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Bakhtina AA, Campbell MD, Sibley BD, Sanchez-Contreras M, Sweetwyne MT, Bruce JE. Intra-organ cell specific mitochondrial quantitative interactomics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598354. [PMID: 38915719 PMCID: PMC11195139 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Almost every organ consists of many cell types, each with its unique functions. Proteomes of these cell types are thus unique too. But it is reasonable to assume that interactome (inter and intra molecular interactions of proteins) are also distinct since protein interactions are what ultimately carry out the function. Podocytes and tubules are two cell types within kidney with vastly different functions: podocytes envelop the blood vessels in the glomerulus and act as filters while tubules are located downstream of the glomerulus and are responsible for reabsorption of important nutrients. It has been long known that for tubules mitochondria plays an important role as they require a lot of energy to carry out their functions. In podocytes, however, it has been assumed that mitochondria might not matter as much in both normal physiology and pathology1. Here we have applied quantitative cross-linking mass spectrometry to compare mitochondrial interactomes of tubules and podocytes using a transgenic mitochondrial tagging strategy to immunoprecipitate cell-specific mitochondria directly from whole kidney. We have uncovered that mitochondrial proteomes of these cell types are quite similar, although still showing unique features that correspond to known functions, such as high energy production through TCA cycle in tubules and requirements for detoxification in podocytes which are on the frontline of filtration where they encounter toxic compounds and therefore, as a non-renewing cell type they must have ways to protect themselves from cellular toxicity. But we gained much deeper insight with the interactomics data. We were able to find pathways differentially regulated in podocytes and tubules based on changing cross-link levels and not just protein levels. Among these pathways are betaine metabolism, lysine degradation, and many others. We have also demonstrated how quantitative interactomics could be used to detect different activity levels of an enzyme even when protein abundances of it are the same between cell types. We have validated this finding with an orthogonal activity assay. Overall, this work presents a new view of mitochondrial biology for two important, but functionally distinct, cell types within the mouse kidney showing both similarities and unique features. This data can continue to be explored to find new aspects of mitochondrial biology, especially in podocytes, where mitochondria has been understudied. In the future this methodology can also be applied to other organs to uncover differences in the function of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bakhtina
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences
| | - M D Campbell
- University of Washington, Department of Anesthesiology
| | - B D Sibley
- University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | - M T Sweetwyne
- University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - J E Bruce
- University of Washington, Department of Genome Sciences
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2
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Yang S, Gong W, Wang Y, Hao C, Guan Y. Unraveling the nexus of NAD+ metabolism and diabetic kidney disease: insights from murine models and human data. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1384953. [PMID: 38836233 PMCID: PMC11148292 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1384953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical coenzyme involved in kidney disease, yet its regulation in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains inadequately understood. Objective Therefore, we investigated the changes of NAD+ levels in DKD and the underlying mechanism. Methods Alternations of NAD+ levels and its biosynthesis enzymes were detected in kidneys from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model by real-time PCR and immunoblot. The distribution of NAD+ de novo synthetic enzymes was explored via immunohistochemical study. NAD+ de novo synthetic metabolite was measured by LC-MS. Human data from NephroSeq were analyzed to verify our findings. Results The study showed that NAD+ levels were decreased in diabetic kidneys. Both mRNA and protein levels of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) in NAD+ de novo synthesis pathway were decreased, while NAD+ synthetic enzymes in salvage pathway and NAD+ consuming enzymes remained unchanged. Further analysis of human data suggested KMO, primarily expressed in the proximal tubules shown by our immunohistochemical staining, was consistently downregulated in human diabetic kidneys. Conclusion Our study demonstrated KMO of NAD+ de novo synthesis pathway was decreased in diabetic kidney and might be responsible for NAD+ reduction in diabetic kidneys, offering valuable insights into complex regulatory mechanisms of NAD+ in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyuan Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Blood Purification Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuanming Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Schindler M, Endlich N. Zebrafish as a model for podocyte research. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F369-F381. [PMID: 38205541 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00335.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Podocytes, specialized postmitotic cells, are central players in various kidney-related diseases. Zebrafish have become a valuable model system for studying podocyte biology because they are genetically easy to manipulate, transparent, and their glomerular structure is similar to that of mammals. This review provides an overview of the knowledge of podocyte biology in zebrafish larvae, with particular focus on their essential contribution to understanding the mechanisms that underlie kidney diseases as well as supporting drug development. In addition, special attention is given to advances in live-imaging techniques allowing the observation of dynamic processes, including podocyte motility, podocyte process behavior, and glomerulus maturation. The review further addresses the functional aspects of podocytes in zebrafish larvae. This includes topics such as glomerular filtration, ultrastructural analyses, and evaluation of podocyte response to nephrotoxic insults. Studies presented in this context have provided important insights into the maintenance and resistance of the glomerular filtration barrier in zebrafish larvae and explored the potential transferability of these findings to mammals such as mice, rats, and most importantly, humans. The recent ability to identify potential therapeutic targets represents a promising new way to identify drugs that could effectively treat podocyte-associated glomerulopathies in humans. In summary, this review gives an overview about the importance of zebrafish as a model for podocyte-related disease and targeted drug development. It also highlights the key role of advanced imaging techniques in transparent zebrafish larvae, improving our understanding of glomerular diseases and the significant potential for translation of these findings to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schindler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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4
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Hui Y, Zhao J, Yu Z, Wang Y, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Xing Y, Han M, Wang A, Guo S, Yuan J, Zhao Y, Ning X, Sun S. The Role of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Occurrence and Progression of Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300218. [PMID: 37691068 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common kidney diseases in clinics with high morbidity and mortality, but their pathogenesis is intricate. Tryptophan (Trp) is a fundamental amino acid for humans, and its metabolism produces various bioactive substances involved in the pathophysiology of AKI and CKD. Metabolomic studies manifest that Trp metabolites like kynurenine (KYN), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and indoxyl sulfate (IS) increase in AKI or CKD and act as biomarkers that facilitate the early identification of diseases. Meanwhile, KYN and IS act as ligands to exacerbate kidney damage by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signal transduction. The reduction of renal function can cause the accumulation of Trp metabolites which in turn accelerate the progression of AKI or CKD. Besides, gut dysbiosis induces the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae family to produce excessive IS, which cannot be excreted due to the deterioration of renal function. The application of Trp metabolism as a target in AKI and CKD will also be elaborated. Thus, this study aims to elucidate Trp metabolism in the development of AKI and CKD, and explores the relative treatment strategies by targeting Trp from the perspective of metabolomics to provide a reference for their diagnosis and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Hui
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Zixian Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Postgraduate Student, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yunlong Qin
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Nephrology, 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistical Support Force (Bethune International Peace Hospital), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050082, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Postgraduate Student, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Postgraduate Student, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Anjing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- Department of Postgraduate Student, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Shuxian Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jinguo Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yueru Zhao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ning
- Department of Geriatric, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shiren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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Gao J, Yang T, Song B, Ma X, Ma Y, Lin X, Wang H. Abnormal tryptophan catabolism in diabetes mellitus and its complications: Opportunities and challenges. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115395. [PMID: 37657259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence rate of diabetes mellitus (DM), including type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), has increased year by year and has become a major global health problem. DM can lead to serious complications of macrovascular and microvascular. Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid for the human body. Trp is metabolized in the body through the indole pathway, kynurenine (Kyn) pathway and serotonin (5-HT) pathway, and is regulated by intestinal microorganisms to varying degrees. These three metabolic pathways have extensive regulatory effects on the immune, endocrine, neural, and energy metabolism systems of the body, and are related to the physiological and pathological processes of various diseases. The key enzymes and metabolites in the Trp metabolic pathway are also deeply involved in the pathogenesis of DM, playing an important role in pancreatic function, insulin resistance (IR), intestinal barrier, and angiogenesis. In DM and its complications, there is a disruption of Trp metabolic balance. Several therapy approaches for DM and complications have been proven to modify tryptophan metabolism. The metabolism of Trp is becoming a new area of focus for DM prevention and care. This paper reviews the impact of the three metabolic pathways of Trp on the pathogenesis of DM and the alterations in Trp metabolism in these diseases, expecting to provide entry points for the treatment of DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Gao
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bohan Song
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yichen Ma
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaowei Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Hongwu Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Bai L, Han X, Kee HJ, He X, Kim SH, Jeon MJ, Zhou H, Jeong SM, Kee SJ, Jeong MH. Protocatechuic acid prevents isoproterenol-induced heart failure in mice by downregulating kynurenine-3-monooxygenase. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2290-2307. [PMID: 37482908 PMCID: PMC10424289 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) prevents oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiac hypertrophy. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of protocatechuic acid in an isoproterenol-induced heart failure mouse model and to identify the underlying mechanisms. To establish the heart failure model, C57BL/6NTac mice were given high-dose isoproterenol (80 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. Echocardiography revealed that protocatechuic acid reversed the isoproterenol-induced downregulation of fractional shortening and ejection fraction. Protocatechuic acid attenuated cardiac hypertrophy as evidenced by the decreased heart-weight-to-body-weight ratio and the expression of Nppb. RNA sequencing analysis identified kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (Kmo) as a potential target of protocatechuic acid. Protocatechuic acid treatment or transfection with short-interfering RNA against Kmo ameliorated transforming growth factor β1-induced upregulation of Kmo, Col1a1, Col1a2 and Fn1 in vivo or in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. Kmo knockdown attenuated the isoproterenol-induced increase in cardiomyocyte size, as well as Nppb and Col1a1 expression in H9c2 cells or primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Moreover, protocatechuic acid attenuated Kmo overexpression-induced increases in Nppb mRNA levels. Protocatechuic acid or Kmo knockdown decreased isoproterenol-induced ROS generation in vivo and in vitro. Thus, protocatechuic acid prevents heart failure by downregulating Kmo. Therefore, protocatechuic acid and Kmo constitute a potential novel therapeutic agent and target, respectively, against heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Bai
- Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Hypertension Heart Failure Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Emergency Critical Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongyi Han
- Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Hypertension Heart Failure Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hae Jin Kee
- Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Hypertension Heart Failure Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaonan He
- Emergency Critical Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Seong Hoon Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Jeon
- Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Hypertension Heart Failure Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Hypertension Heart Failure Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Jeong
- Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Hypertension Heart Failure Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Hypertension Heart Failure Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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7
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Gao J, Cui Y, Bao W, Hao Y, Piao X, Gu X. Ubiquitylome study reveals the regulatory effect of α-lipoic acid on ubiquitination of key proteins in tryptophan metabolism pathway of pig liver. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123795. [PMID: 36828089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The decline in antioxidant defenses make it easily for human and animals to suffer from liver damage and diseases induced by oxidative stress, causing enormous losses to human health and livestock production. As one of the canonical protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), ubiquitination is widely involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and damage/repair response, and is proven to be involved in the ability of mammals to resist oxidative stress. To explore whether α-lipoic acid (LA), a safe and efficient antioxidant, plays a role in regulating liver antioxidant status by PTMs, proteins in livers of pigs fed with LA were analyzed at the level of proteome and ubiquitylome. Based on proteome-wide enrichment of ubiquitination, a total of 7274 proteins were identified and 5326 were quantified, we also identified 1564 ubiquitination sites in 580 ubiquitinated proteins, among which there were 136 differentially ubiquitinated sites in 103 differentially ubiquitinated proteins upon LA. Further bioinformatics analysis showed that these differential proteins were mainly enriched in tryptophan metabolic pathway, and accompanied by significantly improvement of liver antioxidant capacity. We revealed the regulatory effect of LA on ubiquitination of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) and other key proteins in tryptophan metabolism pathway of pig liver for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanjun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiguang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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8
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Kynurenine Pathway in Diabetes Mellitus-Novel Pharmacological Target? Cells 2023; 12:cells12030460. [PMID: 36766803 PMCID: PMC9913876 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway (Trp-KYN) is the major route for tryptophan conversion in the brain and in the periphery. Kynurenines display a wide range of biological actions (which are often contrasting) such as cytotoxic/cytoprotective, oxidant/antioxidant or pro-/anti-inflammatory. The net effect depends on their local concentration, cellular environment, as well as a complex positive and negative feedback loops. The imbalance between beneficial and harmful kynurenines was implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric illnesses and metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus (DM). Despite available therapies, DM may lead to serious macro- and microvascular complications including cardio- and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal disease, diabetic retinopathy, autonomic neuropathy or cognitive impairment. It is well established that low-grade inflammation, which often coincides with DM, can affect the function of KP and, conversely, that kynurenines may modulate the immune response. This review provides a detailed summary of findings concerning the status of the Trp-KYN pathway in DM based on available animal, human and microbiome studies. We highlight the importance of the molecular interplay between the deranged (functionally and qualitatively) conversion of Trp to kynurenines in the development of DM and insulin resistance. The Trp-KYN pathway emerges as a novel target in the search for preventive and therapeutic interventions in DM.
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9
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Morevati M, Fang EF, Mace ML, Kanbay M, Gravesen E, Nordholm A, Egstrand S, Hornum M. Roles of NAD + in Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010137. [PMID: 36613582 PMCID: PMC9820289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form, NAD+) is a critical coenzyme, with functions ranging from redox reactions and energy metabolism in mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation to being a central player in multiple cellular signaling pathways, organ resilience, health, and longevity. Many of its cellular functions are executed via serving as a co-substrate for sirtuins (SIRTs), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), and CD38. Kidney damage and diseases are common in the general population, especially in elderly persons and diabetic patients. While NAD+ is reduced in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), mounting evidence indicates that NAD+ augmentation is beneficial to AKI, although conflicting results exist for cases of CKD. Here, we review recent progress in the field of NAD+, mainly focusing on compromised NAD+ levels in AKI and its effect on essential cellular pathways, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, compromised autophagy, and low expression of the aging biomarker αKlotho (Klotho) in the kidney. We also review the compromised NAD+ levels in renal fibrosis and senescence cells in the case of CKD. As there is an urgent need for more effective treatments for patients with injured kidneys, further studies on NAD+ in relation to AKI/CKD may shed light on novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Morevati
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Evandro Fei Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Maria L. Mace
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Eva Gravesen
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Nordholm
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Egstrand
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Hornum
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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NAD + Metabolism and Interventions in Premature Renal Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010021. [PMID: 36611814 PMCID: PMC9818486 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature aging causes morphological and functional changes in the kidney, leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a global public health issue with far-reaching consequences, including cardio-vascular complications, increased frailty, shortened lifespan and a heightened risk of kidney failure. Dialysis or transplantation are lifesaving therapies, but they can also be debilitating. Currently, no cure is available for CKD, despite ongoing efforts to identify clinical biomarkers of premature renal aging and molecular pathways of disease progression. Kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) have high energy demand, and disruption of their energy homeostasis has been linked to the progression of kidney disease. Consequently, metabolic reprogramming of PTECs is gaining interest as a therapeutic tool. Preclinical and clinical evidence is emerging that NAD+ homeostasis, crucial for PTECs' oxidative metabolism, is impaired in CKD, and administration of dietary NAD+ precursors could have a prophylactic role against age-related kidney disease. This review describes the biology of NAD+ in the kidney, including its precursors and cellular roles, and discusses the importance of NAD+ homeostasis for renal health. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive summary of preclinical and clinical studies aimed at increasing NAD+ levels in premature renal aging and CKD.
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Pires AS, Gupta S, Barton SA, Vander Wall R, Tan V, Heng B, Phillips JK, Guillemin GJ. Temporal Profile of Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in a Rodent Model of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221126063. [PMID: 36329761 PMCID: PMC9623391 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221126063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an early onset genetic disorder characterized by numerous renal cysts resulting in end stage renal disease. Our study aimed to determine if metabolic reprogramming and tryptophan (Trp) metabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP) is a critical dysregulated pathway in PKD. Using the Lewis polycystic kidney (LPK) rat model of PKD and Lewis controls, we profiled temporal trends for KP metabolites in plasma, urine, and kidney tissues from 6- and 12-week-old mixed sex animals using liquid and gas chromatography, minimum n = 5 per cohort. A greater kynurenine (KYN) concentration was observed in LPK kidney and plasma of 12-week rats compared to age matched Lewis controls (P ⩽ .05). LPK kidneys also showed an age effect (P ⩽ .05) with KYN being greater in 12-week versus 6-week LPK. The metabolites xanthurenic acid (XA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) were significantly greater in the plasma of 12-week LPK rats compared to age matched Lewis controls (P ⩽ .05). Plasma XA and 3-HK also showed an age effect (P ⩽ .05) being greater in 12-week versus 6-week LPK. We further describe a decrease in Trp levels in LPK plasma and kidney (strain effect P ⩽ .05). There were no differences in KP metabolites in urine between cohorts. Using the ratio of product and substrates in the KP, a significant age-strain effect (P ⩽ .05) was observed in the activity of the KYN/Trp ratio (tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase [TDO] or indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase [IDO] activity), kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), KAT A (kynurenine aminotransferase A), KAT B, total KAT, total KYNU (kynureninase), KYNU A, KYNU B, and total KYNU within LPK kidneys, supporting an activated KP. Confirmation of the activation of these enzymes will require verification through orthogonal techniques. In conclusion, we have demonstrated an up-regulation of the KP in alignment with progression of renal impairment in the LPK rat model, suggesting that KP activation may be a critical contributor to the pathobiology of PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Staats Pires
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie
Medical School, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine,
Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse
Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Shabarni Gupta
- Autonomic and Sensory Neuroscience
Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences,
Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean A Barton
- Autonomic and Sensory Neuroscience
Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences,
Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Autonomic and Sensory Neuroscience
Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences,
Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Tan
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie
Medical School, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine,
Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie
Medical School, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine,
Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline K Phillips
- Autonomic and Sensory Neuroscience
Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences,
Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Jacqueline K Phillips, Autonomic and
Sensory Neuroscience Group, Macquarie Medical School,Department of Biomedical
Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University,
Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie
Medical School, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine,
Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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The significance of NAD + metabolites and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6398. [PMID: 35430611 PMCID: PMC9013399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) metabolism contributes to the initiation and progression of age-associated diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a nicotinamide (NAM) metabolizing enzyme, regulates both NAD + and methionine metabolism. Although NNMT is expressed abundantly in the kidney, its role in CKD and renal fibrosis remains unclear. We generated NNMT-deficient mice and a unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) model and conducted two clinical studies on human CKD to investigate the role of NNMT in CKD and fibrosis. In UUO, renal NNMT expression and the degraded metabolites of NAM increased, while NAD + and NAD + precursors decreased. NNMT deficiency ameliorated renal fibrosis; mechanistically, it (1) increased the DNA methylation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and (2) improved renal inflammation by increasing renal NAD + and Sirt1 and decreasing NF-κB acetylation. In humans, along with CKD progression, a trend toward a decrease in serum NAD + precursors was observed, while the final NAD + metabolites were accumulated, and the level of eGFR was an independent variable for serum NAM. In addition, NNMT was highly expressed in fibrotic areas of human kidney tissues. In conclusion, increased renal NNMT expression induces NAD + and methionine metabolism perturbation and contributes to renal fibrosis.
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13
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Anekthanakul K, Manocheewa S, Chienwichai K, Poungsombat P, Limjiasahapong S, Wanichthanarak K, Jariyasopit N, Mathema VB, Kuhakarn C, Reutrakul V, Phetcharaburanin J, Panya A, Phonsatta N, Visessanguan W, Pomyen Y, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Worawichawong S, Sathirapongsasuti N, Kitiyakara C, Khoomrung S. Predicting lupus membranous nephritis using reduced picolinic acid to tryptophan ratio as a urinary biomarker. iScience 2021; 24:103355. [PMID: 34805802 PMCID: PMC8590081 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current gold standard for classifying lupus nephritis (LN) progression is a renal biopsy, which is an invasive procedure. Undergoing a series of biopsies for monitoring disease progression and treatments is unlikely suitable for patients with LN. Thus, there is an urgent need for non-invasive alternative biomarkers that can facilitate LN class diagnosis. Such biomarkers will be very useful in guiding intervention strategies to mitigate or treat patients with LN. Urine samples were collected from two independent cohorts. Patients with LN were classified into proliferative (class III/IV) and membranous (class V) by kidney histopathology. Metabolomics was performed to identify potential metabolites, which could be specific for the classification of membranous LN. The ratio of picolinic acid (Pic) to tryptophan (Trp) ([Pic/Trp] ratio) was found to be a promising candidate for LN diagnostic and membranous classification. It has high potential as an alternative biomarker for the non-invasive diagnosis of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittima Anekthanakul
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Siriphan Manocheewa
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kittiphan Chienwichai
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Hatyai hospital, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Patcha Poungsombat
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suphitcha Limjiasahapong
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kwanjeera Wanichthanarak
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Vivek Bhakta Mathema
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Atikorn Panya
- Functional Ingredients and Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Natthaporn Phonsatta
- Functional Ingredients and Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wonnop Visessanguan
- Functional Ingredients and Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Yotsawat Pomyen
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suchin Worawichawong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nuankanya Sathirapongsasuti
- Section of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Research Network of NANOTEC - MU Ramathibodi on Nanomedicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chagriya Kitiyakara
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Research Network of NANOTEC - MU Ramathibodi on Nanomedicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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14
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Differential Distribution of Tryptophan-Metabolites in Fetal and Maternal Circulations During Normotensive and Preeclamptic Pregnancies. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1278-1286. [PMID: 34622427 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive pregnancy, which is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. L-Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid, which can be metabolized into various biologically active metabolites. However, the levels of many circulating Trp-metabolites in human normotensive pregnancies (NT) and PE are undetermined. This study quantified the levels of Trp-metabolites in maternal and umbilical vein sera from women with NT and PE. Paired maternal and umbilical blood samples were collected from singleton pregnant patients. Twenty-five Trp-metabolites were measured in serum samples using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The effects of L-kynurenine (Kyn) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), on function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), were also determined. Twenty Trp-metabolites were detected. The levels of 9 Trp-metabolites including Kyn and ILA were higher (P < 0.05) in umbilical vein than maternal serum, whereas 2 (5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan and serotonin) were lower (P < 0.05) in umbilical vein compared to maternal serum. PE significantly (P < 0.05) elevated ILA levels in maternal and umbilical vein sera. Kyn dose-dependently decreased (P < 0.05) cell viability. Kyn and ILA dose- and time-dependently (P < 0.05) increased monolayer integrity in HUVECs. These data suggest that these Trp-metabolites are important in regulating endothelial function during pregnancy, and the elevated ILA in PE may antagonize increased endothelial permeability occurring in PE.
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15
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Marszalek-Grabska M, Walczak K, Gawel K, Wicha-Komsta K, Wnorowska S, Wnorowski A, Turski WA. Kynurenine emerges from the shadows – Current knowledge on its fate and function. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Lassiter R, Merchen TD, Fang X, Wang Y. Protective Role of Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase in Allograft Rejection and Tubular Injury in Kidney Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671025. [PMID: 34305900 PMCID: PMC8293746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) are the primary targets of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and rejection by the recipient's immune response in kidney transplantation (KTx). However, the molecular mechanism of rejection and IRI remains to be identified. Our previous study demonstrated that kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase were reduced in ischemia-reperfusion procedure and further decreased in rejection allografts among mismatched pig KTx. Herein, we reveal that TEC injury in acutely rejection allografts is associated with alterations of Bcl2 family proteins, reduction of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), and TEC-specific KMO. Three cytokines, IFN γ , TNFα, and IL1β, reported in our previous investigation were identified as triggers of TEC injury by altering the expression of Bcl2, BID, and TJP1. Allograft rejection and TEC injury were always associated with a dramatic reduction of KMO. 3HK and 3HAA, as direct and downstream products of KMO, effectively protected TEC from injury via increasing expression of Bcl-xL and TJP1. Both 3HK and 3HAA further prevented allograft rejection by inhibiting T cell proliferation and up-regulating aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression. Pig KTx with the administration of DNA nanoparticles (DNP) that induce expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and KMO to increase 3HK/3HAA showed an improvement of allograft rejection as well as murine skin transplant in IDO knockout mice with the injection of 3HK indicated a dramatic reduction of allograft rejection. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that reduction of KMO in the graft is a key mediator of allograft rejection and loss. KMO can effectively improve allograft outcome by attenuating allograft rejection and maintaining graft barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Lassiter
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Todd D. Merchen
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Xuexiu Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Youli Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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17
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Hasegawa S, Inagi R. Harnessing Metabolomics to Describe the Pathophysiology Underlying Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:21. [PMID: 33974145 PMCID: PMC8113300 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, is the result of metabolic network alterations in the kidney. Therefore, metabolomics is an effective tool for understanding its pathophysiology, finding key biomarkers, and developing a new treatment strategy. In this review, we summarize the application of metabolomics to DKD research. RECENT FINDINGS Alterations in renal energy metabolism including the accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle and glucose metabolites are observed in the early stage of DKD, and they finally lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in advanced DKD. Mitochondrial fission-fusion imbalance and dysregulated organelle crosstalk might contribute to this process. Moreover, metabolomics has identified several uremic toxins including phenyl sulfate and tryptophan derivatives as promising biomarkers that mediate DKD progression. Recent advances in metabolomics have clarified the role of dysregulated energy metabolism and uremic toxins in DKD pathophysiology. Integration of multi-omics data will provide additional information for identifying critical drivers of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hasegawa
- Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Inagi
- Division of Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
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18
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Genetic Adaptations in Mudskipper and Tetrapod Give Insights into Their Convergent Water-to-Land Transition. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020584. [PMID: 33672418 PMCID: PMC7926366 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-to-land transition has been independently evolved in multiple vertebrate lineages including the most recent common ancestor of tetrapod and multiple fish clades, and among them, mudskippers uniquely adapted to the mudflat. Even though physiological and morphological adaptation of mudskippers is thought to resemble that of the ancestral tetrapod, it is unclear if they share genome-wide evolutionary signatures. To detect potential signatures of positive selection in mudskipper and tetrapods, we analyzed 4118 singleton orthologues of terrestrial tetrapods, coelacanth, mudskipper, and fully aquatic fishes. Among positively selected genes identified in mudskipper and tetrapod lineages, genes involved in immune responses, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and kidney development were detected. On the other hand, tetrapod-specific and mudskipper-specific positively selected genes were functionally enriched for DNA repair processes, which could be associated with higher exposure to UV light. We also performed gene family analysis and discovered convergent contraction of eight gene families, including βγ-crystallin coding genes in both tetrapod and mudskipper lineages. Findings of this study suggest the similar genetic adaptation against environmental constraints between the ancient tetrapod and mudskippers for their land adaptation.
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19
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Cheng Y, Li Y, Benkowitz P, Lamina C, Köttgen A, Sekula P. The relationship between blood metabolites of the tryptophan pathway and kidney function: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12675. [PMID: 32728058 PMCID: PMC7391729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood metabolites of the tryptophan pathway were found to be associated with kidney function and disease in observational studies. In order to evaluate causal relationship and direction, we designed a study using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach. The analyses were based on published summary statistics with study sizes ranging from 1,960 to 133,413. After correction for multiple testing, results provided no evidence of an effect of metabolites of the tryptophan pathway on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Conversely, lower eGFR was related to higher levels of four metabolites: C-glycosyltryptophan (effect estimate = − 0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] (− 0.22; − 0.1); p = 9.2e−08), kynurenine (effect estimate = − 0.18, 95% CI (− 0.25; − 0.11); p = 1.1e−06), 3-indoxyl sulfate (effect estimate = − 0.25, 95% CI (− 0.4; − 0.11); p = 6.3e−04) and indole-3-lactate (effect estimate = − 0.26, 95% CI (− 0.38; − 0.13); p = 5.4e−05). Our study supports that lower eGFR causes higher blood metabolite levels of the tryptophan pathway including kynurenine, C-glycosyltryptophan, 3-indoxyl sulfate, and indole-3-lactate. These findings aid the notion that metabolites of the tryptophan pathway are a consequence rather than a cause of reduced eGFR. Further research is needed to specifically examine relationships with respect to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression among patients with existing CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Cheng
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 49, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 49, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paula Benkowitz
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 49, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 49, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Sekula
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 49, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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RAS inhibition modulates kynurenine levels in a CKD population with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 52:1125-1133. [PMID: 32314169 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism is involved in the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus, mainly through the inflammation-induced activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and few studies have investigated its potential link with proteinuria. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASis) are recommended in these patients to decrease proteinuria, slow CKD progression and reduce cardiovascular risk, but whether these drugs influence kynurenine levels in humans is unknown. We evaluated serum tryptophan and kynurenine in patients suffering from CKD with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus, their correlations with markers of reduced kidney function, and their relationship with RAS-inhibiting therapy. Of 72 adult patients enrolled, 55 were receiving RASis, whereas 17 were not. Tryptophan was assessed by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography); kynurenine was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit; IDO activity (%) was calculated with the formula (kynurenine/tryptophan) × 100. Kynurenine levels were significantly lower in the group under RASis compared to the untreated group (1.56 ± 0.79 vs 2.16 ± 1.51 µmol/l; P = 0.0378). In patients not receiving RASis, kynurenine was inversely related to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r = - 0.4862; P = 0.0478) and directly related to both proteinuria (ρ = 0.493; P = 0.0444) and albuminuria (ρ = 0.542; P = 0.0247). IDO activity was higher in patients with history of cardiovascular disease compared to patients with no such history, and it negatively correlated with eGFR (ρ = - 0.554; P = 0.0210) in the same group. These findings may contribute to explain the well-known beneficial effects of RAS inhibition in CKD population, especially considering that kynurenine is emerging as a potential new biomarker of CKD.
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21
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Lu Y, Shao M, Wu T. Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase: A new direction for the treatment in different diseases. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:711-719. [PMID: 32148781 PMCID: PMC7020307 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) is an enzyme that relies on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), a key site in the kynurenine pathway (KP), which has great effects on neurological diseases, cancer, and peripheral inflammation. This review mainly pay attention to the research of KMO mechanism for the treatment of different diseases, and hopes to provide assistance for clinical and drug use. KMO controlling the chief division of the KP, which directly controls downstream product quinolinic acid (QUIN) and indirectly controls kynurenic acid (KYNA), plays an important role in many diseases, especially neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mingmei Shao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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22
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Boros FA, Vécsei L. Immunomodulatory Effects of Genetic Alterations Affecting the Kynurenine Pathway. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2570. [PMID: 31781097 PMCID: PMC6851023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) have immunomodulatory effects. Modulation of the activities and levels of these molecules might be of particular importance under disease conditions when the amelioration of overreacting immune responses is desired. Results obtained by the use of animal and tissue culture models indicate that by eliminating or decreasing activities of key enzymes of the KP, a beneficial shift in disease outcome can be attained. This review summarizes experimental data of models in which IDO, TDO, or KMO activity modulation was achieved by interventions affecting enzyme production at a genomic level. Elimination of IDO activity was found to improve the outcome of sepsis, certain viral infections, chronic inflammation linked to diabetes, obesity, aorta aneurysm formation, and in anti-tumoral processes. Similarly, lack of TDO activity was advantageous in the case of anti-tumoral immunity, while KMO inhibition was found to be beneficial against microorganisms and in the combat against tumors, as well. On the other hand, the complex interplay among KP metabolites and immune function in some cases requires an increase in a particular enzyme activity for the desired immune response modulation, as was shown by the exacerbation of liver fibrosis due to the elimination of IDO activity and the detrimental effects of TDO inhibition in a mouse model of autoimmune gastritis. The relevance of these studies concerning possible human applications are discussed and highlighted. Finally, a brief overview is presented on naturally occurring genetic variants affecting immune functions via modulation of KP enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A. Boros
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
The mammalian kidney relies on abundant mitochondria in the renal tubule to generate sufficient ATP to provide the energy required for constant reclamation of solutes from crude blood filtrate. The highly metabolically active cells of the renal tubule also pair their energetic needs to the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including energy generation, antioxidant responses, autophagy and mitochondrial quality control. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is essential not only for the harvesting of energy from substrates but also for an array of regulatory reactions that determine cellular health. In acute kidney injury (AKI), substantial decreases in the levels of NAD+ impair energy generation and, ultimately, the core kidney function of selective solute transport. Conversely, augmentation of NAD+ may protect the kidney tubule against diverse acute stressors. For example, NAD+ augmentation can ameliorate experimental AKI triggered by ischaemia–reperfusion, toxic injury and systemic inflammation. NAD+-dependent maintenance of renal tubular metabolic health may also attenuate long-term profibrotic responses that could lead to chronic kidney disease. Further understanding of the genetic, environmental and nutritional factors that influence NAD+ biosynthesis and renal resilience may lead to novel approaches for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease. Here, the authors discuss evidence for a role of NAD+ imbalance in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). They suggest that disruption of NAD+ metabolism may contribute to mechanistic links among AKI, CKD and ageing. NAD+ has critical roles in the generation of ATP from fuel substrates and as a substrate for important enzymes that regulate cellular health and stress responses. The renal tubule is highly metabolically active and requires a constant supply of ATP to provide the energy required to pump solutes across unfavourable gradients. Experimental acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by various insults rapidly leads to a decrease in NAD+ levels that probably results from a combination of reduced NAD+ biosynthesis and increased NAD+ consumption. Renal NAD+ levels can be augmented using vitamin B3 analogues and related nutritional precursors. NAD+ augmentation can prevent and/or treat various aetiologies of experimental AKI and might also attenuate long-term profibrotic responses following AKI, suggesting a potential role in the treatment of chronic kidney disease.
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Oxenkrug G, Summergrad P. Benserazide, an Inhibitor of Peripheral Kynurenine Metabolism, Attenuates Olanzapine-Induced Weight Gain, Insulin Resistance, and Dyslipidemia in C57Bl/6j Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:135-138. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zheng X, Zhang A, Binnie M, McGuire K, Webster SP, Hughes J, Howie SEM, Mole DJ. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase is a critical regulator of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-14. [PMID: 30760699 PMCID: PMC6374422 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) following ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) has a high mortality and lacks specific therapies. Here, we report that mice lacking kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) activity (Kmonull mice) are protected against AKI after renal IRI. We show that KMO is highly expressed in the kidney and exerts major metabolic control over the biologically active kynurenine metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine, kynurenic acid, and downstream metabolites. In experimental AKI induced by kidney IRI, Kmonull mice had preserved renal function, reduced renal tubular cell injury, and fewer infiltrating neutrophils compared with wild-type (Kmowt) control mice. Together, these data confirm that flux through KMO contributes to AKI after IRI, and supports the rationale for KMO inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to protect against AKI during critical illness. Inhibition of a metabolic enzyme linked to inflammation could be a novel treatment approach for sudden kidney failure following a “reperfusion” injury caused by blood flow returning to the organ after a period of insufficient blood supply. Damian Mole and colleagues from the University of Edinburgh, UK, temporarily blocked blood vessels leading to the kidneys of mice to induce organ damage. Mice that lacked a working copy of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in metabolizing an essential amino acid linked to immune activation, were protected from injury. These KMO-mutant mice experienced less damage to the kidney’s tubular cells and had fewer pro-inflammatory cells than genetically normal animals. The findings support the idea that blocking KMO and its associated metabolic pathway could help mitigate kidney damage following reperfusion injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Zheng
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ailiang Zhang
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Margaret Binnie
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kris McGuire
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Scott P Webster
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah E M Howie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Damian J Mole
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Translational science in albuminuria: a new view of de novo albuminuria under chronic RAS suppression. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:739-758. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20180097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of de novo albuminuria during chronic renin–angiotensin system (RAS) suppression is a clinical entity that remains poorly recognized in the biomedical literature. It represents a clear increment in global cardiovascular (CV) and renal risk that cannot be counteracted by RAS suppression. Although not specifically considered, it is clear that this entity is present in most published and ongoing trials dealing with the different forms of CV and renal disease. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms promoting albuminuria, and the predictors and new markers of de novo albuminuria, as well as the potential treatment options to counteract the excretion of albumin. The increase in risk that accompanies de novo albuminuria supports the search for early markers and predictors that will allow practising physicians to assess and prevent the development of de novo albuminuria in their patients.
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Sathyasaikumar KV, Breda C, Schwarcz R, Giorgini F. Assessing and Modulating Kynurenine Pathway Dynamics in Huntington's Disease: Focus on Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1780:397-413. [PMID: 29856028 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The link between disturbances in kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism and Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis has been explored for a number of years. Several novel genetic and pharmacological tools have recently been developed to modulate key regulatory steps in the KP such as the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO). This insight has offered new options for exploring the mechanistic link between this metabolic pathway and HD, and provided novel opportunities for the development of candidate drug-like compounds. Here, we present an overview of the field, focusing on some novel approaches for interrogating the pathway experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrapati V Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlo Breda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Robert Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Rysz J, Gluba-Brzózka A, Franczyk B, Jabłonowski Z, Ciałkowska-Rysz A. Novel Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease and the Prediction of Its Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1702. [PMID: 28777303 PMCID: PMC5578092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In its early stages, symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are usually not apparent. Significant reduction of the kidney function is the first obvious sign of disease. If diagnosed early (stages 1 to 3), the progression of CKD can be altered and complications reduced. In stages 4 and 5 extensive kidney damage is observed, which usually results in end-stage renal failure. Currently, the diagnosis of CKD is made usually on the levels of blood urea and serum creatinine (sCr), however, sCr has been shown to be lacking high predictive value. Due to the development of genomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, the introduction of novel techniques will allow for the identification of novel biomarkers in renal diseases. This review presents some new possible biomarkers in the diagnosis of CKD and in the prediction of outcome, including asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), uromodulin, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), miRNA, ncRNA, and lincRNA biomarkers and proteomic and metabolomic biomarkers. Complicated pathomechanisms of CKD development and progression require not a single marker but their combination in order to mirror all types of alterations occurring in the course of this disease. It seems that in the not so distant future, conventional markers may be exchanged for new ones, however, confirmation of their efficacy, sensitivity and specificity as well as the reduction of analysis costs are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Gluba-Brzózka
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, WAM Teaching Hospital, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Jabłonowski
- I Department of Urology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Ciałkowska-Rysz
- Palliative Medicine Unit, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland.
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Oxenkrug G, van der Hart M, Roeser J, Summergrad P. Peripheral kynurenine-3-monooxygenase deficiency as a potential risk factor for metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 28748226 PMCID: PMC5523985 DOI: 10.15761/icm.1000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased predisposition of schizophrenia patients (SP) to development of obesity and insulin resistance suggested common signaling pathway between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and schizophrenia. Deficiency of kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), enzyme catalyzing formation of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) from kynurenine (Kyn), a tryptophan (Trp) metabolite, might contribute to development of MetS as suggested by non-expression of KMO genes in human fat tissue and elevated serum concentrations of Kyn and its metabolites, kynurenic (KYNA) and anthranilic (ANA) acids, in diabetic patients and Zucker fatty rats (ZFR). Markers of KMO deficiency: decreased 3-HK and elevated Kyn, KYNA and ANA, were observed in brains and spinal fluids of SP, and in brains and serum of experimental animals with genetically- or pharmacologically-induced KMO deficiency. However, elevated concentrations of ANA and decreased 3-HK were reported in serum of SP without concurrent increase of Kyn and KYNA. Present study aimed to re-assess serum Kyn metabolites (HPLC-MS) in a sub-group of SP with elevated KYNA. We found increased Kyn concentrations (by 30%) and Kyn:Trp ratio (by 20%) in serum of SP with elevated KYNA concentrations (by 40%). Obtained results and our previous data suggest that peripheral KMO deficiency might be manifested by, at least, two different patterns: elevated ANA with decreased 3-HK; and elevated KYNA and KYN. The latter pattern was previously described in type 2 diabetes patients and might underline increased predisposition of SP to development of MetS. Assessment of peripheral KMO deficiency might identify SP predisposed to MetS. Attenuation of the consequences of peripheral KMO deficiency might be a new target for prevention/treatment of obesity and diabetes in SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Oxenkrug
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Summergrad
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
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30
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Müller-Deile J, Dannenberg J, Schroder P, Lin MH, Miner JH, Chen R, Bräsen JH, Thum T, Nyström J, Staggs LB, Haller H, Fiedler J, Lorenzen JM, Schiffer M. Podocytes regulate the glomerular basement membrane protein nephronectin by means of miR-378a-3p in glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 2017; 92:836-849. [PMID: 28476557 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of many proteinuric kidney diseases is poorly understood, and microRNAs (miRs) regulation of these diseases has been largely unexplored. Here, we tested whether miR-378a-3p is a novel regulator of glomerular diseases. MiR-378a-3p has two predicted targets relevant to glomerular function, the glomerular basement membrane matrix component, nephronectin (NPNT), and vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-A. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), miR-378a-3p mimic injection or npnt knockdown by a morpholino oligomer caused an identical phenotype consisting of edema, proteinuria, podocyte effacement, and widening of the glomerular basement membrane in the lamina rara interna. Zebrafish vegf-A protein could not rescue this phenotype. However, mouse Npnt constructs containing a mutated 3'UTR region prevented the phenotype caused by miR-378a-3p mimic injection. Overexpression of miR-378a-3p in mice confirmed glomerular dysfunction in a mammalian model. Biopsies from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy had increased miR-378a-3p expression and reduced glomerular levels of NPNT. Thus, miR-378a-3p-mediated suppression of the glomerular matrix protein NPNT is a novel mechanism for proteinuria development in active glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Müller-Deile
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, USA.
| | - Jan Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, USA
| | - Patricia Schroder
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, USA
| | - Meei-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK; REBIRTH Excellence Cluster, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Departments of Physiology and Nephrology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, USA
| | - Jan Fiedler
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johan M Lorenzen
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Excellence Cluster, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, USA.
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