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Chen W, Wang M, Wang H, Jiang Y, Zhu J, Zeng X, Xie H, Yang Q, Sun Y. Sestrin2 and Sestrin3 protect spermatogenesis against heat-induced meiotic defects†. Biol Reprod 2024; 111:197-211. [PMID: 38519102 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress induces testicular oxidative stress, impairs spermatogenesis, and increases the risk of male infertility. Recent studies have highlighted the antioxidative properties of the Sestrins family in reducing cellular oxidative damage. However, the role of Sestrins (Sestrin1, 2, and 3) in the testicular response to heat stress remains unclear. Here, we found that Sestrin2 and 3 were highly expressed in the testis relative to Sestrin1. Then, the Sestrin2-/- and Sestrin3-/- mice were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate the role of them on spermatogenesis after heat stress. Our data showed that Sestrin2-/- and Sestrin3-/- mice testes exhibited more severe damage manifested by exacerbated loss of germ cells and higher levels of oxidative stress as compared to wild-type counterparts after heat stress. Notably, Sestrin2-/- and Sestrin3-/- mice underwent a remarkable increase in heat-induced spermatocyte apoptosis than that of controls. Furthermore, the transcriptome landscape of spermatocytes and chromosome spreading showed that loss of Sestrin2 and Sestrin3 exacerbated meiotic failure by compromising DNA double-strand breaks repair after heat stress. Taken together, our work demonstrated a critical protective function of Sestrin2 and Sestrin3 in mitigating the impairments of spermatogenesis against heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengchen Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Zeng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingling Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Bornaun T, Akkaya S, Güven HZ. Evaluation of Serum Sestrin 2 Levels in Patients Diagnosed with Endometrial Polyps and Uterine Leiomyomas. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3413. [PMID: 38929943 PMCID: PMC11204883 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study investigates the correlation between the serum levels of Sestrin 2 and the presence of endometrial polyps or uterine leiomyomas, aiming to enhance the understanding of the pathophysiology underlying these gynecological conditions and evaluate the potential of Sestrin 2 as an early diagnostic biomarker. Methods: In a prospective case-control format, patients with preliminary diagnoses of endometrial polyps or uterine leiomyomas confirmed by histopathological analysis following surgery were included. This study analyzed serum Sestrin 2 levels across different patient groups, revealing significant variations that underscore the diagnostic value of Sestrin 2. Results: Elevated serum Sestrin 2 levels were observed in patients with endometrial polyps and uterine leiomyomas compared to the control group, suggesting its utility as a novel marker for early detection. Conclusions: The study indicates the promising role of serum Sestrin 2 levels as a valuable biomarker for early diagnosis of endometrial polyps and uterine leiomyomas, advocating for further research into its diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teymur Bornaun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul University Health Sciences Istanbul Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34200, Turkey
| | - Selim Akkaya
- Istanbul University Health Sciences Istanbul Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34200, Turkey; (S.A.); (H.Z.G.)
| | - Hamid Zafer Güven
- Istanbul University Health Sciences Istanbul Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34200, Turkey; (S.A.); (H.Z.G.)
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Mohabbat M, Arazi H. Effect of resistance training plus enriched probiotic supplement on sestrin2, oxidative stress, and mitophagy markers in elderly male Wistar rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7744. [PMID: 38565633 PMCID: PMC10987664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of resistance training combined with a probiotic supplement enriched with vitamin D and leucine on sestrin2, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, and mitophagy markers in aged Wistar rats. Thirty-five male rats were randomly assigned to two age groups (old with 18-24 months of age and young with 8-12 weeks of age) and then divided into five groups, including (1) old control (OC: n = 5 + 2 for reserve in all groups), (2) young control (YC: n = 5), (3) old resistance training (OR: n = 5), (4) old resistance training plus supplement (ORS: n = 5), and old supplement group (OS: n = 5). Training groups performed ladder climbing resistance training 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Training intensity was inserted progressively, with values equal to 65, 75, and 85, determining rats' maximal carrying load capacity. Each animal made 5 to 8 climbs in each training session, and the time of each climb was between 12 and 15 s, although the time was not the subject of the evaluation, and the climbing pattern was different in the animals. Old resistance plus supplement and old supplement groups received 1 ml of supplement 5 times per week by oral gavage in addition to standard feeding, 1 to 2 h post training sessions. Forty-eight hours after the end of the training program, 3 ml of blood samples were taken, and all rats were then sacrificed to achieve muscle samples. After 8 weeks of training, total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity levels increased in both interventions. A synergistic effect of supplement with resistance training was observed for total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and PTEN-induced kinase 1. Sestrin 2 decreased in intervention groups. These results suggest that resistance training plus supplement can boost antioxidant defense and mitophagy while potentially decreasing muscle strength loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mohabbat
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box: 41635-1438, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, P.O. Box: 41635-1438, Rasht, Iran.
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Zou T, Xie R, Huang S, Lu D, Liu J. Potential role of modulating autophagy levels in sensorineural hearing loss. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116115. [PMID: 38460910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Apoptosis and necrosis have been identified to play important roles in hearing loss, but they cannot account for all hearing loss. Autophagy, a cellular process responsible for cell self-degradation and reutilization, has emerged as a significant factor contributing to hearing loss, particularly in cases of autophagy deficiency. Autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining cell health by exerting cytoprotective and metabolically homeostatic effects in organisms. Consequently, modulating autophagy levels can profoundly impact the survival, death, and regeneration of cells in the inner ear, including hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Abnormal mitochondrial autophagy has been demonstrated in animal models of SNHL. These findings indicate the profound significance of comprehending autophagy while suggesting that our perspective on this cellular process holds promise for advancing the treatment of SNHL. Thus, this review aims to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of SNHL and the role of autophagy in the developmental processes of various cochlear structures, including the greater epithelial ridge (GER), SGNs, and the ribbon synapse. The pathogenic mechanisms of age-related hearing loss (ARHL), also known as presbycusis, and the latest research on autophagy are also discussed. Furthermore, we underscore recent findings on the modulation of autophagy in SNHL induced by ototoxic drugs. Additionally, we suggest further research that might illuminate the complete potential of autophagy in addressing SNHL, ultimately leading to the formulation of pioneering therapeutic strategies and approaches for the treatment of deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renwei Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renhe Hospital, Baoshan District, Shanghai, China
| | - Sihan Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingkun Lu
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Fang H, Shi X, Wan J, Zhong X. Role of sestrins in metabolic and aging-related diseases. Biogerontology 2024; 25:9-22. [PMID: 37516672 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Sestrins are a type of highly conserved stress-inducing protein that has antioxidant and mTORC1 inhibitory functions. Metabolic dysfunction and aging are the main risk factors for development of human diseases, such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Sestrins have important roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, anti-tumor functions, and aging by inhibiting the reactive oxygen species and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 pathways. In this review, the structure and biological functions of sestrins are summarized, and how sestrins are activated and contribute to regulation of the downstream signal pathways of metabolic and aging-related diseases are discussed in detail with the goal of providing new ideas and therapeutic targets for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xiaomin Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Juyi Wan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Xiao Y, Zhu H, Lei J, Xie J, Wu K, Gu W, Ma J, wei D, Shu Z, Zhao L. MiR-182/Sestrin2 affects the function of asthmatic airway smooth muscle cells by the AMPK/mTOR pathway. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:282-293. [PMID: 37662894 PMCID: PMC10474879 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease and brings heavy economic and spiritual burdens to patients' families and the society. Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) afect the development of asthma by secreting cytokines, growth factors, and prostates. The stress-inducing protein, Sestrin2, plays a vital role in antioxidant defense. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Sestrin2 in asthma and its corresponding molecular mechanism. Materials and Methods Airway remodeling was induced by construction of asthma rat model. Primary ASMCs were isolated through combining tissue block adherence and enzymatic digestion and identified by immunofluorescence staining. Gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot (WB) experiments. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and calcium flow of ASMCs were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-deoxyuridine (EdU), Transwell, and Fluo-3AM, respectively. The binding of miR-182 and Sestrin2 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) was measured by luciferase reporter system and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) analysis. Results Sestrin2 expression was upregulated in asthma rat model and cell model. Overexpression of Sestrin2 enhanced the growth, migration, and calcium flow, and inversely, repression of Sestrin2 was reduced in ASMCs from the asthma group. MiR-182, one of the microRNAs (miRNAs) that possesses the potential to regulate Sestrin2, was downregulated in ASMCs from the asthma group. Further experiments revealed that Sestrin2 was inhibited by miR-182 and that overexpression of Sestrin2 reversed the miR-182-induced inhibition of the cellular progression of ASMCs from the asthma group. This study further investigated the downstream signaling pathway of Sestrin2 and found that increased expression of Sestrin2 activated 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to the inactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and thus promoting the growth, migration, and calcium flow of ASMCs from the asthma group. Conclusion This study investigated the role of Sestrin2 for the first time and further dissected the regulatory factor of Sestrin2, ultimately elucidating the downstream signaling pathway of Sestrin2 in asthma, providing a novel pathway, and improving the understanding of the development and progression of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, Henan Province, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenbo Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Dongxue wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenhui Shu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou450003, Henan Province, China
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Kozak J, Jonak K. Association between the antioxidant properties of SESN proteins and anti-cancer therapies. Amino Acids 2023:10.1007/s00726-023-03281-6. [PMID: 37284849 PMCID: PMC10372130 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of SESN protein development, they have attracted highly progressive attention due to their regulatory role in multiple signalling pathways. Through their antioxidant activity and autophagy regulation implication, they can function as powerful antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress in cells. SESN proteins received special attention in the field of regulation of reactive oxygen species level in the cell and its interplay with signalling pathways determining energy and nutrient homeostasis. Since perturbations in these pathways are implicated in cancer onset and development, SESNs might constitute potential novel therapeutic targets of broad interest. In this review, we discuss the impact of SESN proteins on anti-cancer therapy based on naturally occurring compounds and conventionally used drugs that influence oxidative stress and autophagy-induced cellular signalling pathways. The significant changes in reactive oxygen species level and nutrient status in cancer cells generate subsequent biological effect through the regulation of SESN-dependent pathways. Thus, SESN may serve as the key molecule for regulating anti-cancer drugs' induced cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kozak
- Chair of Fundamental Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Kazimierza Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Department of Foreign Languages, Interfaculty Centre for Didactics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
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SESN2 Knockdown Increases Betulinic Acid-Induced Radiosensitivity of Hypoxic Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010177. [PMID: 36611970 PMCID: PMC9818433 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural compound well known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-malarial effects and anti-tumor properties. Its enhanced cytotoxicity in tumor cells and induction of cell death in various cancer entities qualifies BA as an interesting candidate for novel treatment concepts. Our analyses showed enhanced cytotoxicity and radiosensitization under hypoxic conditions in human breast cancer cells. So far, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the BA-treated human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 under normoxic and hypoxic conditions based on microarray technology. Hypoxia and BA regulated a variety of genes in both breast cancer cell lines. KEGG pathway analysis identified an enrichment of the p53 pathway in MCF-7 cells (wtp53) under hypoxia. In MDA-MB-231 cells (mtp53) an additional BA incubation was required to activate the p53 signaling pathway. Fourteen down-regulated and up-regulated genes of the p53 pathway were selected for further validation via qRT-PCR in a panel of five breast cancer cell lines. The stress-induced gene Sestrin-2 (SESN2) was identified as one of the most strongly up-regulated genes after BA treatment. Knockdown of SESN2 enhanced BA-induced ROS production, DNA damage, radiosensitivity and reduced autophagy in breast cancer cells. Our results identified SESN2 as an important target to enhance the radiobiological and anti-tumor effects of BA on breast cancer cells.
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Qian T, Yu X, Xu A, Li H, Chen W, Zhong S. tRF-20-S998LO9D inhibits endometrial carcinoma by upregulating SESN2. Epigenomics 2022; 14:1563-1577. [PMID: 36803014 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the roles of transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) in endometrial carcinoma (EC). Materials & methods: tsRNA profiles for EC from TCGA were analyzed. The functions and mechanisms of tsRNA were explored using in vitro experiments. Results: 173 dysregulated tsRNAs were identified. After validating in EC tissues and serumal exosome samples from EC patients, a downregulated tsRNA in both EC tissues and serumal exosomes (i.e., tRF-20-S998LO9D) was observed. Exosomal tRF-20-S998LO9D had an area under the curve of 0.768. tRF-20-S998LO9D overexpression inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis of EC cells and tRF-20-S998LO9D knockdown further confirmed its effects. Further analyses showed that tRF-20-S998LO9D upregulated SESN2 in protein levels. Conclusion: tRF-20-S998LO9D inhibits EC cells by upregulating SESN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Qian
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinnian Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Andi Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Huixin Li
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing, Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shanliang Zhong
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Kabakci M, Topbas Selcuki NF, Aydin Z, Bagci K, Kaya C, Yalcin Bahat P. Serum sestrin 2 levels in patients with uterine leiomyomas. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:3616-3620. [PMID: 36346966 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2141613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate SESN2 levels in patients with uterine leiomyomas by comparing serum SESN2 levels in myoma patients with the levels in healthy women to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of uterine leiomyomas. Patients 18-50 years of age who applied to the University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital between January and March 2021 and who were diagnosed with uterine leiomyoma were defined as the 'myoma group'. The control group included patients without any sign of leiomyomas in routine ultrasonography. The patients' demographic features, gynecological symptoms, myoma volume and classification were recorded. Serum SESN2 concentrations in venous blood samples were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.The study included 31 patients in the myoma group and 30 in the control group. The mean age/gravid/parity or BMI values did not differ significantly between the groups. The only gynecological symptom that showed a significant difference was menorrhagia. Serum SESN2 levels were significantly higher in the myoma group then the control groups (11.7 ± 2.5) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, although uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign tumour in women of reproductive age, there are no known markers for predicting the development of leiomyomas. Based on the results of the current study, SESN2 could be such a marker.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Uterine leiomyoma is the most common type of benign tumour in women of reproductive age as well as the most common indication for a hysterectomy. Symptoms associated with uterine leiomyoma include abnormal bleeding, chronic pelvic pain, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and anaemia, which adversely affect the patient's quality of life. Sestrins are a family of metabolic regulator proteins that play a potential role in carcinogenesis.What the results of this study add? This is the first study evaluating the role of sestrin in the development of uterine leiomyomas. Significantly higher levels of sestrin 2 (SESN2) were detected in patients with leiomyomas.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Although uterine leiomyoma is the most common type of benign tumour in women of reproductive age, there are still many unknowns regarding its pathophysiology. Further, there are still no known markers for predicting the development of leiomyomas. Hence, primary prevention is not possible. Based on the results of the current study SESN2, could be such a marker. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric Kabakci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nura Fitnat Topbas Selcuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zelal Aydin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mus State Hospital, Mus, Turkey
| | - Kubra Bagci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Acibadem Bodrum Medical Center, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Cihan Kaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Acibadem Bakirkoy Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Yalcin Bahat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ashraf R, Kumar S. Mfn2-mediated mitochondrial fusion promotes autophagy and suppresses ovarian cancer progression by reducing ROS through AMPK/mTOR/ERK signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:573. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractSestrin2 is a conserved antioxidant, metabolism regulator, and downstream of P53. Sestrin2 can suppress oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby preventing the development and progression of cancer. However, Sestrin2 attenuates severe oxidative stress by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), thereby enhancing cancer cells survival and chemoresistance. Sestrin2 inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates autophagy and apoptosis in cancer cells. Attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and augmentation of autophagy hinders cancer development but can either expedite or impede cancer progression under specific conditions. Furthermore, Sestrin2 can vigorously inhibit oncogenic signaling pathways through downregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). Conversely, Sestrin2 decreases the cytotoxic activity of T cells and natural killer cells which helps tumor cells immune evasion. Sestrin2 can enhance tumor cells viability in stress conditions such as glucose or glutamine deficiency. Cancer cells can also upregulate Sestrin2 during chemotherapy or radiotherapy to attenuate severe oxidative stress and ER stress, augment autophagy and resist the treatment. Recent studies unveiled that Sestrin2 is involved in the development and progression of several types of human cancer. The effect of Sestrin2 may differ depending on the type of tumor, for instance, several studies revealed that Sestrin2 protects against colorectal cancer, whereas results are controversial regarding lung cancer. Furthermore, Sestrin2 expression correlates with metastasis and survival in several types of human cancer such as colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Targeted therapy for Sestrin2 or regulation of its expression by new techniques such as non-coding RNAs delivery and vector systems may improve cancer chemotherapy and overcome chemoresistance, metastasis and immune evasion that should be investigated by future trials.
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13
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Molecular biology exploration and targeted therapy strategy of Ameloblastoma. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 140:105454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Fayyaz F, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. Cytokine-induced killer cells mediated pathways in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:41. [PMID: 35346234 PMCID: PMC8962105 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy is a type of adoptive immunotherapy that due to its high proliferation rate and anti-tumor characteristics, is being investigated to treat various solid tumors. Since advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) has high mortality and poor survival rates, and the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is limited in treatment, the application of CIK cell therapy in CRC has been evaluated in numerous studies. This review aims to summarize the clinical studies that investigated the safety and clinical efficacy of CIK cell therapy in CRC. Therefore, 1,969 enrolled CRC patients in the clinical trials, of which 842 patients received CIK cells in combination with chemotherapy with or without dendritic cell (DC) infusions, were included in the present review. Furthermore, the signaling pathways involved in CIK cell therapy and novel methods for improving migration abilities are discussed.
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15
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Shukal DK, Malaviya PB, Sharma T. Role of the AMPK signalling pathway in the aetiopathogenesis of ocular diseases. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271211063165. [PMID: 35196887 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211063165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a precise role as a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK is activated in response to the signalling cues that exhaust cellular ATP levels such as hypoxia, ischaemia, glucose depletion and heat shock. As a central regulator of both lipid and glucose metabolism, AMPK is considered to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases, including eye disorders. OBJECTIVE To review all the shreds of evidence concerning the role of the AMPK signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. METHOD Scientific data search and review of available information evaluating the influence of AMPK signalling on ocular diseases. RESULTS Review highlights the significance of AMPK signalling in the aetiopathogenesis of ocular diseases, including cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinoblastoma, age-related macular degeneration, corneal diseases, etc. The review also provides the information on the AMPK-associated pathways with reference to ocular disease, which includes mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy and regulation of inflammatory response. CONCLUSION The study concludes the role of AMPK in ocular diseases. There is growing interest in the therapeutic utilization of the AMPK pathway for ocular disease treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of AMPK signalling might represent more pertinent strategy than AMPK activation for ocular disease treatment. Such information will guide the development of more effective AMPK modulators for ocular diseases.[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval K Shukal
- 534329Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,76793Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja B Malaviya
- 534329Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,76793Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tusha Sharma
- 534329Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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16
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Qu J, Luo M, Zhang J, Han F, Hou N, Pan R, Sun X. A paradoxical role for sestrin 2 protein in tumor suppression and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:606. [PMID: 34784907 PMCID: PMC8596924 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sestrin 2, a highly conserved stress-induced protein, participates in the pathological processes of metabolic and age-related diseases. This p53-inducible protein also regulates cell growth and metabolism, which is closely related to malignant tumorigenesis. Sestrin 2 was reported to regulate various cellular processes, such as tumor cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, apoptosis, anoikis resistance, and drug resistance. Although sestrin 2 is associated with colorectal, lung, liver, and other cancers, sestrin 2 expression varies among different types of cancer, and the effects and mechanisms of action of this protein are also different. Sestrin 2 was considered a tumor suppressor gene in most studies, whereas conflicting reports considered sestrin 2 an oncogene. Thus, this review aims to examine the literature regarding sestrin 2 in various cancers, summarize its roles in suppression and tumorigenesis, discuss potential mechanisms in the regulation of cancer, and provide a basis for follow-up research and potential cancer treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Moyi Luo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, Shandong, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ningning Hou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiyan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2428 Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, Shandong, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
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17
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Gao M, Deng C, Dang F. Synergistic antitumor effect of resveratrol and sorafenib on hepatocellular carcinoma through PKA/AMPK/eEF2K pathway. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:3602. [PMID: 34776832 PMCID: PMC8559449 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sorafenib (Sor) is the only effective drug for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), its therapeutic potential to date is mainly limited to the low tumor response. This study was designed to explore whether resveratrol (Res) could potentiate the anticancerous activity of Sor. We used HepG2 and Huh7 HCC cell lines and BALB/c nude mice for in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. The cultured cell lines and tumor induction in the mice were treated with different concentrations of Res and Sor alone, and the combination of Res and Sor to observe the antitumor effects. Significant inhibitory effects were observed in the combined treatment of Res and Sor compared to Res and Sor alone treatments both in vitro and in vivo as demonstrated by significantly high number of S phase cells and apoptotic cells. Moreover, these findings were accompanied by the reduction of CDK2, CDC25A, PKA, p-AMPK, and eEF2K protein levels and the increment of cyclin A, cleavage caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 protein levels. The combinational treatment exhibited more significant anticancerous effect than the Res and Sor alone treatments in mice-bearing HepG2 xenograft. Overall, our results suggest that PKA/AMPK/eEF2K pathway is involved in the synergistic anticancerous activity of Res and Sor combination treatment in HCC cells. Thus, Res and Sor combination therapy may be promising in increasing the tumor response of Sor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Gao
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun Deng
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Dang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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18
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MiR-182/Sestrin2 affects the function of asthmatic airway smooth muscle cells by the AMPK/mTOR pathway. J Transl Int Med 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Objectives
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease and brings heavy economic and spiritual burdens to patients’ families and the society. Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) affect the development of asthma by secreting cytokines, growth factors, and prostates. The stress-inducing protein, Sestrin2, plays a vital role in antioxidant defense. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Sestrin2 in asthma and its corresponding molecular mechanism.
Materials and Methods
Airway remodeling was induced by construction of asthma rat model. Primary ASMCs were isolated through combining tissue block adherence and enzymatic digestion and identified by immunofluorescence staining. Gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot (WB) experiments. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and calcium flow of ASMCs were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-deoxyuridine (EdU), Transwell, and Fluo-3AM, respectively. The binding of miR-182 and Sestrin2 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) was measured by luciferase reporter system and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) analysis.
Results
Sestrin2 expression was upregulated in asthma rat model and cell model. Overexpression of Sestrin2 enhanced the growth, migration, and calcium flow, and inversely, repression of Sestrin2 was reduced in ASMCs from the asthma group. MiR-182, one of the microRNAs (miRNAs) that possesses the potential to regulate Sestrin2, was downregulated in ASMCs from the asthma group. Further experiments revealed that Sestrin2 was inhibited by miR-182 and that overexpression of Sestrin2 reversed the miR-182–induced inhibition of the cellular progression of ASMCs from the asthma group. This study further investigated the downstream signaling pathway of Sestrin2 and found that increased expression of Sestrin2 activated 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to the inactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and thus promoting the growth, migration, and calcium flow of ASMCs from the asthma group.
Conclusion
This study investigated the role of Sestrin2 for the first time and further dissected the regulatory factor of Sestrin2, ultimately elucidating the downstream signaling pathway of Sestrin2 in asthma, providing a novel pathway, and improving the understanding of the development and progression of asthma.
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19
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Melnik BC. Lifetime Impact of Cow's Milk on Overactivation of mTORC1: From Fetal to Childhood Overgrowth, Acne, Diabetes, Cancers, and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:404. [PMID: 33803410 PMCID: PMC8000710 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of cow's milk is a part of the basic nutritional habits of Western industrialized countries. Recent epidemiological studies associate the intake of cow's milk with an increased risk of diseases, which are associated with overactivated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. This review presents current epidemiological and translational evidence linking milk consumption to the regulation of mTORC1, the master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth. Epidemiological studies confirm a correlation between cow's milk consumption and birthweight, body mass index, onset of menarche, linear growth during childhood, acne vulgaris, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, neurodegenerative diseases, and all-cause mortality. Thus, long-term persistent consumption of cow's milk increases the risk of mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization. Milk is a highly conserved, lactation genome-controlled signaling system that functions as a maternal-neonatal relay for optimized species-specific activation of mTORC1, the nexus for regulation of eukaryotic cell growth, and control of autophagy. A deeper understanding of milk´s impact on mTORC1 signaling is of critical importance for the prevention of common diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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20
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Veenstra JP, Vemu B, Tocmo R, Nauman MC, Johnson JJ. Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Standardized Rosemary Extract and the Effect on the Disease Activity Index of DSS-Induced Colitis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030773. [PMID: 33673488 PMCID: PMC7997407 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosemary extract (RE) is an approved food preservative in the European Union and contains dietary phytochemicals that are beneficial for gastrointestinal health. This study investigated the effects of RE on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and also determined the pharmacokinetics of dietary phytochemicals administered to mice via oral gavage. Individual components of rosemary extract were separated and identified by LC–MS/MS. The pharmacokinetics of two major diterpenes from RE, carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CL), administered to mice via oral gavage were determined. Then, the effect of RE pre-treatment on the disease activity index (DAI) of DSS-induced colitis in mice was investigated. The study determined that 100 mg/kg RE significantly improved DAI in DSS-induced colitis compared to negative control. Sestrin 2 protein expression, which increased with DSS exposure, was reduced with RE treatment. Intestinal barrier integrity was also shown to improve via fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran administration and Western blot of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), a tight junction protein. Rosemary extract was able to improve the DAI of DSS-induced colitis in mice at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg and showed improvement in the intestinal barrier integrity. This study suggests that RE can be an effective preventative agent against IBD.
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21
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Wang B J, Wang S, Xiao M, Zhang J, Wang A J, Guo Y, Tang Y, Gu J. Regulatory mechanisms of Sesn2 and its role in multi-organ diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105331. [PMID: 33285232 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sestrin2 (Sesn2) is a powerful anti-oxidant that can prevent acute and chronic diseases. The role of Sesn2 has been thoroughly reviewed in liver, nervous system, and immune system diseases. However, there is a limited number of reviews that have summarized the effects of Sesn2 in heart and vascular diseases, and very less literature-based information is available on involvement of Sesn2 in renal and respiratory pathologies. This review summarizes the latest research on Sesn2 in multi-organ stress responses, with a particular focus on the protective role of Sesn2 in cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting Sesn2 in stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang B
- School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shudong Wang
- Department of Cardiology at the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Mengjie Xiao
- School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology at the First Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Cardiology at the People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Jie Wang A
- School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yuanfang Guo
- School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yufeng Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Junlian Gu
- School of Nursing, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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22
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Ro SH, Fay J, Cyuzuzo CI, Jang Y, Lee N, Song HS, Harris EN. SESTRINs: Emerging Dynamic Stress-Sensors in Metabolic and Environmental Health. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:603421. [PMID: 33425907 PMCID: PMC7794007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper timely management of various external and internal stresses is critical for metabolic and redox homeostasis in mammals. In particular, dysregulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) triggered from metabolic stress and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from environmental and genotoxic stress are well-known culprits leading to chronic metabolic disease conditions in humans. Sestrins are one of the metabolic and environmental stress-responsive groups of proteins, which solely have the ability to regulate both mTORC activity and ROS levels in cells, tissues and organs. While Sestrins are originally reported as one of several p53 target genes, recent studies have further delineated the roles of this group of stress-sensing proteins in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, glucose and fat metabolism, and redox-function in metabolic disease and aging. In this review, we discuss recent studies that investigated and manipulated Sestrins-mediated stress signaling pathways in metabolic and environmental health. Sestrins as an emerging dynamic group of stress-sensor proteins are drawing a spotlight as a preventive or therapeutic mechanism in both metabolic stress-associated pathologies and aging processes at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Ro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Julianne Fay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Cesar I Cyuzuzo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Yura Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Naeun Lee
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Hyun-Seob Song
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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23
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Wang Z, Zhu Z, Li C, Zhang Y, Li Z, Sun S. NMIIA promotes tumorigenesis and prevents chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer by activating AMPK/mTOR pathway. Exp Cell Res 2020; 398:112387. [PMID: 33220257 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) has been reported to be involved in the carcinogenesis and malignant progression of various human tumors. However, the role and potential mechanism of NMIIA in the biological functions and apoptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain elusive. In this study, we found that NMIIA was overexpressed in CRC tissues and significantly associated with poor survival in CRC patients. In addition, NMIIA promoted CRC cell proliferation and invasion via activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway in vitro, and NMIIA knockdown inhibited CRC growth in vivo. Meanwhile, NMIIA knockdown downregulated the CSCs markers (CD44 and CD133) expression in CRC cells. Furthermore, AMPK/mTOR pathway activation effectively reversed the NMIIA knockdown-induced inhibition of proliferation, invasion and stemness in CRC cells. Finally, NMIIA protects CRC cells from 5-FU-induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that NMIIA plays a pivotal role in CRC growth and progression by regulating AMPK/mTOR pathway activation, and it may act as a novel therapeutic target prognostic factor in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhanyong Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chenyuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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24
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Shin J, Bae J, Park S, Kang HG, Shin SM, Won G, Kim JS, Cho SG, Choi Y, Oh SM, Shin J, Kim JS, Park HW. mTOR-Dependent Role of Sestrin2 in Regulating Tumor Progression of Human Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092515. [PMID: 32899752 PMCID: PMC7565818 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a key controller of growth and environmental stress signaling, is frequently activated in human cancers. Sestrin2 (SESN2), a highly conserved stress-inducible protein, is one of the negative feedback mechanisms for inhibiting chronic activation of mTORC1. This study aimed to investigate the expression and clinical implications of SESN2 in endometrial cancer using an in vitro and in vivo approach. The analysis indicated increased levels of SESN2 and mTORC1 pathway activity in cancer tissues than in normal tissues. High SESN2 expression correlated with shorter patient survival duration. However, lentiviral overexpression of SESN2 and mTOR inhibitors suppressed cancer cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Our study provides strong evidence for prognostic significance of SESN2, and its association with mTORC1 pathway and endometrial cancer growth. Thus, the results identified SESN2 as a potential therapeutic target in endometrial cancer. Abstract Oncogenic activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) leads to endometrial cancer cell growth and proliferation. Sestrin2 (SESN2), a highly conserved stress-inducible protein, is involved in homeostatic regulation via inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mTORC1. However, the role of SESN2 in human endometrial cancer remains to be investigated. Here, we investigated expression, clinical significance, and underlying mechanisms of SESN2 in endometrial cancer. SESN2 was upregulated more in endometrial cancer tissues than in normal endometrial tissues. Furthermore, upregulation of SESN2 statistically correlated with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with endometrial cancer. SESN2 expression strongly correlated with mTORC1 activity, suggesting its impact on prognosis in endometrial cancer. Additionally, knockdown of SESN2 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and ROS production in endometrial cancer cell lines HEC-1A and Ishikawa. Treatment of these cells with mTOR inhibitors reversed endometrial cancer cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression. Moreover, in a xenograft nude mice model, endometrial cancer growth increased by SESN2 knockdown. Thus, our study provides evidence for the prognostic significance of SESN2, and a relationship between SESN2, the mTORC1 pathway, and endometrial cancer growth, suggesting SESN2 as a potential therapeutic target in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiha Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.P.); (H.-G.K.); (S.M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jeongyun Bae
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.P.); (H.-G.K.); (S.M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Sumi Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.P.); (H.-G.K.); (S.M.S.); (J.S.)
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (G.W.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Hyun-Goo Kang
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.P.); (H.-G.K.); (S.M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Seong Min Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.P.); (H.-G.K.); (S.M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Gunho Won
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (G.W.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-M.O.)
- Department Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (G.W.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-G.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-G.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Sang-Muk Oh
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (G.W.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-M.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Jongdae Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.P.); (H.-G.K.); (S.M.S.); (J.S.)
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (G.W.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-M.O.)
| | - Jeong Sig Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.S.K.); (H.-W.P.); Tel.: +82-42-600-8677 (H.-W.P.)
| | - Hwan-Woo Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (J.S.); (J.B.); (S.P.); (H.-G.K.); (S.M.S.); (J.S.)
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (G.W.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-M.O.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.K.); (H.-W.P.); Tel.: +82-42-600-8677 (H.-W.P.)
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Kumar A, Dhiman D, Shaha C. Sestrins: Darkhorse in the regulation of mitochondrial health and metabolism. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8049-8060. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chae HS, Gil M, Saha SK, Kwak HJ, Park HW, Vellingiri B, Cho SG. Sestrin2 Expression Has Regulatory Properties and Prognostic Value in Lung Cancer. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030109. [PMID: 32882793 PMCID: PMC7565522 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the most dangerous type of cancer despite recent progress in therapeutic modalities. Development of prognostic markers and therapeutic targets is necessary to enhance lung cancer patient survival. Sestrin family genes (Sestrin1, Sestrin2, and Sestrin3) are involved in protecting cells from stress. In particular, Sestrin2, which mainly protects cells from oxidative stress and acts as a leucine sensor protein in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, is thought to affect various cancers in different ways. To investigate the role of Sestrin2 expression in lung cancer cells, we knocked down Sestrin2 in A549, a non-small cell lung cancer cell line; this resulted in reduced cell proliferation, migration, sphere formation, and drug resistance, suggesting that Sestrin2 is closely related to lung cancer progression. We analyzed Sestrin2 expression in human tissue using various bioinformatic databases and confirmed higher expression of Sestrin2 in lung cancer cells than in normal lung cells using Oncomine and the Human Protein Atlas. Moreover, analyses using Prognoscan and KMplotter showed that Sestrin2 expression is negatively correlated with the survival of lung cancer patients in multiple datasets. Co-expressed gene analysis revealed Sestrin2-regulated genes and possible associated pathways. Overall, these data suggest that Sestrin2 expression has prognostic value and that it is a possible therapeutic target in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sung Chae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.S.C.); (M.G.); (S.K.S.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Minchan Gil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.S.C.); (M.G.); (S.K.S.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.S.C.); (M.G.); (S.K.S.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Hee Jeung Kwak
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.S.C.); (M.G.); (S.K.S.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Hwan-Woo Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Korea;
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641-046, India;
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model & Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.S.C.); (M.G.); (S.K.S.); (H.J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-4207; Fax: +82-2-444-4207
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Ornatowski W, Lu Q, Yegambaram M, Garcia AE, Zemskov EA, Maltepe E, Fineman JR, Wang T, Black SM. Complex interplay between autophagy and oxidative stress in the development of pulmonary disease. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101679. [PMID: 32818797 PMCID: PMC7451718 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagic pathway involves the encapsulation of substrates in double-membraned vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to the lysosome for enzymatic degradation and recycling of metabolic precursors. Autophagy is a major cellular defense against oxidative stress, or related conditions that cause accumulation of damaged proteins or organelles. Selective forms of autophagy can maintain organelle populations or remove aggregated proteins. Dysregulation of redox homeostasis under pathological conditions results in excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and the associated oxidative damage of cellular components. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy is necessary to maintain redox homeostasis. ROS activates autophagy, which facilitates cellular adaptation and diminishes oxidative damage by degrading and recycling intracellular damaged macromolecules and dysfunctional organelles. The cellular responses triggered by oxidative stress include the altered regulation of signaling pathways that culminate in the regulation of autophagy. Current research suggests a central role for autophagy as a mammalian oxidative stress response and its interrelationship to other stress defense systems. Altered autophagy phenotypes have been observed in lung diseases such as chronic obstructive lung disease, acute lung injury, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension, and asthma. Understanding the mechanisms by which ROS regulate autophagy will provide novel therapeutic targets for lung diseases. This review highlights our current understanding on the interplay between ROS and autophagy in the development of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Ornatowski
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alejandro E Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Evgeny A Zemskov
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Wai Hon K, Zainal Abidin SA, Othman I, Naidu R. Insights into the Role of microRNAs in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092462. [PMID: 32878019 PMCID: PMC7565715 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, with a high mortality rate globally. The pathophysiology of CRC is mainly initiated by alteration in gene expression, leading to dysregulation in multiple signalling pathways and cellular processes. Metabolic reprogramming is one of the important cancer hallmarks in CRC, which involves the adaptive changes in tumour cell metabolism to sustain the high energy requirements for rapid cell proliferation. There are several mechanisms in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, such as aerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, lactate and fatty acids metabolism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that are responsible for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Differential expression of miRNAs has been shown to play an important role in different aspects of tumorigenesis, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance, as well as metabolic reprogramming. Increasing evidence also reports that miRNAs could function as potential regulators of metabolic reprogramming in CRC cells. This review provides an insight into the role of different miRNAs in regulating the metabolism of CRC cells as well as to discuss the potential role of miRNAs as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in CRC tumour metabolism.
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Sestrin2 inhibits YAP activation and negatively regulates corneal epithelial cell proliferation. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:951-962. [PMID: 32528056 PMCID: PMC7338388 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal wound healing is essential for the maintenance of corneal integrity and transparency and involves a series of physiological processes that depend on the proliferation of epithelial cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that control corneal epithelial cell proliferation are poorly understood. Here, we show that Sestrin2, a stress-inducible protein, is downregulated in the corneal epithelium during wound healing and that the proliferation of epithelial basal cells is enhanced in Sestrin2-deficient mice. We also show that YAP, a major downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, regulates cell proliferation during corneal epithelial wound repair and that Sestrin2 suppresses its activity. Moreover, increased levels of reactive oxygen species in the Sestrin2-deficient corneal epithelium promote the nuclear localization and dephosphorylation of YAP, activating it to enhance the proliferation of corneal epithelial cells. These results reveal that Sestrin2 is a negative regulator of YAP, which regulates the proliferative capacity of basal epithelial cells, and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for corneal epithelial damage.
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Morsch ALBC, Wisniewski E, Luciano TF, Comin VH, Silveira GDB, Marques SDO, Thirupathi A, Silveira Lock PC, De Souza CT. Cigarette smoke exposure induces ROS-mediated autophagy by regulating sestrin, AMPK, and mTOR level in mice. Redox Rep 2020; 24:27-33. [PMID: 30957679 PMCID: PMC6748578 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2019.1601448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathological conditions linked to cigarette smoking are caused by the
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study was conducted to
analyze the effect of ROS on the lungs of Swiss mice exposed to cigarette
smoking, focusing on autophagy-mediated mechanisms, and investigate the
involvement of SESN2, AMPK, and mTOR signaling. Mice were exposed to cigarette
smoke (CS) for 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days; the control group was not exposed to
CS. Only mice exposed to CS for 45 days were selected for subsequent
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation and smoke cessation
analyses. Exposure to CS increased the production of ROS and induced molecular
changes in the autophagy pathway, including an increase in phosphorylated AMPK
and ULK1, reduction in phosphorylated mTOR, and increases in SESN2, ATG12, and
LC3B levels. NAC supplementation reduced ROS levels and reversed all molecular
changes observed upon CS treatment, suggesting the involvement of oxidative
stress in inducing autophagy upon CS exposure. When exposure to CS was stopped,
there were decreases in the levels of oxidative stress, AMPK and ULK1
phosphorylation, and autophagy-initiating molecules and increase in mTOR
phosphorylation. In conclusion, these results suggest the involvement of ROS,
SESN2, AMPK, and mTOR in the CS-induced autophagic process in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucia Bernardo Carvalho Morsch
- a Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Extremo Sul Catarinense University , Criciúma , Brazil
| | - Elvis Wisniewski
- a Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Extremo Sul Catarinense University , Criciúma , Brazil
| | - Thais Fernandes Luciano
- a Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Extremo Sul Catarinense University , Criciúma , Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo Comin
- a Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Extremo Sul Catarinense University , Criciúma , Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Bem Silveira
- a Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Extremo Sul Catarinense University , Criciúma , Brazil
| | - Scherolin de Oliveira Marques
- a Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Extremo Sul Catarinense University , Criciúma , Brazil
| | - Anand Thirupathi
- b Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology , Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , People's Republic of China
| | - Paulo Cesar Silveira Lock
- a Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology , Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Extremo Sul Catarinense University , Criciúma , Brazil
| | - Claudio Teodoro De Souza
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Medicine School, Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
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Pham DV, Raut PK, Pandit M, Chang JH, Katila N, Choi DY, Jeong JH, Park PH. Globular Adiponectin Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Growth through Modulation of Inflammasome Activation: Critical Role of Sestrin2 and AMPK Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030613. [PMID: 32155890 PMCID: PMC7139717 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipokine predominantly derived from adipose tissue, exhibits potent antitumor properties in breast cancer cells. However, its mechanisms of action remain elusive. Inflammasomes—intracellular multimeric protein complexes—modulate cancer cell growth in a complicated manner, as well as playing a role in the innate immune system. Herein, we examined the potential role of inflammasomes in the antitumor activity of adiponectin and found that globular adiponectin (gAcrp) significantly suppressed inflammasomes activation in breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo conditions, as determined by decreased expression of inflammasomes components, including NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and inhibition of interleukin-1β and caspase-1 activation. Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of inflammasomes caused decrease in cell viability, apoptosis induction, and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, suggesting that inflammasomes activation is implicated in the growth of breast cancer cells. In addition, treatment with gAcrp generated essentially similar results to those of inflammasomes inhibitors, further indicating that suppression of breast cancer cell growth by gAcrp is mediated via modulation of inflammasomes. Mechanistically, gAcrp suppressed inflammasomes activation through sestrin2 (SESN2) induction, liver kinase B1 (LKB-1)-dependent AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, and alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Taken together, these results demonstrate that gAcrp inhibits growth of breast cancer cells by suppressing inflammasomes activation, at least in part, via SESN2 induction and AMPK activation-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pil-Hoon Park
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-810-2826; Fax: +82-53-810-4654
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Kozak J, Jonak K, Maciejewski R. The function of miR-200 family in oxidative stress response evoked in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110037. [PMID: 32187964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the discovery of microRNAs (miRs), these molecules have attracted highly progressive attention due to their powerful regulatory roles in a broad spectrum of biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. With regard to carcinogenesis, the miRs regulatory potency has been associated with cancer onset, progression, metastasis, diagnosis and therapeutic response. In this review we discuss the impact of miR-200 family on drug resistance development during anti-cancer therapy. Developing resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs as well as radiotherapy are major clinical obstacles in the successful therapeutic strategies to cancer treatment. Acquired cancer chemoresistance is a multifactorial phenomenon involving such factors as tumor type, tumor stage, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level or ROS-responsive miRs profile. ROS level could influence the miRs expression level, which changes the cellular profile of the content of miRs. Such significant changes in the cellular miRs profile generate subsequent biological effects through the regulation of their target genes. This review outlines the interactions between ROS and miR-200 family in different kinds of cancers in response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kozak
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Interfaculty Centre for Didactics, Department of Foreign Languages, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Kozak J, Wdowiak P, Maciejewski R, Torres A. Interactions between microRNA-200 family and Sestrin proteins in endometrial cancer cell lines and their significance to anoikis. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 459:21-34. [PMID: 31073887 PMCID: PMC6679835 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we intend to determine whether Sestrin proteins 1, 2, and 3 (SESN1-3) are targets of microRNA-200 family (miR-200) in endometrial cancer (EC) Ishikawa, AN3CA, KLE, and RL 95-2 cell lines and to investigate how these potential interactions influence anoikis resistance of EC cell lines. The luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, and western blotting assays were used to verify whether SESN1-3 are direct targets of miR-200. Moreover, the anoikis assay and transient transfections of miR-200 mimics or inhibitors into EC cell lines were performed to evaluate the modulatory role of miR-200 and SESN proteins on anoikis resistance. We demonstrated that SESN2 protein is a direct target of mir-141 in KLE and RL-95-2 EC cell lines and the functional interaction of miR-141 and SESN2 protein has a downstream effect on anoikis resistance and SESN2 expression level in Ishikawa and AN3CA cell lines. Moreover, we have shown that SESN3 protein is a direct target of miR-200b, miR-200c, and miR-429 in Ishikawa, AN3CA, and KLE cell lines. Our results show that manipulation of miR-200b, miR-200c, and miR-429 expression patterns also has an influence on anoikis resistance in EC cell lines. In conclusion, we identified new interactions between miR-200 and the oxidative stress response SESN proteins that affect anoikis resistance in human EC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kozak
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Paulina Wdowiak
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Torres
- Department of Normal Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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Cordani M, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Strippoli R, Bazhin AV, Donadelli M. Sestrins at the Interface of ROS Control and Autophagy Regulation in Health and Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1283075. [PMID: 31205582 PMCID: PMC6530209 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1283075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy are two highly complex and interrelated components of cell physiopathology, but our understanding of their integration and their contribution to cell homeostasis and disease is still limited. Sestrins (SESNs) belong to a family of highly conserved stress-inducible proteins that orchestrate antioxidant and autophagy-regulating functions protecting cells from various noxious stimuli, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and metabolic stress. They are also relevant modulators of metabolism as positive regulators of the key energy sensor AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Since perturbations in these pathways are central to multiple disorders, SESNs might constitute potential novel therapeutic targets of broad interest. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of regulatory and effector networks of SESNs, highlighting their significance as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for different diseases, such as aging-related diseases, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cordani
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit “Unidad de Nanobiotecnología”, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation & Caveolae Biology Lab, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Section of Molecular Genetics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Wei X, Mao T, Li S, He J, Hou X, Li H, Zhan M, Yang X, Li R, Xiao J, Yuan S, Sun L. DT-13 inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer via glycolytic metabolism and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 54:120-131. [PMID: 30668361 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging hallmark of cancer is reprogrammed cellular metabolism, increased glycolytic metabolism is physiological characteristic of human malignant neoplasms. Saponin monomer 13 of the dwarf lilyturf tuber (DT-13) is the main steroidal saponin from Liriopes Radix, which has been reported to exert anti-inflammation and anti-tumor activities but low toxicity to normal tissue. However, the effect of DT-13 on metabolism process is still unclear. PURPOSE This study aims to characterize the role of DT-13 in glucose metabolism in colorectal cancer cells, and investigate whether the metabolism process is involved in the anti-cancer response of DT-13. METHODS Colony formation assay was employed to determine anti-proliferative effect induced by DT-13 at 2.5, 5, 10 μM. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were detected by Annexin V/PI staining and PI staining, respectively. Genetic inhibition of glycolytic metabolism was carried out by knockdown of GLUT1. Orthotopic implantation mouse model of colorectal cancer was used to assess in vivo antitumor effect of DT-13 (0.625, 1.25, 2.5 mg/kg). The chemoprevention effect of DT-13 (10mg/kg) was evaluated by using C57BL/6J APCmin mice model. Glycolytic-related key enzymes and AMPK pathway were detected by using quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Our results showed that cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by DT-13 in a dose-dependent manner. DT-13 inhibited glucose uptake, ATP generation, and reduced lactate production. Furthermore, DT-13 remarkably inhibited GLUT1 expression in both mRNA and protein levels. Knocking down of GLUT1 led to reduced inhibition of glucose uptake after DT-13 treatment. Moreover, deletion of GLUT1 decreased inhibitory ratio of DT-13 on cancer growth. Orthotopic implantation mouse model of colorectal cancer further confirmed that DT-13 inhibited colorectal cancer growth via blocking GLUT1 in vivo. In addition, C57BL/6J APCmin mice model revealed that DT-13 dramatically reduced the total number of spontaneous adenomas in intestinal, which further confirmed the anti-tumor activity of DT-13 in colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the mechanistically investigation showed DT-13 activated AMPK and inhibited m-TOR to block cancer growth in vitro. CONCLUSION DT-13 is a potent anticancer agent for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tingting Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sijing Li
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyong He
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoying Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruiming Li
- Tasly Research Institute, Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Li Sun
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhou ZH, Wang QL, Mao LH, Li XQ, Liu P, Song JW, Liu X, Xu F, Lei J, He S. Chromatin accessibility changes are associated with enhanced growth and liver metastasis capacity of acid-adapted colorectal cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:511-522. [PMID: 30712429 PMCID: PMC6422493 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1578145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The acidic extracellular microenvironment, namely acidosis, is a biochemical hallmark of solid tumors. However, the tumorigenicity, metastatic potential, gene expression profile and chromatin accessibility of acidosis-adapted colorectal cancer cells remain unknown. The colorectal cancer cell SW620 was cultured in acidic medium (pH 6.5) for more than 3 months to be acidosis-adapted (SW620-AA). In comparison to parental cells, SW620-AA cells exhibit enhanced tumorigenicity and liver metastatic potential in vivo. Following mRNA and lncRNA expression profiling, we validated that OLMF1, NFIB, SMAD9, DGKB are upregulated, while SESN2, MAP1B, UTRN, PCDH19, IL18, LMO2, CNKSR3, GXYLT2 are downregulated in SW620-AA cells. The differentially expressed mRNAs were significantly enriched in DNA remodeling-associated pathways including HDACs deacetylate histones, SIRT1 pathway, DNA methylation, DNA bending complex, and RNA polymerase 1 chain elongation. Finally, chromatin accessibility evaluation by ATAC-sequencing revealed that the differentially opened peaks were enriched in pathways such as small cell lung cancer, pathways in cancer, ErbB signaling, endometrial cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, which were mainly distributed in intergenic regions and introns. These results suggest that the chromatin accessibility changes are correlated with enhanced growth and liver metastasis capacity of acid-adapted colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathology, the 309 hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin-Hong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Emergency, Chest Pain Center, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The 302nd hosptital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Pathology, Basic Science School, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Won DH, Chung SH, Shin JA, Hong KO, Yang IH, Yun JW, Cho SD. Induction of sestrin 2 is associated with fisetin-mediated apoptosis in human head and neck cancer cell lines. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 64:97-105. [PMID: 30936621 PMCID: PMC6436036 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fisetin was reported to have an anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity as a novel anti-cancer agent in various cancer cell lines. However, the possible molecular targets for the anti-cancer effect of fisetin in human head and neck cancer (HNCC) have not yet been clarified. In this study, the influence of fisetin on the growth and apoptosis of HNCCs were examined. In HSC3 cells, fisetin treatment reduced the viability and induced apoptosis. Through the results from the screening of the expression profile of apoptosis-related genes, sestrin 2 (SESN2) was functionally involved in fisetin-mediated apoptosis showing the knockdown of SESN2 by siRNA clearly restored fisetin-induced apoptosis. In addition, fisetin reduced the protein expression levels of phospho-mTOR (p-mTOR) and Mcl-1, which are the downstream molecules of SESN2. It also induced PARP cleavage by inducing an increase in the expression levels of SESN2 together with reducing mTOR and Mcl-1 proteins in other three HNCCs (MC3, Ca9.22, and HN22). Taken together, our findings suggest that the anti-cancer effect of fisetin on HNCCs is associated with SESN2/mTOR/Mcl-1 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hoon Won
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hye Chung
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ok Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hyoung Yang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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