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Folahan JT, Olorundare OE, Ajayi AM, Oyewopo AO, Soyemi SS, Adeneye AA, Okoye II, Afolabi SO, Njan AA. Oxidized dietary lipids induce vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in post-menopausal rats: estradiol and selected antihyperlipidemic drugs restore vascular health in vivo. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:107. [PMID: 37495992 PMCID: PMC10369757 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermoxidation of edible oil through deep fat frying results in the generation of several oxidized products that promote lipid peroxidation and ROS production when eaten. Consumption of thermoxidized oil in post-menopausal conditions where the estrogen level is low contributes to cardiovascular disease. This study evaluates the role of estradiol and antihyperlipidemic agents (AHD) in restoring the vascular health of ovariectomized (OVX) rats fed with thermoxidized palm oil (TPO) and thermoxidized soya oil (TSO) diets. METHOD A total of 10 groups of rats (n = 6) were set up for the experiment. Group I (normal control) rats were sham handled while other groups were OVX to bring about estrogen deficient post-menopausal state. Group II (OVX only) was not treated and received normal rat chow. Groups III-X were fed with either TPO or TSO diet for 12 weeks and treated with estradiol (ETD) 0.2 mg/kg/day, atorvastatin (ATV) 10 mg/kg/day, and a fixed-dose combination of ezetimibe and ATV (EZE 3 mg/kg/day + ATV 10 mg/kg/day). RESULTS Pro-atherogenic lipids levels were significantly elevated in untreated TSO and TPO groups compared to OVX and sham, resulting in increased atherogenic and Coronary-risk indices. Treatment with Estradiol and AHDs significantly reduced the total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as AI and CRI compared to untreated TSO and TPO groups, whereas TSO and TPO groups showed significant elevation in these parameters compared to Group I values. Moreover, aortic TNF-α levels were extremely elevated in the untreated TSO and TPO compared to Group I. TNF-α levels were significantly reduced in rats treated with AHDs and ETD. Localized oxidative stress was indicated in the aortic tissues of TSO and TPO-fed OVX rats by increased malondialdehyde and decreased glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels. This contributed to a depletion in aortic nitric oxide. AHDs and ETD replenished the nitric oxide levels significantly. Histological evaluation of the aorta of TSO and TPO rats revealed increased peri-adventitia fat, aortic medial hypertrophy, and aortic recanalization. These pathologic changes were less seen in AHDs and ETD rats. CONCLUSION This study suggests that ETD and AHDs profoundly attenuate oxidized lipid-induced vascular inflammation and atherogenesis through oxidative-stress reduction and inhibition of TNF-α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Temiloluwa Folahan
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, 71209, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara-State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Esan Olorundare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara-State, Nigeria.
| | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria
| | - Adeoye Oyetunji Oyewopo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara- State, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Sokunle Soyemi
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Adejuwon Adewale Adeneye
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu Innocent Okoye
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Saheed Olanrewaju Afolabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara-State, Nigeria
| | - Anoka Ayembe Njan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara-State, Nigeria
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Aremu AO, Lilian DC, Olufemi SA, Aderemi OL. Combined but not single treatment with ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel and spironolactone reduces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in insulin-resistant ovariectomised rats. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2019; 20:1470320319895933. [PMID: 31856649 PMCID: PMC6927203 DOI: 10.1177/1470320319895933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Increased circulating level of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is
associated with menopausal oestrogen deficiency. We therefore hypothesised
that the combined oral contraceptive (COC) with spironolactone (SPL)
improves insulin resistance (IR) in ovariectomised (OVX) rats by reducing
circulating PAI-1. Methods: Twelve-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into sham-operated (SHM),
OVX, OVX+SPL (0.25 mg/kg), COC (1.0 µg ethinylestradiol and 5.0 µg
levonorgestrel) and OVX+COC+SPL rats treated with COC and SPL daily for
eight weeks. IR was assessed by homeostatic model assessment of IR
(HOMA-IR). Results: Data showed that OVX rats had a higher HOMA-IR value that is associated with
increased visceral adiposity, triglycerides (TG), total
cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), TG/HDL-C, plasma
insulin, GSK-3, corticosterone and decreased 17β-oestradiol. However, these
effects were attenuated in OVX+COC, OVX+SPL and OVX+COC+SPL rats compared to
OVX rats. OVX rats had lower PAI-1 than SHM rats, whereas the beneficial
effect on IR and other parameters by COC or SPL was accompanied with
increased PAI-1. Improvement of IR and other parameters with combined COC
and SPL in OVX rats was accompanied with reduced PAI-1. Conclusion: Taken together, COC or SPL improves IR independent of PAI-1, whereas a
combination of COC and SPL in OVX rats ameliorates IR in a PAI-1-dependent
manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyanju Oluwaseun Aremu
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.,Cardiometabolic Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Nigeria
| | - Dibia Chinaza Lilian
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Soladoye Ayodele Olufemi
- Cardiometabolic Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health sciences, Bowen University, Nigeria
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Qian L, Shi H, Ding M. Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3989-4000. [PMID: 30942443 PMCID: PMC6472094 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is typically diagnosed in children. The aim of the present study was to identify potential genes involved in the pathogenesis of childhood T1D. Two datasets of mRNA expression in children with T1D were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in children with T1D were identified. Functional analysis was performed and a protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, as was a transcription factor (TF)‑target network. The expression of selected DEGs was further assessed using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) analysis. Electronic validation and diagnostic value analysis of the identified DEGs [cytokine inducible SH2 containing protein (CISH), SR‑related CTD associated factor 11 (SCAF11), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), Rho GTPase activating protein 25 (ARHGAP25), major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR β4 (HLA‑DRB4) and interleukin 23 subunit α (IL23A)] was performed in the GEO dataset. Compared with the normal control group, a total of 1,467 DEGs with P<0.05 were identified in children with T1D. CISH and SCAF11 were determined to be the most up‑ and downregulated genes, respectively. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (HNRNPD; degree=33), protein kinase AMP‑activated catalytic subunit α1 (PRKAA1; degree=11), integrin subunit α4 (ITGA4; degree=8) and ESR1 (degree=8) were identified in the PPI network as high‑degree genes. ARHGAP25 (degree=12), HNRNPD (degree=10), HLA‑DRB4 (degree=10) and IL23A (degree=9) were high‑degree genes identified in the TF‑target network. RT‑qPCR revealed that the expression of HNRNPD, PRKAA1, ITGA4 and transporter 2, ATP binding cassette subfamily B member was consistent with the results of the integrated analysis. Furthermore, the results of the electronic validation were consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. SCAF11, CISH and ARHGAP25 were identified to possess value as potential diagnostic markers for children with T1D. In conclusion, identifying DEGs in children with T1D may contribute to our understanding of its pathogenesis, and such DEGs may be used as diagnostic biomarkers for children with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Meili Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
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de Almeida SA, Claudio ERG, Mengal V, Brasil GA, Merlo E, Podratz PL, Graceli JB, Gouvea SA, de Abreu GR. Estrogen Therapy Worsens Cardiac Function and Remodeling and Reverses the Effects of Exercise Training After Myocardial Infarction in Ovariectomized Female Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1242. [PMID: 30233413 PMCID: PMC6134041 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction (MI) after menopause. However, the use of estrogen therapy (E2) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of E2, alone and combined with exercise training (ET), on cardiac function and remodeling in ovariectomized (OVX) rats after MI. Wistar female rats underwent ovariectomy, followed by MI induction were separated into five groups: S; MI; MI+ET; MI+E2; and MI+ET+E2. Fifteen days after MI or sham surgery, treadmill ET and/or estrogen therapy [17-β estradiol-3-benzoate (E2), s.c. three times/week] were initiated and maintained for 8 weeks. After the treatment and/or training period, the animals underwent cardiac hemodynamic evaluation through catheterization of the left ventricle (LV); the LV systolic and diastolic pressures (LVSP and LVEDP, respectively), maximum LV contraction and relaxation derivatives (dP/dt+ and dP/dt−), and isovolumic relaxation time (Tau) were assessed. Moreover, histological analyses of the heart (collagen and hypertrophy), cardiac oxidative stress [advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs)], pro- and antioxidant protein expression by Western blotting and antioxidant enzyme activity in the heart were evaluated. The MI reduced the LVSP, dP/dt+ and dP/dt− but increased the LVEDP and Tau. E2 did not prevent the MI-induced changes in cardiac function, even when combined with ET. An increase in the dP/dt+ was observed in the E2 group compared with the MI group. There were no changes in collagen deposition and myocyte hypertrophy caused by the treatments. The increases in AOPP, gp91-phox, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression induced by MI were not reduced by E2. There were no changes in the expression of catalase caused by MI or by the treatments, although, a reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression occurred in the groups subjected to E2 treatment. Whereas there were post-MI reductions in activities of SOD and catalase enzymes, only that of SOD was prevented by ET. Therefore, we conclude that E2 therapy does not prevent the MI-induced changes in cardiac function and worsens parameters related to cardiac remodeling. Moreover, E2 reverses the positive effects of ET when used in combination, in OVX infarcted female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Alves de Almeida
- Laboratório de Regulação Neurohumoral da Circulação, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Erick R G Claudio
- Laboratório de Regulação Neurohumoral da Circulação, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Mengal
- Laboratório de Regulação Neurohumoral da Circulação, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Girlandia A Brasil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Nupecfarma, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Merlo
- Departamento de Morfologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Priscila L Podratz
- Departamento de Morfologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Departamento de Morfologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Sonia A Gouvea
- Laboratório de Regulação Neurohumoral da Circulação, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Rodrigues de Abreu
- Laboratório de Regulação Neurohumoral da Circulação, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
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Machuki J, Zhang H, Harding S, Sun H. Molecular pathways of oestrogen receptors and β-adrenergic receptors in cardiac cells: Recognition of their similarities, interactions and therapeutic value. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28994249 PMCID: PMC5813217 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen receptors (ERs) and β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) play important roles in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, these receptors are expressed in cardiac myocytes and vascular tissues. Numerous experimental observations support the hypothesis that similarities and interactions exist between the signalling pathways of ERs (ERα, ERβ and GPR30) and βARs (β1 AR, β2 AR and β3 AR). The recently discovered oestrogen receptor GPR30 shares structural features with the βARs, and this forms the basis for the interactions and functional overlap. GPR30 possesses protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation sites and PDZ binding motifs and interacts with A-kinase anchoring protein 5 (AKAP5), all of which enable its interaction with the βAR pathways. The interactions between ERs and βARs occur downstream of the G-protein-coupled receptor, through the Gαs and Gαi proteins. This review presents an up-to-date description of ERs and βARs and demonstrates functional synergism and interactions among these receptors in cardiac cells. We explore their signalling cascades and the mechanisms that orchestrate their interactions and propose new perspectives on the signalling patterns for the GPR30 based on its structural resemblance to the βARs. In addition, we explore the relevance of these interactions to cell physiology, drugs (especially β-blockers and calcium channel blockers) and cardioprotection. Furthermore, a receptor-independent mechanism for oestrogen and its influence on the expression of βARs and calcium-handling proteins are discussed. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic avenues that can be derived from the shared pathways, especially the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.O. Machuki
- Department of Physiology; Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - H.Y. Zhang
- Department of Physiology; Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - S.E. Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College; London UK
| | - H. Sun
- Department of Physiology; Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
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6
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Estrogen attenuates AGTR1 expression to reduce pancreatic β-cell death from high glucose. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16639. [PMID: 29192236 PMCID: PMC5709427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure of pancreatic β-cells to high glucose levels results in β-cell dysfunction and death. These effects can be protected by estrogen. The local pancreatic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown as a novel pathological pathway of high-glucose-induced cell death. The effect of estrogen on pancreatic RAS is still unknown. This study examines whether estrogen protects against pancreatic β-cell death caused by glucotoxicity via a decrease in the pancreatic β-cell RAS pathway. When INS-1 cells were cultured in a high glucose medium, cell death was significantly higher than when the cells were cultured in a basal glucose medium; similarly, there were also higher levels of AGTR1 and p47ph°x mRNA, and protein expression. Moreover, the addition of 10−8 M 17β-estradiol to INS-1 cells cultured in a high glucose medium markedly reduced cell death, AGTR1 and p47ph°x mRNA levels, and protein expression. Similar results were demonstrated in the pancreatic islets. The presence of 10−8 M 17β-estradiol, losartan, or a combination of both, in a high glucose medium had similar levels of reduction of p47ph°x mRNA and protein expression, compared with those cultured in high glucose. Taken together, estrogen protected pancreatic β-cells from high-glucose-induced cell death by reducing the AGTR1 pathway.
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7
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Goncalves GK, Scalzo S, Alves AP, Agero U, Guatimosim S, Reis AM. Neonatal cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by endothelin-1 is blocked by estradiol acting on GPER. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 314:C310-C322. [PMID: 29167148 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) prevents cardiac hypertrophy, and these protective actions are mediated by estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates many estrogenic effects, and its activation in the heart has been observed in ischemia and reperfusion injury or hypertension models; however, the underlying mechanisms need to be fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated whether the protective effect of E2 against cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) is mediated by GPER and the signaling pathways involved. Isolated neonatal female rat cardiomyocytes were treated with ET-1 (100 nmol/l) for 48 h in the presence or absence of E2 (10 nmol/l) or GPER agonist G-1 (10 nmol/l) and GPER antagonist G-15 (10 nmol/l). ET-1 increased the surface area of cardiomyocytes, and this was associated with increased expression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides. Additionally, ET-1 increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related protein kinases-1/2 (ERK1/2). Notably, E2 or G-1 abolished the hypertrophic actions of ET-1, and that was reversed by G-15. Likewise, E2 reversed the ET-1-mediated increase of ERK1/2 phosphorylation as well as the decrease of phosphorylated Akt and its upstream activator 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1). These effects were inhibited by G-15, indicating that they are GPER dependent. Confirming the participation of GPER, siRNA silencing of GPER inhibited the antihypertrophic effect of E2. In conclusion, E2 plays a key role in antagonizing ET-1-induced hypertrophy in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes through GPER signaling by a mechanism involving activation of the PDK1 pathway, which would prevent the increase of ERK1/2 activity and consequently the development of hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleisy Kelly Goncalves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Sergio Scalzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Alves
- Departament of Physics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Ubirajara Agero
- Departament of Physics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Adelina M Reis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
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8
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Aroor AR, Jia G, Sowers JR. Cellular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced arterial stiffness. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R387-R398. [PMID: 29167167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00235.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an emerging pandemic driven by consumption of a diet rich in fat and highly refined carbohydrates (a Western diet) and a sedentary lifestyle in both children and adults. There is mounting evidence that arterial stiffness in obesity is an independent and strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cognitive functional decline, and chronic kidney disease. Cardiovascular stiffness is a precursor to atherosclerosis, systolic hypertension, cardiac diastolic dysfunction, and impairment of coronary and cerebral flow. Moreover, premenopausal women lose the CVD protection normally afforded to them in the setting of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes, and this loss of CVD protection is inextricably linked to an increased propensity for arterial stiffness. Stiffness of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix remodeling, perivascular adipose tissue inflammation, and immune cell dysfunction contribute to the development of arterial stiffness in obesity. Enhanced endothelial cortical stiffness decreases endothelial generation of nitric oxide, and increased oxidative stress promotes destruction of nitric oxide. Our research over the past 5 years has underscored an important role of increased aldosterone and vascular mineralocorticoid receptor activation in driving development of cardiovascular stiffness, especially in females consuming a Western diet. In this review the cellular mechanisms of obesity-associated arterial stiffness are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Center Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
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9
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Ebrahimie E, Moussavi Nik SH, Newman M, Van Der Hoek M, Lardelli M. The Zebrafish Equivalent of Alzheimer's Disease-Associated PRESENILIN Isoform PS2V Regulates Inflammatory and Other Responses to Hypoxic Stress. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:581-608. [PMID: 27031468 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dominant mutations in the PRESENILIN genes PSEN1 and PSEN2 cause familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD) that usually shows onset before 65 years of age. In contrast, genetic variation at the PSEN1 and PSEN2 loci does not appear to contribute to risk for the sporadic, late onset form of the disease (sAD), leading to doubts that these genes play a role in the majority of AD cases. However, a truncated isoform of PSEN2, PS2V, is upregulated in sAD brains and is induced by hypoxia and high cholesterol intake. PS2V can increase γ-secretase activity and suppress the unfolded protein response (UPR), but detailed analysis of its function has been hindered by lack of a suitable, genetically manipulable animal model since mice and rats lack this PRESENILIN isoform. We recently showed that zebrafish possess an isoform, PS1IV, that is cognate to human PS2V. Using an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide, we can block specifically the induction of PS1IV that normally occurs under hypoxia. Here, we exploit this ability to identify gene regulatory networks that are modulated by PS1IV. When PS1IV is absent under hypoxia-like conditions, we observe changes in expression of genes controlling inflammation (particularly sAD-associated IL1B and CCR5), vascular development, the UPR, protein synthesis, calcium homeostasis, catecholamine biosynthesis, TOR signaling, and cell proliferation. Our results imply an important role for PS2V in sAD as a component of a pathological mechanism that includes hypoxia/oxidative stress and support investigation of the role of PS2V in other diseases, including schizophrenia, when these are implicated in the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Seyyed Hani Moussavi Nik
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark Van Der Hoek
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Olatunji LA, Usman TO, Seok YM, Kim IK. Activation of cardiac renin-angiotensin system and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expressions in oral contraceptive-induced cardiometabolic disorder. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:1-8. [PMID: 26934364 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2016.1160935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Clinical studies have shown that combined oral contraceptive (COC) use is associated with cardiometabolic disturbances. Elevated renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) have also been implicated in the development of cardiometabolic events. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of COC treatment on cardiac RAS and PAI-1 gene expressions, and whether the effect is circulating aldosterone or corticosterone dependent. METHODS Female rats were treated (p.o.) with olive oil (vehicle) or COC (1.0 µg ethinylestradiol and 10.0 µg norgestrel) daily for six weeks. RESULTS COC treatment led to increases in blood pressure, HOMA-IR, Ace1 mRNA, Atr1 mRNA, Pai1 mRNA, cardiac PAI-1, plasma PAI-1, C-reactive protein, uric acid, insulin and corticosterone. COC treatment also led to dyslipidemia, decreased glucose tolerance and plasma 17β-estradiol. CONCLUSION These results demonstrates that hypertension and insulin resistance induced by COC is associated with increased cardiac RAS and PAI-1 gene expression, which is likely to be through corticosterone-dependent but not aldosterone-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Olatunji
- a Department of Physiology , Cardiovascular and Molecular Physiology Unit, College of Health Sciences University of Ilorin , P.M.B. 1515 , Ilorin , Nigeria
- b Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Taofeek O Usman
- a Department of Physiology , Cardiovascular and Molecular Physiology Unit, College of Health Sciences University of Ilorin , P.M.B. 1515 , Ilorin , Nigeria
| | - Young-Mi Seok
- b Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
- c Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry , Gyeongsan , Gyeongbuk , Republic of Korea , and
| | - In-Kyeom Kim
- b Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
- d Department of Pharmacology , Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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11
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Xue Q, Xiao D, Zhang L. Estrogen Regulates Angiotensin II Receptor Expression Patterns and Protects the Heart from Ischemic Injury in Female Rats. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:6. [PMID: 25972014 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.129619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that female offspring are resistant to fetal stress-induced programming of ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the heart; however, the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. The present study tested the hypothesis that estrogen plays a role in protecting females in fetal programming of increased heart vulnerability. Pregnant rats were divided into normoxic and hypoxic (10.5% O2 from Day 15 to 21 of gestation) groups. Ovariectomy (OVX) and estrogen (E2) replacement were performed in 8-wk-old female offspring. Hearts of 4-mo-old females were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion injury in a Langendorff preparation. OVX significantly decreased postischemic recovery of left ventricular function and increased myocardial infarction, and no difference was observed between normoxic and hypoxic groups. The effect of OVX was rescued by E2 replacement. OVX decreased the binding of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to glucocorticoid response elements at angiotensin II type 1 (Agtr1) and type 2 (Agtr2) receptor promoters, resulting in a decrease in Agtr1 and an increase in Agtr2 in the heart. Additionally, OVX decreased estrogen receptor (ER) expression in the heart and inhibited ER/GR interaction in binding to glucocorticoid response elements at the promoters. Consistent with the changes in Agtrs, OVX significantly decreased Prkce abundance in the heart. These OVX-induced changes were abrogated by E2 replacement. The results indicate that estrogen is not directly responsible for the sex dimorphism in fetal programming of heart ischemic vulnerability but suggest a novel mechanism of estrogen in regulating cardiac Agtr1/Agtr2 expression patterns and protecting female hearts against ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xue
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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12
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Abstract
The combination of obesity and hypertension is associated with high morbidity and mortality because it leads to cardiovascular and kidney disease. Potential mechanisms linking obesity to hypertension include dietary factors, metabolic, endothelial and vascular dysfunction, neuroendocrine imbalances, sodium retention, glomerular hyperfiltration, proteinuria, and maladaptive immune and inflammatory responses. Visceral adipose tissue also becomes resistant to insulin and leptin and is the site of altered secretion of molecules and hormones such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, TNF and IL-6, which exacerbate obesity-associated cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence also suggests that the gut microbiome is important for modulating these mechanisms. Uric acid and altered incretin or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity further contribute to the development of hypertension in obesity. The pathophysiology of obesity-related hypertension is especially relevant to premenopausal women with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus who are at high risk of developing arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction. In this Review we discuss the relationship between obesity and hypertension with special emphasis on potential mechanisms and therapeutic targeting that might be used in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent G DeMarco
- Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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13
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Moore K, Ghatnekar G, Gourdie RG, Potts JD. Impact of the controlled release of a connexin 43 peptide on corneal wound closure in an STZ model of type I diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86570. [PMID: 24466155 PMCID: PMC3900565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha-carboxy terminus 1 (αCT1) peptide is a synthetically produced mimetic modified from the DDLEI C-terminus sequence of connexin 43 (Cx43). Previous research using various wound healing models have found promising therapeutic effects when applying the drug, resulting in increased wound healing rates and reduced scarring. Previous data suggested a rapid metabolism rate in vitro, creating an interest in long term release. Using a streptozotocin (STZ) type I diabetic rat model with a surgically induced corneal injury, we delivered αCT1 both directly, in a pluronic gel solution, and in a sustained system, using polymeric alginate-poly-l-ornithine (A-PLO) microcapsules (MC). Fluorescent staining of wound area over a 5 day period indicated a significant increase in wound closure rates for both αCT1 and αCT1 MC treated groups, withαCT1 MC groups showing the most rapid wound closure overall. Analysis of inflammatory reaction to the treatment groups indicated significantly lower levels of both Interferon Inducible T-Cell Alpha Chemoattractant (ITAC) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα) markers using confocal quantification and ELISA assays. Additional analysis examining genes selected from the EMT pathway using RT-PCR and Western blotting suggested αCT1 modification of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFβ2), Keratin 8 (Krt8), Estrogen Receptor 1 (Esr1), and Glucose Transporter 4 (Glut4) over a 14 day period. Combined, this data indicated a possible suppression of the inflammatory response by αCT1, leading to increased wound healing rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Moore
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gautam Ghatnekar
- FirstString Research Inc., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, United States of America
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Gourdie
- Virginia Polytechnic and State University Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jay D. Potts
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
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14
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Whaley-Connell AT, Habibi J, Aroor A, Ma L, Hayden MR, Ferrario CM, Demarco VG, Sowers JR. Salt loading exacerbates diastolic dysfunction and cardiac remodeling in young female Ren2 rats. Metabolism 2013; 62:1761-71. [PMID: 24075738 PMCID: PMC3833978 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent data would suggest pre-menopausal insulin resistant women are more prone to diastolic dysfunction than men, yet it is unclear why. We and others have reported that transgenic (mRen2)27 (Ren2) rats overexpressing the murine renin transgene are insulin resistant due to oxidative stress in insulin sensitive tissues. As increased salt intake promotes inflammation and oxidative stress, we hypothesized that excess dietary salt would promote diastolic dysfunction in transgenic females under conditions of excess tissue Ang II and circulating aldosterone levels. MATERIALS/METHODS For this purpose we evaluated cardiac function in young female Ren2 rats or age-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) littermates exposed to a high (4%) salt or normal rat chow intake for three weeks. RESULTS Compared to SD littermates, at 10weeks of age, female Ren2 rats fed normal chow showed elevations in left ventricular (LV) systolic pressures, LV and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and displayed reductions in LV initial filling rate accompanied by increases in 3-nitrotyrosine content as a marker of oxidant stress. Following 3weeks of a salt diet, female Ren2 rats exhibited no further changes in LV systolic pressure, insulin resistance, or markers of hypertrophy but exaggerated increases in type 1 collagen, 3-nitrotryosine content, and diastolic dysfunction. These findings occurred in parallel with ultrastructural findings of pericapillary fibrosis, increased LV remodeling, and mitochondrial biogenesis. CONCLUSION These data suggest that a diet high in salt in hypertensive female Ren2 rats promotes greater oxidative stress, maladaptive LV remodeling, fibrosis, and associated diastolic dysfunction without further changes in LV systolic pressure or hypertrophy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Collagen/metabolism
- Female
- Fibrosis/pathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Heart Failure, Diastolic/chemically induced
- Heart Failure, Diastolic/pathology
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Hemodynamics/physiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/chemically induced
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/physiology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Transgenic
- Sodium, Dietary/pharmacology
- Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Ventricular Function, Left/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Whaley-Connell
- Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; University of Missouri School of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension, Columbia, MO, USA; University of Missouri School of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Columbia, MO, USA; University of Missouri School of Medicine, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Columbia, MO, USA.
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15
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Aroor AR, DeMarco VG, Jia G, Sun Z, Nistala R, Meininger GA, Sowers JR. The role of tissue Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system in the development of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:161. [PMID: 24194732 PMCID: PMC3810594 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies support the notion that arterial stiffness is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events contributing significantly to systolic hypertension, impaired ventricular-arterial coupling and diastolic dysfunction, impairment in myocardial oxygen supply and demand, and progression of kidney disease. Although arterial stiffness is associated with aging, it is accelerated in the presence of obesity and diabetes. The prevalence of arterial stiffness parallels the increase of obesity that is occurring in epidemic proportions and is partly driven by a sedentary life style and consumption of a high fructose, high salt, and high fat western diet. Although the underlying mechanisms and mediators of arterial stiffness are not well understood, accumulating evidence supports the role of insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. The local tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the vascular tissue and immune cells and perivascular adipose tissue is recognized as an important element involved in endothelial dysfunction which contributes significantly to arterial stiffness. Activation of vascular RAAS is seen in humans and animal models of obesity and diabetes, and associated with enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation in the vascular tissue. The cross talk between angiotensin and aldosterone underscores the importance of mineralocorticoid receptors in modulation of insulin resistance, decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffness. In addition, both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in this local tissue activation of RAAS. In this review we will attempt to present a unifying mechanism of how environmental and immunological factors are involved in this local tissue RAAS activation, and the role of this process in the development of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness and targeting tissue RAAS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R. Aroor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G. DeMarco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gerald A. Meininger
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R. Sowers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: James R. Sowers, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA e-mail:
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16
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Wang H, Jessup JA, Zhao Z, Da Silva J, Lin M, MacNamara LM, Ahmad S, Chappell MC, Ferrario CM, Groban L. Characterization of the cardiac renin angiotensin system in oophorectomized and estrogen-replete mRen2.Lewis rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76992. [PMID: 24204720 PMCID: PMC3808369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of estrogen are well recognized, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that the local cardiac renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the development and progression of cardiac hypertrophy, remodeling, and heart failure. Estrogen attenuates the effects of an activated circulating RAS; however, its role in regulating the cardiac RAS is unclear. Bilateral oophorectomy (OVX; n = 17) or sham-operation (Sham; n = 13) was performed in 4-week-old, female mRen2.Lewis rats. At 11 weeks of age, the rats were randomized and received either 17 β-estradiol (E2, 36 µg/pellet, 60-day release, n = 8) or vehicle (OVX-V, n = 9) for 4 weeks. The rats were sacrificed, and blood and hearts were used to determine protein and/or gene expression of circulating and tissue RAS components. E2 treatment minimized the rise in circulating angiotensin (Ang) II and aldosterone produced by loss of ovarian estrogens. Chronic E2 also attenuated OVX-associated increases in cardiac Ang II, Ang-(1–7) content, chymase gene expression, and mast cell number. Neither OVX nor OVX+E2 altered cardiac expression or activity of renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). E2 treatment in OVX rats significantly decreased gene expression of MMP-9, ACE2, and Ang-(1–7) mas receptor, in comparison to sham-operated and OVX littermates. E2 treatment appears to inhibit upsurges in cardiac Ang II expression in the OVX-mRen2 rat, possibly by reducing chymase-dependent Ang II formation. Further studies are warranted to determine whether an E2-mediated reduction in cardiac chymase directly contributes to this response in OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jewell A. Jessup
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jaqueline Da Silva
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marina Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M. MacNamara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Chappell
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leanne Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Does oestradiol attenuate the damaging effects of a fructose-rich diet on cardiac Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase signalling? Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1940-8. [PMID: 23069112 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fructose-rich diets (FRD) cause cardiac insulin resistance manifested by impairment of Akt/endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) signalling. In contrast, oestradiol (E2) activates this signalling pathway in the heart. To study the ability of E2 to revert the detrimental effect of fructose on cardiac Akt/eNOS, female rats were subjected to a FRD and ovariectomy followed with or without E2 replacement. We also analysed the effects of the FRD and E2 on cardiac extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk 1/2) signalling related to their role in cardiac hypertrophy development. Expression of Akt, eNOS and Erk 1/2, as well as regulatory phosphorylations of these molecules were determined. The protein expression of cardiac Akt and eNOS was not affected by the diet or E2 treatment. However, the FRD was accompanied by a decrease in Akt phosphorylation at Ser(473) and Thr(308), and eNOS at Ser(1177), while the phosphorylation of eNOS at Thr(495) was increased. E2 replacement in ovariectomised fructose-fed rats caused a reversion of the diet effect on Akt and eNOS serine phosphorylation, but mostly had no effect on threonine phosphorylation of the molecules. The FRD and E2 treatment did not influence Erk 1/2 expression and phosphorylation and heart mass as well. The data show that E2 selectively suppress the negative effects of a FRD on Akt/eNOS signalling and probably point to the different effects of E2 on kinase/phosphatase pathways responsible for phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of Akt and eNOS. Furthermore, the results suggest that the heart of females in the reproductive period is partially protected against the damaging effects of increasedfructose intake.
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18
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Chinnathambi V, Balakrishnan M, Yallampalli C, Sathishkumar K. Prenatal testosterone exposure leads to hypertension that is gonadal hormone-dependent in adult rat male and female offspring. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:137, 1-7. [PMID: 22302690 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.097550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal testosterone exposure impacts postnatal reproductive and endocrine function, leading to alterations in sex steroid levels. Because gonadal steroids are key regulators of cardiovascular function, it is possible that alteration in sex steroid hormones may contribute to development of hypertension in prenatally testosterone-exposed adults. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether prenatal testosterone exposure leads to development of hypertension in adult males and females and to assess the influence of gonadal hormones on arterial pressure in these animals. Offspring of pregnant rats treated with testosterone propionate or its vehicle (controls) were examined. Subsets of male and female offspring were gonadectomized at 7 wk of age, and some offspring from age 7 to 24 wk received hormone replacement, while others did not. Testosterone exposure during prenatal life significantly increased arterial pressure in both male and female adult offspring; however, the effect was greater in males. Prenatal androgen-exposed males and females had more circulating testosterone during adult life, with no change in estradiol levels. Gonadectomy prevented hyperandrogenism and also reversed hypertension in these rats. Testosterone replacement in orchiectomized males restored hypertension, while estradiol replacement in ovariectomized females was without effect. Steroidal changes were associated with defective expression of gonadal steroidogenic genes, with Star, Sf1, and Hsd17b1 upregulation in testes. In ovaries, Star and Cyp11a1 genes were upregulated, while Cyp19 was downregulated. This study showed that prenatal testosterone exposure led to development of gonad-dependent hypertension during adult life. Defective steroidogenesis may contribute in part to the observed steroidal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Chinnathambi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1062, USA
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19
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Murase T, Hattori T, Ohtake M, Nakashima C, Takatsu M, Murohara T, Nagata K. Effects of estrogen on cardiovascular injury in ovariectomized female DahlS.Z-Lepr(fa)/Lepr(fa) rats as a new animal model of metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 2012; 59:694-704. [PMID: 22275535 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.180976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although recent clinical trials have found an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in women on estrogen replacement therapy, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We have recently characterized DahlS.Z-Lepr(fa)/Lepr(fa) (DS/obese) rats, derived from a cross between Dahl salt-sensitive and Zucker rats, as a new animal model of metabolic syndrome. We have now examined the effects of estrogen replacement on cardiac pathophysiology in ovariectomized female DS/obese (Ovx-DS/obese) rats. Animals subjected to ovariectomy at 7 weeks of age were implanted subcutaneously with a 60-day release pellet containing 0.5 mg of 17β-estradiol (E(2)) or placebo at 8 weeks. Age-matched female homozygous lean littermates (DahlS.Z-Lepr(+)/Lepr(+) or DS/lean rats) of DS/obese rats served as controls. Animals were maintained on a normal diet and were subjected to echocardiography followed by various pathological analyses at 13 weeks of age. Ovx-DS/obese rats manifested hypertension at 7 weeks of age and thereafter and showed left ventricular (LV) fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction at 13 weeks. Treatment with E(2) attenuated hypertension in Ovx-DS/obese rats but had no effect on blood pressure in ovariectomized female DS/lean (Ovx-DS/lean) rats. E(2) treatment exacerbated LV fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction, as well as further increased cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation in Ovx-DS/obese rats, and it elicited similar effects in Ovx-DS/lean rats. E(2) reduced food intake, body weight, and visceral fat content in both Ovx-DS/obese and Ovx-DS/lean rats. E(2) treatment attenuated hypertension and obesity but exacerbated LV fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in Ovx-DS/obese rats, with these latter effects being associated with increased cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamayo Murase
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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20
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Srivastava K, Bath PMW, Bayraktutan U. Current therapeutic strategies to mitigate the eNOS dysfunction in ischaemic stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:319-36. [PMID: 22198555 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity is implicated in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in many diseases including ischaemic stroke. The modulation of eNOS during and/or following ischaemic injury often represents a futile compensatory mechanism due to a significant decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability coupled with dramatic increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species that further neutralise NO. However, applications of a number of therapeutic agents alone or in combination have been shown to augment eNOS activity under a variety of pathological conditions by potentiating the expression and/or activity of Akt/eNOS/NO pathway components. The list of these therapeutic agents include NO donors, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, aspirin, dipyridamole and ellagic acid. While most of these compounds exhibit anti-platelet properties and are able to up-regulate eNOS expression in endothelial cells and platelets, others suppress eNOS uncoupling and tetrahydrobiopterin (an eNOS stabiliser) oxidation. As the number of therapeutic molecules that modulate the expression and activity of eNOS increases, further detailed research is required to reveal their mode of action in preventing and/or reversing the endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtiman Srivastava
- Division of Stroke, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital Campus, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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21
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Sampson AK, Hilliard LM, Moritz KM, Thomas MC, Tikellis C, Widdop RE, Denton KM. The arterial depressor response to chronic low-dose angiotensin II infusion in female rats is estrogen dependent. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R159-65. [PMID: 22031787 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00256.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex role of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) in arterial pressure regulation has been well documented. Recently, we demonstrated that chronic low-dose angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion decreases arterial pressure in female rats via an AT(2)R-mediated mechanism. Estrogen can differentially regulate components of the RAS and is known to influence arterial pressure regulation. We hypothesized that AT(2)R-mediated depressor effects evident in females were estrogen dependent and thus would be abolished by ovariectomy and restored by estrogen replacement. Female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ovariectomy or sham surgery and were treated with 17β-estradiol or placebo. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured via telemetry in response to a 2-wk infusion of ANG II (50 ng·kg(-1)·min(-1) sc) or saline. MAP significantly decreased in females treated with ANG II (-10 ± 2 mmHg), a response that was abolished by ovariectomy (+4 ± 2 mmHg) and restored with estrogen replacement (-6 ± 2 mmHg). Cardiac and renal gene expression of components of the RAS was differentially regulated by estrogen, such that overall, estrogen shifted the balance of the RAS toward the vasodilatory axis. In conclusion, estrogen-dependent mechanisms offset the vasopressor actions of ANG II by enhancing RAS vasodilator pathways in females. This highlights the potential for these vasodilator pathways as therapeutic targets, particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Sampson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Ricchiuti V, Lapointe N, Pojoga L, Yao T, Tran L, Williams GH, Adler GK. Dietary sodium intake regulates angiotensin II type 1, mineralocorticoid receptor, and associated signaling proteins in heart. J Endocrinol 2011; 211:47-54. [PMID: 21746791 DOI: 10.1530/joe-10-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Liberal or high-sodium (HS) intake, in conjunction with an activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increases cardiovascular (CV) damage. We tested the hypothesis that sodium intake regulates the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT(1)R), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and associated signaling pathways in heart tissue from healthy rodents. HS (1.6% Na(+)) and low-sodium (LS; 0.02% Na(+)) rat chow was fed to male healthy Wistar rats (n=7 animals per group). Protein levels were assessed by western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis. Fractionation studies showed that MR, AT(1)R, caveolin-3 (CAV-3), and CAV-1 were located in both cytoplasmic and membrane fractions. In healthy rats, consumption of an LS versus a HS diet led to decreased cardiac levels of AT(1)R and MR. Decreased sodium intake was also associated with decreased cardiac levels of CAV-1 and CAV-3, decreased immunoprecipitation of AT(1)R-CAV-3 and MR-CAV-3 complexes, but increased immunoprecipitation of AT(1)R/MR complexes. Furthermore, decreased sodium intake was associated with decreased cardiac extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated ERK (pERK), and pERK/ERK ratio; increased cardiac striatin; decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS (peNOS), but increased peNOS/eNOS ratio; and decreased cardiac plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Dietary sodium restriction has beneficial effects on the cardiac expression of factors associated with CV injury. These changes may play a role in the cardioprotective effects of dietary sodium restriction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caveolin 1/drug effects
- Caveolin 1/physiology
- Caveolin 3/drug effects
- Caveolin 3/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Heart/drug effects
- Heart/physiology
- Male
- Models, Animal
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/drug effects
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/drug effects
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/physiology
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sodium, Dietary/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ricchiuti
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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23
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Protein restriction during pregnancy induces hypertension in adult female rat offspring--influence of oestradiol. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:665-73. [PMID: 21787449 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511003448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that gestational dietary protein restriction in rats causes sex-related differences in development of blood pressure (BP) in the offspring, which is more pronounced in males than in females. As such effects may depend on sex hormones, we investigated the role of oestradiol in the development of hypertension in female offspring of protein-restricted dams. Female offspring of pregnant rats fed normal (20 %) or protein-restricted (6 %) casein diets throughout pregnancy were kept either intact, ovariectomised or ovariectomised with oestradiol supplementation. BP, Plasma oestradiol and testosterone levels, and vascular oestrogen receptor (ER) were examined. BP was significantly higher and plasma oestradiol levels were significantly lower ( - 34 %) in intact protein-restricted female offspring compared to corresponding controls. Further decrease in oestradiol levels by ovariectomy exacerbated hypertension in the protein-restricted females, with an earlier onset and more prominent elevation in BP compared to controls. Oestradiol supplementation in ovariectomised protein-restricted females significantly reversed ovariectomy-induced hypertension but did not normalise BP to control levels. The hypertensive protein-restricted females have reduced vascular ERα expression that was unaffected by ovariectomy or oestradiol replacement. In addition, testosterone levels were significantly higher by 2·4-, 3·4- and 2·8-fold in intact, ovariectomised and oestradiol-replaced protein-restricted females compared to corresponding controls. The present data show that: (1) hypertension in protein-restricted adult female offspring is associated with reduced plasma oestradiol levels; (2) oestradiol protects and limits the severity of hypertension in protein-restricted females and contributes to sexual dimorphism; (3) oestradiol replacement fails to completely reverse hypertension, which may be related to limited availability of vascular ERα receptors and/or increased circulating testosterone levels.
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24
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Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity. Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010; 17:293-312. [PMID: 20418721 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328339f31e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Shenoy V, Grobe JL, Qi Y, Ferreira AJ, Fraga-Silva RA, Collamat G, Bruce E, Katovich MJ. 17beta-Estradiol modulates local cardiac renin-angiotensin system to prevent cardiac remodeling in the DOCA-salt model of hypertension in rats. Peptides 2009; 30:2309-15. [PMID: 19747516 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular remodeling can play a detrimental role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, leading to heart failure. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on cardiac remodeling. Cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy were examined in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt treated rats with chronic, six-week administration of two different doses of E2. Bilaterally ovariectomized (Ovex) female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Ovex-control; Ovex-DOCA; Ovex-DOCA+low-dose E2 (1.66 microg/day); or Ovex-DOCA+high-dose E2 (2.38 microg/day). All DOCA-treated rats were uninephrectomized and drinking water was replaced by 0.15M NaCl solution for the remainder of the study period. DOCA-salt treatment resulted in a significant increase in blood pressure, which was not altered by estrogen replacement. Histological examinations revealed marked cardiac remodeling (both ventricular hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis) with DOCA treatment, which was attenuated in animals receiving estrogen therapy. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased cardiac levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with DOCA treatment, which was attenuated by E2 replacement. Furthermore, increased levels of cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein were observed in animals receiving high-dose E2 replacement. These findings suggest that physiologically relevant estrogen replacement therapy has blood pressure-independent cardioprotective effects, which are possibly mediated through modulation of the cardiac renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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