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El-Hellani A, Watson CH, Huang M, Wilson CW, Fleshman CC, Tran H, Chafin D, McGuigan M, Bravo Cardenas R, Petitti R, Pancake M, Bennett C, Mays D, Keller-Hamilton BL, Jones J, Ye W, Schaff J, Borthwick RP, Williamson RL, Wagener TL, Brinkman MC. Benchmarking a universal smoking machine adaptor for tobacco product testing. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058517. [PMID: 39009449 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Characterisation of tobacco product emissions is an important step in assessing their impact on public health. Accurate and repeatable emissions data require that a leak-tight seal be made between the smoking or vaping machine and the mouth-end of the tobacco product being tested. This requirement is challenging because of the variety of tobacco product mouth-end geometries being puffed on by consumers today. We developed and tested a prototype universal smoking machine adaptor (USMA) that interfaces with existing machines and reliably seals with a variety of tobacco product masses and geometries. METHODS Emissions were machine-generated using the USMA and other available adaptors for a variety of electronic cigarettes (n=7 brands), cigars (n=4), cigarillos (n=2), a heated tobacco product, and a reference cigarette (1R6F), and mainstream total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine were quantified. Data variability (precision, n≥10 replicates/brand) for all products and error (accuracy) from certified values (1R6F) were compared across adaptors. RESULTS TPM and nicotine emissions generated using the USMA were accurate, precise and agreed with certified values for the 1R6F reference cigarette. Replicate data indicate that USMA repeatability across all tobacco products tested generally meets or exceeds that from the comparison adaptors and extant data. CONCLUSION The USMA seals well with a variety of combustible tobacco products, e-cigarettes with differing geometries and plastic-tipped cigarillos. Variability for all measures was similar or smaller for the USMA compared with other adaptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Huang
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Clark W Wilson
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemeology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clint C Fleshman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemeology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hang Tran
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dana Chafin
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Megan McGuigan
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roberto Bravo Cardenas
- Tobacco Products Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ryan Petitti
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Pancake
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chad Bennett
- Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Drug Development Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Darren Mays
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittney L Keller-Hamilton
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Wei Ye
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Schaff
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert P Borthwick
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond L Williamson
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore L Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemeology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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El-Hellani A, Watson CH, Huang M, Wilson CW, Fleshman CC, Petitti R, Pancake M, Bennett C, Keller-Hamilton BL, Jones J, Tran H, Bravo Cardenas R, Mays D, Ye W, Borthwick RP, Schaff J, Williamson RL, Wagener TL, Brinkman MC. Universal smoking machine adaptor for tobacco product testing. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058428. [PMID: 39009450 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Historically, tobacco product emissions testing using smoking machines has largely focused on combustible products, such as cigarettes and cigars. However, the popularity of newer products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), has complicated emissions testing because the products' mouth-end geometries do not readily seal with existing smoking and vaping machines. The demand for emissions data on popularly used products has led to inefficient and non-standardised solutions, such as laboratories making their geometry-specific custom adaptors and/or employing flexible tubing, for each unique mouth-end geometry tested. A user-friendly, validated, universal smoking machine adaptor (USMA) is needed for testing the variety of tobacco products reflecting consumer use, including e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products, cigarettes, plastic-tipped cigarillos and cigars. METHODS A prototype USMA that is compatible with existing smoking/vaping machines was designed and fabricated. The quality of the seal between the USMA and different tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars and cigarillos, was evaluated by examining the leak rate. RESULTS Unlike commercial, product-specific adaptors, the USMA seals well with a wide range of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and masses. This includes e-cigarettes with non-cylindrical mouth ends and cigarillos with cuboid-like plastic tips. USMA leak rates were lower than or equivalent to commercial, product-specific adaptors. CONCLUSION This report provides initial evidence that the USMA seals reliably with a variety of tobacco product mouth-end geometries and can be used with existing linear smoking/vaping machines to potentially improve the precision, repeatability and reproducibility of machine smoke yield data. Accurate and reproducible emissions testing is critical for regulating tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Huang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Clark W Wilson
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clint C Fleshman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Petitti
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Pancake
- Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chad Bennett
- Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Drug Development Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittney L Keller-Hamilton
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Hang Tran
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roberto Bravo Cardenas
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Darren Mays
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wei Ye
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert P Borthwick
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Schaff
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond L Williamson
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore L Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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El-Hellani A, Adeniji A, Erythropel HC, Wang Q, Lamb T, Mikheev VB, Rahman I, Stepanov I, Strongin RM, Wagener TL, Brinkman MC. Comparison of emissions across tobacco products: A slippery slope in tobacco control. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-57. [PMID: 38560551 PMCID: PMC10980913 DOI: 10.18332/tid/183797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we highlight the challenges of comparing emissions from different tobacco products under controlled laboratory settings (using smoking/vaping machines). We focus on tobacco products that generate inhalable smoke or aerosol, such as cigarettes, cigars, hookah, electronic cigarettes, and heated tobacco products. We discuss challenges associated with sample generation including variability of smoking/vaping machines, lack of standardized adaptors that connect smoking/vaping machines to different tobacco products, puffing protocols that are not representative of actual use, and sample generation session length (minutes or number of puffs) that depends on product characteristics. We also discuss the challenges of physically characterizing and trapping emissions from products with different aerosol characteristics. Challenges to analytical method development are also covered, highlighting matrix effects, order of magnitude differences in analyte levels, and the necessity of tailored quality control/quality assurance measures. The review highlights two approaches in selecting emissions to monitor across products, one focusing on toxicants that were detected and quantified with optimized methods for combustible cigarettes, and the other looking for product-specific toxicants using non-targeted analysis. The challenges of data reporting and statistical analysis that allow meaningful comparison across products are also discussed. We end the review by highlighting that even if the technical challenges are overcome, emission comparison may obscure the absolute exposure from novel products if we only focus on relative exposure compared to combustible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - Ayomipo Adeniji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
| | - Hanno C. Erythropel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Yale Center for the Study of Tobacco Product Use and Addiction (YCSTP), Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Thomas Lamb
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Vladimir B. Mikheev
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, United States
| | - Theodore L. Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Marielle C. Brinkman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, United States
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
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Wagener TL, Mehta T, Hinton A, Schulz JA, Erath TG, Tidey J, Brinkman MC, Wilson C, Villanti AC. Addiction potential of combustible menthol cigarette alternatives: a randomised cross-over trial. Tob Control 2024; 33:e97-e105. [PMID: 36424139 PMCID: PMC10227719 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued proposed product standards banning menthol as a characterising flavour in cigarettes and cigars. The public health benefits of these product standards may be attenuated by the role of plausible substitutes in the marketplace. Therefore, the present study examined the addiction potential of plausible combustible menthol alternatives compared with usual brand menthol cigarettes (UBMC). METHODS Ninety-eight adult menthol cigarette smokers completed four visits, smoking their UBMC at the first session and three menthol cigarette alternatives in random order at the subsequent visits: (1) a preassembled menthol roll-your-own (mRYO) cigarette using menthol pipe tobacco and mentholated cigarette tube, (2) a menthol filtered little cigar (mFLC) and (3) a non-menthol cigarette (NMC). Measures of smoking topography, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), craving and withdrawal, subjective effects and behavioural economic demand indices were assessed. RESULTS Compared with UBMC, menthol cigarette alternatives resulted in different puffing topography and CO exposure (except mRYO), and lower levels of positive subjective experience and behavioural economic demand indices. Among the alternative products, participants reported the highest level of positive subjective experience and higher demand for mRYO, compared with mFLC and NMC. Similarly, participants were significantly more likely to want to try again, purchase and use the mRYO product regularly compared with mFLC and NMC. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE mRYO cigarettes were the most highly rated cigarette alternative among study products, suggesting their potential appeal as a menthol cigarette substitute and needed inclusion of menthol pipe tobacco and cigarette tubes in FDA's proposed ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore L Wagener
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Toral Mehta
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alice Hinton
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan A Schulz
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Tyler G Erath
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jennifer Tidey
- Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Clark Wilson
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Pan S, Karey E, Nieves-Cintron M, Chen YJ, Hwang SH, Hammock BD, Pinkerton KE, Chen CY. Effects of chronic secondhand smoke exposure on cardiovascular regulation and the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1185744. [PMID: 37362438 PMCID: PMC10285070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1185744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with an estimated 80% of SHS-related deaths attributed to cardiovascular causes. Public health measures and smoking bans have been successful both in reducing SHS exposure and improving cardiovascular outcomes in non-smokers. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors have been shown to attenuate tobacco exposure-induced lung inflammatory responses, making them a promising target for mitigating SHS exposure-induced cardiovascular outcomes. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine 1) effects of environmentally relevant SHS exposure on cardiac autonomic function and blood pressure (BP) regulation and 2) whether prophylactic administration of an sEH inhibitor (TPPU) can reduce the adverse cardiovascular effects of SHS exposure. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice (11 weeks old) implanted with BP/electrocardiogram (ECG) telemetry devices were exposed to filtered air or 3 mg/m3 of SHS (6 hr/d, 5 d/wk) for 12 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of recovery in filtered air. Some mice received TPPU in drinking water (15 mg/L) throughout SHS exposure. BP, heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and BP variability were determined monthly. Results: SHS exposure significantly decreased 1) short-term HRV by ∼20% (p < 0.05) within 4 weeks; 2) overall HRV with maximum effect at 12 weeks (-15%, p < 0.05); 3) pulse pressure (-8%, p < 0.05) as early as week 4; and 4) BRS with maximum effect at 12 weeks (-11%, p < 0.05). Four weeks of recovery following 12 weeks of SHS ameliorated all SHS-induced cardiovascular detriments. Importantly, mice exposed to TPPU in drinking water during SHS-related exposure were protected from SHS cardiovascular consequences. Discussion: The data suggest that 1) environmental relevant SHS exposure significantly alters cardiac autonomic function and BP regulation; 2) cardiovascular consequences from SHS can be reversed by discontinuing SHS exposure; and 3) inhibiting sEH can prevent SHS-induced cardiovascular consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emma Karey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Yi-Je Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Chao-Yin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Edwards SH, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, Watson CH, Kuklenyik P, Wang L, Chen P, Valentin-Blasini L, Kimbrell B. Response to 'Comments on "Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of Commercial Little Cigars"' Letter to Editor. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1131-1134. [PMID: 35738012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Liqun Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Patrick Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Brett Kimbrell
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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7
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Uguna CN, Snape CE. Should IQOS Emissions Be Considered as Smoke and Harmful to Health? A Review of the Chemical Evidence. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22111-22124. [PMID: 35811880 PMCID: PMC9260752 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chemical evidence that IQOS emissions fit the definition of both an aerosol and smoke, and that IQOS and potentially other heated tobacco products (HTPs) pose some harmful health threats from the range of compounds released even at somewhat lower concentrations is reviewed. Further, we address the yields of harmful and potentially harmful compounds (HPHCs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the constituents of IQOS emission that are diagnostic of pyrolysis to provide information on the temperatures reached in IQOS tobacco sticks. The HPHCs present in IQOS emissions are the same as in conventional cigarette smoke (CCs), analogous to emissions from earlier generation of HTPs classed as smoke. However, Philip Morris International (PMI) studies have to some degree underestimated IQOS aerosol HPHC yields, which are a factor of between 3.2 and 3.6 higher when expressed on a tobacco rather than an IQOS stick basis compared to the reference 3R4F cigarette. Further, IQOS emissions contain carbon particles, which fit definition of both aerosol and smoke. Continual reheating of deposited tar in the IQOS device will occur with real-life use, likely leading to generation of even higher concentrations of HPHCs and particulate matter. Despite IQOS not exceeding 350 °C, local hot spots could exist, causing formation of species (phenol/cresols, PAHs). It is recommended that the impact of repeated use to determine the levels of black carbon (insoluble organic matter) in the particulate matter, and the extent to which compounds in IQOS emissions are formed by pyrolysis need to be assessed rigorously. To address whether uneven temperature profiles in heat sticks can lead to potential hot spots that could, for example, lead to PAH formation, it is recommended that pyrolysis studies on tobacco and other constituents of HTPs are required in conjunction with more effort on heating tobacco blends under controlled temperature/time conditions.
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Osborn CC, Suratkal JP, Pike Moore SN, Koopman Gonzalez S, Sterling KL, Quisenberry AJ, Klein EG, Trapl ES. Dissonance in Young Adult Cigarillo Users' Categorization of Concept Flavored and Unflavored Products. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7219. [PMID: 35742467 PMCID: PMC9223595 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study asks young adult cigarillo users to categorize their preferred flavor in order to examine user consensus and potential methodological and regulatory implications of flavor name-based categorization systems. Young adult (21-28 years) cigarillo users (n = 426) named and categorized their favorite cigarillo flavor into one of seven categories: Fruit, Sweet and Candy, Mint, Alcohol, Menthol, Tobacco, and Other. Flavor responses were coded as characterizing (ex: Grape, Wine) or concept (ex: Jazz, Diamond) flavors. Variation within and between categories was assessed, including the presence of concept flavors and the placement of flavors in multiple categories. Of the 66 unique flavor names provided, participants placed 20 (30.1%) in more than one flavor category. Most of the Tobacco (76.9%) and Other (69.2%) flavor names appeared in multiple categories. The majority of flavor names in the Tobacco (69.2%) and Other (61.5%) categories were concept flavors. Concept flavors were placed in multiple categories (45.0%) twice as often as characterizing flavors (23.9%). This study has identified dissonance among cigarillo users' flavor categorizations, particularly for concept flavored and unflavored products. Flavor names may obscure how and whether a product is flavored. Research on and regulation of flavored tobacco products should classify products by flavor additives rather than by name alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C. Osborn
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.C.O.); (J.P.S.); (S.N.P.M.); (S.K.G.)
| | - Jessica P. Suratkal
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.C.O.); (J.P.S.); (S.N.P.M.); (S.K.G.)
| | - Stephanie N. Pike Moore
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.C.O.); (J.P.S.); (S.N.P.M.); (S.K.G.)
| | - Sarah Koopman Gonzalez
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.C.O.); (J.P.S.); (S.N.P.M.); (S.K.G.)
| | - Kymberle L. Sterling
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 77054, USA;
| | - Amanda J. Quisenberry
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Elizabeth G. Klein
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Erika S. Trapl
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.C.O.); (J.P.S.); (S.N.P.M.); (S.K.G.)
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Hamad SH, Montgomery SA, Simon JM, Bowman BM, Spainhower KB, Murphy RM, Knudsen ES, Fenton SE, Randell SH, Holt JR, Hayes DN, Witkiewicz AK, Oliver TG, Major MB, Weissman BE. TP53, CDKN2A/P16, and NFE2L2/NRF2 regulate the incidence of pure- and combined-small cell lung cancer in mice. Oncogene 2022; 41:3423-3432. [PMID: 35577980 PMCID: PMC10039451 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that Nrf2E79Q/+ is one of the most common mutations found in human tumors. To elucidate how this genetic change contributes to lung cancer, we compared lung tumor development in a genetically-engineered mouse model (GEMM) with dual Trp53/p16 loss, the most common mutations found in human lung tumors, in the presence or absence of Nrf2E79Q/+. Trp53/p16-deficient mice developed combined-small cell lung cancer (C-SCLC), a mixture of pure-SCLC (P-SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Mice possessing the LSL-Nrf2E79Q mutation showed no difference in the incidence or latency of C-SCLC compared with Nrf2+/+ mice. However, these tumors did not express NRF2 despite Cre-induced recombination of the LSL-Nrf2E79Q allele. Trp53/p16-deficient mice also developed P-SCLC, where activation of the NRF2E79Q mutation associated with a higher incidence of this tumor type. All C-SCLCs and P-SCLCs were positive for NE-markers, NKX1-2 (a lung cancer marker) and negative for P63 (a squamous cell marker), while only P-SCLC expressed NRF2 by immunohistochemistry. Analysis of a consensus NRF2 pathway signature in human NE+-lung tumors showed variable activation of NRF2 signaling. Our study characterizes the first GEMM that develops C-SCLC, a poorly-studied human cancer and implicates a role for NRF2 activation in SCLC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samera H Hamad
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brittany M Bowman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kyle B Spainhower
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ryan M Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Division of National Toxicology Program, NIEHS/NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremiah R Holt
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - D Neil Hayes
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Trudy G Oliver
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M Ben Major
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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10
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Cohn AM, Blount BC, Hashibe M. Nonmedical Cannabis Use: Patterns and Correlates of Use, Exposure, and Harm, and Cancer Risk. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2021; 2021:53-67. [PMID: 34850898 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has certain health benefits, but some people may experience harms from use. Co-use of tobacco and cannabis is common. Smoke from cannabis contains many of the same carcinogens and toxicants as the smoke from tobacco, raising concerns that cannabis smoking may be a risk factor for cancer. With growing access to and acceptance of medical and nonmedical cannabis, there is an urgent need to understand the risks and benefits of the current modes of cannabis use and how cannabis may be associated with cancer risk. This monograph summarizes a session from a National Cancer Institute Symposium on nonmedical cannabis use and cancer risk. We had 3 objectives: describe the relation between nonmedical cannabis use and cancer risk, delineate patterns and correlates of cannabis co-use with tobacco, and document potentially harmful inhalational exposure resulting from smoked and vaped cannabis. Methodological limitations in the literature and future research recommendations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Cohn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mia Hashibe
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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11
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Sun J, Pan S, Karey E, Chen YJ, Pinkerton KE, Wilson CG, Chen CY. Secondhand Smoke Decreased Excitability and Altered Action Potential Characteristics of Cardiac Vagal Neurons in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:727000. [PMID: 34630146 PMCID: PMC8498211 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.727000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS), a major indoor pollutant, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality including arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Exposure to SHS can produce autonomic imbalance, as evidenced by reduced heart rate variability (HRV)—a clinical metric of cardiac vagal regulation. Currently, the mechanisms through which SHS changes the vagal preganglionic neuronal inputs to the heart to produce this remains unknown. Objectives: To characterize the effect of SHS on both the excitability and action potential (AP) characteristics of anatomically identified cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) in the nucleus ambiguus and examine whether SHS alters small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel activity of these CVNs. Methods: Adult male mice were exposed to four weeks of filtered air or SHS (3 mg/m3) 6 h/day, 5 day/week. Using patch-clamp recordings on identified CVNs in brainstem slices, we determined neuronal excitability and AP characteristics with depolarizing step- and ramp-current injections. Results: Four weeks of SHS exposure reduced spiking responses to depolarizing current injections and increased AP voltage threshold in CVNs. Perfusion with apamin (20 nM) magnified these SHS-induced effects, suggesting reduced SK channel activity may serve to minimize the SHS-induced decreases in CVNs excitability. Medium afterhyperpolarization (a measurement of SK channel activity) was smaller in the SHS group, further supporting a lower SK channel activity. AP amplitude, rise rate, fast afterhyperpolarization amplitude (a measurement of voltage-gated channel activity), and decay rate were higher in the SHS group at membrane voltages more positive to 0 mV, suggesting altered inactivation properties of voltage-dependent channels underlying APs. Discussion: SHS exposure reduced neuronal excitability of CVNs with compensatory attenuation of SK channel activity and altered AP characteristics. Neuroplasticity of CVNs could blunt regulatory cardiac vagal signaling and contribute to the cardiovascular consequences associated with SHS exposure, including reduced HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shiyue Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emma Karey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yi-Je Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Chao-Yin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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12
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Edwards SH, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, Watson CH, Kuklenyik P, Kimbrell B, Wang L, Chen P, Valentín-Blasini L. Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in the Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke of Commercial Little Cigars. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1034-1045. [PMID: 33667338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cigars are among the broad variety of tobacco products that have not been as extensively studied and characterized as cigarettes. Small cigars wrapped in a tobacco-containing sheet, commonly referred to as little cigars, are a subcategory that are similar to conventional cigarettes with respect to dimensions, filters, and overall appearance. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are carcinogens in the tobacco used in both little cigars and cigarettes. This study uses a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to measure the TSNAs 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in the tobacco filler and the nonintense International Organization for Standardization smoking regimen, ISO 3308, and the newer ISO 20778 Cigarette Intensive (CI) smoking regimen mainstream smoke of 60 commercial little cigars. Tobacco filler NNK and NNN quantities ranged from 26 to 2950 and 1440 to 12 100 ng/g tobacco, respectively. NNK and NNN by the ISO nonintense smoking regimen ranged from 89 to 879 and 200 to 1540 ng/cigar, respectively; by the CI regimen, NNK and NNN ranged from 138 to 1570 and 445 to 2780 ng/cigar, respectively. The average transfer (%) for NNK and NNN from tobacco filler to mainstream smoke was 24% and 36% by the ISO nonintense and CI smoking regimens, respectively. By the ISO nonintense and CI smoking regimens, mainstream smoke NNK and NNN yields showed a moderate to strong correlation (ISO nonintense, R2 = 0.60-0.68, p < 0.0001; CI, R2 = 0.78-0.81, p < 0.0001) with tobacco filler NNK and NNN quantities. In addition, the mainstream smoke NNK and NNN yields of little cigars were determined to be 3- to 5-fold higher compared to previously tested commercial cigarettes. The mainstream smoke NNK and NNN yields have wide variation among commercial little cigars and suggest that, despite design similarities to cigarettes, machine-smoke yields of carcinogenic TSNAs are higher in little cigars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Brett Kimbrell
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Liqun Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Patrick Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Liza Valentín-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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13
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Crosby L, Yucesoy B, Leggett C, Tu Z, Belinsky SA, McDonald J, Leng S, Wu G, Irshad H, Valerio LG, Rosenfeldt H. Smoke Chemistry, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, and Genotoxicity Demonstrates Enhanced Toxicity of Cigarillos Compared With Cigarettes. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:122-135. [PMID: 33021639 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been limited toxicity testing of cigarillos, including comparison to cigarettes. This study compared the smoke chemistry and the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of 10 conventional cigarettes and 10 cigarillos based on the greatest market share. Whole smoke and total particulate matter (TPM) were generated using the Canadian Intense and International Organization for Standardization puffing protocols. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. TPM smoke extracts were used for the in vitro assays. Cytotoxicity was assessed in human bronchial epithelial continuously cultured cell line cells using the neutral red uptake assay. Genotoxic potential was assessed using the micronucleus (human lung adenocarcinoma continuously cultured cell line cells), Ames, and thymidine kinase assays. TPM from all cigarillos tested was more cytotoxic than cigarettes. Micronucleus formation was significantly greater for cigarillos compared with cigarettes at the highest dose of TPM, with or without rat liver S9 fraction. In the Ames test +S9, both tobacco products exhibited significant dose-dependent increases in mutation frequency, indicating metabolic activation is required for genotoxicity. In the thymidine kinase assay +S9, cigarillos showed a significantly enhanced mutation frequency although both tobacco products were positive. The levels of all measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and carbonyls (except acrolein) were significantly greater in cigarillos than cigarettes. The Canadian Intense puffing protocol demonstrated increased smoke constituent levels compared with International Organization for Standardization. Even though the gas vapor phase was not tested, the results of this study showed that under the tested conditions the investigated cigarillos showed greater toxicity than comparator cigarettes. This study found that there is significantly greater toxicity in the tested U.S. marketed cigarillos than cigarettes for tobacco constituent levels, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. These findings are important for understanding the human health toxicity from the use of cigarillos relative to cigarettes and for building upon knowledge regarding harm from cigarillos to inform risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Crosby
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Berran Yucesoy
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Carmine Leggett
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Zheng Tu
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Steven A Belinsky
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Jake McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Guodong Wu
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108
| | - Luis G Valerio
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Hans Rosenfeldt
- Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
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14
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Vu AT, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, McGuigan M, Blasiole A, Valentin-Blasini L, Williams K, Watson CH. Volatile Organic Compounds in Mainstream Smoke of Sixty Domestic Little Cigar Products. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:704-712. [PMID: 33512154 PMCID: PMC10042296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mainstream smoke yields of five volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined from 60 commercial U.S. little cigar products under ISO 3308 and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimens on linear smoking machines using a gas sampling bag collection. The five VOCs, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, isoprene, and toluene were analyzed using an automated GC/MS analytical method validated for measuring various VOCs in mainstream smoke. The VOCs range in amounts from micrograms to milligrams per little cigar. VOC deliveries vary considerably among the little cigar products under the ISO smoking regimen primarily due to varying filter ventilation. Under the CI smoking regimen where filter ventilation is blocked, the delivery range narrows, although individual and total VOC yields are approximately 2 fold higher than those under the ISO smoking regimen. Correlation analysis reveals strong associations between acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene or toluene under the ISO smoking regimen. Compared to cigarettes, little cigars delivered substantially higher VOC mainstream smoke yields under both ISO and CI smoking regimens. Moreover, little cigar smoke also contains higher VOCs than cigarette smoke when adjusted for mass of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T Vu
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Calverton, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Calverton, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Calverton, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Megan McGuigan
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Ashley Blasiole
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Katrice Williams
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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15
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Lawyer GR, Jackson M, Prinz M, Lamb T, Wang Q, Muthumalage T, Rahman I. Classification of flavors in cigarillos and little cigars and their variable cellular and acellular oxidative and cytotoxic responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226066. [PMID: 31825984 PMCID: PMC6905550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavored tobacco products are increasing in popularity but remain unregulated, with the exception of the ban on flavored conventional cigarettes. Lack of regulation of cigarillos and little cigars allows vendors to have their own version of popular flavors, each with different chemical components. A new classification system was created for flavored cigars in order to easily communicate our results with the scientific community. To understand the physicochemical characteristics of flavored little cigars and cigarillo smoke, size distribution and concentration of particulate matter in smoke were determined. Acellular reactive oxygen species generation was measured as an indirect measurement of the potential to cause oxidative stress in cells. In addition, cigarillo smoke extract treatment on bronchial epithelial (Beas-2b) cells were assessed to determine the flavor-induced cellular toxicity. Flavored cigars/cigarillos showed significant variability in the tested parameters between flavors as well as brands of the same flavor, but most of the cigars showed higher potential of generating oxidative stress, than research grade cigarettes. Flavored cigars produced maximum particle concentrations at 1.0μm and 4.0 μm compared with 3R4F reference research cigarettes. A differential cytotoxic response was observed with cigarillo smoke extract treatments, with “fruits/candy” and “drinks” being the most toxic, but were not more cytotoxic than smoke from cigarettes. These cigarillos with flavors must be well characterized for toxicity in order to prevent adverse effects caused by exposure to flavor chemicals. Our study provides insight into understanding the potential health effects of flavor-infused cigars/cigarillos and the need for the regulation of those flavoring chemicals in these products. Future research is directed to determine the flavoring toxicity of little cigars and cigarillos in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Lawyer
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Monica Jackson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Melanie Prinz
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Thomas Lamb
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
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16
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Comparative levels of carbonyl delivery between mass-market cigars and cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Chang CM, Rostron BL, Chang JT, Corey CG, Kimmel HL, Sosnoff CS, Goniewicz ML, Edwards KC, Hatsukami DK, Wang Y, Del Valle-Pinero AY, Yang M, Travers MJ, Arnstein S, Taylor K, Conway K, Ambrose BK, Borek N, Hyland A, Wang L, Blount BC, van Bemmel DM. Biomarkers of Exposure among U.S. Adult Cigar Smokers: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013-2014). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:943-953. [PMID: 30733305 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the diverse cigar market and limited data on biomarker patterns by cigar type, we compared biomarkers of nicotine and tobacco toxicants among cigar smokers and other groups. METHODS Using Wave 1 urinary biomarker data from 5,604 adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we compared geometric mean concentrations among cigar-only smokers (all cigars and separately for traditional, cigarillo, and filtered cigars), cigarette-only smokers, dual cigar/cigarette smokers, and never users of tobacco. We calculated geometric mean ratios comparing groups with never users adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education and creatinine. RESULTS Some day cigar-only smokers had lower biomarker concentrations than every day cigar-only smokers, but higher than never users. Every day cigar-only smokers (n = 61) had lower TNE-2 (cotinine+trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) compared to every day cigarette-only (n = 2217; P < 0.0001) and dual cigar/cigarette smokers (n = 601; P < 0.0001). Several biomarkers, including NNAL (NNK metabolite) and CYMA (metabolite of acrylonitrile), were comparable in these groups. In exploratory analyses, every day filtered cigar-only (n = 7) smokers had higher biomarker concentrations compared with every day traditional cigar-only smokers (n = 12) and cigarillo-only smokers (n = 24). Every day smokers of each cigar type were similar to exclusive cigarette smokers. For some biomarkers, particularly for every day filtered cigar-only smokers, concentrations were higher. CONCLUSIONS For some biomarkers, every day cigar-only smokers were comparable with every day cigarette-only smokers. Exploratory analyses suggest that biomarkers vary by cigar type with every day filtered cigar-only smokers having the highest concentrations. IMPACT High exposure to harmful constituents among cigar smokers is a continuing health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
| | - Brian L Rostron
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Joanne T Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Catherine G Corey
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethedsa, Maryland
| | - Connie S Sosnoff
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Yuesong Wang
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Maocheng Yang
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Mark J Travers
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Stephen Arnstein
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kevin Conway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethedsa, Maryland
| | - Bridget K Ambrose
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lanqing Wang
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Dana M van Bemmel
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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