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Yang Y(S, Law M, Vaghri Z. New Brunswick's mental health action plan: A quantitative exploration of program efficacy in children and youth using the Canadian Community Health Survey. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301008. [PMID: 38848408 PMCID: PMC11161078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2011, the New Brunswick government released the New Brunswick Mental Health Action Plan 2011-2018 (Action Plan). Following the release of the Action Plan in 2011, two progress reports were released in 2013 and 2015, highlighting the implementation status of the Action Plan. While vague in their language, these reports indicated considerable progress in implementing the Action Plan, as various initiatives were undertaken to raise awareness and provide additional resources to facilitate early prevention and intervention in children and youth. However, whether these initiatives have yielded measurable improvements in population-level mental health outcomes in children and youth remains unclear. The current study explored the impact of the Action Plan by visualizing the trend in psychosocial outcomes and service utilization of vulnerable populations in New Brunswick before and after the implementation of the Action Plan using multiple datasets from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Survey-weighted ordinary least square regression analyses were performed to investigate measurable improvements in available mental health outcomes. The result revealed a declining trend in the mental wellness of vulnerable youth despite them consistently reporting higher frequencies of mental health service use. This study highlights the need for a concerted effort in providing effective mental health services to New Brunswick youth and, more broadly, Canadian youth, as well as ensuring rigorous routine outcome monitoring and evaluation plans are consistently implemented for future mental health strategies at the time of their initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi (Stanford) Yang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Applied Science, and Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Moira Law
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, St. Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ziba Vaghri
- Global Child Program, Integrated Health Initiative, Faculty of Business, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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Mendez L, Kerig PK. Newcomers to Unwelcoming Lands: A Conceptual Review of the Dimensions of Discrimination Experienced by Refugee Youth and the Processes Imparting Risk and Resilience. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:903-915. [PMID: 38045850 PMCID: PMC10689638 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, half of refugees worldwide were under the age of 18. Although often resilient, refugee youth experience chronic and pervasive traumatic events prior to and during migration, and are at risk for continued victimization and stressors while in their host country. In particular, refugee youth encounter ongoing discrimination during resettlement, a primary stressor that reduces their wellbeing and adaptation. Given the relevance of discrimination for refugee youth, the goal of the current review is to increase our understanding of the dimensions of discrimination faced by refugee youth and the risk and resilience processes that may be involved in these negative experiences. Thus, this review presents the existing theoretical and empirical research on this topic and creates a model that organizes these findings. The present review concludes with recommendations for prevention and intervention efforts and considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucybel Mendez
- University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Room 502, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 S 1530 E BEH S 502, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Patricia K. Kerig
- University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Room 502, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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Khan MR, Al-Nuaimi S. Empowering resettled child and adolescent refugees through school-based mental health programs: Building a more inclusive community. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 89:103766. [PMID: 37757539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saleem Al-Nuaimi
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Cavalcante AS, Oliveira MADC, Egry EY. Vulnerability of Venezuelan immigrants living in Boa Vista, Roraima. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2023; 57:e20230074. [PMID: 37738310 PMCID: PMC10516479 DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2023-0074en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the social and health vulnerabilities of Venezuelan immigrants living in Boa Vista, Roraima. METHOD Mixed methods research, with concomitant transformative strategy. In the quantitative phase, analysis of management documents for the state of Roraima and the capital Boa Vista were carried out. In the qualitative, open interviews with 16 Venezuelan immigrants, 14 nursing professionals and 8 public managers and a focus group with 12 nursing professionals. The webQDA software was used to organize the data and the content and discourse analyzes were based on Bardin and on dialectic-hermeneutics, according to Minayo. RESULTS The main vulnerabilities identified were the absence of public policies for immigrants, the fragility of links with health services and language differences. CONCLUSION The vulnerabilities of Venezuelan immigrants are linked to their ways of living and working. Health institutions and organizations are not fully qualified to serve them. Specific policies are needed for this social group and to qualify institutions and health professionals to implement these policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emiko Yoshikawa Egry
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Gyan C, Chowdhury F, Yeboah AS. Adapting to a new home: resettlement and mental health service experiences of immigrant and refugee youth in Montreal. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 10:86. [PMID: 36909256 PMCID: PMC9990561 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-023-01572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Resettlement and mental health services are critical support systems for refugee and immigrant youth (RIY) as they navigate the complexities of settling into their new homes. These services play a vital role in meeting the needs of RIY and helping them feel welcomed into Canadian society. The purpose of this study is to provide insight into RIY's experiences with resettlement and mental health service providers in Montreal, Canada. Adopting a descriptive quantitative research approach, this study utilized online surveys to gather data. The findings indicate that cultural and linguistic barriers are the major obstacles faced by refugee and immigrant youth when accessing resettlement and mental health services in Montreal. Protective resources, such as family, friends, and ethnic communities, were identified as important facilitators of successful integration into Canadian society. To improve services, cultural sensitivity should be a priority for providers, as recommended by this study. By acknowledging the significance of cultural barriers in accessing resettlement and mental health services, this study emphasizes the need for service providers to prioritize cultural sensitivity in their efforts to improve services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Gyan
- School of Social Work, McGill University, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Farhin Chowdhury
- Department of Education and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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Herati H, Meyer SB. Mental health interventions for immigrant-refugee children and youth living in Canada: a scoping review and way forward. J Ment Health 2023; 32:276-289. [PMID: 32915669 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1818710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic life events experienced by immigrant-refugee children and youth may deteriorate their mental health and well-being. It is a public health priority to develop appropriate mental health interventions for this population. AIMS To understand the psychosocial needs of immigrant-refugee children and youth resettled in Canada in the context of their school and community and to identify the characteristics of school-/community-based mental health programs for this group. METHOD Arksey and O'Malley's methodology for scoping reviews was used to select the studies based on criteria, extract data in a table, and synthesize main findings. RESULTS Fifteen peer-reviewed articles and five grey literature were identified. Key findings show that collaboration between schools, communities, and families play a crucial role in developing and implementing comprehensive mental health interventions for immigrant-refugee children/youth. Involving cultural brokers/interpreters and racially diverse school teachers/staff, is important to establish a trustful relationship between school authorities and marginalized population. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to examine the impact of collaborative mental healthcare among multiracial and newcomer families in Canada. Furthermore, there is a need to study the impact of adopting creative expression programs at schools/communities to improve emotional/behavioural problems and enhance school performance of these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Herati
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha B Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Saunders NR, Gandhi S, Wanigaratne S, Lu H, Stukel TA, Glazier RH, Rayner J, Guttmann A. Health Care Use and System Costs Among Pediatric Refugees in Canada. Pediatrics 2023; 151:190230. [PMID: 36458412 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-057441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resettled refugees land in Canada through 3 sponsorship models with similar health insurance and financial supports but differences in how resettlement is facilitated. We examined whether health system utilization, costs, and aggregate 1-year morbidity differed by resettlement model. METHODS Population-based matched cohort study in Ontario, 2008 to 2018, including pediatric (0-17 years) resettled refugees and matched Ontario-born peers and categorized refugees by resettlement model: (1) private sponsorship (PSRs), (2) Blended Visa Office-Referred program (BVORs), and (3) government-assisted refugee (GAR). Primary outcomes were health system utilization and costs in year 1 in Canada. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the associations between sponsorship model and major illnesses. RESULTS We included 23 287 resettled refugees (13 360 GARs, 1544 BVORs, 8383 PSRs) and 93 148 matched Ontario-born. Primary care visits were highest among GARs and lowest in PSRs (median visits [interquartile range], GARs 4[2-6]; BVORs 3[2-5]; PSRs 3[2-5]; P <.001). Emergency department visits and hospitalizations were more common among GARs and BVORs versus PSRs (emergency department: GARs 19.2%; BVORs 23.4%; PSRs 13.8%; hospitalizations: GARs 2.5%; BVORs 3.2%; PSRs 1.1%, P <.001). Mean 1-year health system costs were highest among GARs (mean [standard deviation] $1278 [$7475]) and lowest among PSRs ($555 [$2799]; Ontario-born $851 [9226]). Compared with PSRs, GARs (adjusted odds ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.47-1.81) and BVORs (adjusted odds ratio 1.52, 95% confidence interval 1.26-1.84) were more likely to have major illnesses. CONCLUSIONS Health care use and morbidity of PSRs suggests they are healthier and less costly than GARs and BVOR model refugees. Despite a greater intensity of health care utilization than Ontario-born, overall excess demand on the health system for all resettled refugee children is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ruth Saunders
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation.,Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children.,ICES, Toronto, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Susitha Wanigaratne
- ICES, Toronto, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Therese A Stukel
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation.,ICES, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard H Glazier
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Rayner
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Alliance for Healthier Communities, North York, Canada.,Western University, Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, London, Canada
| | - Astrid Guttmann
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation.,Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
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Kalchos LF, Kassan A, Ford L. Access to Support Services for Newcomer Youth Through the Process of School Integration: A Critical Narrative Literature Review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 37:307-327. [PMID: 36312206 PMCID: PMC9597144 DOI: 10.1177/08295735221130442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
While the numbers of newcomer youth continue to grow in Canada, few studies have sought to critically capture experiences of school integration and access to school-based psychosocial support services during their transition. Guided by a critical social justice lens, this research seeks to investigate issues of inequity due to the marginalization of newcomer youth in schools. The intent of this critical narrative review is to summarize, interpret, critique, and synthesize what is currently known about the ways newcomer youth access and experience school-based psychosocial support services (S-BPSS) throughout the process of school integration. This paper presents the critical narrative literature review process, a discussion of the themes that emerged from the review, and a discussion of the literature within the context of school integration. The following themes that underscore the experiences of newcomer youth accessing school-based psychosocial support services were identified: (a) underutilization/discrimination, (b) culture shift, (c) transition planning, and (d) lived experience. Important directions for future research, including the importance of studies that prioritize the perspectives of newcomer youth themselves and the implications of their lived experience for S-BPSS are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusha Kassan
- The University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Laurie Ford
- The University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC Canada
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Abstract
South Asian American (SAA) youth are culturally diverse with respect to migration patterns, language, religion, and social determinants of health. Culturally specific stressors related to family, acculturation, discrimination, and intersectionality converge during developmentally sensitive periods, impacting mental health and identity development. "Model minority" stereotypes and somatic expressions of distress contribute to underdetection and limited perceived need for treatment. SAA families navigate structural barriers, including limited access to culturally tailored services, limited English proficiency, referral bias, and stigma, resulting in underutilization of services. Cultural considerations must be integrated into diagnostic conceptualization and treatment recommendations to effectively engage SAA youth and families in treatment.
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10
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Discrimination and mental health of Somali immigrants in North America: a longitudinal study from 2013 to 2019. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1049-1059. [PMID: 35212783 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immigrant mental health is closely linked to the context of reception in the receiving society, including discrimination; past research has examined this relationship only cross-sectionally. This longitudinal study examines the relationships between discrimination and mental health among Somali immigrants living in North America from 2013 to 2019. METHODS Data for 395 participants (mean age 21 years at Time 1) were collected through the four-wave Somali Youth Longitudinal Study in four cities: Boston, MA, Minneapolis, MN, Lewiston/Portland, ME, and Toronto, ON. Latent linear and quadratic growth models were used to predict mental health symptoms over time and discrimination's role in these changes. RESULTS PTSD and anxiety symptoms decreased from 2013 to 2015 and subsequently increased. Depression was static from 2013 to 2015, worsening thereafter. Increases in discrimination predicted increases in mental health symptomatology at all timepoints. CONCLUSION This study provides support for discrimination's toxic impact on mental health and suggests that recent increases in discrimination may have contributed to worsening mental health among Somali immigrants living in North America.
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Adame JL, Lo CC, Cheng TC. Ethnicity and Self-reported Depression Among Hispanic Immigrants in the U.S. Community Ment Health J 2022; 58:121-135. [PMID: 33604742 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-021-00801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Viewed to be healthier than ethnic Hispanics born in the United States, Hispanic immigrants represent numerous subgroups with clearly heterogeneous geographic, cultural, structural, and social origins. This study asked how the factors length of U.S. residency, social status, lifestyle, and health care might explain self-reported depression within 5 large, discrete subgroups comprising immigrants from, in turn, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and other nations in Central and South America. The study also examined ethnicity's potential role moderating self-reported depression's associations. With pooled data from National Health Interview Surveys 1999-2015, it evaluated each ethnic group separately. Self-reported depression was associated generally with lengthening residence in the U.S., with being female, with poverty, with unemployment, with lack of education, and with lifestyle and health-care factors. These associations were not uniform across ethnic groups, however. Where self-reported depression is concerned, descriptive results suggest the proverbial health advantage may largely accrue specifically to Hispanic immigrants of Cuban and of Central/South American origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Adame
- Department of Sociology, Texas Woman's University, CFO 305, P.O. Box 425887, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Celia C Lo
- Department of Sociology, Texas Woman's University, CFO 305, P.O. Box 425887, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.
| | - Tyrone C Cheng
- School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Salami B, Mogale S, Ojo F, Kariwo M, Thompson J, Okeke-Ihejirika P, Yohani S. Health of African Refugee Children Outside Africa: A Scoping Review. J Pediatr Nurs 2021; 61:199-206. [PMID: 34118591 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Africa is the largest source continent of refugee children. However, we found no published synthesis of the literature on the health of African refugee children outside Africa. Conducting a review of the literature on this particular population will help illuminate the particular contextual health issues faced by African child refugees who live outside Africa. The purpose of this review is to synthesize what is known from the existing literature regarding the health of sub-Saharan African refugee children who live outside Africa. METHODS We completed a scoping review of the published literature. We included articles published in English with a focus on the health of sub-Saharan African refugee children living outside Africa. We excluded studies of refugees in Africa as the living conditions of these refugees, most of whom reside in camps, are very different from those outside Africa. Using relevant keywords, we searched 10 databases to identify and screen 6602 articles after duplicates were eliminated. SAMPLE A total of 20 studies were included in this review. FINDINGS Published research articles on sub-Saharan African child refugees living outside Africa focus on infectious diseases, mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders, food insecurity and psychosocial adjustment, physical health (including obesity), and health promotion strategies. This population is characterized by a high rate of infectious diseases (e.g., malaria), obesity, and mental health problems, especially post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS To attend to the health needs of sub-Saharan African refugee children who live outside Africa, interventions should address pre-migration factors as well as post-migration factors (including income and community belonging) while employing a strengths-based perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shirley Mogale
- Head of Department, Nursing Science, University of Pretoria, Canada.
| | - Folakemi Ojo
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Canada.
| | | | - Jill Thompson
- Health Sciences School, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Sophie Yohani
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Canada.
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Swan LET, Im H. Risk and Protective Factors for Common Mental Disorders among Urban Somali Refugee Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:321-333. [PMID: 34471451 PMCID: PMC8357879 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-020-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore exposure to trauma as well as demographic and psychosocial factors as predictors of mental health symptoms among Somali refugees in Kenya. Participants were recruited via snowball sampling to complete a survey and included 86 Somali refugee youth, aged 15 to 34 years, who were living in Eastleigh. We measured trauma using a total traumas experienced variable as well as four trauma types categories (pre-migration/migration trauma, post-migration trauma, family trauma, and individual trauma). We measured anxiety and depression symptoms using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and PTSD using the PTSD Check List - Civilian Version (PCL-C). We ran descriptive statistics followed by multiple linear regression models with trauma exposure, education, gender, and willingness to share problems as predictors of mental health symptoms. Out of 12 possible traumatic events, most participants (83.7%) reported experiencing at least one trauma, and participants reported experiencing an average of 3.76 total traumas. The regression models predicted between 11.5% and 35.5% of the variance of the mental health symptoms. Willingness to share problems was a significant predictor of decreased mental health symptoms in most models. These findings highlight the role of trauma exposure and psychosocial factors in predicting Somali refugee mental health and indicate that implementing programs to encourage problem sharing may help address Somali refugee mental health needs. Further research is needed to explore the differential impact of trauma exposure and various psychosocial factors on Somali refugee mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. T. Swan
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Hyojin Im
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Ave, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
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Swan LET, Im H. Risk and Protective Factors for Common Mental Disorders among Urban Somali Refugee Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:321-333. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
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Capaldi CA, Varin M, Dopko RL. Determinants of psychological and social well-being among youth in Canada: investigating associations with sociodemographic factors, psychosocial context and substance use. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2021; 41:39-47. [PMID: 33599443 PMCID: PMC7923737 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.41.2.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positive mental health is an essential part of youth's healthy development. For instance, positive mental health is associated with greater self-reported physical health, closer relationships and fewer conduct problems in youth. As positive mental health promotion is a public health priority, examining its potential determinants is important. METHODS We analyzed data from students in Grades 7-12 (secondary I-V in Quebec), from nine Canadian provinces, who participated in the 2016/2017 Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey. Psychological and social well-being (PSWB) was assessed using the Children's Intrinsic Needs Satisfaction Scale (CINSS). We conducted linear regression analyses to determine associations of sociodemographic, psychosocial and substance use variables with overall CINSS scores (n = 37 897). RESULTS In general, youth in Canada reported fairly high PSWB. After adjusting for all included variables, being in a higher grade, being bullied, bullying others, reporting more behavioural problems and using cigarettes, e-cigarettes or cannabis at least once in the past 30 days were associated with lower overall CINSS scores for both male and female students. Reporting more prosocial behaviours was associated with higher overall scores for both sexes. CONCLUSION A number of sociodemographic, psychosocial and substance use factors are associated with PSWB among youth in Canada. Prospective longitudinal and intervention studies could examine whether changes in these potential risk/protective factors are accompanied by changes in positive mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélanie Varin
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Migration and Psychosis: Specificity and Burden on the Mental Health System in Italy. J Nerv Ment Dis 2020; 208:908-911. [PMID: 33105444 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, there has been a huge migratory flow to Italy. Migration is a risk factor for the development of psychopathology, especially psychosis and posttraumatic stress disorder. We aimed at investigating the burden and characteristics of psychotic features among immigrants in Lombardy, one of the most involved regions. A total of 7819 patients had at least one psychiatric appointment in 2013, 10.3% of them where immigrants. Patients from Africa showed a significant higher rate of psychosis, psychiatric onset, compulsory admissions, and number of professional appointments. Our result can confirm a cultural specificity of psychotic manifestations and their burden on the mental health system.
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Exploring Similarities and Differences of Non-European Migrants among Forensic Patients with Schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217922. [PMID: 33126735 PMCID: PMC7663465 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Migrants diagnosed with schizophrenia are overrepresented in forensic-psychiatric clinics. A comprehensive characterization of this offender subgroup remains to be conducted. The present exploratory study aims at closing this research gap. In a sample of 370 inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who were detained in a Swiss forensic-psychiatric clinic, 653 different variables were analyzed to identify possible differences between native Europeans and non-European migrants. The exploratory data analysis was conducted by means of supervised machine learning. In order to minimize the multiple testing problem, the detected group differences were cross-validated by applying six different machine learning algorithms on the data set. Subsequently, the variables identified as most influential were used for machine learning algorithm building and evaluation. The combination of two childhood-related factors and three therapy-related factors allowed to differentiate native Europeans and non-European migrants with an accuracy of 74.5% and a predictive power of AUC = 0.75 (area under the curve). The AUC could not be enhanced by any of the investigated criminal history factors or psychiatric history factors. Overall, it was found that the migrant subgroup was quite similar to the rest of offender patients with schizophrenia, which may help to reduce the stigmatization of migrants in forensic-psychiatric clinics. Some of the predictor variables identified may serve as starting points for studies aimed at developing crime prevention approaches in the community setting and risk management strategies tailored to subgroups of offenders with schizophrenia.
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Hettich N, Meurs P. Complex dynamics in psychosocial work with unaccompanied minor refugees with uncertain future prospects: A case study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aps.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hettich
- Department of Human Sciences University of Kassel Germany
- Sigmund‐Freud‐Institut Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Patrick Meurs
- Department of Human Sciences University of Kassel Germany
- Sigmund‐Freud‐Institut Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Baak M, Miller E, Ziersch A, Due C, Masocha S, Ziaian T. The Role of Schools in Identifying and Referring Refugee Background Young People Who Are Experiencing Mental Health Issues. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2020; 90:172-181. [PMID: 31859380 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refugee background young people are at increased risk of mental health problems. In countries of refugee resettlement, schools are important sites where mental health difficulties can be identified and service access facilitated; however, little is known about how best to support these practices within schools. METHODS This article explores school and mental health service providers' perspectives on mental health challenges and referral pathways for refugee youth in South Australia. It draws on semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 secondary school staff and 10 mental health service providers, which were analyzed thematically. RESULTS Key challenges for school staff in identifying mental health issues were understanding behaviors, overcoming stigma, cultural and linguistic barriers, engaging with parents, staff preparation and training, and embeddedness within Western understandings of mental health. There was also limited awareness of appropriate mental health services and referral pathways. Service providers recognized schools' key role in identifying mental health issues for refugee students. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced training and support is required for teachers to identify and refer students who might be experiencing mental health issues. "On-site" school services, bi-cultural workers, and increased knowledge of existing within-school supports and referral pathways to external services would enhance outcomes for refugee students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Baak
- School of Education, Convener Migration and Refugee Research Network (MARRNet), University of South Australia, Magill, Adelaide, SA, 5072, Australia
| | - Emily Miller
- University of South Australia, Magill, Adelaide, SA, 5072, Australia
| | - Anna Ziersch
- Australian Research Council Future Fellow, Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Clemence Due
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Shepard Masocha
- University of South Australia, Magill, Adelaide, SA, 5072, Australia
| | - Tahereh Ziaian
- Sansom Institute of Health Research, University of South Australia, Magill, Adelaide, SA, 5072, Australia
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20
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Olawo O, Pilkington B, Khanlou N. Identity-Related Factors Affecting the Mental Health of African Immigrant Youth Living in Canada. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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An Interview Between a Professor and a Nursing Graduate Student on the Current State of Post-secondary Student Mental Health in Ontario, Canada. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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22
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Manço A, Tas E. [Not Available]. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2019; 64:443-446. [PMID: 30380909 PMCID: PMC6591757 DOI: 10.1177/0706743718802800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectif : Cette contribution évalue les migrations matrimoniales en tant que facteurs
de risque en santé mentale pour les personnes immigrées et leur
entourage. Méthode : L’effet des migrations matrimoniales sur la santé mentale des personnes
immigrées est approché grâce à l’analyse des données produites par une
clinique psychologique située en Belgique. Entre 1997 et 2014, ce centre a
accueilli un total de 3265 patients d’origine turque immigrés dans ce pays,
dont 41% d’hommes et 59% de femmes. La moitié de ces personnes a migré à la
suite d’un mariage. Résultats : L’étude montre une incidence prononcée des troubles psychosomatiques et de
l’humeur chez les immigrées matrimoniales, alors que les immigrés
matrimoniaux atteints de troubles anxieux ou de l’humeur le sont plus
gravement. Cette question est peu élaborée dans la littérature bien qu’elle
impacte le travail des spécialistes en santé mentale, ainsi que celui des
acteurs de l’intégration. Conclusions : L’étude devrait être élargie vers d’autres communautés immigrées, dans
d’autres pays récepteurs de migrants, notamment en Amérique du Nord. Les
observations montrent l’importance de revoir les politiques migratoires et
le droit du séjour en fonction des risques psychologiques pris par les
migrants matrimoniaux, souvent dépendants de leur belle-famille pour leur
subsistance dans le pays d’installation. Si ces personnes avaient d’autres
voies d’accès au pays et un droit de séjour, même s’ils ne poursuivent pas
leur mariage, cela diminuerait probablement le stress qu’ils vivent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altay Manço
- 1 Formation et Action sur les Migrations, Liège, Belgique
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23
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Zwi K, Woodland L, Mares S, Rungan S, Palasanthiran P, Williams K, Woolfenden S, Jaffe A. Helping refugee children thrive: what we know and where to next. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:529-532. [PMID: 29275398 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zwi
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Woodland
- District Executive Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Mares
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Santuri Rungan
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pamela Palasanthiran
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Susan Woolfenden
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Jaffe
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Patterson JE, Abu-Hassan HH, Vakili S, King A. Family Focused Care for Refugees and Displaced Populations: Global Opportunities for Family Therapists. JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2018; 44:193-205. [PMID: 29194696 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent global crises have created a significant increase in the number of people leaving their countries. Distress experienced by these refugees often leads to posttraumatic stress disorder and depression and can also result in psychotic disorders, substance abuse, and interpersonal violence. The World Health Organization leads the organizing of refugee services as part of a larger initiative to provide mental health services to citizens in low- and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization has identified challenges in providing care, including a provider shortage, issues with how refugees access and receive care and a lack of uniformity in mental health services. By applying the values and systemic orientation of the profession, family therapists can address some of the challenges in treating mental health concerns of these at-risk populations.
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Woodgate RL, Busolo DS. Above chaos, quest, and restitution: narrative experiences of African immigrant youth's settlement in Canada. BMC Public Health 2018. [PMID: 29514615 PMCID: PMC5842655 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Immigrant and refugee youth represent an increasing group of newcomers in Canada. Upon their immigration, youth experience challenges that have the potential to lead to poor health, yet little is known about their settlement journey. Accordingly, this qualitative study examines the settlement journey of African immigrant and refugee youth with a focus on how their experiences were shaped by the social determinants of health. METHODS We conducted a total of 70 interviews with 52 immigrant and refugee youth (ages 13-29 years) who had arrived in Canada in the preceding six years. Qualitative data was analyzed using Frank's dialogical narrative analysis approach (Frank AW, Practicing Dialogical Narrative Analysis. In: Varieties of Narrative Analysis, 2016). RESULTS Youth experienced different settlement journeys that are described in the three narrative typologies of chaos, quest, and restitution. The chaos narrative of a long road ahead revealed the themes of 'facing challenges' and 'still the outsider.' The quest narrative of not there yet was represented by the themes of 'stepping out of your comfort zone' and 'being relentless.' The theme of 'supportive environments' depicted the restitution narrative of dreams become a reality. Youth highlighted the impact of social determinants of health in their settlement. CONCLUSION Youth experienced different settlement journeys that were mired in chaos and challenges. However, youth were more likely to experience restitution when they received social support and found a sense of belonging. In future, policies and programs that seek to improve immigrant and refugee youth's settlement experiences need to be multifaceted, offer more support and promote a sense of belonging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lynn Woodgate
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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26
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Beauregard C, Papazian-Zohrabian G, Rousseau C. Connecting identities through drawing: Relationships between identities in images drawn by immigrant students. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Zwi K, Rungan S, Woolfenden S, Williams K, Woodland L. Methods for a longitudinal cohort of refugee children in a regional community in Australia. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011387. [PMID: 27558902 PMCID: PMC5013414 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies explore the long-term health and well-being of refugee children. A longitudinal cohort of refugee children was created to determine health and well-being outcomes over time. This article describes the methodology used to conduct this study, including sample characteristics and effectiveness of recruitment and retention strategies. PARTICIPANTS Newly arrived refugee children settling in a regional part of Australia aged 6 months to 15 years were recruited between 2009 and 2013 and 85% were followed for an average of 31 months. METHOD AND DESIGN General practitioners conducted health and pathology examinations shortly after arrival. Additional follow-up assessments were conducted by the research team at an average of 13 months after arrival for the first (year 2) and 31 months for the second (year 3) assessment. Children under 5 years had developmental and children aged 4-17 years had social-emotional screening. Families were assessed for risk and protective factors using a structured interview and the Social Readjustment Ratings Scale. Parent experience of the research was explored. FINDINGS TO DATE Eligibility criteria were met by 158 of 228 (69%) newly arrived children, 61 of whom (39%) were enrolled. Retention was 100% (n=61) at year 2 and 85% at year 3. The study sample was younger than and had an over-representation of African refugees as compared to the eligible population. Parents reported that the research was respectful. FUTURE PLANS This study demonstrates that a longitudinal cohort study in refugee children is feasible and acceptable, and retention rates can be high. The establishment of this cohort provides the opportunity to analyse valuable data about the early settlement experience, risk and protective factors and long-term health and well-being outcomes in refugee children. These are necessary to identify refugee children in need of additional support and to guide future service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zwi
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Santuri Rungan
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Woolfenden
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Lisa Woodland
- District Executive Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hebebrand J, Anagnostopoulos D, Eliez S, Linse H, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Klasen H. A first assessment of the needs of young refugees arriving in Europe: what mental health professionals need to know. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:1-6. [PMID: 26696307 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Universitätsklinikum Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dimitris Anagnostopoulos
- Department of Child Psychiatry, General Pediatric Hospital of Athens "Aghia Sophia", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greek
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Département de l'instruction publique, de la culture et du sport (DIP), Office médico-pédagogique, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Henk Linse
- Anna Horstinkstraat, 36, 1382 MN, Weesp, Netherlands
| | | | - Henrikje Klasen
- Associate Professor of Child Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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