1
|
Hernandez-Nicols BF, Robledo-Pulido JJ, Alvarado-Navarro A. Etiopathogenesis of Psoriasis: Integration of Proposed Theories. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:348-415. [PMID: 38240030 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2302823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by squamous and erythematous plaques on the skin and the involvement of the immune system. Global prevalence for psoriasis has been reported around 1-3% with a higher incidence in adults and similar proportions between men and women. The risk factors associated with psoriasis are both extrinsic and intrinsic, out of which a polygenic predisposition is a highlight out of the latter. Psoriasis etiology is not yet fully described, but several hypothesis have been proposed: 1) the autoimmunity hypothesis is based on the over-expression of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, the proteins ADAMTSL5, K17, and hsp27, or lipids synthesized by the PLA2G4D enzyme, all of which may serve as autoantigens to promote the differentiation of autoreactive lymphocytes T and unleash a chronic inflammatory response; 2) dysbiosis of skin microbiota hypothesis in psoriasis has gained relevance due to the observations of a loss of diversity and the participation of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus spp. or Staphylococcus spp. the fungi Malassezia spp. or Candida spp. and the virus HPV, HCV, or HIV in psoriatic plaques; 3) the oxidative stress hypothesis, the most recent one, describes that the cell injury and the release of proinflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides that leads to activate of the Th1/Th17 axis observed in psoriasis is caused by a higher release of reactive oxygen species and the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. This review aims to describe the mechanisms involved in the three hypotheses on the etiopathogeneses of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Fernanda Hernandez-Nicols
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan José Robledo-Pulido
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Anabell Alvarado-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Renye JA, Mendez-Encinas MA, White AK, Miller AL, McAnulty MJ, Yadav MP, Hotchkiss AT, Guron GKP, Oest AM, Martinez-Robinson KG, Carvajal-Millan E. Antimicrobial activity of thermophilin 110 against the opportunistic pathogen Cutibacterium acnes. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:1365-1379. [PMID: 37606751 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thermophilin 110, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus thermophilus B59671, inhibited planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Cutibacterium acnes, a commensal skin bacterium associated with the inflammatory disease, acne vulgaris, and more invasive deep tissue infections. RESULTS Thermophilin 110 prevented planktonic growth of C. acnes at a concentration ≥ 160 AU mL-1; while concentrations ≥ 640 AU mL-1 resulted in a > 5 log reduction in viable planktonic cell counts and inhibited biofilm formation. Arabinoxylan (AX) and sodium alginate (SA) hydrogels were shown to encapsulate thermophilin 110, but as currently formulated, the encapsulated bacteriocin was unable to diffuse out of the gel and inhibit the growth of C. acnes. Hydrogels were also used to encapsulate S. thermophilus B59671, and inhibition zones were observed against C. acnes around intact SA gels, or S. thermophilus colonies that were released from AX gels. CONCLUSIONS Thermophilin 110 has potential as an antimicrobial for preventing C. acnes infections and further optimization of SA and AX gel formulations could allow them to serve as delivery systems for bacteriocins or bacteriocin-producing probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Renye
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Mayra A Mendez-Encinas
- Department of Chemical Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University of Sonora, Avenida Universidad e Irigoyen, S/N, 83621, Caborca, SON, Mexico
| | - Andre K White
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Amanda L Miller
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Michael J McAnulty
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Madhav P Yadav
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Arland T Hotchkiss
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Giselle K P Guron
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Adam M Oest
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Karla G Martinez-Robinson
- Research Center for Food and Development, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazaran Rosas 46, 83304, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan
- Research Center for Food and Development, A.C. Carretera Gustavo E. Astiazaran Rosas 46, 83304, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vadevoo SMP, Gurung S, Lee HS, Gunassekaran GR, Lee SM, Yoon JW, Lee YK, Lee B. Peptides as multifunctional players in cancer therapy. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1099-1109. [PMID: 37258584 PMCID: PMC10318096 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides exhibit lower affinity and a shorter half-life in the body than antibodies. Conversely, peptides demonstrate higher efficiency in tissue penetration and cell internalization than antibodies. Regardless of the pros and cons of peptides, they have been used as tumor-homing ligands for delivering carriers (such as nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, and cells) and cargoes (such as cytotoxic peptides and radioisotopes) to tumors. Additionally, tumor-homing peptides have been conjugated with cargoes such as small-molecule or chemotherapeutic drugs via linkers to synthesize peptide-drug conjugates. In addition, peptides selectively bind to cell surface receptors and proteins, such as immune checkpoints, receptor kinases, and hormone receptors, subsequently blocking their biological activity or serving as hormone analogs. Furthermore, peptides internalized into cells bind to intracellular proteins and interfere with protein-protein interactions. Thus, peptides demonstrate great application potential as multifunctional players in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sri Murugan Poongkavithai Vadevoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Smriti Gurung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Su Lee
- Department of Physiology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Gowri Rangaswamy Gunassekaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ki Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungheon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Joshi AA, Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Wolf P, Patra V. Microbial derived antimicrobial peptides as potential therapeutics in atopic dermatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125635. [PMID: 36761743 PMCID: PMC9907850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that significantly affects the patient's quality of life. A disrupted skin barrier, type 2 cytokine-dominated inflammation, and microbial dysbiosis with increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization are critical components of AD pathogenesis. Patients with AD exhibit decreased expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which is linked to increased colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. The skin microbiome itself is a source of several AMPs. These host- and microbiome-derived AMPs define the microbial landscape of the skin based on their differential antimicrobial activity against a range of skin microbes or their quorum sensing inhibitory properties. These are particularly important in preventing and limiting dysbiotic colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, AMPs are critical for immune homeostasis. In this article, we share our perspectives about the implications of microbial derived AMPs in AD patients and their potential effects on overlapping factors involved in AD. We argue and discuss the potential of bacterial AMPs as therapeutics in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaroh Anand Joshi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marc Vocanson
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Francois Nicolas
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France,Department of Allergology & Clinical Immunology, Lyon-Sud University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vijaykumar Patra
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France,*Correspondence: Vijaykumar Patra,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Manus MB. Ecological Processes and Human Behavior Provide a Framework for Studying the Skin Microbial Metacommunity. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:689-702. [PMID: 34636925 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metacommunity theory dictates that a microbial community is supported both by local ecological processes and the dispersal of microbes between neighboring communities. Studies that apply this perspective to human-associated microbial communities are thus far limited to the gut microbiome. Yet, the skin serves as the primary barrier between the body and the external environment, suggesting frequent opportunities for microbial dispersal to the variable microbial communities that are housed across skin sites. This paper applies metacommunity theory to understand the dispersal of microbes to the skin from the physical and social environment, as well as between different skin sites on an individual's body. This includes highlighting the role of human behavior in driving microbial dispersal, as well as shaping physiological properties of skin that underscore local microbial community dynamics. By leveraging data from research on the skin microbiomes of amphibians and other animals, this paper provides recommendations for future research on the skin microbial metacommunity, including generating testable predictions about the ecological underpinnings of the skin microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Manus
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Exner AA, Escoffre JM. Editorial: Biomedical advances in ultrasound-mediated drug/molecule delivery. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:974921. [PMID: 36034831 PMCID: PMC9404323 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.974921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Agata A. Exner
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Escoffre
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Michel Escoffre,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shin KO, Mihara H, Ishida K, Uchida Y, Park K. Exogenous Ceramide Serves as a Precursor to Endogenous Ceramide Synthesis and as a Modulator of Keratinocyte Differentiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111742. [PMID: 35681438 PMCID: PMC9179460 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ceramide is a key epidermal barrier constituent and its deficiency causes barrier-compromised skin, several molecular types of ceramides are formulated in commercial topical agents to improve barrier function. Topical ceramide localizes on the skin surface and in the stratum corneum, but certain amounts of ceramide penetrate the stratum granulosum, becoming precursors to endogenous ceramide synthesis following molecular modification. Moreover, exogenous ceramide as a lipid mediator could modulate keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation. We here investigated the biological roles of exogenous NP (non-hydroxy ceramide containing 4-hydroxy dihydrosphingosine) and NDS (non-hydroxy ceramide containing dihydrosphingosine), both widely used as topical ceramide agents, in differentiated-cultured human keratinocytes. NDS, but not NP, becomes a precursor for diverse ceramide species that are required for a vital permeability barrier. Loricrin (late differentiation marker) production is increased in keratinocytes treated with both NDS and NP vs. control, while bigger increases in involucrin (an early differentiation marker) synthesis were observed in keratinocytes treated with NDS vs. NP and control. NDS increases levels of a key antimicrobial peptide (an innate immune component), cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP/LL-37), that is upregulated by a ceramide metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Our studies demonstrate that NDS could be a multi-potent ceramide species, forming heterogenous ceramide molecules and a lipid mediator to enhance differentiation and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea;
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea
- LaSS Lipid Institute (LLI), LaSS Inc., Chuncheon 31151, Korea
| | - Hisashi Mihara
- Takasago International Company, Hiratsuka 259-1207, Japan; (H.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Kenya Ishida
- Takasago International Company, Hiratsuka 259-1207, Japan; (H.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea;
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Northern California Institute for Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (K.P.); Tel.: +82-33-248-3146 (Y.U.); +82-33-248-2131 (K.P.)
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea;
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 31151, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (K.P.); Tel.: +82-33-248-3146 (Y.U.); +82-33-248-2131 (K.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stuart BAR, Franitza AL, E L. Regulatory Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Nervous System: Implications for Neuronal Aging. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:843790. [PMID: 35321204 PMCID: PMC8936185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.843790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are classically known as important effector molecules in innate immunity across all multicellular organisms. However, emerging evidence begins to suggest multifunctional properties of AMPs beyond their antimicrobial activity, surprisingly including their roles in regulating neuronal function, such as sleep and memory formation. Aging, which is fundamental to neurodegeneration in both physiological and disease conditions, interestingly affects the expression pattern of many AMPs in an infection-independent manner. While it remains unclear whether these are coincidental events, or a mechanistic relationship exists, previous studies have suggested a close link between AMPs and a few key proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses recent literature and advances in understanding the crosstalk between AMPs and the nervous system at both molecular and functional levels, with the aim to explore how AMPs may relate to neuronal vulnerability in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradey A. R. Stuart
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ariel L. Franitza
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lezi E
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Lezi E
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
dos Santos-Silva CA, Tricarico PM, Vilela LMB, Roldan-Filho RS, Amador VC, d’Adamo AP, Rêgo MDS, Benko-Iseppon AM, Crovella S. Plant Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Tool for Topic Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:795217. [PMID: 34966375 PMCID: PMC8710806 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among chronic skin autoinflammatory diseases, Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) stands out for its chronicity, highly variable condition, and profound impact on the patients' quality of life. HS is characterized by suppurative skin lesions in diverse body areas, including deep-seated painful nodules, abscesses, draining sinus, and bridged scars, among others, with typical topography. To date, HS is considered a refractory disease and medical treatments aim to reduce the incidence, the infection, and the pain of the lesions. For this purpose, different classes of drugs, including anti-inflammatory molecules, antibiotics and biological drugs are being used. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called defense peptides, emerge as a new class of therapeutic compounds, with broad-spectrum antimicrobial action, in addition to reports on their anti-inflammatory, healing, and immunomodulating activity. Such peptides are present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as part of the innate eukaryotic immune system. It has been proposed that a deregulation in the expression of AMPs in human epithelial tissues of HS patients may be associated with the etiology of this skin disease. In this scenario, plant AMPs stand out for their richness, diversity of types, and broad antimicrobial effects, with potential application for topical systemic use in patients affected by HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vinícius Costa Amador
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Adamo Pio d’Adamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mireli de Santana Rêgo
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Soluble Factors and Receptors Involved in Skin Innate Immunity-What Do We Know So Far? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121795. [PMID: 34944611 PMCID: PMC8698371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptors, complement system, inflammasomes, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokines are innate immunity soluble factors. They sense, either directly or indirectly, the potential threats and produce inflammation and cellular death. High interest in their modulation has emerged lately, acknowledging they are involved in many cutaneous inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disorders. We extensively reviewed the implication of soluble factors in skin innate immunity. Furthermore, we showed which molecules target these factors, how these molecules work, and how they have been used in dermatological practice. Cytokine inhibitors have paved the way to a new era in treating moderate to severe psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mi J, Liang Y, Liang J, Gong W, Wang S, Zhang J, Li Z, Wu X. The Research Progress in Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:763591. [PMID: 34869066 PMCID: PMC8634162 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.763591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem worldwide. The combination of various anti-TB drugs is mainly used to treat TB in clinical practice. Despite the availability of effective antibiotics, effective treatment regimens still require long-term use of multiple drugs, leading to toxicity, low patient compliance, and the development of drug resistance. It has been confirmed that immune recognition, immune response, and immune regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) determine the occurrence, development, and outcome of diseases after Mtb infection. The research and development of TB-specific immunotherapy agents can effectively regulate the anti-TB immune response and provide a new approach toward the combined treatment of TB, thereby preventing and intervening in populations at high risk of TB infection. These immunotherapy agents will promote satisfactory progress in anti-TB treatment, achieving the goal of "ultra-short course chemotherapy." This review highlights the research progress in immunotherapy of TB, including immunoreactive substances, tuberculosis therapeutic vaccines, chemical agents, and cellular therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elevated serum levels of cathelicidin and β-defensin 2 are associated with basal cell carcinoma. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:360-364. [PMID: 34764808 PMCID: PMC8574105 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.109707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are one of the primary mechanisms used by the skin in the early stages of immune defense. AMPs have a broad antibacterial activity and also show antifungal and antiviral attributes. Various studies have also shown that levels of antimicrobial peptides change with the development of neoplasia. The aim of this paper is to assess the associations between the presence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and the plasma concentrations of cathelicidin and β-defensins (HBD1-3). We examined 108 patients (56 women, 52 men). The BCC group consisted of 49 patients with mean age 69.8 ±12.3 and the control group consisted of 59 participants with mean age 62.1 ±11.1. A statistical analysis of data was performed. The median serum concentration of cathelicidin was almost 3 times higher and the median concentration of HBD-2 more than 6 times higher in BCC patients than in the control group (p < 0.001). The logistic regression model revealed in univariate analysis that patients who had a detected cathelicidin level above ~1500 pg/ml had 9.9× higher likelihood of having BCC identified in the histopathology in comparison with the control group. In patients who had a HBD-2 level above ~1.2 ng/ml the OR of having BCC identified in the histopathology was 12.6 (p < 0.001). Elevated concentrations of cathelicidin and β-defensin 2 are associated with the presence of basal cell carcinoma. Additionally, the specificity of cathelicidin and β-defensin 2 in detecting basal cell carcinoma is high. However, it should be remembered that these factors are not specific only to this condition and further studies are needed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yin C, Peterman E, Rasmussen JP, Parrish JZ. Transparent Touch: Insights From Model Systems on Epidermal Control of Somatosensory Innervation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:680345. [PMID: 34135734 PMCID: PMC8200473 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.680345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons (SSNs) densely innervate our largest organ, the skin, and shape our experience of the world, mediating responses to sensory stimuli including touch, pressure, and temperature. Historically, epidermal contributions to somatosensation, including roles in shaping innervation patterns and responses to sensory stimuli, have been understudied. However, recent work demonstrates that epidermal signals dictate patterns of SSN skin innervation through a variety of mechanisms including targeting afferents to the epidermis, providing instructive cues for branching morphogenesis, growth control and structural stability of neurites, and facilitating neurite-neurite interactions. Here, we focus onstudies conducted in worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and zebrafish (Danio rerio): prominent model systems in which anatomical and genetic analyses have defined fundamental principles by which epidermal cells govern SSN development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay Z. Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liao AH, Huang YJ, Chuang HC, Wang CH, Shih CP, Chiang CP. Minoxidil-Coated Lysozyme-Shelled Microbubbes Combined With Ultrasound for the Enhancement of Hair Follicle Growth: Efficacy In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:668754. [PMID: 33986689 PMCID: PMC8111400 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.668754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme (Lyz) is an antimicrobial peptide, a safe adjunct, and it has been indicated that Lyz can promote vibrissae follicle growth by enhancing the hair-inductive capacity of dermal papilla cells in mice. The present study produced a new type of minoxidil (Mx)-coated antifungal Lyz-shelled microbubble (LyzMB) for inhibiting bacteria and allergies on the oily scalp. The potential of Mx-coated LyzMBs (Mx-LyzMBs) combined with ultrasound (US) and the role of LyzMB fragments in enhancing hair follicle growth were investigated. Mx grafted with LyzMBs were synthesized and the loading efficiency of Mx on cationic LyzMBs was 20.3%. The biological activity of Lyz in skin was determined using an activity assay kit and immunohistochemistry expression, and the activities in the US+Mx-LyzMBs group were 65.8 and 118.5 μU/mL at 6 and 18 h, respectively. In hair follicle cell culture experiments, the lengths of hair follicle cells were significantly enhanced in the US+Mx-LyzMBs group (108.2 ± 11.6 μm) compared to in the US+LyzMBs+Mx group (44.3 ± 9.8 μm) and the group with Mx alone (79.6 ± 12.0 μm) on day 2 (p < 0.001). During 21 days of treatment in animal experiments, the growth rates at days 10 and 14 in the US+Mx-LyzMBs group increased by 19.4 and 65.7%, respectively, and there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the US+Mx-LyzMBs group and the other four groups. These findings indicate that 1-MHz US (applied at 3 W/cm2, acoustic pressure = 0.266 MPa) for 1 min combined with Mx-LyzMBs can significantly increase more penetration of Mx and LyzMB fragments into skin and enhance hair growth than Mx alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ho Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chiao Chuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Shih
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jenei A, Kalló G, Dajnoki Z, Gáspár K, Szegedi A, Kapitány A, Csősz É. Detection of Antimicrobial Peptides in Stratum Corneum by Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084233. [PMID: 33921817 PMCID: PMC8073585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides (AMPs) are considered as the key players in the maintenance of skin barrier functions. Here, we developed a novel approach for the examination of AMPs in the outermost layer of the epidermis, namely stratum corneum (SC). The SC sample collection by tape stripping was coupled with detection by highly specific and sensitive parallel reaction monitoring (PRM)-based mass spectrometry. We found that hexane-free processing of SC samples produced higher protein yield compared to hexane-based extraction. Of the 18 investigated peptides, 9 could be detected either in healthy or in inflamed skin specimens. Regarding the amount of S100A8, LCN2, LACRT and LYZ significant topographical differences were described among gland poor (GP), sebaceous gland rich (SGR) and apocrine gland rich (AGR) healthy skin regions. We applied a minimally invasive, reproducible approach for sampling, which can be assessed for research and diagnostic purposes and for monitoring the effectiveness of therapies in skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Jenei
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergő Kalló
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gáspár
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kapitány
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-411-717 (ext. 55734)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dysbiosis and Enhanced Beta-Defensin Production in Hair Follicles of Patients with Lichen Planopilaris and Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030266. [PMID: 33800045 PMCID: PMC7999846 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their distinct clinical manifestation, frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) and lichen planopilaris (LPP) display similar histopathologic features. Aberrant innate immune responses to endogenous or exogenous triggers have been discussed as factors that could drive inflammatory cascades and the collapse of the stem cell niche. In this exploratory study, we investigate the bacterial composition of scalp skin and plucked hair follicles (HF) of patients with FFA, LPP and alopecia areata circumscripta (AAc), as well as healthy individuals, in relation to cellular infiltrates and the expression of defense mediators. The most abundant genus in lesional and non-lesional HFs of LPP and FFA patients was Staphylococcus, while Lawsonella dominated in healthy individuals and in AAc patients. We observed statistically significant differences in the ratio of Firmicutes to Actinobacteria between healthy scalp, lesional, and non-lesional sites of FFA and LPP patients. This marked dysbiosis in FFA and LPP in compartments close to the bulge was associated with increased HβD1 and HβD2 expression along the HFs from lesional sites, while IL-17A was increased in lesional HF from AAc patients. The data encourage further studies on how exogenous factors and molecular interactions across the HF epithelium could contribute to disease onset and propagation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Skin Regeneration and Rejuvenation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052410. [PMID: 33673711 PMCID: PMC7957487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells derived from adult stem cells. Primary MSCs can be obtained from diverse sources, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood. Recently, MSCs have been recognized as therapeutic agents for skin regeneration and rejuvenation. The skin can be damaged by wounds, caused by cutting or breaking of the tissue, and burns. Moreover, skin aging is a process that occurs naturally but can be worsened by environmental pollution, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and undernourishment. MSCs have healing capacities that can be applied in damaged and aged skin. In skin regeneration, MSCs increase cell proliferation and neovascularization, and decrease inflammation in skin injury lesions. In skin rejuvenation, MSCs lead to production of collagen and elastic fibers, inhibition of metalloproteinase activation, and promote protection from ultraviolet radiation-induced senescence. In this review, we focus on how MSCs and MSC-derived molecules improve diseased and aged skin. Additionally, we emphasize that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MSCs are potentially advanced MSCs, which are suitable for cell therapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Koike S, Yamasaki K. Melanogenesis Connection with Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249769. [PMID: 33371432 PMCID: PMC7767451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is located in the outermost layer of the living body and is the place where external stimuli such as ultraviolet rays and microorganisms first come into contact. Melanocytes and melanin play a wide range of roles such as adsorption of metals, thermoregulation, and protection from foreign enemies by camouflage. Pigmentary disorders are observed in diseases associated with immunodeficiency such as Griscelli syndrome, indicating molecular sharing between immune systems and the machineries of pigment formation. Melanocytes express functional toll-like receptors (TLRs), and innate immune stimulation via TLRs affects melanin synthesis and melanosome transport to modulate skin pigmentation. TLR2 enhances melanogenetic gene expression to augment melanogenesis. In contrast, TLR3 increases melanosome transport to transfer to keratinocytes through Rab27A, the responsible molecule of Griscelli syndrome. TLR4 and TLR9 enhance tyrosinase expression and melanogenesis through p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and NFκB signaling pathway, respectively. TLR7 suppresses microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and MITF reduction leads to melanocyte apoptosis. Accumulating knowledge of the TLRs function of melanocytes has enlightened the link between melanogenesis and innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Koike
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan;
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(22)-717-7271
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dondalska A, Rönnberg E, Ma H, Pålsson SA, Magnusdottir E, Gao T, Adam L, Lerner EA, Nilsson G, Lagerström M, Spetz AL. Amelioration of Compound 48/80-Mediated Itch and LL-37-Induced Inflammation by a Single-Stranded Oligonucleotide. Front Immunol 2020; 11:559589. [PMID: 33101278 PMCID: PMC7554336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous inflammatory skin disorders display a high prevalence of itch. The Mas-related G protein coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) has been shown to modulate itch by inducing non-IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation and the release of endogenous inducers of pruritus. Various substances collectively known as basic secretagogues, which include inflammatory peptides and certain drugs, can trigger MRGPRX2 and thereby induce pseudo-allergic reactions characterized by histamine and protease release as well as inflammation. Here, we investigated the capacity of an immunomodulatory single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssON) to modulate IgE-independent mast cell degranulation and, more specifically, its ability to inhibit the basic secretagogues compound 48/80 (C48/80)-and LL-37 in vitro and in vivo. We examined the effect of ssON on MRGPRX2 activation in vitro by measuring degranulation in a human mast cell line (LAD2) and calcium influx in MRGPRX2-transfected HEK293 cells. To determine the effect of ssON on itch, we performed behavioral studies in established mouse models and collected skin biopsies for histological analysis. Additionally, with the use of a rosacea mouse model and RT-qPCR, we investigated the effect on ssON on LL-37-induced inflammation. We reveal that both mast cell degranulation and calcium influx in MRGPRX2 transfected HEK293 cells, induced by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and the basic secretagogue C48/80, are effectively inhibited by ssON in a dose-dependent manner. Further, ssON demonstrates a capability to inhibit LL-37 and C48/80 activation in vivo in two mouse models. We show that intradermal injection of ssON in mice is able to block itch induced via C48/80 in a dose-dependent manner. Histological staining revealed that ssON inhibits acute mast cell degranulation in murine skin treated with C48/80. Lastly, we show that ssON treatment ameliorates LL-37-induced inflammation in a rosacea mouse model. Since there is a need for new therapeutics targeting non-IgE-mediated activation of mast cells, ssON could be used as a prospective drug candidate to resolve itch and inflammation in certain dermatoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Dondalska
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Rönnberg
- Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Haisha Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Axberg Pålsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tianle Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucille Adam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ethan A. Lerner
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Takahashi T, Yamasaki K. Psoriasis and Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186791. [PMID: 32947991 PMCID: PMC7555190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by crosstalk between various cells such as T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as β-defensin, S100, and cathelicidin are secreted from these cells and activate the innate immune system through various mechanisms to induce inflammation, thus participating in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In particular, these antimicrobial peptides enhance the binding of damage-associated molecular patterns such as self-DNA and self-RNA to their receptors and promote the secretion of interferon from activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells and keratinocytes to promote inflammation in psoriasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), complexes of self-DNA and proteins including LL-37 released from neutrophils in psoriatic skin, induce Th17. Activated myeloid dendritic cells secrete a mass of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-23 in psoriasis, which is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of T cells that produce IL-17. AMPs enhance the production of some of Th17 and Th1 cytokines and modulate receptors and cellular signaling in psoriasis. Inflammation induced by DAMPs, including self-DNA and RNA released due to microinjuries or scratches, and the enhanced recognition of DAMPs by AMPs, may be involved in the mechanism underlying the Köbner phenomenon in psoriasis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mercer DK, Torres MDT, Duay SS, Lovie E, Simpson L, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, de la Fuente-Nunez C, O'Neil DA, Angeles-Boza AM. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides to Better Predict Efficacy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:326. [PMID: 32733816 PMCID: PMC7358464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) as potential therapeutics, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) stands as an essential part of the process in identification and optimisation of candidate AMP. Standard methods for AST, developed almost 60 years ago for testing conventional antibiotics, are not necessarily fit for purpose when it comes to determining the susceptibility of microorganisms to AMP. Without careful consideration of the parameters comprising AST there is a risk of failing to identify novel antimicrobials at a time when antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is leading the planet toward a post-antibiotic era. More physiologically/clinically relevant AST will allow better determination of the preclinical activity of drug candidates and allow the identification of lead compounds. An important consideration is the efficacy of AMP in biological matrices replicating sites of infection, e.g., blood/plasma/serum, lung bronchiolar lavage fluid/sputum, urine, biofilms, etc., as this will likely be more predictive of clinical efficacy. Additionally, specific AST for different target microorganisms may help to better predict efficacy of AMP in specific infections. In this manuscript, we describe what we believe are the key considerations for AST of AMP and hope that this information can better guide the preclinical development of AMP toward becoming a new generation of urgently needed antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo D. T. Torres
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Searle S. Duay
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Emma Lovie
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Alfredo M. Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The skin microbiome is rich in opportunities for novel therapeutics for skin diseases, and synthetic biology offers the advantage of providing novel functionality or therapeutic benefit to live biotherapeutic products. The development of novel bacterial strains whose growth can be controlled without the use of antibiotics or genetic elements conferring antibiotic resistance enables modulation of therapeutic exposure and improves safety. This study presents the design and in vitro evidence of a skin commensal whose growth can be controlled through d-alanine. The basis of this strain will support future clinical studies of this strain in humans. Using live microbes as therapeutic candidates is a strategy that has gained traction across multiple therapeutic areas. In the skin, commensal microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining skin barrier function, homeostasis, and cutaneous immunity. Alterations of the homeostatic skin microbiome are associated with a number of skin diseases. Here, we present the design of an engineered commensal organism, Staphylococcus epidermidis, for use as a live biotherapeutic product (LBP) candidate for skin diseases. The development of novel bacterial strains whose growth can be controlled without the use of antibiotics or genetic elements conferring antibiotic resistance enables modulation of therapeutic exposure and improves safety. We therefore constructed an auxotrophic strain of S. epidermidis that requires exogenously supplied d-alanine. The S. epidermidis NRRL B-4268 Δalr1 Δalr2 Δdat strain (SEΔΔΔ) contains deletions of three biosynthetic genes: two alanine racemase genes, alr1 and alr2 (SE1674 and SE1079), and the d-alanine aminotransferase gene, dat (SE1423). These three deletions restricted growth in d-alanine-deficient medium, pooled human blood, and skin. In the presence of d-alanine, SEΔΔΔ colonized and increased expression of human β-defensin 2 in cultured human skin models in vitro. SEΔΔΔ showed a low propensity to revert to d-alanine prototrophy and did not form biofilms on plastic in vitro. These studies support the potential safety and utility of SEΔΔΔ as a live biotherapeutic strain whose growth can be controlled by d-alanine. IMPORTANCE The skin microbiome is rich in opportunities for novel therapeutics for skin diseases, and synthetic biology offers the advantage of providing novel functionality or therapeutic benefit to live biotherapeutic products. The development of novel bacterial strains whose growth can be controlled without the use of antibiotics or genetic elements conferring antibiotic resistance enables modulation of therapeutic exposure and improves safety. This study presents the design and in vitro evidence of a skin commensal whose growth can be controlled through d-alanine. The basis of this strain will support future clinical studies of this strain in humans.
Collapse
|
23
|
Human Defensins: A Novel Approach in the Fight against Skin Colonizing Staphylococcus a ureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040198. [PMID: 32326312 PMCID: PMC7235756 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism capable of causing numerous diseases of the human skin. The incidence of S. aureus skin infections reflects the conflict between the host skin′s immune defenses and the S. aureus’ virulence elements. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small protein molecules involved in numerous biological activities, playing a very important role in the innate immunity. They constitute the defense of the host′s skin, which prevents harmful microorganisms from entering the epithelial barrier, including S. aureus. However, S. aureus uses ambiguous mechanisms against host defenses by promoting colonization and skin infections. Our review aims to provide a reference collection on host-pathogen interactions in skin disorders, including S. aureus infections and its resistance to methicillin (MRSA). In addition to these, we discuss the involvement of defensins and other innate immunity mediators (i.e., toll receptors, interleukin-1, and interleukin-17), involved in the defense of the host against the skin disorders caused by S. aureus, and then focus on the evasion mechanisms developed by the pathogenic microorganism under analysis. This review provides the “state of the art” on molecular mechanisms underlying S. aureus skin infection and the pharmacological potential of AMPs as a new therapeutic strategy, in order to define alternative directions in the fight against cutaneous disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu K, Yang L, Peng X, Gong H, Wang J, Lu JR, Xu H. Effects of Conventional Surfactants on the Activity of Designed Antimicrobial Peptide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3531-3539. [PMID: 32183512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the interaction between a designed antimicrobial peptide (AMP) G(IIKK)3I-NH2 (G3) and four typical conventional surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C16TAB), polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether (C12EO23), and tetradecyldimethylamine oxide (C14DMAO)) has been studied through surface tension measurement and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activities of AMP/surfactant mixtures have also been studied with Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungus Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity of the AMP/surfactant mixtures has also been assessed with NIH 3T3 and human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells. The surface tension data showed that the AMP/SDS mixture was much more surface-active than SDS alone. CD results showed that G3 conformation changed from random coil, to β-sheet, and then to α-helix with increasing SDS concentration, showing a range of structural transformation driven by the different interactions with SDS. The antimicrobial activity of G3 to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria decreased in the presence of SDS due to the strong interaction of electrostatic attraction between the peptide and the surfactant. The interactions between G3 and C16TAB, C12EO23, and C14DMAO were much weaker than SDS. As a result, the surface tension of surfactants with G3 did not change much, neither did the secondary structures of G3. The antimicrobial activities of G3 were little affected in the presence of C12EO23, slightly improved by C14DMAO, and clearly enhanced by cationic surfactant C16TAB due to its strong cationic and antimicrobial nature, consistent with their surface physical activities as binary mixtures. Although AMP G3 did not show activity to fungus, the mixtures of AMP/C16TAB and AMP/C14DMAO could kill C. albicans at high surfactant concentrations. The mixtures had rather high cytotoxicity to NIH 3T3 and HSF cells although G3 is nontoxic to cells. Cationic AMPs can be formulated with nonionic, cationic, and zwitterionic surfactants during product development, but care must be taken when AMPs are formulated with anionic surfactants, as the strong electrostatic interaction may undermine their antimicrobial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Liuxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiaoting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Haoning Gong
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jian Ren Lu
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
O'Sullivan JN, Rea MC, O'Connor PM, Hill C, Ross RP. Human skin microbiota is a rich source of bacteriocin-producing staphylococci that kill human pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5259109. [PMID: 30590567 PMCID: PMC6340406 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for novel antimicrobial therapies due to the threat posed by antimicrobial resistance has resulted in a growing interest in the protective role of our skin bacteria and the importance of competition among bacteria on the skin. A survey of the cultivable bacteria on human skin was undertaken to identify the capacity of the skin microbiota to produce bacteriocins with activity against skin pathogens. Twenty-one bacteriocins produced by bacteria isolated from seven sites on the human body of each subject exhibited inhibition spectra ranging from broad to narrow range, inhibiting many Gram-positive bacteria, including opportunistic skin pathogens such as Propionibacterium acnes (recently renamed Cutibacterium acnes), Staphylococcus epidermidis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Sequencing indicated that the antimicrobial-producing isolates were predominately species/strains of the Staphylococcus genus. Colony mass spectrometry revealed peptide masses that do not correspond to known bacteriocins. In an era where antibiotic resistance is of major concern, the inhibitory effect of novel bacteriocins from the bacteria of skin origin demonstrates the antimicrobial potential that could be harnessed from within the human skin microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie N O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996.,School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College road, Cork, T12 K8AF.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - Mary C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - Paula M O'Connor
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College road, Cork, T12 K8AF.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - R Paul Ross
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College road, Cork, T12 K8AF.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ceccarelli F, Perricone C, Olivieri G, Cipriano E, Spinelli FR, Valesini G, Conti F. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225624. [PMID: 31717919 PMCID: PMC6888194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of infective agents in autoimmune diseases (ADs) development has been historically investigated, but in the last years has been strongly reconsidered due to the interest in the link between the microbiome and ADs. Together with the gut, the skin microbiome is characterized by the presence of several microorganisms, potentially influencing innate and adaptive immune response. S. aureus is one of the most important components of the skin microbiome that can colonize anterior nares without clinical manifestations. Data from the literature demonstrates a significantly higher prevalence of nasal colonization in ADs patients in comparison with healthy subjects, suggesting a possible role in terms of disease development and phenotypes. Thus, in the present narrative review we focused on the mechanisms by which S. aureus could influence the immune response and on its relationship with ADs, in particular granulomatosis with polyangiitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bitschar K, Sauer B, Focken J, Dehmer H, Moos S, Konnerth M, Schilling NA, Grond S, Kalbacher H, Kurschus FC, Götz F, Krismer B, Peschel A, Schittek B. Lugdunin amplifies innate immune responses in the skin in synergy with host- and microbiota-derived factors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2730. [PMID: 31227691 PMCID: PMC6588697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently our groups discovered lugdunin, a new cyclic peptide antibiotic that inhibits Staphylococcus aureus epithelial colonization in humans and rodents. In this work, we analyzed its immuno-modulatory and antimicrobial potential as a single agent or in combination with other microbiota- or host-derived factors. We show that pretreatment of primary human keratinocytes or mouse skin with lugdunin in combination with microbiota-derived factors results in a significant reduction of S. aureus colonization. Moreover, lugdunin increases expression and release of LL-37 and CXCL8/MIP-2 in human keratinocytes and mouse skin, and results in the recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils in vivo, both by a TLR/MyD88-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, S. aureus elimination by lugdunin is additionally achieved by synergistic antimicrobial activity with LL-37 and dermcidin-derived peptides. In summary, our results indicate that lugdunin provides multi-level protection against S. aureus and may thus become a promising treatment option for S. aureus skin infections in the future. Lugdunin is a peptide antibiotic produced by the skin commensal Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Here, the authors show that lugdunin reduces Staphylococcus aureus colonization in human keratinocytes and mouse skin by inducing the expression of human LL-37 and recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bitschar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Sauer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jule Focken
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hanna Dehmer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Moos
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Konnerth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nadine A Schilling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grond
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian C Kurschus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Krismer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aster glehni Extract Containing Caffeoylquinic Compounds Protects Human Keratinocytes through the TRPV4-PPAR δ-AMPK Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2018:9616574. [PMID: 30622619 PMCID: PMC6304624 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9616574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aster glehni (AG) has been used in cooking and as a medicine to treat various diseases for over hundreds of years in Korea. To speculate the protective effects of AG on skin barrier, we estimated the protein levels of biomarkers related to skin barrier protection in human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The protein levels for keratin, involucrin, defensin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ), 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 2 (SPTLC2), and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) were evaluated using western blotting or immunocytochemistry in HaCaT cells. AG extract increased the protein levels of PPARδ, phosphorylated AMPK, SPTLC2, keratin, involucrin, and defensin compared to the SDS or DNCB control group. However, TNFα expression increased by SDS or DNCB was decreased with AG extract. The order of action of each regulatory biomarker in AG pathway was identified TRPV4→PPARδ→AMPK from antagonist and siRNA treatment studies. AG can ameliorate the injury of keratinocytes caused by SDS or DNCB through the sequential regulation of TRPV4→PPARδ→AMPK pathway.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang JA, Liu J, Wu HJ, Xu Y, Si CC, Zhou BR, Luo D. The effects of Antimicrobial Peptides and Hyaluronic Acid compound mask on wound healing after ablative fractional Carbon Dioxide laser resurfacing. J COSMET LASER THER 2018; 21:217-224. [PMID: 30198801 DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2018.1516886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-an Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-jin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-cheng Si
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing-rong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jatana S, Homer CR, Madajka M, Ponti AK, Kabi A, Papay F, McDonald C. Pyrimidine synthesis inhibition enhances cutaneous defenses against antibiotic resistant bacteria through activation of NOD2 signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8708. [PMID: 29880914 PMCID: PMC5992176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacterial strains are a rapidly emerging healthcare threat; therefore it is critical to develop new therapies to combat these organisms. Prior antibacterial strategies directly target pathogen growth or viability. Host-directed strategies to increase antimicrobial defenses may be an effective alternative to antibiotics and reduce development of resistant strains. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy of a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor, N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA), to enhance clearance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii strains by primary human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. PALA did not have a direct bactericidal effect, but enhanced cellular secretion of the antimicrobial peptides human β-defensin 2 (HBD2) and HBD3 from fibroblasts. When tested in porcine and human skin explant models, a topical PALA formulation was efficacious to enhance MRSA, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii clearance. Topical PALA treatment of human skin explants also resulted in increased HBD2 and cathelicidin (LL-37) production. The antimicrobial actions of PALA required expression of nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIP2), and carbamoyl phosphatase synthase II/aspartate transcarbamylase/dihydroorotase (CAD). Our results indicate that PALA may be a new option to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections of the skin through enhancement of an integral pathway of the cutaneous innate immune defense system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Jatana
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Craig R Homer
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Madajka
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - András K Ponti
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amrita Kabi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Francis Papay
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine McDonald
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Awosika O, Kim L, Mazhar M, Rengifo-Pardo M, Ehrlich A. Profile of dupilumab and its potential in the treatment of inadequately controlled moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018; 11:41-49. [PMID: 29416367 PMCID: PMC5789047 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s123329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disorder that manifests as eczematous lesions, often associated with allergic rhinitis and asthma. Historically, moderate-to-severe disease has been managed with systemic immunosuppression, such as oral corticosteroids, which result in relapse and limiting side effects. Due to recent advancements in the identification of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 as key mediators in AD, new biological agents have been developed for treatment. Dupilumab is a recently approved monoclonal antibody that targets the alpha subunit of the IL-4 receptor and, thus, downregulates activity of IL-4 and IL-13. This review discusses the profile of dupilumab and its potential for efficacy and safety in treating moderate-to-severe AD by reviewing data from Phase I–III clinical trials. Results suggest that dupilumab shows great therapeutic promise for AD. Further studies investigating extended use of dupilumab and dupilumab in comparison to other agents are needed to establish long-term efficacy and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olabola Awosika
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington Medical Faculty Associates, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lori Kim
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Momina Mazhar
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Monica Rengifo-Pardo
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington Medical Faculty Associates, Washington, DC, USA.,George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alison Ehrlich
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington Medical Faculty Associates, Washington, DC, USA.,George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Immunomodulatory Behavior of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1119:73-84. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
33
|
Patra V, Mayer G, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Horn M, Lembo S, Wolf P. Unique profile of antimicrobial peptide expression in polymorphic light eruption lesions compared to healthy skin, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 34:137-144. [PMID: 29044786 PMCID: PMC5888155 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Polymorphic light eruption (PLE) has been attributed to type IV, most likely delayed‐type hypersensitivity response (adaptive immunity) but little is known on innate immunity, especially antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the disease. Abnormalities in AMP expression have been linked to pathological skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Methods Antimicrobial peptide profiling was carried out in PLE skin samples (n,12) compared with that of healthy (n,13), atopic (n,6), and psoriatic skin (n,6). Results Compared to healthy skin, we observed increased expression of psoriasin and RNAse7 (both mostly in stratum granulosum of the epidermis), HBD‐2 (in the cellular infiltrate of the dermis), and LL37 (mostly in and around blood vessels and glands) in PLE lesional skin, a similar expression profile as present in psoriatic skin and different to that of AD (with little or no expression of psoriasin, RNAse7, HBD‐2, and LL37). HBD‐3 was downregulated in PLE compared to its high expression in the epidermis and dermis of healthy skin, AD, and psoriasis. Conclusion The unique profile of differentially expressed AMPs in PLE implies a role in the pathophysiology of the disease, possibly directly or indirectly linked to the microbiome of the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- VijayKumar Patra
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Mayer
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Gruber-Wackernagel
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Horn
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Serena Lembo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hemadi AS, Huang R, Zhou Y, Zou J. Salivary proteins and microbiota as biomarkers for early childhood caries risk assessment. Int J Oral Sci 2017; 9:e1. [PMID: 29125139 PMCID: PMC5775330 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2017.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a term used to describe dental caries in children aged 6 years or younger. Oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbrinus, are considered to be the main etiological agents of tooth decay in children. Other bacteria, such as Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and fungus, that is, Candida albicans, are related to the development and progression of ECC. Biomolecules in saliva, mainly proteins, affect the survival of oral microorganisms by multiple innate defensive mechanisms, thus modulating the oral microflora. Therefore, the protein composition of saliva can be a sensitive indicator for dental health. Resistance or susceptibility to caries may be significantly correlated with alterations in salivary protein components. Some oral microorganisms and saliva proteins may serve as useful biomarkers in predicting the risk and prognosis of caries. Current research has generated abundant information that contributes to a better understanding of the roles of microorganisms and salivary proteins in ECC occurrence and prevention. This review summarizes the microorganisms that cause caries and tooth-protective salivary proteins with their potential as functional biomarkers for ECC risk assessment. The identification of biomarkers for children at high risk of ECC is not only critical for early diagnosis but also important for preventing and treating the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Hemadi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Inhibition of Human Kallikrein 5 Protease by Triterpenoids from Natural Sources. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111829. [PMID: 29077044 PMCID: PMC6150226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratum corneum tryptic enzyme kallikrein 5 (KLK5) is a serine protease that is involved in the cell renewal and maintenance of the skin barrier function. The excessive activation of KLK5 causes an exacerbation of dermatoses, such as rosacea and atopic dermatitis. Some triterpenoids are reported to suppress the serine proteases. We aimed to investigate whether bioactive triterpenoids modulate the KLK5 protease. Nineteen triterpenoids occurring in medicinal crude drugs were evaluated using an enzymatic assay to measure the anti-KLK5 activity. The KLK5-dependent cathelicidin peptide LL-37 production in human keratinocytes was examined using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Screening assays for evaluating the anti-KLK5 activity revealed that ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, saikosaponin b₁, tumulosic acid and pachymic acid suppressed the KLK5 protease activity, although critical molecular moieties contributing to anti-KLK5 activity were unclarified. Ursolic acid and tumulosic acid suppressed the proteolytic processing of LL-37 in keratinocytes at ≤10 μM; no cytotoxicity was observed. Both triterpenoids were detected in the plasma of rats administered orally with triterpenoid-rich crude drug Jumihaidokuto. Our study reveals that triterpenoids, such as ursolic acid and tumulosic acid, modulate the KLK5 protease activity and cathelicidin peptide production. Triterpenoids may affect the skin barrier function via the regulation of proteases.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gomes A, Teixeira C, Ferraz R, Prudêncio C, Gomes P. Wound-Healing Peptides for Treatment of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Other Infected Skin Injuries. Molecules 2017; 22:E1743. [PMID: 29057807 PMCID: PMC6151519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of diabetes continues to increase in the western world, the prevalence of chronic wounds related to this condition continues to be a major focus of wound care research. Additionally, over 50% of chronic wounds exhibit signs and symptoms that are consistent with localized bacterial biofilms underlying severe infections that contribute to tissue destruction, delayed wound-healing and other serious complications. Most current biomedical approaches for advanced wound care aim at providing antimicrobial protection to the open wound together with a matrix scaffold (often collagen-based) to boost reestablishment of the skin tissue. Therefore, the present review is focused on the efforts that have been made over the past years to find peptides possessing wound-healing properties, towards the development of new and effective wound care treatments for diabetic foot ulcers and other skin and soft tissue infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Saúde-Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Prudêncio
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Saúde-Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, P-4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The synthetic human beta-defensin-3 C15 peptide exhibits antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, both alone and in combination with dental disinfectants. J Microbiol 2017; 55:830-836. [PMID: 28956355 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a major etiologic agent of human dental caries that forms biofilms on hard tissues in the human oral cavity, such as tooth and dentinal surfaces. Human β-defensin-3 (HBD3) is a 45-amino-acid natural antimicrobial peptide that has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. A synthetic peptide consisting of the C-terminal 15 amino acids of HBD3 (HBD3-C15) was recently shown to be sufficient for its antimicrobial activity. Thus, clinical applications of this peptide have garnered attention. In this study, we investigated whether HBD3-C15 inhibits the growth of the representative cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans and its biofilm formation. HBD3-C15 inhibited bacterial growth, exhibited bactericidal activity, and attenuated bacterial biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. HBD3-C15 potentiated the bactericidal and anti-biofilm activity of calcium hydroxide (CH) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), which are representative disinfectants used in dental clinics, against S. mutans. Moreover, HBD3-C15 showed antimicrobial activity by inhibiting biofilm formation by S. mutans and other dentinophilic bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus gordonii, which are associated with dental caries and endodontic infection, on human dentin slices. These effects were observed for HBD3-C15 alone and for HBD3-C15 in combination with CH or CHX. Therefore, we suggest that HBD3-C15 is a potential alternative or additive disinfectant that can be used for the treatment of oral infectious diseases, including dental caries and endodontic infections.
Collapse
|
38
|
Mangoni ML, McDermott AM, Zasloff M. Antimicrobial peptides and wound healing: biological and therapeutic considerations. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:167-73. [PMID: 26738772 PMCID: PMC4789108 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repair of tissue wounds is a fundamental process to re-establish tissue integrity and regular function. Importantly, infection is a major factor that hinders wound healing. Multicellular organisms have evolved an arsenal of host-defense molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), aimed at controlling microbial proliferation and at modulating the host's immune response to a variety of biological or physical insults. In this brief review, we provide the evidence for a role of AMPs as endogenous mediators of wound healing and their promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of non-life-threatening skin and other epithelial injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, IT
| | - Alison M. McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Zasloff
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
The role of antimicrobial peptides in chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33:6-12. [PMID: 26985172 PMCID: PMC4793058 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2015.48066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effector molecules of the innate immune system of the skin. They present an activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as some fungi, parasites and enveloped viruses. Several inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris and rosacea are characterized by a dysregulated expression of AMPs. Antimicrobial peptides are excessively produced in lesional psoriatic scales or rosacea in contrast to the atopic skin that shows lower AMP levels when compared with psoriasis. The importance of the AMPs contribution to host immunity is indisputable as alterations in the antimicrobial peptide expression have been associated with various pathologic processes. This review discusses the biology and clinical relevance of antimicrobial peptides expressed in the skin and their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.
Collapse
|
40
|
Holcmann M, Sibilia M. Mechanisms underlying skin disorders induced by EGFR inhibitors. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1004969. [PMID: 27308503 PMCID: PMC4905346 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1004969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is frequently mutated or overexpressed in a large number of tumors such as carcinomas or glioblastoma. Inhibitors of EGFR activation have been successfully established for the therapy of some cancers and are more and more frequently being used as first or later line therapies. Although the side effects induced by inhibitors of EGFR are less severe than those observed with classic cytotoxic chemotherapy and can usually be handled by out-patient care, they may still be a cause for dose reduction or discontinuation of treatment that can reduce the effectiveness of antitumor therapy. The mechanisms underlying these cutaneous side effects are only partly understood. Important questions, such as the reasons for the correlation between the intensity of the side effects and the efficiency of treatment with EGFR inhibitors, remain to be answered. Optimized adjuvant strategies to accompany anti-EGFR therapy need to be found for optimal therapeutic application and improved quality of life of patients. Here, we summarize current literature on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the cutaneous side effects induced by EGFR inhibitors and provide evidence that keratinocytes are probably the optimal targets for adjuvant therapy aimed at alleviating skin toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holcmann
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Muto Y, Wang Z, Vanderberghe M, Two A, Gallo RL, Di Nardo A. Mast cells are key mediators of cathelicidin-initiated skin inflammation in rosacea. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2728-2736. [PMID: 24844861 PMCID: PMC4199909 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease whose pathophysiological mechanism is still unclear. However, it is known that mast cell (MC) numbers are increased in the dermis of rosacea patients. MC proteases not only recruit other immune cells, which amplify the inflammatory response, but also cause vasodilation and angiogenesis. MCs are also one of the primary sources of cathelicidin LL-37 (Cath LL-37), an antimicrobial peptide that has been shown to be an enabler of rosacea pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that MCs are key mediators of cathelicidin-initiated skin inflammation. After Cath LL-37 injection into the dermis, MC-deficient B6.Cg-Kit(W-sh)/HNihrJaeBsmJ (KitW-sh) mice did not develop rosacea-like features. Conversely, chymase (P<0.001), tryptase, and Mmp9 (P<0.01) mRNA levels were significantly higher in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice. Treating WT mice with an MC stabilizer significantly decreased the expressions of Mmp9 and Cxcl2 (P<0.01). Our data were confirmed on erythematotelangiectatic rosacea subjects who showed a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase activity (P<0.05), after 8 weeks of topical cromolyn treatment. We conclude that MCs have a central role in the development of inflammation subsequent to Cath LL-37 activation and that downregulation of activated MCs may be a therapy for rosacea treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Muto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Matthieu Vanderberghe
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aimee Two
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Brown AF, Leech JM, Rogers TR, McLoughlin RM. Staphylococcus aureus Colonization: Modulation of Host Immune Response and Impact on Human Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2014; 4:507. [PMID: 24409186 PMCID: PMC3884195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In apparent contrast to its invasive potential Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the anterior nares of 20–80% of the human population. The relationship between host and microbe appears particularly individualized and colonization status seems somehow predetermined. After decolonization, persistent carriers often become re-colonized with their prior S. aureus strain, whereas non-carriers resist experimental colonization. Efforts to identify factors facilitating colonization have thus far largely focused on the microorganism rather than on the human host. The host responds to S. aureus nasal colonization via local expression of anti-microbial peptides, lipids, and cytokines. Interplay with the co-existing microbiota also influences colonization and immune regulation. Transient or persistent S. aureus colonization induces specific systemic immune responses. Humoral responses are the most studied of these and little is known of cellular responses induced by colonization. Intriguingly, colonized patients who develop bacteremia may have a lower S. aureus-attributable mortality than their non-colonized counterparts. This could imply a staphylococcal-specific immune “priming” or immunomodulation occurring as a consequence of colonization and impacting on the outcome of infection. This has yet to be fully explored. An effective vaccine remains elusive. Anti-S. aureus vaccine strategies may need to drive both humoral and cellular immune responses to confer efficient protection. Understanding the influence of colonization on adaptive response is essential to intelligent vaccine design, and may determine the efficacy of vaccine-mediated immunity. Clinical trials should consider colonization status and the resulting impact of this on individual patient responses. We urgently need an increased appreciation of colonization and its modulation of host immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisling F Brown
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John M Leech
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Thomas R Rogers
- Sir Patrick Dun Laboratory, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Dublin , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Johannessen M, Sollid JE, Hanssen AM. Host- and microbe determinants that may influence the success of S. aureus colonization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:56. [PMID: 22919647 PMCID: PMC3417514 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus may cause serious skin and soft tissue infections, deep abscesses, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. S. aureus persistently colonizes 25–30% of the adult human population, and S. aureus carriers have an increased risk for infections caused by the bacterium. The major site of colonization is the nose, i.e., the vestibulum nasi, which is covered with ordinary skin and hair follicles. Several host and microbe determinants are assumed to be associated with colonization. These include the presence and expression level of bacterial adhesins, which can adhere to various proteins in the extracellular matrix or on the cellular surface of human skin. The host expresses several antimicrobial peptides and lipids. The level of β-defensin 3, free sphingosine, and cis-6-hexadecenoic acid are found to be associated with nasal carriage of S. aureus. Other host factors are certain polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 2, mannose-binding lectin, C-reactive protein, glucocorticoid-, and vitamin D receptor. Additional putative determinants for carriage include genetic variation and expression of microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules and their interaction partners, as well as variation among humans in the ability of recognizing and responding appropriately to the bacteria. Moreover, the available microflora may influence the success of S. aureus colonization. In conclusion, colonization is a complex interplay between the bacteria and its host. Several bacterial and host factors are involved, and an increased molecular understanding of these are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Johannessen
- Research Group of Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang G, Elliott M, Cogen AL, Ezell EL, Gallo RL, Hancock REW. Structure, dynamics, and antimicrobial and immune modulatory activities of human LL-23 and its single-residue variants mutated on the basis of homologous primate cathelicidins. Biochemistry 2012; 51:653-64. [PMID: 22185690 DOI: 10.1021/bi2016266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
LL-23 is a natural peptide corresponding to the 23 N-terminal amino acid residues of human host defense cathelicidin LL-37. LL-23 demonstrated, compared to LL-37, a conserved ability to induce the chemokine MCP-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a lack of ability to suppress induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and reduced antimicrobial activity. Heteronuclear multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of LL-23 revealed similar secondary structures and backbone dynamics in three membrane-mimetic micelles: SDS, dodecylphosphocholine (DPC), and dioctanoylphosphatidylglycerol. The NMR structure of LL-23 determined in perdeuterated DPC contained a unique serine that segregated the hydrophobic surface of the amphipathic helix into two domains. To improve our understanding, Ser9 of LL-23was changed to either Ala or Val on the basis of homologous primate cathelicidins. These changes made the hydrophobic surface of LL-23 continuous and enhanced antibacterial activity. While identical helical structures did not explain the altered activities, a reduced rate of hydrogen-deuterium exchange from LL-23 to LL-23A9 to LL-23V9 suggested a deeper penetration of LL-23V9 into the interior of the micelles, which correlated with enhanced activities. Moreover, these LL-23 variants had discrete immunomodulatory activities. Both restored the TNF-α dampening activity to the level of LL-37. Furthermore, LL-23A9, like LL-23, maintained superior protective MCP-1 production, while LL-23V9 was strongly immunosuppressive, preventing baseline MCP-1 induction and substantially reducing LPS-stimulated MCP-1 production. Thus, these LL-23 variants, designed on the basis of a structural hot spot, are promising immune modulators that are easier to synthesize and less toxic to mammalian cells than the parent peptide LL-37.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6495, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Almost 90 years have passed since Alexander Fleming discovered the antimicrobial activity of lysozyme, the first natural antibiotic isolated from our body. Since then, various types of molecules with antibiotic activity have been isolated from animals, insects, plants, and bacteria, and their use has revolutionized clinical medicine. So far, more than 1,200 types of peptides with antimicrobial activity have been isolated from various cells and tissues, and it appears that all living organisms use these antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in their host defense. In the past decade, innate AMPs produced by mammals have been shown to be essential for the protection of skin and other organs. Their importance is because of their pleiotrophic functions to not only kill microbes but also control host physiological functions such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Recent advances in our understanding of the function of AMPs have associated their altered production with various human diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and rosacea. In this review, we summarize the history of AMP biology and provide an overview of recent research progress in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ctriporin, a new anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus peptide from the venom of the scorpion Chaerilus tricostatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:5220-9. [PMID: 21876042 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00369-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant microbes, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, seriously threaten human health. The outbreak of "superbugs" in recent years emphasizes once again the need for the development of new antimicrobial agents or resources. Antimicrobial peptides have an evident bactericidal effect against multidrug-resistant pathogens. In the present study, a new antimicrobial peptide, ctriporin, was cloned and characterized from the venom of the scorpion Chaerilus tricostatus, an animal which has not yet been explored for toxic peptide resources. The MICs of ctriporin against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, and Candida albicans are 5 to 20 μg/ml. Meanwhile, it MIC against clinical antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains is 10 μg/ml. Furthermore, the potential for ctriporin to be used as a topical antibiotic for treating staphylococcal skin infections was investigated. External use of the peptide ctriporin dramatically decreased the bacterial counts and cured skin infections in mice. In addition, ctriporin demonstrates antimicrobial efficacy via the bactericidal mechanism of rapid cell lysis. Together, these results suggest the potential of developing ctriporin as a new topical antibiotic.
Collapse
|
47
|
Epidermal ablation of Dlx3 is linked to IL-17-associated skin inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11566-71. [PMID: 21709238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019658108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to understand the role of Distal-less 3 (Dlx3) in cutaneous biology and pathophysiology, we generated and characterized a mouse model with epidermal ablation of Dlx3. K14cre;Dlx3(Kin/f) mice exhibited epidermal hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. Results from subsequent analyses revealed cutaneous inflammation that featured accumulation of IL-17-producing CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T, and γδ T cells in the skin and lymph nodes of K14cre;Dlx3(Kin/f) mice. The gene expression signature of K14cre;Dlx3(Kin/f) skin shared features with lesional psoriatic skin, and Dlx3 expression was markedly and selectively decreased in psoriatic skin. Interestingly, cultured Dlx3 null keratinocytes triggered cytokine production that is potentially linked to inflammatory responses in K14cre;Dlx3(Kin/f) mice. Thus, Dlx3 ablation in epidermis is linked to altered epidermal differentiation, barrier development, and IL-17-associated skin inflammation. This model provides a platform that will allow the systematic exploration of the contributions of keratinocytes to cutaneous inflammation.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gallo RL, Nakatsuji T. Microbial symbiosis with the innate immune defense system of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1974-80. [PMID: 21697881 PMCID: PMC3174284 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin protects itself against infection through a variety of mechanisms. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are major contributors to cutaneous innate immunity, and this system, combined with the unique ionic, lipid and physical barrier of the epidermis is the first line defense against invading pathogens. However, recent studies have revealed that our skin’s innate immune system is not solely of human origin. Staphylococcus epidermidis, a major constituent of the normal microflora on healthy human skin, acts as a barrier against colonization of potentially pathogenic microbes and against overgrowth of already present opportunistic pathogens. Our resident commensal microbes produce their own AMPs, act to enhance the normal production of AMPs by keratinocytes, and are beneficial to maintaining inflammatory homeostasis by suppressing excess cytokine release after minor epidermal injury. These observations indicate that the normal human skin microflora protects skin via various modes of action, a conclusion supported by many lines of evidence associating diseases such as acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and rosacea with an imbalance of the microflora even in the absence of classical infection. This review highlights recent observations on the importance of innate immune systems and the relationship with the normal skin microflora to maintain healthy skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Gallo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides and Conventional Antibiotics against Superantigen Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from the Patients with Neoplastic and Inflammatory Erythrodermia. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2011; 2011:270932. [PMID: 22312551 PMCID: PMC3265250 DOI: 10.1155/2011/270932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Superantigens are proteins comprising a group of molecules produced by various microorganisms. They are involved in pathogenesis of several human diseases. The aim of the study was the comparison of susceptibility to antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) strains producing staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and TSST-1 and nonproducing ones. In the group of the total 28 of the patients with erythrodermia the presence of SA was confirmed in 24 cases. The total of 14 strains of SA excreted enterotoxins SEA, SEC, SED, and TSST-1. We did not observe that strains producing mentioned superantigens were less susceptible to AMPs (aurein 1.2, citropin 1.1, lipopeptide, protegrin 1, tachyplesin 3, temporin A, and uperin 3.6). The opposite situation was observed in conventional antibiotics. SA strains excreting tested superantigens had higher MICs and MBCs than nonproducing ones. The interesting finding considering the high efficacy of AMPs, against all examined strains of SA, makes them attractive candidates for therapeutic implication.
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang J, Xu X, Rao NV, Argyle B, McCoard L, Rusho WJ, Kennedy TP, Prestwich GD, Krueger G. Novel sulfated polysaccharides disrupt cathelicidins, inhibit RAGE and reduce cutaneous inflammation in a mouse model of rosacea. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16658. [PMID: 21347371 PMCID: PMC3036710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosacea is a common disfiguring skin disease of primarily Caucasians characterized by central erythema of the face, with telangiectatic blood vessels, papules and pustules, and can produce skin thickening, especially on the nose of men, creating rhinophyma. Rosacea can also produce dry, itchy eyes with irritation of the lids, keratitis and corneal scarring. The cause of rosacea has been proposed as over-production of the cationic cathelicidin peptide LL-37. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We tested a new class of non-anticoagulant sulfated anionic polysaccharides, semi-synthetic glycosaminoglycan ethers (SAGEs) on key elements of the pathogenic pathway leading to rosacea. SAGEs were anti-inflammatory at ng/ml, including inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) proteases, P-selectin, and interaction of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) with four representative ligands. SAGEs bound LL-37 and inhibited interleukin-8 production induced by LL-37 in cultured human keratinocytes. When mixed with LL-37 before injection, SAGEs prevented the erythema and PMN infiltration produced by direct intradermal injection of LL-37 into mouse skin. Topical application of a 1% (w/w) SAGE emollient to overlying injected skin also reduced erythema and PMN infiltration from intradermal LL-37. CONCLUSIONS Anionic polysaccharides, exemplified by SAGEs, offer potential as novel mechanism-based therapies for rosacea and by extension other LL-37-mediated and RAGE-ligand driven skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Zhang
- Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Narayanam V. Rao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Brian Argyle
- Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lindsi McCoard
- Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - William J. Rusho
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Kennedy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Gerald Krueger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|