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Zheng S, Zhao N, Feng C, Ma J. Cell division cycle 42 attenuates high glucose-treated renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, fibrosis, and inflammation, but activates the PAK1/AKT pathway. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:513-521. [PMID: 38416339 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-024-02468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) modulates metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis to engage in the pathology of diabetic complications. This study intended to further investigate the influence of CDC42 on viability, apoptosis, inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and fibrosis in high glucose (HG)-treated renal tubular epithelial cells. METHODS HK-2 cells were exposed to HG medium (30 mM) to establish the diabetic nephropathy (DN) cellular model, then the cells were transfected with scramble overexpression control (oeNC) or CDC42 overexpression (oeCDC42) vectors. RESULTS Both the level of CDC42 mRNA and protein were decreased in HG-treated HK-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Then HG-treated HK-2 cells were proposed for the following experiments. It was found that CDC42 increased CCK-8 detected viability and EdU positive cells. On the contrary, CDC42 reduced cell apoptosis, which was reflected by decreased TUNEL positive rate, increased BCL2, and reduced BAX. Interestingly, CDC42 inhibited fibrosis, which was reflected by increased E-Cadherin, as well as decreased Vimentin, TGF-β1, Collagen1, and α-SMA. Apart from these, CDC42 also attenuated proinflammatory cytokine production, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Moreover, CDC42 activated the PAK1/AKT pathway, which was reflected by increased p-PAK1 and p-AKT. However, CDC42 did not affect p-ERK. CONCLUSION CDC42 may retard DN progression via its regulation of renal tubular epithelial cell functions, which may be due to its stimulation of the PAK1/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zheng
- Clinical Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 26 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chuwen Feng
- Teaching and Research Department of Western Medicine Internal Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 26 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
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2
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Yu H, Ma J, Gu Y, Zou W, Zhao N. Serum cell division cycle 42 reflects the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:185. [PMID: 38533430 PMCID: PMC10964736 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) regulates podocyte apoptosis to take part in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but currently the clinical evidence is limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the capability of serum CDC42 expression level to estimate the development and progression of DN in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients with type 2 DM (n=306) were enrolled and divided into normoalbuminuria (n=185), microalbuminuria (n=72) and macroalbuminuria (n=49) groups based on the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Serum CDC42 was measured in all subjects using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The median (interquartile range) CDC42 in patients with DM was 0.461 (0.314-0.690) ng/ml (range, 0.087-1.728 ng/ml). CDC42 was positively associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.001), but negatively correlated with body mass index, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, serum creatine, serum uric acid and C reactive protein (all P<0.050). CDC42 levels were lowest in the macroalbuminuria group, followed by the microalbuminuria group, and were highest in the normoalbuminuria group (P<0.001). CDC42 indicated that it was a favorable estimator for the presence of albuminuria [area under the curve (AUC), 0.792; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.736-0.848] and macroalbuminuria (AUC, 0.845; 95% CI, 0.775-0.915). By analyses in four different multivariate logistic regression models, increased CDC42 was independently associated with the presence of microalbuminuria (all P<0.001), macroalbuminuria (most P<0.001) and microalbuminuria + macroalbuminuria (all P<0.001). Serum CDC42 level negatively correlated with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria in patients with DM, suggesting its ability for estimating the development and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yu
- Clinic of Integrated Traditional and Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yueru Gu
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhao
- Clinic of Integrated Traditional and Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
- Department of Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
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3
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Faber S, Letteboer SJF, Junger K, Butcher R, Tammana TVS, van Beersum SEC, Ueffing M, Collin RWJ, Liu Q, Boldt K, Roepman R. PDE6D Mediates Trafficking of Prenylated Proteins NIM1K and UBL3 to Primary Cilia. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020312. [PMID: 36672247 PMCID: PMC9857354 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PDE6D impair the function of its cognate protein, phosphodiesterase 6D (PDE6D), in prenylated protein trafficking towards the ciliary membrane, causing the human ciliopathy Joubert Syndrome (JBTS22) and retinal degeneration in mice. In this study, we purified the prenylated cargo of PDE6D by affinity proteomics to gain insight into PDE6D-associated disease mechanisms. By this approach, we have identified a specific set of PDE6D-interacting proteins that are involved in photoreceptor integrity, GTPase activity, nuclear import, or ubiquitination. Among these interacting proteins, we identified novel ciliary cargo proteins of PDE6D, including FAM219A, serine/threonine-protein kinase NIM1 (NIM1K), and ubiquitin-like protein 3 (UBL3). We show that NIM1K and UBL3 localize inside the cilium in a prenylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, UBL3 also localizes in vesicle-like structures around the base of the cilium. Through affinity proteomics of UBL3, we confirmed its strong interaction with PDE6D and its association with proteins that regulate small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and ciliogenesis. Moreover, we show that UBL3 localizes in specific photoreceptor cilium compartments in a prenylation-dependent manner. Therefore, we propose that UBL3 may play a role in the sorting of proteins towards the photoreceptor outer segment, further explaining the development of PDE6D-associated retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siebren Faber
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stef J. F. Letteboer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Junger
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Proteome Center, Center of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rossano Butcher
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Trinadh V. Satish Tammana
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E. C. van Beersum
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Proteome Center, Center of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rob W. J. Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Proteome Center, Center of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Life-Saver or Undertaker: The Relationship between Primary Cilia and Cell Death in Vertebrate Embryonic Development. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040052. [PMID: 36547474 PMCID: PMC9783631 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms requires a tightly coordinated network of cellular processes and intercellular signalling. For more than 20 years, it has been known that primary cilia are deeply involved in the mediation of intercellular signalling and that ciliary dysfunction results in severe developmental defects. Cilia-mediated signalling regulates cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, etc. Another cellular process ensuring proper embryonic development is cell death. While the effect of cilia-mediated signalling on many cellular processes has been extensively studied, the relationship between primary cilia and cell death remains largely unknown. This article provides a short review on the current knowledge about this relationship.
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5
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Rac1 deficiency impairs postnatal development of the renal papilla. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20310. [PMID: 36434091 PMCID: PMC9700760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the renal medulla continues after birth to form mature renal papilla and obtain urine-concentrating ability. Here, we found that a small GTPase, Rac1, plays a critical role in the postnatal development of renal papilla. Mice with distal tubule-specific deletion of Rac1 reached adulthood but showed polydipsia and polyuria with an impaired ability to concentrate urine. The elongation of renal papilla that occurs in the first weeks after birth was impaired in the Rac1-deficient infants, resulting in shortening and damage of the renal papilla. Moreover, the osmoprotective signaling mediated by nuclear factor of activated T cells 5, which is a key molecule of osmotic response to osmotic stress in renal medulla, was significantly impaired in the kidneys of the Rac1-deficient infants. These results demonstrate that Rac1 plays an important role in the development of renal papilla in the postnatal period, and suggested a potential link between Rac1 and osmotic response.
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6
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Jiang R, Tang X, Pan J, Li G, Yang N, Tang Y, Bi S, Cai H, Chen Q, Chen D, Wang H, Kong S. CDC42 governs normal oviduct multiciliogenesis through activating AKT to ensure timely embryo transport. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:757. [PMID: 36056002 PMCID: PMC9440026 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ciliated and secretory cells are two major cell types that comprise the oviduct epithelia. Accumulating evidences support a role of oviductal multiciliated epithelia for embryo transport, however the mechanisms underlying this specialized cell type differentiation remain elusive. Here, we report that CDC42 depletion in oviduct epithelia hampers the morphogenesis of multiciliated cell, and results in embryo retention, leading to early pregnancy failure. Utilizing the oviduct organoid model, we further observed that CDC42 guides secretory cells transition into multiciliated cells independent of its GTPase activity and the well-known Notch pathway. Further exploration uncovered the AKT as a novel indispensable regulator for multiciliated cells differentiation, whose activity was maintained by CDC42 through interacting with the p110β. Consistently, re-activating AKT partially incites multiciliated cells differentiation in Cdc42 knockout oviductal organoids. Finally, low levels of CDC42 and phospho-AKT with reduced multiciliated cells in the oviduct are observed in women with ectopic pregnancy. Collectively, we provide previously unappreciated evidence that CDC42-AKT signaling is a critical determinant for morphogenesis of oviduct multiciliated cell, which possesses the clinical application in understanding the pathology of ectopic pregnancy and facilitating the development of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Jiang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China ,grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XCenter for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 210093 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaofang Tang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Jiale Pan
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Gaizhen Li
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Ningjie Yang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Yedong Tang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Shilei Bi
- grid.417009.b0000 0004 1758 4591Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510150 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Han Cai
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Qionghua Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Dunjin Chen
- grid.417009.b0000 0004 1758 4591Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510150 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Haibin Wang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Shuangbo Kong
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, Fujian China
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Abstract
Rho family GTPases are molecular switches best known for their pivotal role in dynamic regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, but also of cellular morphology, motility, adhesion and proliferation. The prototypic members of this family (RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42) also contribute to the normal kidney function and play important roles in the structure and function of various kidney cells including tubular epithelial cells, mesangial cells and podocytes. The kidney's vital filtration function depends on the structural integrity of the glomerulus, the proximal portion of the nephron. Within the glomerulus, the architecturally actin-based cytoskeleton podocyte forms the final cellular barrier to filtration. The glomerulus appears as a highly dynamic signalling hub that is capable of integrating intracellular cues from its individual structural components. Dynamic regulation of the podocyte cytoskeleton is required for efficient barrier function of the kidney. As master regulators of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, Rho GTPases are therefore of critical importance for sustained kidney barrier function. Dysregulated activities of the Rho GTPases and of their effectors are implicated in the pathogenesis of both hereditary and idiopathic forms of kidney diseases. Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease that is caused by injury to kidney glomeruli. High glucose activates RhoA/Rho-kinase in mesangial cells, leading to excessive extracellular matrix production (glomerulosclerosis). This RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway also seems involved in the post-transplant hypertension frequently observed during treatment with calcineurin inhibitors, whereas Rac1 activation was observed in post-transplant ischaemic acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Steichen
- Inserm UMR-1082 Irtomit, Poitiers, France,Faculté De Médecine Et De Pharmacie, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Claude Hervé
- Inserm UMR-1082 Irtomit, Poitiers, France,CONTACT Claude HervéInserm UMR-1082 Irtomit, Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- Inserm UMR-1082 Irtomit, Poitiers, France,Faculté De Médecine Et De Pharmacie, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France,Department of Medical Biology, Service De Biochimie, CHU De Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Bourmeyster
- Faculté De Médecine Et De Pharmacie, Université De Poitiers, Poitiers, France,Department of Medical Biology, Service De Biochimie, CHU De Poitiers, Poitiers, France,Laboratoire STIM CNRS ERL 7003, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cédex, France
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8
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The dynamic organelle primary cilia: emerging roles in organ fibrosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2021; 33:495-504. [PMID: 34494608 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary cilia, the antenna-like organelles on most mammalian cells, host key components of multiple morphogen signal transduction pathways. Mutations in genes responsible for primary cilia assembly and function generally result in pathological conditions known as ciliopathies, which underlie several diseases, including various forms of fibrosis. Primary cilia modulate cellular responses to extracellular cues, including TGF-β and morphogens, such as Hedgehog. Aberrant morphogen signaling is recognized as essential for the transition of mesenchymal progenitor cells to myofibroblasts, the key step in fibrosis. This article aims to provide a critical overview of recent developments and insights in primary cilia biology relevant to fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have highlighted the association of altered primary cilia with various forms of fibrosis. In a rather complex manner, the presence of primary cilia seems to be required for initiation of myofibroblast transition, whereas its loss promotes myofibroblast transition at a later stage. Recent evidence also suggested that noncanonical functions of ciliary transport proteins may influence, such cellular transitions independently of primary cilia. The possibility of opposing signaling regulations being topologically separated between primary cilia and plasma membrane could also be critical for fibrosis. SUMMARY Recent progress in the field suggests that primary cilia are critical mediators of the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Understanding the potential role of primary cilia in fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms may pave the way for entirely new approaches for fibrosis prevention and treatment of SSc.
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Rohrer B, Biswal MR, Obert E, Dang Y, Su Y, Zuo X, Fogelgren B, Kondkar AA, Lobo GP, Lipschutz JH. Conditional Loss of the Exocyst Component Exoc5 in Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Results in RPE Dysfunction, Photoreceptor Cell Degeneration, and Decreased Visual Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5083. [PMID: 34064901 PMCID: PMC8151988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the mechanisms by which the highly conserved exocyst trafficking complex regulates eye physiology in zebrafish and mice, we focused on Exoc5 (also known as sec10), a central exocyst component. We analyzed both exoc5 zebrafish mutants and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)-specific Exoc5 knockout mice. Exoc5 is present in both the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body and in the RPE. In this study, we set out to establish an animal model to study the mechanisms underlying the ocular phenotype and to establish if loss of visual function is induced by postnatal RPE Exoc5-deficiency. Exoc5-/- zebrafish had smaller eyes, with decreased number of melanocytes in the RPE and shorter photoreceptor outer segments. At 3.5 days post-fertilization, loss of rod and cone opsins were observed in zebrafish exoc5 mutants. Mice with postnatal RPE-specific loss of Exoc5 showed retinal thinning associated with compromised visual function and loss of visual photoreceptor pigments. Abnormal levels of RPE65 together with a reduced c-wave amplitude indicate a dysfunctional RPE. The retinal phenotype in Exoc5-/- mice was present at 20 weeks, but was more pronounced at 27 weeks, indicating progressive disease phenotype. We previously showed that the exocyst is necessary for photoreceptor ciliogenesis and retinal development. Here, we report that exoc5 mutant zebrafish and mice with RPE-specific genetic ablation of Exoc5 develop abnormal RPE pigmentation, resulting in retinal cell dystrophy and loss of visual pigments associated with compromised vision. Together, these data suggest that exocyst-mediated signaling in the RPE is required for RPE structure and function, indirectly leading to photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (B.R.); (E.O.)
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Division of Research, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Manas R. Biswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Elisabeth Obert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (B.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Yujing Dang
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Yanhui Su
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Altaf A. Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (B.R.); (E.O.)
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, Lions Research Building, 2001 6th Street SE., Room 225, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joshua H. Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (J.H.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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10
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Rho GTPases Signaling in Zebrafish Development and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122634. [PMID: 33302361 PMCID: PMC7762611 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells encounter countless external cues and the specificity of their responses is translated through a myriad of tightly regulated intracellular signals. For this, Rho GTPases play a central role and transduce signals that contribute to fundamental cell dynamic and survival events. Here, we review our knowledge on how zebrafish helped us understand the role of some of these proteins in a multitude of in vivo cellular behaviors. Zebrafish studies offer a unique opportunity to explore the role and more specifically the spatial and temporal dynamic of Rho GTPases activities within a complex environment at a level of details unachievable in any other vertebrate organism.
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11
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Streets AJ, Prosseda PP, Ong AC. Polycystin-1 regulates ARHGAP35-dependent centrosomal RhoA activation and ROCK signaling. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135385. [PMID: 32663194 PMCID: PMC7455122 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PKD1 (encoding for polycystin-1 [PC1]) are found in 80%–85% of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). We tested the hypothesis that changes in actin dynamics result from PKD1 mutations through dysregulation of compartmentalized centrosomal RhoA signaling mediated by specific RhoGAP (ARHGAP) proteins resulting in the complex cellular cystic phenotype. Initial studies revealed that the actin cytoskeleton was highly disorganized in cystic cells derived from patients with PKD1 and was associated with an increase in total and centrosomal active RhoA and ROCK signaling. Using cilia length as a phenotypic readout for centrosomal RhoA activity, we identified ARHGAP5, -29, and -35 as essential regulators of ciliation in normal human renal tubular cells. Importantly, a specific decrease in centrosomal ARHGAP35 was observed in PKD1-null cells using a centrosome-targeted proximity ligation assay and by dual immunofluorescence labeling. Finally, the ROCK inhibitor hydroxyfasudil reduced cyst expansion in both human PKD1 3D cyst assays and an inducible Pkd1 mouse model. In summary, we report a potentially novel interaction between PC1 and ARHGAP35 in the regulation of centrosomal RhoA activation and ROCK signaling. Targeting the RhoA/ROCK pathway inhibited cyst formation in vitro and in vivo, indicating its relevance to ADPKD pathogenesis and for developing new therapies to inhibit cyst initiation. Polycystin-1, the major protein mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, activates centrosomal RhoA activity via interaction with the Rho-GAP protein ARHGAP35, resulting in shorter cilia.
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12
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Hu J, Harris PC. Regulation of polycystin expression, maturation and trafficking. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109630. [PMID: 32275942 PMCID: PMC7269868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The major autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) genes, PKD1 and PKD2, are wildly expressed at the organ and tissue level. PKD1 encodes polycystin 1 (PC1), a large membrane associated receptor-like protein that can complex with the PKD2 product, PC2. Various cellular locations have been described for both PC1, including the plasma membrane and extracellular vesicles, and PC2, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but compelling evidence indicates that the primary cilium, a sensory organelle, is the key site for the polycystin complex to prevent PKD. As with other membrane proteins, the ER biogenesis pathway is key to appropriately folding, performing quality control, and exporting fully folded PC1 to the Golgi apparatus. There is a requirement for binding with PC2 and cleavage of PC1 at the GPS for this folding and export to occur. Six different monogenic defects in this pathway lead to cystic disease development, with PC1 apparently particularly sensitive to defects in this general protein processing pathway. Trafficking of membrane proteins, and the polycystins in particular, through the Golgi to the primary cilium have been analyzed in detail, but at this time, there is no clear consensus on a ciliary targeting sequence required to export proteins to the cilium. After transitioning though the trans-Golgi network, polycystin-bearing vesicles are likely sorted to early or recycling endosomes and then transported to the ciliary base, possibly via docking to transition fibers (TF). The membrane-bound polycystin complex then undergoes facilitated trafficking through the transition zone, the diffusion barrier at the base of the cilium, before entering the cilium. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) may be involved in moving the polycystins along the cilia, but data also indicates other mechanisms. The ciliary polycystin complex can be ubiquitinated and removed from cilia by internalization at the ciliary base and may be sent back to the plasma membrane for recycling or to lysosomes for degradation. Monogenic defects in processes regulating the protein composition of cilia are associated with syndromic disorders involving many organ systems, reflecting the pleotropic role of cilia during development and for tissue maintenance. Many of these ciliopathies have renal involvement, likely because of faulty polycystin signaling from cilia. Understanding the expression, maturation and trafficking of the polycystins helps understand PKD pathogenesis and suggests opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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13
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Bisi S, Marchesi S, Rizvi A, Carra D, Beznoussenko GV, Ferrara I, Deflorian G, Mironov A, Bertalot G, Pisati F, Oldani A, Cattaneo A, Saberamoli G, Pece S, Viale G, Bachi A, Tripodo C, Scita G, Disanza A. IRSp53 controls plasma membrane shape and polarized transport at the nascent lumen in epithelial tubules. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3516. [PMID: 32665580 PMCID: PMC7360740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether the establishment of apical–basal cell polarity during the generation of epithelial lumens requires molecules acting at the plasma membrane/actin interface. Here, we show that the I-BAR-containing IRSp53 protein controls lumen formation and the positioning of the polarity determinants aPKC and podocalyxin. Molecularly, IRSp53 acts by regulating the localization and activity of the small GTPase RAB35, and by interacting with the actin capping protein EPS8. Using correlative light and electron microscopy, we further show that IRSp53 ensures the shape and continuity of the opposing plasma membrane of two daughter cells, leading to the formation of a single apical lumen. Genetic removal of IRSp53 results in abnormal renal tubulogenesis, with altered tubular polarity and architectural organization. Thus, IRSp53 acts as a membrane curvature-sensing platform for the assembly of multi-protein complexes that control the trafficking of apical determinants and the integrity of the luminal plasma membrane. The I-BAR protein IRSp53 senses membrane curvature but its physiological role is unclear. Here, the authors show that during early lumen morphogenesis, IRSp53 controls the shape of the apical plasma membrane and polarized trafficking and ensures the correct epithelial tubular architecture and if deleted, affects renal tubules morphogenesis in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bisi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Marchesi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Abrar Rizvi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Carra
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Ines Ferrara
- Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Mironov
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Amanda Oldani
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ghazaleh Saberamoli
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pece
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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14
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Lim J, Li X, Yuan X, Yang S, Han L, Yang S. Primary cilia control cell alignment and patterning in bone development via ceramide-PKCζ-β-catenin signaling. Commun Biol 2020; 3:45. [PMID: 31988398 PMCID: PMC6985158 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilia assembly and function. IFT protein mutations lead to ciliopathies, which manifest as variable skeletal abnormalities. However, how IFT proteins regulate cell alignment during bone development is unknown. Here, we show that the deletion of IFT20 in osteoblast lineage using Osterix-Cre and inducible type I Collagen-CreERT cause a compromised cell alignment and a reduced bone mass. This finding was validated by the disorganized collagen fibrils and decreased bone strength and stiffness in IFT20-deficient femurs. IFT20 maintains cilia and cell alignment in osteoblasts, as the concentric organization of three-dimensional spheroids was disrupted by IFT20 deletion. Mechanistically, IFT20 interacts with the ceramide-PKCζ complex to promote PKCζ phosphorylation in cilia and induce the apical localization of β-catenin in osteoblasts, both of which were disrupted in the absence of IFT20. These results reveal that IFT20 regulates polarity and cell alignment via ceramide-pPKCζ-β-catenin signaling during bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jormay Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xinhua Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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15
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Zuo X, Kwon SH, Janech MG, Dang Y, Lauzon SD, Fogelgren B, Polgar N, Lipschutz JH. Primary cilia and the exocyst are linked to urinary extracellular vesicle production and content. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19099-19110. [PMID: 31694916 PMCID: PMC6916495 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently proposed idea of "urocrine signaling" hypothesizes that small secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain proteins that transmit signals to distant cells. However, the role of renal primary cilia in EV production and content is unclear. We previously showed that the exocyst, a highly conserved trafficking complex, is necessary for ciliogenesis; that it is present in human urinary EVs; that knockdown (KD) of exocyst complex component 5 (EXOC5), a central exocyst component, results in very short or absent cilia; and that human EXOC5 overexpression results in longer cilia. Here, we show that compared with control Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, EXOC5 overexpression increases and KD decreases EV numbers. Proteomic analyses of isolated EVs from EXOC5 control, KD, and EXOC5-overexpressing MDCK cells revealed significant alterations in protein composition. Using immunoblotting to specifically examine the expression levels of ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) and EPS8-like 2 (EPS8L2) in EVs, we found that EXOC5 KD increases ARF6 levels and decreases EPS8L2 levels, and that EXOC5 overexpression increases EPS8L2. Knockout of intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88) confirmed that the changes in EV number/content were due to cilia loss: similar to EXOC5, the IFT88 loss resulted in very short or absent cilia, decreased EV numbers, increased EV ARF6 levels, and decreased Eps8L2 levels compared with IFT88-rescued EVs. Compared with control animals, urine from proximal tubule-specific EXOC5-KO mice contained fewer EVs and had increased ARF6 levels. These results indicate that perturbations in exocyst and primary cilia affect EV number and protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Michael G Janech
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424
| | - Yujing Dang
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Steven D Lauzon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | - Noemi Polgar
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
- Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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16
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Boehm C, Field MC. Evolution of late steps in exocytosis: conservation and specialization of the exocyst complex. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:112. [PMID: 31633057 PMCID: PMC6784791 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15142.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The eukaryotic endomembrane system most likely arose
via paralogous expansions of genes encoding proteins that specify organelle identity, coat complexes and govern fusion specificity. While the majority of these gene families were established by the time of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), subsequent evolutionary events has moulded these systems, likely reflecting adaptations retained for increased fitness. As well as sequence evolution, these adaptations include loss of otherwise canonical components, the emergence of lineage-specific proteins and paralog expansion. The exocyst complex is involved in late exocytosis and additional trafficking pathways and a member of the complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods (CATCHR) tethering complex family. CATCHR includes the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS)/class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complexes and several others. The exocyst is integrated into a complex GTPase signalling network in animals, fungi and other lineages. Prompted by discovery of Exo99, a non-canonical subunit in the excavate protist
Trypanosoma brucei, and availability of significantly increased genome sequence data, we re-examined evolution of the exocyst. Methods: We examined the evolution of exocyst components by comparative genomics, phylogenetics and structure prediction. Results: The exocyst composition is highly conserved, but with substantial losses of subunits in the Apicomplexa and expansions in Streptophyta plants, Metazoa and land plants, where for the latter, massive paralog expansion of Exo70 represents an extreme and unique example. Significantly, few taxa retain a partial complex, suggesting that, in general, all subunits are probably required for functionality. Further, the ninth exocyst subunit, Exo99, is specific to the Euglenozoa with a distinct architecture compared to the other subunits and which possibly represents a coat system. Conclusions: These data reveal a remarkable degree of evolutionary flexibility within the exocyst complex, suggesting significant diversity in exocytosis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Boehm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovic, 37005, Czech Republic
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17
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Lipschutz JH. The role of the exocyst in renal ciliogenesis, cystogenesis, tubulogenesis, and development. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2019; 38:260-266. [PMID: 31284362 PMCID: PMC6727897 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.19.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocyst is a highly conserved eight-subunit protein complex (EXOC1–8) involved in the targeting and docking of exocytic vesicles translocating from the trans-Golgi network to various sites in renal cells. EXOC5 is a central exocyst component because it connects EXOC6, bound to the vesicles exiting the trans-Golgi network via the small GTPase RAB8, to the rest of the exocyst complex at the plasma membrane. In the kidney, the exocyst complex is involved in primary ciliognesis, cystogenesis, and tubulogenesis. The exocyst, and its regulators, have also been found in urinary extracellular vesicles, and may be centrally involved in urocrine signaling and repair following acute kidney injury. The exocyst is centrally involved in the development of other organs, including the eye, ear, and heart. The exocyst is regulated by many different small GTPases of the RHO, RAL, RAB, and ARF families. The small GTPases, and their guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, likely give the exocyst specificity of function. The recent development of a floxed Exoc5 mouse line will aid researchers in studying the role of the exocyst in multiple cells and organ types by allowing for tissue-specific knockout, in conjunction with Cre-driver mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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18
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Fulmer D, Toomer K, Guo L, Moore K, Glover J, Moore R, Stairley R, Lobo G, Zuo X, Dang Y, Su Y, Fogelgren B, Gerard P, Chung D, Heydarpour M, Mukherjee R, Body SC, Norris RA, Lipschutz JH. Defects in the Exocyst-Cilia Machinery Cause Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease and Aortic Stenosis. Circulation 2019; 140:1331-1341. [PMID: 31387361 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.038376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is a congenital defect that affects 0.5% to 1.2% of the population and is associated with comorbidities including ascending aortic dilation and calcific aortic valve stenosis. To date, although a few causal genes have been identified, the genetic basis for the vast majority of BAV cases remains unknown, likely pointing to complex genetic heterogeneity underlying this phenotype. Identifying genetic pathways versus individual gene variants may provide an avenue for uncovering additional BAV causes and consequent comorbidities. METHODS We performed genome-wide association Discovery and Replication Studies using cohorts of 2131 patients with BAV and 2728 control patients, respectively, which identified primary cilia genes as associated with the BAV phenotype. Genome-wide association study hits were prioritized based on P value and validated through in vivo loss of function and rescue experiments, 3-dimensional immunohistochemistry, histology, and morphometric analyses during aortic valve morphogenesis and in aged animals in multiple species. Consequences of these genetic perturbations on cilia-dependent pathways were analyzed by Western and immunohistochemistry analyses, and assessment of aortic valve and cardiac function were determined by echocardiography. RESULTS Genome-wide association study hits revealed an association between BAV and genetic variation in human primary cilia. The most associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in or near genes that are important in regulating ciliogenesis through the exocyst, a shuttling complex that chaperones cilia cargo to the membrane. Genetic dismantling of the exocyst resulted in impaired ciliogenesis, disrupted ciliogenic signaling and a spectrum of cardiac defects in zebrafish, and aortic valve defects including BAV, valvular stenosis, and valvular calcification in murine models. CONCLUSIONS These data support the exocyst as required for normal ciliogenesis during aortic valve morphogenesis and implicate disruption of ciliogenesis and its downstream pathways as contributory to BAV and associated comorbidities in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Fulmer
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Katelynn Toomer
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Lilong Guo
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Kelsey Moore
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Janiece Glover
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Reece Moore
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Rebecca Stairley
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Glenn Lobo
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Ophthalmology (G.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Yujing Dang
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Yanhui Su
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu (B.F.)
| | - Patrick Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, SC (P.G.)
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Public Health Sciences (D.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Mahyar Heydarpour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital (M.H.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rupak Mukherjee
- Surgery (R. Mukherjee), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Departments of Research (R. Mukherjee), Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Simon C Body
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.C.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Russell A Norris
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (D.F., K.T., L.G., K.M., J.G., R. Moore, R.S., R.A.N.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Departments of Medicine (D.F., G.L., X.Z., Y.D., Y.S., R.A.N., J.H.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.,Medicine (J.H.L.), Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
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19
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Nihalani D, Solanki AK, Arif E, Srivastava P, Rahman B, Zuo X, Dang Y, Fogelgren B, Fermin D, Gillies CE, Sampson MG, Lipschutz JH. Disruption of the exocyst induces podocyte loss and dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10104-10119. [PMID: 31073028 PMCID: PMC6664173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the slit diaphragm proteins in podocytes are uniquely organized to maintain glomerular filtration assembly and function, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that participate in trafficking these proteins to the correct location for development and homeostasis. Identifying these mechanisms will likely provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention to preserve podocyte function following glomerular injury. Analysis of structural variation in cases of human nephrotic syndrome identified rare heterozygous deletions of EXOC4 in two patients. This suggested that disruption of the highly-conserved eight-protein exocyst trafficking complex could have a role in podocyte dysfunction. Indeed, mRNA profiling of injured podocytes identified significant exocyst down-regulation. To test the hypothesis that the exocyst is centrally involved in podocyte development/function, we generated homozygous podocyte-specific Exoc5 (a central exocyst component that interacts with Exoc4) knockout mice that showed massive proteinuria and died within 4 weeks of birth. Histological and ultrastructural analysis of these mice showed severe glomerular defects with increased fibrosis, proteinaceous casts, effaced podocytes, and loss of the slit diaphragm. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Neph1 and Nephrin, major slit diaphragm constituents, were mislocalized and/or lost. mRNA profiling of Exoc5 knockdown podocytes showed that vesicular trafficking was the most affected cellular event. Mapping of signaling pathways and Western blot analysis revealed significant up-regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-β pathways in Exoc5 knockdown podocytes and in the glomeruli of podocyte-specific Exoc5 KO mice. Based on these data, we propose that exocyst-based mechanisms regulate Neph1 and Nephrin signaling and trafficking, and thus podocyte development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Nihalani
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425,
| | - Ashish K Solanki
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ehtesham Arif
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Bushra Rahman
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Yujing Dang
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- the Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | | | | | - Matthew G Sampson
- the Department of Pediatrics-Nephrology and.,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, and
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425.,the Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
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20
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Kumar D, Mains RE, Eipper BA, King SM. Ciliary and cytoskeletal functions of an ancient monooxygenase essential for bioactive amidated peptide synthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2329-2348. [PMID: 30879092 PMCID: PMC6529398 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many secreted peptides used for cell-cell communication require conversion of a C-terminal glycine to an amide for bioactivity. This reaction is catalyzed only by the integral membrane protein peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). PAM has been highly conserved and is found throughout the metazoa; PAM-like sequences are also present in choanoflagellates, filastereans, unicellular and colonial chlorophyte green algae, dinoflagellates and haptophytes. Recent studies have revealed that in addition to playing a key role in peptidergic signaling, PAM also regulates ciliogenesis in vertebrates, planaria and chlorophyte algae, and is required for the stability of actin-based microvilli. Here we briefly introduce the basic principles involved in ciliogenesis, the sequential reactions catalyzed by PAM and the trafficking of PAM through the secretory and endocytic pathways. We then discuss the multi-faceted roles this enzyme plays in the formation and maintenance of cytoskeleton-based cellular protrusions and propose models for how PAM protein and amidating activity might contribute to ciliogenesis. Finally, we consider why some ciliated organisms lack PAM, and discuss the potential ramifications of ciliary localized PAM for the endocrine features commonly observed in patients with ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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21
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Teves ME, Strauss JF, Sapao P, Shi B, Varga J. The Primary Cilium: Emerging Role as a Key Player in Fibrosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2019; 21:29. [PMID: 31115730 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-019-0822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The myofibroblast is the culprit in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Activation of morphogen signaling pathways has been shown to be critically involved in organ fibrosis. Remarkably, the cellular receptors and key molecules from these signaling pathways are localized in the primary cilium. The primary cilium is a unique cellular organelle present in virtually all cells. This article summarizes recent studies evaluating the association between primary cilia and morphogen signaling driving myofibroblast transition and subsequent fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging observations implicate dysfunctional primary cilia in fibrosis in many different tissues and organs. Primary cilia seem to be necessary for the initiation of the transition and sustained activation of myofibroblasts. We summarize recent progress in this field and propose the primary cilium as a potential mediator of fibrosis pathogenesis in SSc. Understanding the contributions of primary cilia in fibrosis may ultimately inform the development of entirely new approaches for fibrosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Paulene Sapao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bo Shi
- Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, 240 East Huron St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - John Varga
- Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, 240 East Huron St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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22
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Pruski M, Lang B. Primary Cilia-An Underexplored Topic in Major Mental Illness. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:104. [PMID: 30886591 PMCID: PMC6409319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though much progress has been made in recent years towards understanding the function and physiology of primary cilia, they remain a somewhat elusive organelle. Some studies have explored the role of primary cilia in the developing nervous system, and their dysfunction has been linked with several neurosensory deficits. Yet, very little has been written on their potential role in psychiatric disorders. This article provides an overview of some of the functions of primary cilia in signalling pathways, and demonstrates that they are a worthy candidate in psychiatric research. The links between primary cilia and major mental illness have been demonstrated to exist at several levels, spanning genetics, signalling pathways, and pharmacology as well as cell division and migration. The primary focus of this review is on the sensory role of the primary cilium and the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of psychiatric disease. As such, the primary cilium is demonstrated to be a key link between the cellular environment and cell behaviour, and hence of key importance in the considerations of the nature and nurture debate in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Critical Care Laboratory, Critical Care Directorate, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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23
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Mukherjee I, Roy S, Chakrabarti S. Identification of Important Effector Proteins in the FOXJ1 Transcriptional Network Associated With Ciliogenesis and Ciliary Function. Front Genet 2019; 10:23. [PMID: 30881373 PMCID: PMC6405523 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental defects in motile cilia, arising from genetic abnormalities in one or more ciliary genes, can lead to a common ciliopathy known as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Functional studies in model organisms undertaken to understand PCD or cilia biogenesis have identified 100s of genes regulated by Foxj1, the master regulator of motile ciliogenesis. However, limited systems based studies have been performed to elucidate proteins or network/s crucial to the motile ciliary interactome, although this approach holds promise for identification of multiple cilia-associated genes, which, in turn, could be utilized for screening and early diagnosis of the disease. Here, based on the assumption that FOXJ1-mediated regulatory and signaling networks are representative of the motile cilia interactome, we have constructed and analyzed the gene regulatory and protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) mediated by FOXJ1. The predicted FOXJ1 regulatory network comprises of 424 directly and 148 indirectly regulated genes. Additionally, based on gene ontology analysis, we have associated 17 directly and 6 indirectly regulated genes with possible ciliary roles. Topological and perturbation analyses of the PPIN (6927 proteins, 40,608 interactions) identified 121 proteins expressed in ciliated cells, which interact with multiple proteins encoded by FoxJ1 induced genes (FIG) as important interacting proteins (IIP). However, it is plausible that IIP transcriptionally regulated by FOXJ1 and/or differentially expressed in PCD are likely to have crucial roles in motile cilia. We have found 20 de-regulated topologically important effector proteins in the FOXJ1 regulatory network, among which some (PLSCR1, SSX2IP, ACTN2, CDC42, HSP90AA1, PIAS4) have previously reported ciliary roles. Furthermore, based on pathway enrichment of these proteins and their primary interactors, we have rationalized their possible roles in the ciliary interactome. For instance, 5 among these novel proteins that are involved in cilia associated signaling pathways (like Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog, Toll-like receptor etc.) could be ‘topologically important signaling proteins.’ Therefore, based on this FOXJ1 network study we have predicted important effectors in the motile cilia interactome, which are possibly associated with ciliary biology and/or function and are likely to further our understanding of the pathophysiology in ciliopathies like PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Mukherjee
- Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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24
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Zuo X, Lobo G, Fulmer D, Guo L, Dang Y, Su Y, Ilatovskaya DV, Nihalani D, Rohrer B, Body SC, Norris RA, Lipschutz JH. The exocyst acting through the primary cilium is necessary for renal ciliogenesis, cystogenesis, and tubulogenesis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6710-6718. [PMID: 30824539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocyst is a highly conserved protein complex found in most eukaryotic cells and is associated with many functions, including protein translocation in the endoplasmic reticulum, vesicular basolateral targeting, and ciliogenesis in the kidney. To investigate the exocyst functions, here we exchanged proline for alanine in the highly conserved VXPX ciliary targeting motif of EXOC5 (exocyst complex component 5), a central exocyst gene/protein, and generated stable EXOC5 ciliary targeting sequence-mutated (EXOC5CTS-m) Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The EXOC5CTS-m protein was stable and could bind other members of the exocyst complex. Culturing stable control, EXOC5-overexpressing (OE), Exoc5-knockdown (KD), and EXOC5CTS-m MDCK cells on Transwell filters, we found that primary ciliogenesis is increased in EXOC5 OE cells and inhibited in Exoc5-KD and EXOC5CTS-m cells. Growing cells in collagen gels until the cyst stage, we noted that EXOC5-OE cells form mature cysts with single lumens more rapidly than control cysts, whereas Exoc5-KD and EXOC5CTS-m MDCK cells failed to form mature cysts. Adding hepatocyte growth factor to induce tubulogenesis, we observed that EXOC5-OE cell cysts form tubules more efficiently than control MDCK cell cysts, EXOC5CTS-m MDCK cell cysts form significantly fewer tubules than control cell cysts, and Exoc5-KD cysts did not undergo tubulogenesis. Finally, we show that EXOC5 mRNA almost completely rescues the ciliary phenotypes in exoc5-mutant zebrafish, unlike the EXOC5CTS-m mRNA, which could not efficiently rescue the phenotypes. Taken together, these results indicate that the exocyst, acting through the primary cilium, is necessary for renal ciliogenesis, cystogenesis, and tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn Lobo
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Ophthalmology, and
| | - Diana Fulmer
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Lilong Guo
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon C Body
- the Department of Anesthesiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Russell A Norris
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- From the Departments of Medicine, .,the Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, and
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25
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DeLay BD, Baldwin TA, Miller RK. Dynamin Binding Protein Is Required for Xenopus laevis Kidney Development. Front Physiol 2019; 10:143. [PMID: 30863317 PMCID: PMC6399408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult human kidney contains over one million nephrons, with each nephron consisting of a tube containing segments that have specialized functions in nutrient and water absorption and waste excretion. The embryonic kidney of Xenopus laevis consists of a single functional nephron composed of regions that are analogous to those found in the human nephron, making it a simple model for the study of nephrogenesis. The exocyst complex, which traffics proteins to the cell membrane in vesicles via CDC42, is essential for normal kidney development. Here, we show that the CDC42-GEF, dynamin binding protein (Dnmbp/Tuba), is essential for nephrogenesis in Xenopus. dnmbp is expressed in Xenopus embryo kidneys during development, and knockdown of Dnmbp using two separate morpholino antisense oligonucleotides results in reduced expression of late pronephric markers, whereas the expression of early markers of nephrogenesis remains unchanged. A greater reduction in expression of markers of differentiated distal and connecting tubules was seen in comparison to proximal tubule markers, indicating that Dnmbp reduction may have a greater impact on distal and connecting tubule differentiation. Additionally, Dnmbp reduction results in glomus and ciliary defects. dnmbp knockout using CRISPR results in a similar reduction of late markers of pronephric tubulogenesis and also results in edema formation in later stage embryos. Overexpression of dnmbp in the kidney also resulted in disrupted pronephric tubules, suggesting that dnmbp levels in the developing kidney are tightly regulated, with either increased or decreased levels leading to developmental defects. Together, these data suggest that Dnmbp is required for nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget D. DeLay
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tanya A. Baldwin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rachel K. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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26
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Maerz LD, Casar Tena T, Gerhards J, Donow C, Jeggo PA, Philipp M. Analysis of cilia dysfunction phenotypes in zebrafish embryos depleted of Origin recognition complex factors. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:772-782. [PMID: 30696958 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Meier-Gorlin syndrome (MGS) is a rare, congenital primordial microcephalic dwarfism disorder. MGS is caused by genetic variants of components of the origin recognition complex (ORC) consisting of ORC1-6 and the pre-replication complex, which together enable origin firing and hence genome replication. In addition, ORC1 has previously been shown to play a role in ciliogenesis. Here, we extend this work and investigate the function of ORC1 and two other members of the complex on cilia at an organismal level. Knockdown experiments in zebrafish confirmed the impact of ORC1 on cilia. ORC1-deficiency confers defects anticipated to arise from impaired cilia function such as formation of oedema, kidney cysts, curved bodies and left-right asymmetry defects. We found ORC1 furthermore required for cilium formation in zebrafish and demonstrate that ciliopathy phenotypes in ORC1-depleted zebrafish could not be rescued by reconstitution with ORC1 bearing a genetic variant previously identified in MGS patients. Loss-of-function of Orc4 and Orc6, respectively, conferred similar ciliopathy phenotypes and cilium shortening in zebrafish, suggesting that several, if not all, components of the ORC regulate ciliogenesis downstream to or in addition to their canonical function in replication initiation. This study presents the first in vivo evidence of an influence of the MGS genes of the ORC family on cilia, and consolidates the possibility that cilia dysfunction could contribute to the clinical manifestation of ORC-deficient MGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars D Maerz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Teresa Casar Tena
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Gerhards
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Donow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Penelope A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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27
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Ueyama T. Rho-Family Small GTPases: From Highly Polarized Sensory Neurons to Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020092. [PMID: 30696065 PMCID: PMC6406560 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases of the Rho-family (Rho-family GTPases) have various physiological functions, including cytoskeletal regulation, cell polarity establishment, cell proliferation and motility, transcription, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumorigenesis. A relatively large number of downstream targets of Rho-family GTPases have been reported for in vitro studies. However, only a small number of signal pathways have been established at the in vivo level. Cumulative evidence for the functions of Rho-family GTPases has been reported for in vivo studies using genetically engineered mouse models. It was based on different cell- and tissue-specific conditional genes targeting mice. In this review, we introduce recent advances in in vivo studies, including human patient trials on Rho-family GTPases, focusing on highly polarized sensory organs, such as the cochlea, which is the primary hearing organ, host defenses involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumorigenesis (especially associated with RAC, novel RAC1-GSPT1 signaling, RHOA, and RHOBTB2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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28
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Eisa-Beygi S, Benslimane FM, El-Rass S, Prabhudesai S, Abdelrasool MKA, Simpson PM, Yalcin HC, Burrows PE, Ramchandran R. Characterization of Endothelial Cilia Distribution During Cerebral-Vascular Development in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:2806-2818. [PMID: 30571172 PMCID: PMC6309420 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Endothelial cells (ECs) sense and respond to flow-induced mechanical stress, in part, via microtubule-based projections called primary cilia. However, many critical steps during vascular morphogenesis occur independent of flow. The involvement of cilia in regulating these stages of cranial vascular morphogenesis is poorly understood because cilia have not been visualized in primary head vessels. The objective of this study was to investigate involvement of cilia in regulating the early stages of cranial vascular morphogenesis. Approach and Results- Using high-resolution imaging of the Tg(kdrl:mCherry-CAAX) y171 ;(bactin::Arl13b:GFP) zebrafish line, we showed that cilia are enriched in the earliest formed cranial vessels that assemble via vasculogenesis and in angiogenic hindbrain capillaries. Cilia were more prevalent around the boundaries of putative intravascular spaces in primary and angiogenic vessels. Loss of cardiac contractility and blood flow, because of knockdown of cardiac troponin T type 2a ( tnnt2a) expression, did not affect the distribution of cilia in primary head vasculature. In later stages of development, cilia were detected in retinal vasculature, areas of high curvature, vessel bifurcation points, and during vessel anastomosis. Loss of genes crucial for cilia biogenesis ( ift172 and ift81) induced intracerebral hemorrhages in an EC-autonomous manner. Exposure to high shear stress induced premature cilia disassembly in brain ECs and was associated with intracerebral hemorrhages. Conclusions- Our study suggests a functional role for cilia in brain ECs, which is associated with the emergence and remodeling of the primary cranial vasculature. This cilia function is flow-independent, and cilia in ECs are required for cerebral-vascular stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 53226
| | | | - Suzan El-Rass
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia E. Burrows
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 53226
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226
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29
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Gibb N, Lazic S, Yuan X, Deshwar AR, Leslie M, Wilson MD, Scott IC. Hey2 regulates the size of the cardiac progenitor pool during vertebrate heart development. Development 2018; 145:dev.167510. [PMID: 30355727 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A key event in heart development is the timely addition of cardiac progenitor cells, defects in which can lead to congenital heart defects. However, how the balance and proportion of progenitor proliferation versus addition to the heart is regulated remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Hey2 functions to regulate the dynamics of cardiac progenitor addition to the zebrafish heart. We found that the previously noted increase in myocardial cell number found in the absence of Hey2 function was due to a pronounced expansion in the size of the cardiac progenitor pool. Expression analysis and lineage tracing of hey2-expressing cells showed that hey2 is active in cardiac progenitors. Hey2 acted to limit proliferation of cardiac progenitors, prior to heart tube formation. Use of a transplantation approach demonstrated a likely cell-autonomous (in cardiac progenitors) function for Hey2. Taken together, our data suggest a previously unappreciated role for Hey2 in controlling the proliferative capacity of cardiac progenitors, affecting the subsequent contribution of late-differentiating cardiac progenitors to the developing vertebrate heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gibb
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Savo Lazic
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xuefei Yuan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ashish R Deshwar
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Meaghan Leslie
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ian C Scott
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.,Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centres of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H2, Canada
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30
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Zheng J, Nie X, He L, Yoon A, Wu L, Zhang X, Vats M, Schiff M, Xiang L, Tian Z, Ling J, Mao J. Epithelial Cdc42 Deletion Induced Enamel Organ Defects and Cystogenesis. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1346-1354. [PMID: 29874522 PMCID: PMC6199676 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518779546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc42, a Rho family small GTPase, regulates cytoskeleton organization, vesicle trafficking, and other cellular processes in development and homeostasis. However, Cdc42's roles in prenatal tooth development remain elusive. Here, we investigated Cdc42 functions in mouse enamel organ. Cdc42 showed highly dynamic temporospatial patterns in the developing enamel organ, with robust expression in the outer enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum (SR), and stratum intermedium layers. Strikingly, epithelium-specific Cdc42 deletion resulted in cystic lesions in the enamel organ. Cystic lesions were first noted at embryonic day 15.5 and progressively enlarged during gestation. At birth, cystic lesions occupied the bulk of the entire enamel organ, with intracystic erythrocyte accumulation. Ameloblast differentiation was retarded upon epithelial Cdc42 deletion. Apoptosis occurred in the Cdc42 mutant enamel organ prior to and synchronously with cystogenesis. Transmission electron microscopy examination showed disrupted actin assemblies, aberrant desmosomes, and significantly fewer cell junctions in the SR cells of Cdc42 mutants than littermate controls. Autophagosomes were present in the SR cells of Cdc42 mutants relative to the virtual absence of autophagosome in the SR cells of littermate controls. Epithelium-specific Cdc42 deletion attenuated Wnt/β-catenin and Shh signaling in dental epithelium and induced aberrant Sox2 expression in the secondary enamel knot. These findings suggest that excessive cell death and disrupted cell-cell connections may be among multiple factors responsible for the observed cystic lesions in Cdc42 mutant enamel organs. Taken together, Cdc42 exerts multidimensional and pivotal roles in enamel organ development and is particularly required for cell survival and tooth morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Zheng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X. Nie
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L. He
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A.J. Yoon
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Division, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L. Wu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X. Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Vats
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M.D. Schiff
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L. Xiang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z. Tian
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. Ling
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J.J. Mao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Exocyst Complex Member EXOC5 Is Required for Survival of Hair Cells and Spiral Ganglion Neurons and Maintenance of Hearing. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6518-6532. [PMID: 29327200 PMCID: PMC6984595 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The exocyst, an octameric protein complex consisting of Exoc1 through Exoc8, was first determined to regulate exocytosis by targeting vesicles to the plasma membrane in yeast to mice. In addition to this fundamental role, the exocyst complex has been implicated in other cellular processes. In this study, we investigated the role of the exocyst in cochlear development and hearing by targeting EXOC5, a central exocyst component. Deleting Exoc5 in the otic epithelium with widely used Cre lines resulted in early lethality. Thus, we generated two different inner ear-specific Exoc5 knockout models by crossing Gfi1Cre mice with Exoc5f/f mice for hair cell-specific deletion (Gfi1Cre/+;Exoc5f/f) and by in utero delivery of rAAV-iCre into the otocyst of embryonic day 12.5 for deletion throughout the otic epithelium (rAAV2/1-iCre;Exoc5f/f). Gfi1Cre/+;Exoc5f/f mice showed relatively normal hair cell morphology until postnatal day 20, after which hair cells underwent apoptosis accompanied by disorganization of stereociliary bundles, resulting in progressive hearing loss. rAAV2/1-iCre;Exoc5f/f mice exhibited abnormal neurite morphology, followed by apoptotic degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and hair cells, which led to profound and early-onset hearing loss. These results demonstrate that Exoc5 is essential for the normal development and survival of cochlear hair cells and SGNs, as well as the functional maintenance of hearing.
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32
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Hua K, Ferland RJ. Primary Cilia Reconsidered in the Context of Ciliopathies: Extraciliary and Ciliary Functions of Cilia Proteins Converge on a Polarity theme? Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700132. [PMID: 29882973 PMCID: PMC6239423 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Once dismissed as vestigial organelles, primary cilia have garnered the interest of scientists, given their importance in development/signaling, and for their implication in a new disease category known as ciliopathies. However, many, if not all, "cilia" proteins also have locations/functions outside of the primary cilium. These extraciliary functions can complicate the interpretation of a particular ciliopathy phenotype: it may be a result of defects at the cilium and/or at extraciliary locations, and it could be broadly related to a unifying cellular process for these proteins, such as polarity. Assembly of a cilium has many similarities to the development of other polarized structures. This evolutionarily preserved process for the assembly of polarized cell structures offers a perspective on how the cilium may have evolved. We hypothesize that cilia proteins are critical for cell polarity, and that core polarity proteins may have been specialized to form various cellular protrusions, including primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet Hua
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
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33
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Drummond ML, Li M, Tarapore E, Nguyen TTL, Barouni BJ, Cruz S, Tan KC, Oro AE, Atwood SX. Actin polymerization controls cilia-mediated signaling. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3255-3266. [PMID: 29945904 PMCID: PMC6122990 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin polymerization is important to generate primary cilia. Drummond et al. show that upstream actin regulators are necessary for this process by controlling aPKC and Src kinase activity to promote Hedgehog signaling and restrict primary cilia. Primary cilia are polarized organelles that allow detection of extracellular signals such as Hedgehog (Hh). How the cytoskeleton supporting the cilium generates and maintains a structure that finely tunes cellular response remains unclear. Here, we find that regulation of actin polymerization controls primary cilia and Hh signaling. Disrupting actin polymerization, or knockdown of N-WASp/Arp3, increases ciliation frequency, axoneme length, and Hh signaling. Cdc42, a potent actin regulator, recruits both atypical protein pinase C iota/lambda (aPKC) and Missing-in-Metastasis (MIM) to the basal body to maintain actin polymerization and restrict axoneme length. Transcriptome analysis implicates the Src pathway as a major aPKC effector. aPKC promotes whereas MIM antagonizes Src activity to maintain proper levels of primary cilia, actin polymerization, and Hh signaling. Hh pathway activation requires Smoothened-, Gli-, and Gli1-specific activation by aPKC. Surprisingly, longer axonemes can amplify Hh signaling, except when aPKC is disrupted, reinforcing the importance of the Cdc42–aPKC–Gli axis in actin-dependent regulation of primary cilia signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Drummond
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Mischa Li
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Eric Tarapore
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Tuyen T L Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Baina J Barouni
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Shaun Cruz
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Kevin C Tan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA .,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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34
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Forbes TA, Howden SE, Lawlor K, Phipson B, Maksimovic J, Hale L, Wilson S, Quinlan C, Ho G, Holman K, Bennetts B, Crawford J, Trnka P, Oshlack A, Patel C, Mallett A, Simons C, Little MH. Patient-iPSC-Derived Kidney Organoids Show Functional Validation of a Ciliopathic Renal Phenotype and Reveal Underlying Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:816-831. [PMID: 29706353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing diagnostic rate of genomic sequencing, the genetic basis of more than 50% of heritable kidney disease remains unresolved. Kidney organoids differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of individuals affected by inherited renal disease represent a potential, but unvalidated, platform for the functional validation of novel gene variants and investigation of underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. In this study, trio whole-exome sequencing of a prospectively identified nephronophthisis (NPHP) proband and her parents identified compound-heterozygous variants in IFT140, a gene previously associated with NPHP-related ciliopathies. IFT140 plays a key role in retrograde intraflagellar transport, but the precise downstream cellular mechanisms responsible for disease presentation remain unknown. A one-step reprogramming and gene-editing protocol was used to derive both uncorrected proband iPSCs and isogenic gene-corrected iPSCs, which were differentiated to kidney organoids. Proband organoid tubules demonstrated shortened, club-shaped primary cilia, whereas gene correction rescued this phenotype. Differential expression analysis of epithelial cells isolated from organoids suggested downregulation of genes associated with apicobasal polarity, cell-cell junctions, and dynein motor assembly in proband epithelial cells. Matrigel cyst cultures confirmed a polarization defect in proband versus gene-corrected renal epithelium. As such, this study represents a "proof of concept" for using proband-derived iPSCs to model renal disease and illustrates dysfunctional cellular pathways beyond the primary cilium in the setting of IFT140 mutations, which are established for other NPHP genotypes.
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Polgar N, Fogelgren B. Regulation of Cell Polarity by Exocyst-Mediated Trafficking. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a031401. [PMID: 28264817 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One requirement for establishing polarity within a cell is the asymmetric trafficking of intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. This tightly regulated process creates spatial and temporal differences in both plasma membrane composition and the membrane-associated proteome. Asymmetric membrane trafficking is also a critical mechanism to regulate cell differentiation, signaling, and physiology. Many eukaryotic cell types use the eight-protein exocyst complex to orchestrate polarized vesicle trafficking to certain membrane locales. Members of the exocyst were originally discovered in yeast while screening for proteins required for the delivery of secretory vesicles to the budding daughter cell. The same eight exocyst genes are conserved in mammals, in which the specifics of exocyst-mediated trafficking are highly cell-type-dependent. Some exocyst members bind to certain Rab GTPases on intracellular vesicles, whereas others localize to the plasma membrane at the site of exocytosis. Assembly of the exocyst holocomplex is responsible for tethering these vesicles to the plasma membrane before their soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-mediated exocytosis. In this review, we will focus on the role and regulation of the exocyst complex in targeted vesicular trafficking as related to the establishment and maintenance of cellular polarity. We will contrast exocyst function in apicobasal epithelial polarity versus front-back mesenchymal polarity, and the dynamic regulation of exocyst-mediated trafficking during cell phenotype transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Polgar
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
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36
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Identification of CDC42BPG as a novel susceptibility locus for hyperuricemia in a Japanese population. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 293:371-379. [PMID: 29124443 PMCID: PMC5854719 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease and hyperuricemia are serious global health problems. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified various genetic variants related to these disorders. However, most studies have been conducted in a cross-sectional manner. To identify novel susceptibility loci for chronic kidney disease or hyperuricemia, we performed longitudinal exome-wide association studies (EWASs), using ~ 244,000 genetic variants and clinical data of Japanese individuals who had undergone annual health checkups for several years. After establishing quality controls, the association of renal function-related traits in 5648 subjects (excluding patients with dialysis and population outliers) with 24,579 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) for three genetic models (P < 3.39 × 10− 7) was tested using generalized estimating equation models. The longitudinal EWASs revealed novel relations of five SNVs to renal function-related traits. Cross-sectional data for renal function-related traits in 7699 Japanese subjects were examined in a replication study. Among the five SNVs, rs55975541 in CDC42BPG was significantly (P < 4.90 × 10− 4) related to the serum concentration of uric acid in the replication cohort. We also examined the SNVs detected in our longitudinal EWASs with the information on P values in GKDGEN meta-analysis data. Four SNVs in SLC15A2 were significantly associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate in European ancestry populations, although these SNVs were related to the serum concentration of uric acid with borderline significance in our longitudinal EWASs. Our findings indicate that CDC42BPG may be a novel susceptibility locus for hyperuricemia.
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37
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Lobo GP, Fulmer D, Guo L, Zuo X, Dang Y, Kim SH, Su Y, George K, Obert E, Fogelgren B, Nihalani D, Norris RA, Rohrer B, Lipschutz JH. The exocyst is required for photoreceptor ciliogenesis and retinal development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14814-14826. [PMID: 28729419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.795674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously have shown that the highly conserved eight-protein exocyst trafficking complex is required for ciliogenesis in kidney tubule cells. We hypothesized here that ciliogenic programs are conserved across organs and species. To determine whether renal primary ciliogenic programs are conserved in the eye, and to characterize the function and mechanisms by which the exocyst regulates eye development in zebrafish, we focused on exoc5, a central component of the exocyst complex, by analyzing both exoc5 zebrafish mutants, and photoreceptor-specific Exoc5 knock-out mice. Two separate exoc5 mutant zebrafish lines phenocopied exoc5 morphants and, strikingly, exhibited a virtual absence of photoreceptors, along with abnormal retinal development and cell death. Because the zebrafish mutant was a global knockout, we also observed defects in several ciliated organs, including the brain (hydrocephalus), heart (cardiac edema), and kidney (disordered and shorter cilia). exoc5 knockout increased phosphorylation of the regulatory protein Mob1, consistent with Hippo pathway activation. exoc5 mutant zebrafish rescue with human EXOC5 mRNA completely reversed the mutant phenotype. We accomplished photoreceptor-specific knockout of Exoc5 with our Exoc5 fl/fl mouse line crossed with a rhodopsin-Cre driver line. In Exoc5 photoreceptor-specific knock-out mice, the photoreceptor outer segment structure was severely impaired at 4 weeks of age, although a full-field electroretinogram indicated a visual response was still present. However, by 6 weeks, visual responses were eliminated. In summary, we show that ciliogenesis programs are conserved in the kidneys and eyes of zebrafish and mice and that the exocyst is necessary for photoreceptor ciliogenesis and retinal development, most likely by trafficking cilia and outer-segment proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P Lobo
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Ophthalmology, and
| | - Diana Fulmer
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Lilong Guo
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ben Fogelgren
- the Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | | | - Russell A Norris
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Ophthalmology, and.,the Division of Research, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, and
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- From the Departments of Medicine, .,the Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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38
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a signalopathy of renal tubular epithelial cells caused by naturally occurring mutations in two distinct genes, polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) and 2 (PKD2). Genetic variants in PKD1, which encodes the polycystin-1 (PC-1) protein, remain the predominant factor associated with the pathogenesis of nearly two-thirds of all patients diagnosed with PKD. Although the relationship between defective PC-1 with renal cystic disease initiation and progression remains to be fully elucidated, there are numerous clinical studies that have focused upon the control of effector systems involving heterotrimeric G protein regulation. A major regulator in the activation state of heterotrimeric G proteins are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are defined by their seven transmembrane-spanning regions. PC-1 has been considered to function as an unconventional GPCR, but the mechanisms by which PC-1 controls signal processing, magnitude, or trafficking through heterotrimeric G proteins remains to be fully known. The diversity of heterotrimeric G protein signaling in PKD is further complicated by the presence of non-GPCR proteins in the membrane or cytoplasm that also modulate the functional state of heterotrimeric G proteins within the cell. Moreover, PC-1 abnormalities promote changes in hormonal systems that ultimately interact with distinct GPCRs in the kidney to potentially amplify or antagonize signaling output from PC-1. This review will focus upon the canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways that have been described in PKD with specific emphasis on which heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in the pathological reorganization of the tubular epithelial cell architecture to exacerbate renal cystogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketsugu Hama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Frank Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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39
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Stiff T, Casar Tena T, O'Driscoll M, Jeggo PA, Philipp M. ATR promotes cilia signalling: links to developmental impacts. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1574-87. [PMID: 26908596 PMCID: PMC4805311 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATR(ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related) cause Seckel syndrome (ATR-SS), a microcephalic primordial dwarfism disorder. Hitherto, the clinical manifestation of ATR deficiency has been attributed to its canonical role in DNA damage response signalling following replication fork stalling/collapse. Here, we show that ATR regulates cilia-dependent signalling in a manner that can be uncoupled from its function during replication. ATR-depleted or patient-derived ATR-SS cells form cilia of slightly reduced length but are dramatically impaired in cilia-dependent signalling functions, including growth factor and Sonic hedgehog signalling. To better understand the developmental impact of ATR loss of function, we also used zebrafish as a model. Zebrafish embryos depleted of Atr resembled ATR-SS morphology, showed a modest but statistically significant reduction in cilia length and other morphological features indicative of cilia dysfunction. Additionally, they displayed defects in left-right asymmetry including ambiguous expression of southpaw, incorrectly looped hearts and randomized localization of internal organs including the pancreas, features typically conferred by cilia dysfunction. Our findings reveal a novel role for ATR in cilia signalling distinct from its canonical function during replication and strengthen emerging links between cilia function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stiff
- Double Strand Break Repair Laboratory and
| | - Teresa Casar Tena
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark O'Driscoll
- Human DNA Damage Response Disorders Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK and
| | | | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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40
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Han SJ, Jang HS, Kim JI, Lipschutz JH, Park KM. Unilateral nephrectomy elongates primary cilia in the remaining kidney via reactive oxygen species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22281. [PMID: 26923764 PMCID: PMC4770282 DOI: 10.1038/srep22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The length of primary cilia is associated with normal cell and organ function. In the kidney, the change of functional cilia length/mass is associated with various diseases such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, polycystic kidney disease, and congenital solitary kidney. Here, we investigate whether renal mass reduction affects primary cilia length and function. To induce renal mass reduction, mice were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy (UNx). UNx increased kidney weight and superoxide formation in the remaining kidney. Primary cilia were elongated in proximal tubule cells, collecting duct cells and parietal cells of the remaining kidney. Mn(III) Tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (MnTMPyP), an antioxidant, reduced superoxide formation in UNx-mice and prevented the elongation of primary cilia. UNx increased the expression of phosphorylated ERK, p21, and exocyst complex members Sec8 and Sec10, in the remaining kidney, and these increases were prevented by MnTMPyP. In MDCK, a kidney tubular epithelial cell line, cells, low concentrations of H2O2 treatment elongated primary cilia. This H2O2-induced elongation of primary cilia was also prevented by MnTMPyP treatment. Taken together, these data demonstrate that kidney compensation, induced by a reduction of renal mass, results in primary cilia elongation, and this elongation is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anatomy and BK 21 Project, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Anatomy and BK 21 Project, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and MRC, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kwon Moo Park
- Department of Anatomy and BK 21 Project, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
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41
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Gee HY, Sadowski CE, Aggarwal PK, Porath JD, Yakulov TA, Schueler M, Lovric S, Ashraf S, Braun DA, Halbritter J, Fang H, Airik R, Vega-Warner V, Cho KJ, Chan TA, Morris LGT, ffrench-Constant C, Allen N, McNeill H, Büscher R, Kyrieleis H, Wallot M, Gaspert A, Kistler T, Milford DV, Saleem MA, Keng WT, Alexander SI, Valentini RP, Licht C, Teh JC, Bogdanovic R, Koziell A, Bierzynska A, Soliman NA, Otto EA, Lifton RP, Holzman LB, Sibinga NES, Walz G, Tufro A, Hildebrandt F. FAT1 mutations cause a glomerulotubular nephropathy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10822. [PMID: 26905694 PMCID: PMC4770090 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) causes 15% of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here we show that recessive mutations in FAT1 cause a distinct renal disease entity in four families with a combination of SRNS, tubular ectasia, haematuria and facultative neurological involvement. Loss of FAT1 results in decreased cell adhesion and migration in fibroblasts and podocytes and the decreased migration is partially reversed by a RAC1/CDC42 activator. Podocyte-specific deletion of Fat1 in mice induces abnormal glomerular filtration barrier development, leading to podocyte foot process effacement. Knockdown of Fat1 in renal tubular cells reduces migration, decreases active RAC1 and CDC42, and induces defects in lumen formation. Knockdown of fat1 in zebrafish causes pronephric cysts, which is partially rescued by RAC1/CDC42 activators, confirming a role of the two small GTPases in the pathogenesis. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of SRNS and tubulopathy, linking FAT1 and RAC1/CDC42 to podocyte and tubular cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon Yung Gee
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Carolin E Sadowski
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pardeep K Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan D Porath
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Toma A Yakulov
- University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Markus Schueler
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Svjetlana Lovric
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Shazia Ashraf
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daniela A Braun
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jan Halbritter
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Humphrey Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rannar Airik
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Virginia Vega-Warner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kyeong Jee Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Luc G T Morris
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Charles ffrench-Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Nicholas Allen
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Rainer Büscher
- Department of Pediatrics II, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wallot
- Department of Pediatrics, Bethanien Hospital, Moers 47441, Germany
| | - Ariana Gaspert
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kistler
- Division of Nephrology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur 8401, Switzerland
| | - David V Milford
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Children's and Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 5NB, UK
| | - Wee Teik Keng
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50586, Malaysia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Rudolph P Valentini
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Michigan/Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Christoph Licht
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Jun C Teh
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Radovan Bogdanovic
- Institute for Mother and Child Health Care of Serbia "Dr Vukan Čupić", Department of Nephrology, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ania Koziell
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, Division of Transplantation Immunology &Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences &Medicine, 5th floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology &Transplantation, Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.,Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Lawrence B Holzman
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas E S Sibinga
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Gerd Walz
- University Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Alda Tufro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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Baek JI, Kwon SH, Zuo X, Choi SY, Kim SH, Lipschutz JH. Dynamin Binding Protein (Tuba) Deficiency Inhibits Ciliogenesis and Nephrogenesis in Vitro and in Vivo. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8632-43. [PMID: 26895965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of renal primary cilia leads to polycystic kidney disease. We previously showed that the exocyst, a protein trafficking complex, is essential for ciliogenesis and regulated by multiple Rho and Rab family GTPases, such as Cdc42. Cdc42 deficiency resulted in a disruption of renal ciliogenesis and a polycystic kidney disease phenotype in zebrafish and mice. Here we investigate the role of Dynamin binding protein (also known as Tuba), a Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, in ciliogenesis and nephrogenesis using Tuba knockdown Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and tuba knockdown in zebrafish. Tuba depletion resulted in an absence of cilia, with impaired apical polarization and inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor-induced tubulogenesis in Tuba knockdown Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cysts cultured in a collagen gel. In zebrafish, tuba was expressed in multiple ciliated organs, and, accordingly, tuba start and splice site morphants showed various ciliary mutant phenotypes in these organs. Co-injection of tuba and cdc42 morpholinos at low doses, which alone had no effect, resulted in genetic synergy and led to abnormal kidney development with highly disorganized pronephric duct cilia. Morpholinos targeting two other guanine nucleotide exchange factors not known to be in the Cdc42/ciliogenesis pathway and a scrambled control morpholino showed no phenotypic effect. Given the molecular nature of Cdc42 and Tuba, our data strongly suggest that tuba and cdc42 act in the same ciliogenesis pathway. Our study demonstrates that Tuba deficiency causes an abnormal renal ciliary and morphogenetic phenotype. Tuba most likely plays a critical role in ciliogenesis and nephrogenesis by regulating Cdc42 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-In Baek
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Soo Young Choi
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and the Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
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43
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Elias BC, Das A, Parekh DV, Mernaugh G, Adams R, Yang Z, Brakebusch C, Pozzi A, Marciano DK, Carroll TJ, Zent R. Cdc42 regulates epithelial cell polarity and cytoskeletal function during kidney tubule development. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4293-305. [PMID: 26490995 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.164509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPase Cdc42 regulates key signaling pathways required for multiple cell functions, including maintenance of shape, polarity, proliferation, migration, differentiation and morphogenesis. Although previous studies have shown that Cdc42 is required for proper epithelial development and maintenance, its exact molecular function in kidney development is not well understood. In this study, we define the specific role of Cdc42 during murine kidney epithelial tubulogenesis by deleting it selectively at the initiation of ureteric bud or metanephric mesenchyme development. Deletion in either lineage results in abnormal tubulogenesis, with profound defects in polarity, lumen formation and the actin cytoskeleton. Ultimately, these defects lead to renal failure. Additionally, in vitro analysis of Cdc42-null collecting duct cells shows that Cdc42 controls these processes by regulating the polarity Par complex (Par3-Par6-aPKC-Cdc42) and the cytoskeletal proteins N-Wasp and ezrin. Thus, we conclude that the principal role of Cdc42 in ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme development is to regulate epithelial cell polarity and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha C Elias
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amrita Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Diptiben V Parekh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Glenda Mernaugh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca Adams
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zhufeng Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Roy Zent
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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44
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The alternative splicing factor Nova2 regulates vascular development and lumen formation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8479. [PMID: 26446569 PMCID: PMC4633719 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular lumen formation is a fundamental step during angiogenesis; yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that neural and vascular systems share common anatomical, functional and molecular similarities. Here we show that the organization of endothelial lumen is controlled at the post-transcriptional level by the alternative splicing (AS) regulator Nova2, which was previously considered to be neural cell-specific. Nova2 is expressed during angiogenesis and its depletion disrupts vascular lumen formation in vivo. Similarly, Nova2 depletion in cultured endothelial cells (ECs) impairs the apical distribution and the downstream signalling of the Par polarity complex, resulting in altered EC polarity, a process required for vascular lumen formation. These defects are linked to AS changes of Nova2 target exons affecting the Par complex and its regulators. Collectively, our results reveal that Nova2 functions as an AS regulator in angiogenesis and is a novel member of the ‘angioneurins' family. The alternative splicing factor Nova2 is best known for its pivotal function in the brain. Giampietro et al. reveal an important role for Nova2 in the regulation of alternative splicing of transcripts in the vascular endothelium that are crucial for the maintenance of endothelial cell polarity and vessel lumen formation in zebrafish.
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45
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Choi SY, Baek JI, Zuo X, Kim SH, Dunaief JL, Lipschutz JH. Cdc42 and sec10 Are Required for Normal Retinal Development in Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3361-70. [PMID: 26024121 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the function and mechanisms of cdc42 and sec10 in eye development in zebrafish. METHODS Knockdown of zebrafish cdc42 and sec10 was carried out using antisense morpholino injection. The phenotype of morphants was characterized by histology, immunohistology, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). To investigate a synergistic genetic interaction between cdc42 and sec10, we titrated suboptimal doses of cdc42 and sec10 morpholinos, and coinjected both morpholinos. To study trafficking, a melanosome transport assay was performed using epinephrine. RESULTS Cdc42 and sec10 knockdown in zebrafish resulted in both abnormal eye development and increased retinal cell death. Cdc42 morphants had a relatively normal retinal structure, aside from the absence of most connecting cilia and outer segments, whereas in sec10 morphants, much of the outer nuclear layer, which is composed of the photoreceptor nuclei, was missing and RPE cell thickness was markedly irregular. Knockdown of cdc42 and sec10 also resulted in an intracellular transport defect affecting retrograde melanosome transport. Furthermore, there was a synergistic genetic interaction between zebrafish cdc42 and sec10, suggesting that cdc42 and sec10 act in the same pathway in retinal development. CONCLUSIONS We propose a model whereby sec10 and cdc42 play a central role in development of the outer segment of the retinal photoreceptor cell by trafficking proteins necessary for ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Choi
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jeong-In Baek
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States 3Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
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46
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47
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Xia J, Swiercz JM, Bañón-Rodríguez I, Matković I, Federico G, Sun T, Franz T, Brakebusch CH, Kumanogoh A, Friedel RH, Martín-Belmonte F, Gröne HJ, Offermanns S, Worzfeld T. Semaphorin-Plexin Signaling Controls Mitotic Spindle Orientation during Epithelial Morphogenesis and Repair. Dev Cell 2015; 33:299-313. [PMID: 25892012 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis, homeostasis, and regeneration of epithelial tissues rely on the accurate orientation of cell divisions, which is specified by the mitotic spindle axis. To remain in the epithelial plane, symmetrically dividing epithelial cells align their mitotic spindle axis with the plane. Here, we show that this alignment depends on epithelial cell-cell communication via semaphorin-plexin signaling. During kidney morphogenesis and repair, renal tubular epithelial cells lacking the transmembrane receptor Plexin-B2 or its semaphorin ligands fail to correctly orient the mitotic spindle, leading to severe defects in epithelial architecture and function. Analyses of a series of transgenic and knockout mice indicate that Plexin-B2 controls the cell division axis by signaling through its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain and Cdc42. Our data uncover semaphorin-plexin signaling as a central regulatory mechanism of mitotic spindle orientation necessary for the alignment of epithelial cell divisions with the epithelial plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jakub M Swiercz
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Ivana Matković
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Federico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tianliang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Timo Franz
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Cord H Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Worzfeld
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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48
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Kirjavainen A, Laos M, Anttonen T, Pirvola U. The Rho GTPase Cdc42 regulates hair cell planar polarity and cellular patterning in the developing cochlea. Biol Open 2015; 4:516-26. [PMID: 25770185 PMCID: PMC4400594 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20149753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair cells of the organ of Corti (OC) of the cochlea exhibit distinct planar polarity, both at the tissue and cellular level. Planar polarity at tissue level is manifested as uniform orientation of the hair cell stereociliary bundles. Hair cell intrinsic polarity is defined as structural hair bundle asymmetry; positioning of the kinocilium/basal body complex at the vertex of the V-shaped bundle. Consistent with strong apical polarity, the hair cell apex displays prominent actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. The Rho GTPase Cdc42 regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and polarization of various cell types, and, thus, serves as a candidate regulator of hair cell polarity. We have here induced Cdc42 inactivation in the late-embryonic OC. We show the role of Cdc42 in the establishment of planar polarity of hair cells and in cellular patterning. Abnormal planar polarity was displayed as disturbances in hair bundle orientation and morphology and in kinocilium/basal body positioning. These defects were accompanied by a disorganized cell-surface microtubule network. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), a putative Cdc42 effector, colocalized with Cdc42 at the hair cell apex, and aPKC expression was altered upon Cdc42 depletion. Our data suggest that Cdc42 together with aPKC is part of the machinery establishing hair cell planar polarity and that Cdc42 acts on polarity through the cell-surface microtubule network. The data also suggest that defects in apical polarization are influenced by disturbed cellular patterning in the OC. In addition, our data demonstrates that Cdc42 is required for stereociliogenesis in the immature cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kirjavainen
- Department of Biosciences, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarja Laos
- Department of Biosciences, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Anttonen
- Department of Biosciences, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Pirvola
- Department of Biosciences, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Huang L, Xiao A, Wecker A, McBride DA, Choi SY, Zhou W, Lipschutz JH. A possible zebrafish model of polycystic kidney disease: knockdown of wnt5a causes cysts in zebrafish kidneys. J Vis Exp 2014:52156. [PMID: 25489842 PMCID: PMC4354438 DOI: 10.3791/52156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common causes of end-stage kidney disease, a devastating disease for which there is no cure. The molecular mechanisms leading to cyst formation in PKD remain somewhat unclear, but many genes are thought to be involved. Wnt5a is a non-canonical glycoprotein that regulates a wide range of developmental processes. Wnt5a works through the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway that regulates oriented cell division during renal tubular cell elongation. Defects of the PCP pathway have been found to cause kidney cyst formation. Our paper describes a method for developing a zebrafish cystic kidney disease model by knockdown of the wnt5a gene with wnt5a antisense morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides. Tg(wt1b:GFP) transgenic zebrafish were used to visualize kidney structure and kidney cysts following wnt5a knockdown. Two distinct antisense MOs (AUG - and splice-site) were used and both resulted in curly tail down phenotype and cyst formation after wnt5a knockdown. Injection of mouse Wnt5a mRNA, resistant to the MOs due to a difference in primary base pair structure, rescued the abnormal phenotype, demonstrating that the phenotype was not due to "off-target" effects of the morpholino. This work supports the validity of using a zebrafish model to study wnt5a function in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School;
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School
| | - Andrea Wecker
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School
| | | | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Weibin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan
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50
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Huang L, Xiao A, Choi SY, Kan Q, Zhou W, Chacon-Heszele MF, Ryu YK, McKenna S, Zuo X, Kuruvilla R, Lipschutz JH. Wnt5a is necessary for normal kidney development in zebrafish and mice. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 128:80-8. [PMID: 25412793 DOI: 10.1159/000368411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt5a is important for the development of various organs and postnatal cellular function. Little is known, however, about the role of Wnt5a in kidney development, although WNT5A mutations were identified in patients with Robinow syndrome, a genetic disease which includes developmental defects in kidneys. Our goal in this study was to determine the role of Wnt5a in kidney development. METHODS Whole-mount in situ hybridization was used to establish the expression pattern of Wnt5a during kidney development. Zebrafish with wnt5a knockdown and Wnt5a global knockout mice were used to identify kidney phenotypes. RESULTS In zebrafish, wnt5a knockdown resulted in glomerular cyst formation and dilated renal tubules. In mice, Wnt5a global knockout resulted in pleiotropic, but severe, kidney phenotypes, including agenesis, fused kidney, hydronephrosis and duplex kidney/ureter. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated the important role of Wnt5a in kidney development. Disrupted Wnt5a resulted in kidney cysts in zebrafish and pleiotropic abnormal kidney development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Va., USA
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