflammation and Neuromodulation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3947-3968. [PMID: 35438432 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a rapidly growing public health concern that can create a family-wise burden. This study was aimed to investigate behavioral, cognitive, neuroinflammatory, and neuromodulatory consequences of the diet and parental obesity. Female and male Wistar albino rats were fed on either an obesogenic or standard diet for 12 weeks, beginning with weaning. Thereafter, the animals were matched and allowed to mate. Pups born to obese or normal parents received either the diet or standard chow to the same age. The obesogenic diet and/or parental obesity increased the locomotor activity in both females and males. The diet exhibited anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like properties, and impaired short-term object memory as well as spatial memory. Interestingly, the obesogenic diet resulted in neuroinflammation only in naïve animals, but not in the ones with parental obesity. BDNF, SIRT1, and p53 expressions were decreased, whereas RelN expression was increased in the brain with the diet, regardless of parental obesity. Multi-factor analyses demonstrated that the obesogenic diet is the prominent influencer of cognitive, neuroinflammatory, and neuromodulatory results while parental obesity has an effect on spatial memory, neuroinflammation, and hippocampal RelN and p53 expressions. Here, we provided supporting evidence for detrimental cognitive and neuroinflammatory consequences of early life consumption of the obesogenic diet which accompanies alterations in neuromodulatory factors. Surprisingly, the diet was found beneficial against anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors, and additionally, parental obesity was demonstrated to impair some aspects of cognitive performance which appears unrelated to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Ahmet Demir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, 31040.
| | - Gulay Gulbol-Duran
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Meral Urhan-Kucuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Hatice Dogan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, 31040
| | - Okan Tutuk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, 31040
| | - Funda Cimen
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Mucella Bayirli
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Cemil Tumer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, 31040
| | - Nizami Duran
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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11
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Osorio C, Sfera A, Anton JJ, Thomas KG, Andronescu CV, Li E, Yahia RW, Avalos AG, Kozlakidis Z. Virus-Induced Membrane Fusion in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:845580. [PMID: 35531328 PMCID: PMC9070112 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.845580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of epidemiological and research data has associated neurotropic viruses with accelerated brain aging and increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Many viruses replicate optimally in senescent cells, as they offer a hospitable microenvironment with persistently elevated cytosolic calcium, abundant intracellular iron, and low interferon type I. As cell-cell fusion is a major driver of cellular senescence, many viruses have developed the ability to promote this phenotype by forming syncytia. Cell-cell fusion is associated with immunosuppression mediated by phosphatidylserine externalization that enable viruses to evade host defenses. In hosts, virus-induced immune dysfunction and premature cellular senescence may predispose to neurodegenerative disorders. This concept is supported by novel studies that found postinfectious cognitive dysfunction in several viral illnesses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1, herpes simplex virus-1, and SARS-CoV-2. Virus-induced pathological syncytia may provide a unified framework for conceptualizing neuronal cell cycle reentry, aneuploidy, somatic mosaicism, viral spreading of pathological Tau and elimination of viable synapses and neurons by neurotoxic astrocytes and microglia. In this narrative review, we take a closer look at cell-cell fusion and vesicular merger in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. We present a "decentralized" information processing model that conceptualizes neurodegeneration as a systemic illness, triggered by cytoskeletal pathology. We also discuss strategies for reversing cell-cell fusion, including, TMEM16F inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, senolytics, and tubulin stabilizing agents. Finally, going beyond neurodegeneration, we examine the potential benefit of harnessing fusion as a therapeutic strategy in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Adonis Sfera
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan J. Anton
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Karina G. Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Christina V. Andronescu
- Medical Anthropology – Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Erica Li
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rayan W. Yahia
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Andrea García Avalos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Facultad de Medicina Campus, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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12
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Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Flavonols: Targeting Nrf2, NF-κB and p53 Pathways in Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101628. [PMID: 34679762 PMCID: PMC8533072 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. Intracellular transduction pathways that end in the activation of specific transcription factors are highly implicated in the onset and progression of pathological changes related to neurodegeneration, of which those related to oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation are particularly important. Here, we provide a brief overview of the key concepts related to OS- and neuroinflammation-mediated neuropathological changes in neurodegeneration, together with the role of transcription factors nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). This review is focused on the transcription factor p53 that coordinates the cellular response to diverse genotoxic stimuli, determining neuronal death or survival. As current pharmacological options in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease are only symptomatic, many research efforts are aimed at uncovering efficient disease-modifying agents. Natural polyphenolic compounds demonstrate powerful anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, partially acting as modulators of signaling pathways. Herein, we review the current understanding of the therapeutic potential and limitations of flavonols in neuroprotection, with emphasis on their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects along the Nrf2, NF-κB and p53 pathways. A better understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of their action may pave the way toward new treatments.
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13
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Chi OZ, Theis T, Kumar S, Chiricolo A, Liu X, Farooq S, Trivedi N, Young W, Schachner M, Weiss HR. Adhesion molecule L1 inhibition increases infarct size in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion without change in blood-brain barrier disruption. Neurol Res 2021; 43:751-759. [PMID: 34057049 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1934311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural cell adhesion molecule L1CAM (L1) is involved in neuroprotection. To investigate a possible neuroprotective effect of L1 during ischemia, we determined whether blocking L1 with an antagonistic antibody would worsen the outcome of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed in anesthetized rats. Five µg of antagonistic mouse IgG monoclonal L1 antibody 324 or non-immune control mouse IgG was applied on the ischemic-reperfused cortex during one hour of MCAO and two hours of reperfusion. At two hours of reperfusion, BBB permeability, size of infarct using tetrazolium staining, number of TUNEL-labeled apoptotic cells, and immunohistochemistry for expression of PTEN and p53 were studied. RESULTS The antagonistic L1 antibody 324 increased the percentage of cortical infarct area (+36%), but did not affect BBB permeability in the ischemic-reperfused cortex. The antagonistic L1 antibody increased number of apoptotic neurons and p53 expression, but decreased PTEN expression. CONCLUSION Functional antagonism of L1 increases infarct size by increasing numbers of apoptotic neurons without affecting BBB permeability during the early stage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Our data suggest that L1 affects primarily the brain parenchyma rather than BBB during early stages of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and that endogenous brain L1 may be neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oak Z Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Theis
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Antonio Chiricolo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Saad Farooq
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nishta Trivedi
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Wise Young
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Harvey R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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14
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Almeida A, Sánchez-Morán I, Rodríguez C. Mitochondrial-nuclear p53 trafficking controls neuronal susceptibility in stroke. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:582-591. [PMID: 33615665 PMCID: PMC8248069 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability in the adult. Neuronal apoptosis plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage and impaired functional recovery after stroke. The tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates key cellular processes, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence, and apoptosis. Under cellular stress conditions, p53 undergoes post-translational modifications, which control protein localization, stability, and proapoptotic activity. After stroke, p53 rapidly accumulates in the ischemic brain, where it activates neuronal apoptosis through both transcriptional-dependent and -independent programs. Over the last years, subcellular localization of p53 has emerged as an important regulator of ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis. Upon an ischemic insult, p53 rapidly translocates to the mitochondria and interacts with B-cell lymphoma-2 family proteins, which activate the mitochondrial apoptotic program, with higher efficacy than through its activity as a transcription factor. Moreover, the identification of a human single nucleotide polymorphism at codon 72 of the Tp53 gene that controls p53 mitochondrial localization and cell susceptibility to apoptosis supports the important role of the p53 mitochondrial program in neuronal survival and functional recovery after stroke. In this article, we review the relevance of mitochondrial and nuclear localization of p53 on neuronal susceptibility to cerebral ischemia and its impact on functional outcome of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Almeida
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, CSIC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irene Sánchez-Morán
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, CSIC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics, CSIC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
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15
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Mass E, Gentek R. Fetal-Derived Immune Cells at the Roots of Lifelong Pathophysiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648313. [PMID: 33708774 PMCID: PMC7940384 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident innate immune cells exert a wide range of functions in both adult homeostasis and pathology. Our understanding of when and how these cellular networks are established has dramatically changed with the recognition that many lineages originate at least in part from fetal sources and self-maintain independently from hematopoietic stem cells. Indeed, fetal-derived immune cells are found in most organs and serous cavities of our body, where they reside throughout the entire lifespan. At the same time, there is a growing appreciation that pathologies manifesting in adulthood may be caused by adverse early life events, a concept known as “developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHaD). Yet, whether fetal-derived immune cells are mechanistically involved in DOHaD remains elusive. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of fetal hematopoiesis and its contribution to adult immune compartments, which results in a “layered immune system.” Based on their ontogeny, we argue that fetal-derived immune cells are prime transmitters of long-term consequences of prenatal adversities. In addition to increasing disease susceptibility, these may also directly cause inflammatory, degenerative, and metabolic disorders. We explore this notion for cells generated from erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMP) produced in the extra-embryonic yolk sac. Focusing on macrophages and mast cells, we present emerging evidence implicating them in lifelong disease by either somatic mutations or developmental programming events resulting from maternal and early environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Centre for Inflammation Research & Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Ding L, Xu X, Li C, Wang Y, Xia X, Zheng JC. Glutaminase in microglia: A novel regulator of neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:139-156. [PMID: 33278560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the inflammatory responses that are involved in the pathogenesis of most neurological disorders. Glutaminase (GLS) is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to produce glutamate. Besides its well-known role in cellular metabolism and excitatory neurotransmission, GLS has recently been increasingly noticed to be up-regulated in activated microglia under pathological conditions. Furthermore, GLS overexpression induces microglial activation, extracellular vesicle secretion, and neuroinflammatory microenvironment formation, which, are compromised by GLS inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that GLS has more complicated implications in brain disease etiology than what are previously known. In this review, we introduce GLS isoforms, expression patterns in the body and the brain, and expression/activities regulation. Next, we discuss the metabolic and neurotransmission functions of GLS. Afterwards, we summarize recent findings of GLS-mediated microglial activation and pro-inflammatory extracellular vesicle secretion, which, in turns, induces neuroinflammation. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive discussion for the involvement of microglial GLS in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, indicating microglial GLS as a promising target to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930, USA.
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17
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Lian L, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yang L, Cai Y, Zhang J, Xu S. Neuroinflammation in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on MicroRNA-mediated Polarization of Microglia. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:612439. [PMID: 33488360 PMCID: PMC7817943 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.612439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. Neuroinflammation is a major pathological event involved in the process of ischemic injury and repair. In particular, microglia play a dual role in neuroinflammation. During the acute phase of stroke onset, M2 microglia are the dominant phenotype and exert protective effects on neuronal cells, whereas permanent M1 microglia contribute to prolonged inflammation and are detrimental to brain tissue. Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) may have regulatory effects on microglia-associated inflammation. Thus, we briefly reviewed the dynamic response of microglia after a stroke and assessed how specific miRNAs affect the behavior of reactive microglia. We concluded that miRNAs may be useful novel therapeutic targets to improve stroke outcomes and modulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lian
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Binhai New Area Hospital of TCM. Tian Jin, Fourth Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liji Yang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yichen Cai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
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18
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Van den Broek B, Pintelon I, Hamad I, Kessels S, Haidar M, Hellings N, Hendriks JJ, Kleinewietfeld M, Brône B, Timmerman V, Timmermans J, Somers V, Michiels L, Irobi J. Microglial derived extracellular vesicles activate autophagy and mediate multi-target signaling to maintain cellular homeostasis. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12022. [PMID: 33708355 PMCID: PMC7890546 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in the CNS. These cells secrete immunomodulatory factors including nanovesicles and participate in the removal of cellular debris by phagocytosis or autophagy. Accumulating evidence indicates that specifically the cellular exchange of small extracellular vesicles (EVs), participates in physiology and disease through intercellular communication. However, the contribution of microglial-derived extracellular vesicles (M-EVs) to the maintenance of microglia homeostasis and how M-EVs could influence the phenotype and gene function of other microglia subtypes is unclear. In addition, knowledge of canonical signalling pathways of inflammation and immunity gene expression patterns in human microglia exposed to M-EVs is limited. Here, we analysed the effects of M-EVs produced in vitro by either tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) activated or non-activated microglia BV2 cells. We showed that M-EVs are internalized by both mouse and human C20 microglia cells and that the uptake of M-EVs in microglia induced autophagic vesicles at various stages of degradation including autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Consistently, stimulation of microglia with M-EVs increased the protein expression of the autophagy marker, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B isoform II (LC3B-II), and promoted autophagic flux in live cells. To elucidate the biological activities occurring at the transcriptional level in C20 microglia stimulated with M-EVs, the gene expression profiles, potential upstream regulators, and enrichment pathways were characterized using targeted RNA sequencing. Inflammation and immunity transcriptome gene panel sequencing of both activated and normal microglia stimulated with M-EVs showed involvement of several canonical pathways and reduced expression of key genes involved in neuroinflammation, inflammasome and apoptosis signalling pathways compared to control cells. In this study, we provide the perspective that a beneficial activity of in vitro cell culture produced EVs could be the modulation of autophagy during cellular stress. Therefore, we use a monoculture system to study microglia-microglia crosstalk which is important in the prevention and propagation of inflammation in the brain. We demonstrate that in vitro produced microglial EVs are able to influence multiple biological pathways and promote activation of autophagy in order to maintain microglia survival and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & HistologyAntwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Ibrahim Hamad
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
- VIB Laboratory of Translational ImmunomodulationVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchHasseltBelgium
| | - Sofie Kessels
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Mansour Haidar
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | | | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
- VIB Laboratory of Translational ImmunomodulationVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchHasseltBelgium
| | - Bert Brône
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research GroupDepartment of Biomedical SciencesInstitute Born Bunge and University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Jean‐Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & HistologyAntwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Luc Michiels
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Joy Irobi
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
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19
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Bottai D, Adami R, Paroni R, Ghidoni R. Brain Cancer-Activated Microglia: A Potential Role for Sphingolipids. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4039-4061. [PMID: 31057101 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190506120213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Almost no neurological disease exists without microglial activation. Microglia has exert a pivotal role in the maintenance of the central nervous system and its response to external and internal insults. Microglia have traditionally been classified as, in the healthy central nervous system, "resting", with branched morphology system and, as a response to disease, "activated", with amoeboid morphology; as a response to diseases but this distinction is now outmoded. The most devastating disease that hits the brain is cancer, in particular glioblastoma. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive glioma with high invasiveness and little chance of being surgically removed. During tumor onset, many brain alterations are present and microglia have a major role because the tumor itself changes microglia from the pro-inflammatory state to the anti-inflammatory and protects the tumor from an immune intervention. What are the determinants of these changes in the behavior of the microglia? In this review, we survey and discuss the role of sphingolipids in microglia activation in the progression of brain tumors, with a particular focus on glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Aldo Ravelli Research Center, Milan, Italy
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20
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Carroll JA, Groveman BR, Williams K, Moore R, Race B, Haigh CL. Prion protein N1 cleavage peptides stimulate microglial interaction with surrounding cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6654. [PMID: 32313035 PMCID: PMC7171115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia act as the protective immune cell of the brain. By surveying the tissue to identify and rectify problems, they function to maintain the health of brain cells. The prion protein N-terminal cleavage fragment, N1, has demonstrated neuroprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to elucidate whether N1 could modulate microglial function and, if so, determine the consequences for the surrounding tissue. Using a mixed neuronal lineage and microglia co-culture system, we showed that N1 stimulation changed overall morphology and metabolism, suggesting enhanced cellular viability. Furthermore, N1 induced an increase in Cxcl10 secretion in the co-cultures. Recombinant Cxcl10, administered exogenously, mediated the changes in the mixed neuronal lineage culture morphology and metabolism in the absence of microglia, but no effect of Cxcl10 was observed on microglia cultured on their own. Direct cell-to-cell contact was required for N1 to influence microglia in the co-cultures, and this was linked with restructuring of microglial membrane composition to include a higher GM1 content at interaction sites with surrounding cells. Our findings show that N1 can play a regulatory role in microglial function in the context of an inter-connected network of cells by changing both cellular interaction sites and cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - B R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - K Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - R Moore
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - B Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - C L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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21
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Trias E, Beilby PR, Kovacs M, Ibarburu S, Varela V, Barreto-Núñez R, Bradford SC, Beckman JS, Barbeito L. Emergence of Microglia Bearing Senescence Markers During Paralysis Progression in a Rat Model of Inherited ALS. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:42. [PMID: 30873018 PMCID: PMC6403180 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is a recognized risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a paralytic disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons and neuroinflammation. A hallmark of aging is the accumulation of senescent cells. Yet, the pathogenic role of cellular senescence in ALS remains poorly understood. In rats bearing the ALS-linked SOD1G93A mutation, microgliosis contribute to motor neuron death, and its pharmacologic downregulation results in increased survival. Here, we have explored whether gliosis and motor neuron loss were associated with cellular senescence in the spinal cord during paralysis progression. In the lumbar spinal cord of symptomatic SOD1G93A rats, numerous cells displayed nuclear p16INK4a as well as loss of nuclear Lamin B1 expression, two recognized senescence-associated markers. The number of p16INK4a-positive nuclei increased by four-fold while Lamin B1-negative nuclei increased by 1,2-fold, respect to non-transgenic or asymptomatic transgenic rats. p16INK4a-positive nuclei and Lamin B1-negative nuclei were typically localized in a subset of hypertrophic Iba1-positive microglia, occasionally exhibiting nuclear giant multinucleated cell aggregates and abnormal nuclear morphology. Next, we analyzed senescence markers in cell cultures of microglia obtained from the spinal cord of symptomatic SOD1G93A rats. Although microglia actively proliferated in cultures, a subset of them developed senescence markers after few days in vitro and subsequent passages. Senescent SOD1G93A microglia in culture conditions were characterized by large and flat morphology, senescence-associated beta-Galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity as well as positive labeling for p16INK4a, p53, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and nitrotyrosine, suggesting a senescent-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Remarkably, in the degenerating lumbar spinal cord other cell types, including ChAT-positive motor neurons and GFAP-expressing astrocytes, also displayed nuclear p16INK4a staining. These results suggest that cellular senescence is closely associated with inflammation and motor neuron loss occurring after paralysis onset in SOD1G93A rats. The emergence of senescent cells could mediate key pathogenic mechanisms in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela R Beilby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel C Bradford
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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22
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Rangaraju S, Dammer EB, Raza SA, Gao T, Xiao H, Betarbet R, Duong DM, Webster JA, Hales CM, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Seyfried NT. Quantitative proteomics of acutely-isolated mouse microglia identifies novel immune Alzheimer's disease-related proteins. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:34. [PMID: 29954413 PMCID: PMC6025801 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are innate immune cells of the brain that perform phagocytic and inflammatory functions in disease conditions. Transcriptomic studies of acutely-isolated microglia have provided novel insights into their molecular and functional diversity in homeostatic and neurodegenerative disease states. State-of-the-art mass spectrometry methods can comprehensively characterize proteomic alterations in microglia in neurodegenerative disorders, potentially providing novel functionally relevant molecular insights that are not provided by transcriptomics. However, comprehensive proteomic profiling of adult primary microglia in neurodegenerative disease conditions has not been performed. METHODS We performed quantitative mass spectrometry based proteomic analyses of purified CD11b+ acutely-isolated microglia from adult (6 mo) mice in normal, acute neuroinflammatory (LPS-treatment) and chronic neurodegenerative states (5xFAD model of Alzheimer's disease [AD]). Differential expression analyses were performed to characterize specific microglial proteomic changes in 5xFAD mice and identify overlap with LPS-induced pro-inflammatory changes. Our results were also contrasted with existing proteomic data from wild-type mouse microglia and from existing microglial transcriptomic data from wild-type and 5xFAD mice. Neuropathological validation studies of select proteins were performed in human AD and 5xFAD brains. RESULTS Of 4133 proteins identified, 187 microglial proteins were differentially expressed in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD pathology, including proteins with previously known (Apoe, Clu and Htra1) as well as previously unreported relevance to AD biology (Cotl1 and Hexb). Proteins upregulated in 5xFAD microglia shared significant overlap with pro-inflammatory changes observed in LPS-treated mice. Several proteins increased in human AD brain were also upregulated by 5xFAD microglia (Aβ peptide, Apoe, Htra1, Cotl1 and Clu). Cotl1 was identified as a novel microglia-specific marker with increased expression and strong association with AD neuropathology. Apoe protein was also detected within plaque-associated microglia in which Apoe and Aβ were highly co-localized, suggesting a role for Apoe in phagocytic clearance of Aβ. CONCLUSIONS We report a comprehensive proteomic study of adult mouse microglia derived from acute neuroinflammation and AD models, representing a valuable resource to the neuroscience research community. We highlight shared and unique microglial proteomic changes in acute neuroinflammation aging and AD mouse models and identify novel roles for microglial proteins in human neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ranjita Betarbet
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James A Webster
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chadwick M Hales
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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23
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Holtman IR, Skola D, Glass CK. Transcriptional control of microglia phenotypes in health and disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3220-3229. [PMID: 28758903 DOI: 10.1172/jci90604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the main resident macrophage population of the CNS and perform numerous functions required for CNS development, homeostasis, immunity, and repair. Many lines of evidence also indicate that dysregulation of microglia contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and behavioral diseases. These observations provide a compelling argument to more clearly define the mechanisms that control microglia identity and function in health and disease. In this Review, we present a conceptual framework for how different classes of transcription factors interact to select and activate regulatory elements that control microglia development and their responses to internal and external signals. We then describe functions of specific transcription factors in normal and pathological contexts and conclude with a consideration of open questions to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge R Holtman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dylan Skola
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
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