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Chen L, Zou L, Chen J, Wang Y, Liu D, Yin L, Chen J, Li H. Association between cognitive function and body composition in older adults: data from NHANES (1999-2002). Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1372583. [PMID: 38572154 PMCID: PMC10987762 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1372583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the association between cognitive function and body composition in older adults. Methods We collected data on 2080 older adults (>60 years of age) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 1999-2000 and 2001-2002. Candidate variables included: demographic data (sex, age, race, education level, marital status, poverty-to-income ratio), alcohol consumption, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, total bone mineral density, and total fat mass. A logistic regression model was established to analyze the association between cognitive function and body composition in older adults. In addition, stratified logics regression analysis was performed by sex and age. Results Bone mineral density significantly affects cognitive function in older adults (p<0.01). When examining the data according to sex, this correlation is present for women (p < 0.01). For men, though, it is not significant (p = 0.081). Stratified by age, total bone mineral density was significantly correlated with cognitive function in 60-70 and 70-80 years old people, but not in older adults older than 80 years(for 60-70 years old, p = 0.019; for 70-80 years old, p = 0.022). There was no significant correlation between total bone mineral density and cognitive function (p = 0.575). Conclusion The decrease of total bone mineral density was significantly correlated with cognitive decline in the older adults, especially among women and older people in the 60 to 80 age group. There was no connection between total fat mass, total percent fat, total lean mass, appendicular lean mass, appendicular lean mass /BMI and cognitive function in the older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liling Zou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yixiao Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lianjun Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junqi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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van Bakel SIJ, Gietema HA, Stassen PM, Gosker HR, Gach D, van den Bergh JP, van Osch FHM, Schols AMWJ, Beijers RJHCG. CT Scan-Derived Muscle, But Not Fat, Area Independently Predicts Mortality in COVID-19. Chest 2023; 164:314-322. [PMID: 36894133 PMCID: PMC9990885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has demonstrated a highly variable disease course, from asymptomatic to severe illness and eventually death. Clinical parameters, as included in the 4C Mortality Score, can predict mortality accurately in COVID-19. Additionally, CT scan-derived low muscle and high adipose tissue cross-sectional areas (CSAs) have been associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19. RESEARCH QUESTION Are CT scan-derived muscle and adipose tissue CSAs associated with 30-day in-hospital mortality in COVID-19, independent of 4C Mortality Score? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort analysis of patients with COVID-19 seeking treatment at the ED of two participating hospitals during the first wave of the pandemic. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue CSAs were collected from routine chest CT-scans at admission. Pectoralis muscle CSA was demarcated manually at the fourth thoracic vertebra, and skeletal muscle and adipose tissue CSA was demarcated at the first lumbar vertebra level. Outcome measures and 4C Mortality Score items were retrieved from medical records. RESULTS Data from 578 patients were analyzed (64.6% men; mean age, 67.7 ± 13.5 years; 18.2% 30-day in-hospital mortality). Patients who died within 30 days demonstrated lower pectoralis CSA (median, 32.6 [interquartile range (IQR), 24.3-38.8] vs 35.4 [IQR, 27.2-44.2]; P = .002) than survivors, whereas visceral adipose tissue CSA was higher (median, 151.1 [IQR, 93.6-219.7] vs 112.9 [IQR, 63.7-174.1]; P = .013). In multivariate analyses, low pectoralis muscle CSA remained associated with 30-day in-hospital mortality when adjusted for 4C Mortality Score (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-1.00; P = .038). INTERPRETATION CT scan-derived low pectoralis muscle CSA is associated significantly with higher 30-day in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 independently of the 4C Mortality Score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie I J van Bakel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hester A Gietema
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Grow School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia M Stassen
- Section Acute Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry R Gosker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie Gach
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - Joop P van den Bergh
- Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - Frits H M van Osch
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosanne J H C G Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Moschou D, Krikelis M, Georgakopoulos C, Mole E, Chronopoulos E, Tournis S, Mavragani C, Makris K, Dontas I, Gazi S. Sarcopenia in Rheumatoid arthritis. A narrative review. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 2023; 8:44-52. [PMID: 36873824 PMCID: PMC9975974 DOI: 10.22540/jfsf-08-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia was recently identified as an entity in the ICD-10 classification of October 2016. According to the recommendation of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2), sarcopenia is defined as low muscle strength and low muscle mass, while physical performance is used to categorize the severity of sarcopenia. In recent years, sarcopenia has become increasingly common in younger patients with autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Due to the chronic inflammation caused by RA, patients have reduced physical activity, immobility, stiffness, and joint destruction and all of that lead to the loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, disability and significantly lowering the patients' quality of life. This article is a narrative review about sarcopenia in RA, with a special focus in its pathogenesis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Moschou
- Rheumatology Department, KAT General Hospital, Attica, Greece
| | | | | | - Evangelia Mole
- Rheumatology Department, KAT General Hospital, Attica, Greece
| | - Efstathios Chronopoulos
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "Theodoros Garofalidis", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, Attica, Greece
| | - Symeon Tournis
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "Theodoros Garofalidis", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, Attica, Greece
| | - Clio Mavragani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attica, Greece
| | | | - Ismene Dontas
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System "Theodoros Garofalidis", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT General Hospital, Attica, Greece
| | - Susana Gazi
- Rheumatology Department, KAT General Hospital, Attica, Greece
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Hou Y, Yoon Y, Oh E, Sung B, Kim Y. Effects of soy protein hydrolysates on antioxidant activity and inhibition of muscle loss. INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.47836/ifrj.29.6.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptides show biological activity, and are more easily digested than complex proteins. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of soy hydrolysate on skeletal muscle. Soy protein isolate (SPI) was hydrolysed using 2% Alcalase (SPHA) and Flavourzyme (SPHF) at pH 8 for 3 h at 60°C, and at pH 7 for 3 h at 55°C, respectively. Antioxidant properties (total phenolic content and DPPH activity) and inhibition of muscle loss (myogenin, myosin heavy chain [MyHC], creatine kinase, and myostatin) by the SPI hydrolysates in C2C12 cells were compared with those of SPI. Alcalase produced more hydrolysed soy oligopeptides than Flavourzyme. Enzymatic hydrolysis increased the levels of essential amino acids, particularly in SPHF (2,466.85 mg/L) as compared to SPI (56.08 mg/L). The total phenolic contents of hydrolysates increased from 12.02 mg GAE/g in SPI to 22.87 and 18.67 mg GAE/g in SPHA and SPHF, respectively. The IC50 value of DPPH activity decreased four times after hydrolysis (SPI: 124.38, SPHA: 32.18, and SPHF: 30.21 mg/mL). SPHA and SPHF treatments increased the expression levels of both MyHC1 and MyHC3, as well as creatine kinase activity. A significant increase in MyHC3 expression was observed in SPHF at 10 µg/mL. Soy hydrolysates (SPHA: 93.5% and SPHF: 61%) induced a greater decrease in the expression of myostatin, a muscle reduction marker, than SPI (30.4%). In conclusion, soy hydrolysates may inhibit muscle loss, showing particularly better effects when Alcalase is used for hydrolysis.
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5
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Liang Z, Zhang T, Liu H, Li Z, Peng L, Wang C, Wang T. Inflammaging: The ground for sarcopenia? Exp Gerontol 2022; 168:111931. [PMID: 35985553 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a progressive skeletal muscle disease that occurs most commonly in the elderly population, contributing to increased costs and hospitalization. Exercise and nutritional therapy have been proven to be effective for sarcopenia, and some drugs can also alleviate declines in muscle mass and function due to sarcopenia. However, there is no specific pharmacological treatment for sarcopenia at present. This review will mainly discuss the relationship between inflammaging and sarcopenia. The increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines with aging may be because of cellular senescence, immunosenescence, alterations in adipose tissue, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and gut microbes due to aging. These sources of inflammaging can impact the sarcopenia process through direct or indirect pathways. Conversely, sarcopenia can also aggravate the process of inflammaging, creating a vicious cycle. Targeting sources of inflammaging can influence muscle function, which could be considered a therapeutic target for sarcopenia. Moreover, not only proinflammatory cytokines but also anti-inflammatory cytokines can influence muscle and inflammation and participate in the progression of sarcopenia. This review focuses on the effects of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10, which can be detected in plasma. Therefore, clearing chronic inflammation by targeting proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) and the inflammatory pathway (JAK/STAT, autophagy, NF-κB) may be effective in treating sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Liang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tianxiao Zhang
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Health Park, CF14 4XN Wales, UK
| | - Honghong Liu
- West China School of Nursing/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, NO.37 Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Lihong Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Kim YJ, Moon S, Yu JM, Chung HS. Implication of diet and exercise on the management of age‐related sarcopenic obesity in Asians. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22:695-704. [PMID: 35871525 PMCID: PMC9544230 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of sarcopenic obesity among adults aged ≥65 years is rising worldwide. Sarcopenic obesity is a high‐risk geriatric syndrome defined as a gain in the amount of adipose tissue along with the age‐related loss of muscle mass and strength or physical performance. Sarcopenic obesity is associated with increased risks of falls, physical limitations, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and/or mortality. Thus, the identification of preventive and treatment strategies against sarcopenic obesity is important for healthy aging. Diet and exercise are the reasons for the development of sarcopenic obesity and are key targets in its prevention and treatment. Regarding weight reduction alone, it is most effective to maintain a negative energy balance with dietary calorie restriction and aerobic exercise. However, it is important to preserve skeletal muscle mass while reducing fat mass. Resistance exercise and appropriate protein supply are the main ways of preserving skeletal muscle mass, as well as muscle function. Therefore, in order to improve sarcopenic obesity, a complex treatment strategy is needed to limit energy ingestion with proper nutrition and to increase multimodal exercises. In this review, we focus on recently updated interventions for diet and exercise and potential future management strategies for Asian individuals with aging‐related sarcopenic obesity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 695–704.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital College of Medicine, Hallym University Seoul South Korea
| | - Shinje Moon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital College of Medicine, Hallym University Seoul South Korea
| | - Jae Myung Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital College of Medicine, Hallym University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hye Soo Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital College of Medicine, Hallym University Seoul South Korea
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7
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Wang T. Searching for the link between inflammaging and sarcopenia. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101611. [PMID: 35307560 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Astragalus membranaceus Enhances Myotube Hypertrophy through PI3K-Mediated Akt/mTOR Signaling Phosphorylation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081670. [PMID: 35458232 PMCID: PMC9028211 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is classified as a high-class traditional herbal medicine, which has strengthened vitality and multifunctional pharmacological activities, but limited empirical evidence is available to support its effects in muscular hypertrophy. It evokes skeletal muscle hypertrophy by increasing anabolic pathway, which is essential to prevent sarcopenia in elderly population. In this study, we examined the effects of AM on skeletal muscle hypertrophy by focusing on the molecular mechanism. We employed an in vitro model to investigate whether AM-treated skeletal muscle, as represented by myotube C2C12 cells, was hypertrophic, and to further investigate the efficacy of AM-activated phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling that must occur prior to myotube hypertrophy. The results showed that the myotubes formed larger multinucleated myotubes with increased diameter and thickness (1.16-fold relative to control group, p < 0.05). Administration of PI3K and mTOR inhibitors abolished AM-induced muscular hypertrophy. Moreover, AM-induced PI3K-mediated myotube hypertrophy was accompanied by the activation of Akt and mTOR signaling. We concluded that the AM is a nutritional activator to enhance muscular hypertrophy by increasing PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling phosphorylation. As the AM is effective in myotube hypertrophy, AM and its derivatives may be promising candidates for ergogenic aid to prevent sarcopenia.
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9
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Valášková S, Gažová A, Vrbová P, Koller T, Šalingová B, Adamičková A, Chomaničová N, Hulajová N, Payer J, Kyselovič J. The Severity of Muscle Performance Deterioration in Sarcopenia Correlates With Circulating Muscle Tissue-Specific miRNAs. Physiol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.33549//physiolres.934778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as an age-associated loss of skeletal muscle function and muscle mass and is common in older adults. Sarcopenia as a disease is currently of interest not only to orthopedists and surgeons but also to internists, endocrinologists, rheumatologists, cardiologists, diabetologists, gynaecologists, geriatricians and paediatricians. In cooperation with the 5th Internal Medicine Clinic, we, as a unit of clinical research, aimed to describe a sarcopenic specific miRNA expression profile for disease diagnostics and classification of the severity of muscle performance deterioration. This study included a total of 80 patients (age 55-86 years) hospitalized at the V. Internal medicine clinic of LFUK and UNB with different severity of muscle performance deterioration. The study participants were evaluated and classified according to short physical performance battery score (SPPB). In this study, we investigated the role of circulating miRNAs in sarcopenia in the elderly. We hypothesized that sarcopenia effects the expression of muscle tissue-specific miRNAs (MyomiRNAs), which could be potentially reflected in the blood plasma miRNA expression profile. The expression of specific circulating miRNAs in patients with different muscle performances was analyzed. Patients’ blood plasma was evaluated for the expression of myomiRNAs: miRNA-29a, miRNA-29b, miRNA-1, miRNA-133a, miRNA-133b, miRNA-206, miRNA-208b and miRNA-499, and the data were correlated with diagnostic indicators of the disease. We showed a specific sarcopenia miRNA profile that could be considered a possible biomarker for the disease. Patients with low muscle performance showed increased miRNA-1, miRNA-29a and miRNA-29b expression and decreased for the miRNA-206, miRNA-133a, miRNA-133b, miRNA-208b and miRNA-499 expression. We show that the severity of muscle performance deterioration in sarcopenia correlates with specific miRNA expression. We also propose the profile of miRNAs expression in blood plasma as a specific biomarker for sarcopenia diagnostics. Future clinical studies will be necessary to eventually naturally have to elucidate the underlined molecular mechanism responsible for specific miRNAs expression in sarcopenia pathology and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Gažová
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Timon R, Camacho-Cardeñosa M, González-Custodio A, Olcina G, Gusi N, Camacho-Cardeñosa A. Effect of hypoxic conditioning on functional fitness, balance and fear of falling in healthy older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18:25. [PMID: 34852758 PMCID: PMC8903602 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxic conditioning has been proposed as a new tool to mitigate the sarcopenia and enhance health-related function, but decrements in standing balance have been observed during hypoxia exposure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a hypoxic conditioning training on functional fitness, balance and fear of falling in healthy older adults. Methods A total of 54 healthy older adults (aged 65–75 years), who voluntarily participated in the study, were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (CON), the normoxia training group (NT) that performed strength training in normoxia, and the hypoxia training group (HT) that trained under moderate hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 2500 m asl. The training programme that was performed during 24 weeks was similar in both experimental groups and consisted of a full-body workout with elastic bands and kettlebells (three sets × 12–15 reps). The Senior Fitness Test (SFT), the Single Leg Stance test (SLS) and the Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) were assessed before and after the intervention. Results Results showed that after training, either in normoxia or in hypoxia, the participants increased upper and lower body strength, and the aerobic endurance, and decreased the fear of falling. Conclusions The moderate hypoxic conditioning seems to be a useful tool to increase the functional capacity in healthy older adults without observing a decline in balance. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04281264. Registered February 9, 2019-Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | | | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Narcis Gusi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Lin SF, Fan YC, Pan WH, Bai CH. Bone and Lean Mass Loss and Cognitive Impairment for Healthy Elder Adults: Analysis of the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2013-2016 and a Validation Study With Structural Equation Modeling. Front Nutr 2021; 8:747877. [PMID: 34722612 PMCID: PMC8548616 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.747877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Bone and lean mass loss and cognitive impairment are prevalent in elder adults and have been hypothesized to share a potential link. Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional study systemically sampled elder adults aged ≥65 years and conducted the door-to-door survey. The causal diagrams help to decide which covariates were included in the generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). The structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed for the validation. Results: A total of 535 participants were enrolled and categorized into the normal (67.3%), mild cognitive impairment (18.3%), and dementia groups (14.4%). With increasing in the severity of cognitive impairment, the bone marrow density and lean mass consistently showed the trend of decreasing values. In the GLMMs, a significant association existed between the decrease of the bone mineral density (BMD) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (β = 5.819 scores per g/cm2 decrease, p = 0.0305) with adjustment of the age, sex, and physical activity. The SEM models confirmed that the MMSE was significantly and directly predicted by the age (β = 0.1363, p = 0.0003) and BMD (β = 0.1251, p = 0.0006) independently and indirectly predicted by lean mass (β = 0.1138, p = 0.0003) through the bone density path. Conclusion: In conclusion, an independent association between bone loss and cognitive impairment was existed rather than the confounding effect and the decrease of lean mass indirectly contributed to cognitive impairment by influencing the bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Lin
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Fan
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Effect of intermittent hypoxic conditioning on inflammatory biomarkers in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111478. [PMID: 34256114 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and with a decrease in muscle mass and strength. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a resistance training programme in conditions of intermittent hypoxia on inflammatory biomarkers in older people. A total of 54 older adults (aged 65-75 years), who voluntarily participated in the study, were randomly divided into three groups: the control (CON) group, the resistance training normoxia (RTN) group that performed resistance training in normoxia and resistance training hypoxia (RTH) group that trained under hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 2500 m above sea level. The training programme that was carried out during 24 weeks was similar in both experimental groups and consisted of a full-body workout with elastic bands and kettlebells (three sets x 12-15 reps). Blood inflammatory parameters (CRP, VCAM-1, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10) were analysed before and after the intervention. After the resistance training programme, a significant decrease in CRP and IL-8 levels was observed, as well as an increase in IL-10 levels, both in normoxia and hypoxia. These results show that resistance training, either in conditions of normoxia or hypoxia, is useful to deal with the chronic inflammation associated with ageing.
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Roy B, Palaniyandi SS. Tissue-specific role and associated downstream signaling pathways of adiponectin. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:77. [PMID: 33902691 PMCID: PMC8073961 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, metabolic syndrome (MetS) can be defined as a pathological condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The incidence of MetS keeps rising, as at least 35% of the USA population suffers from MetS. One of the worst comorbidities of metabolic syndrome are cardiovascular diseases that significantly amplifies the mortality associated with this syndrome. There is an urgent need to understand the pathophysiology of MetS to find novel diagnosis, treatment and management to mitigate the MetS and associated complications. Altered circulatory adiponectin levels have been implicated in MetS. Adiponectin has numerous biologic functions including antioxidative, anti-nitrative, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. Being a pleiotropic hormone of multiple tissues, tissue-specific key signaling pathways of adiponectin will help finding specific target/s to blunt the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and associated disorders. The purpose of this review is to elucidate tissue-specific signaling pathways of adiponectin and possibly identify potential therapeutic targets for MetS as well as to evaluate the potential of adiponectin as a biomarker/therapeutic option in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipradas Roy
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Room #3402, 6135 Woodward, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Suresh Selvaraj Palaniyandi
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Room #3402, 6135 Woodward, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
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14
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Kwak SE, Bae JH, Lee JH, Shin HE, Zhang D, Cho SC, Song W. Effects of exercise-induced beta-hydroxybutyrate on muscle function and cognitive function. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14497. [PMID: 33547753 PMCID: PMC7865404 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that exercise improves skeletal muscle and cognitive function by stimulating the secretion of numerous molecules. In particular, previous studies have suggested that exercise-induced beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) release might improve skeletal muscle and cognitive function, but to date these studies have been limited to cell and animal models. Therefore, we aimed to determine how an exercise-induced increase in BHB affects skeletal muscle and cognitive function at a cellular level, in an animal model, and in humans. The effects of BHB on skeletal muscle and cognitive function were determined by treating C2C12 and C6 cell lines with BHB, and by measuring the skeletal muscle and serum BHB concentrations in aged mice after endurance or resistance exercise. In addition, serum BHB concentration was measured before and after high-speed band exercise in elderly people, and its relationships with muscle and cognitive function were analyzed. We found that BHB increased cell viability and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression level in C6 cells, and endurance exercise, but not resistance exercise, increased the muscle BHB concentration in aged mice. Furthermore, the BHB concentration was positively related to skeletal muscle and cognitive function. Exercise did not increase the serum BHB concentration in the elderly people and BHB did not correlate with cognitive function, but after excluding the five people with the highest preexisting serum concentrations of BHB, the BHB concentrations of the remaining participants were increased by exercise, and the concentration showed a tendency toward a positive correlation with cognitive function. Thus, the BHB released by skeletal muscle following endurance exercise may improve muscle and cognitive function in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Eun Kwak
- Institute of Sport ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jun Hyun Bae
- Institute of Sport ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ji Heun Lee
- Institute of Sport ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hyung Eun Shin
- Institute of Sport ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - DiDi Zhang
- Institute of Sport ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | | | - Wook Song
- Institute of Sport ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Institue on AgingSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
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15
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Berardi E, Madaro L, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Adamo S, Thorrez L, Bouche M, Coletti D. A Pound of Flesh: What Cachexia Is and What It Is Not. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010116. [PMID: 33445790 PMCID: PMC7828214 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Body weight loss, mostly due to the wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, is the hallmark of the so-called cachexia syndrome. Cachexia is associated with several acute and chronic disease states such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart and kidney failure, and acquired and autoimmune diseases and also pharmacological treatments such as chemotherapy. The clinical relevance of cachexia and its impact on patients’ quality of life has been neglected for decades. Only recently did the international community agree upon a definition of the term cachexia, and we are still awaiting the standardization of markers and tests for the diagnosis and staging of cancer-related cachexia. In this review, we discuss cachexia, considering the evolving use of the term for diagnostic purposes and the implications it has for clinical biomarkers, to provide a comprehensive overview of its biology and clinical management. Advances and tools developed so far for the in vitro testing of cachexia and drug screening will be described. We will also evaluate the nomenclature of different forms of muscle wasting and degeneration and discuss features that distinguish cachexia from other forms of muscle wasting in the context of different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Berardi
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (E.B.); (L.T.)
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL, Hasselt University (UHasselt), 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Luca Madaro
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Biliana Lozanoska-Ochser
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Sergio Adamo
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (E.B.); (L.T.)
| | - Marina Bouche
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(6)-4976-6755/6573
| | - Dario Coletti
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
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16
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Sciorati C, Gamberale R, Monno A, Citterio L, Lanzani C, De Lorenzo R, Ramirez GA, Esposito A, Manunta P, Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P. Pharmacological blockade of TNFα prevents sarcopenia and prolongs survival in aging mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23497-23508. [PMID: 33260150 PMCID: PMC7762456 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a hallmark of aging. Inflammation due to increased generation of cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. In skeletal muscle of C57BL/6 mice from 12 until 28 months of age, we observed a progressive reduction of myofiber cross sectional area, loss of type II fibers and infiltration by inflammatory cells. Muscle strength decreased in parallel. Pharmacological TNFα blockade by weekly subcutaneous injection of Etanercept from 16 to 28 months of age prevented atrophy and loss of type II fibers, with significant improvements in muscle function and mice lifespan. The effects on leukocyte recruitment were limited. These results provide a proof of principle that endogenous TNFα is sufficient to cause sarcopenia and to reduce animal survival, and open a novel perspective on novel potential pharmacological treatment strategies based on TNFα blockade to prevent the noxious events associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sciorati
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gamberale
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Monno
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Citterio
- Unit of Nephrology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzani
- Unit of Nephrology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rebecca De Lorenzo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Esposito
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Centre, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Unit of Nephrology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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