1
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Wang Z, Wang Q, Qin F, Chen J. Exosomes: a promising avenue for cancer diagnosis beyond treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1344705. [PMID: 38419843 PMCID: PMC10900531 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1344705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, have garnered significant attention in recent years for their remarkable therapeutic potential. These nanoscale carriers can be harnessed for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, such as pharmaceuticals, proteins, and nucleic acids, across biological barriers. This versatile attribute of exosomes is a promising modality for precision medicine applications, notably in the realm of cancer therapy. However, despite their substantial therapeutic potential, exosomes still confront challenges tied to standardization and scalability that impede their practice in clinical applications. Moreover, heterogeneity in isolation methodologies and limited cargo loading mechanisms pose obstacles to ensuring consistent outcomes, thereby constraining their therapeutic utility. In contrast, exosomes exhibit a distinct advantage in cancer diagnosis, as they harbor specific signatures reflective of the tumor's genetic and proteomic profile. This characteristic endows them with the potential to serve as valuable liquid biopsies for non-invasive and real-time monitoring, making possible early cancer detection for the development of personalized treatment strategies. In this review, we provide an extensive evaluation of the advancements in exosome research, critically examining their advantages and limitations in the context of cancer therapy and early diagnosis. Furthermore, we present a curated overview of the most recent technological innovations utilizing exosomes, with a focus on enhancing the efficacy of early cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wang
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute for Breast Health Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Qin
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute for Breast Health Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Han L, Zhang Z, Wang C, Long W, Meng K, Wang X. Research progress of extracellular vesicles in the treatment of ovarian diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:15. [PMID: 38125352 PMCID: PMC10728905 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ovary is an essential reproductive organ in the female organism and its development seriously affects the physical and mental health of female patients. Ovarian diseases include ovarian cancer, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women should pay attention to the most effective treatments for this condition because it is one of the most prevalent gynecological illnesses at present. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are smaller vesicles that mediate the exchange of cellular information, include the three categories of exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. They are able to transport proteins, RNA and other substances to adjacent or distal cells, thus allowing cellular and tissue homeostasis to be maintained. Numerous previous studies have revealed that EVs are crucial for the treatment of ovarian diseases. They are known to transport its contents to ovarian cancer cells as well as other ovarian cells such as granulosa cells, affecting the development of ovarian disease processes. Therefore, this extracellular vesicle may be involved as a target in the therapeutic process of ovarian disease and may have great potential in the treatment of ovarian disease. In the present review, the role of EVs in the development of three ovarian diseases, including ovarian cancer, POI and PCOS, was mainly summarizes. It is expected that this will provide some theoretical support for the treatment of ovarian disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Linqi Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Caiqin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Wei Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
- College of Second Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Kai Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
- Lin He's Academician Workstation of New Medicine and Clinical Translation, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
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3
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Altıntaş Ö, Saylan Y. Exploring the Versatility of Exosomes: A Review on Isolation, Characterization, Detection Methods, and Diverse Applications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16029-16048. [PMID: 37874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and can be classified based on their physical properties, biomolecular structure, and origin. Among EVs, exosomes have garnered significant attention due to their potential as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Exosomes are released via fusion of multivesicular bodies on plasma membranes and can be isolated from various biofluids using methods such as differential ultracentrifugation, immune affinity capture, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. Herein, an overview of different techniques for exosome characterization and isolation, as well as the diverse applications of exosome detection, including their potential use in drug delivery and disease diagnosis, is provided. Additionally, we discuss the emerging field of exosome detection by sensors, which offers an up-and-coming avenue for point-of-care diagnostic tools development. Overall, this review aims to provide a exhaustive and up-to-date summary of the current state of exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Altıntaş
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Ghodasara A, Raza A, Wolfram J, Salomon C, Popat A. Clinical Translation of Extracellular Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301010. [PMID: 37421185 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) occur in a variety of bodily fluids and have gained recent attraction as natural materials due to their bioactive surfaces, internal cargo, and role in intercellular communication. EVs contain various biomolecules, including surface and cytoplasmic proteins; and nucleic acids that are often representative of the originating cells. EVs can transfer content to other cells, a process that is thought to be important for several biological processes, including immune responses, oncogenesis, and angiogenesis. An increased understanding of the underlying mechanisms of EV biogenesis, composition, and function has led to an exponential increase in preclinical and clinical assessment of EVs for biomedical applications, such as diagnostics and drug delivery. Bacterium-derived EV vaccines have been in clinical use for decades and a few EV-based diagnostic assays regulated under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments have been approved for use in single laboratories. Though, EV-based products are yet to receive widespread clinical approval from national regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and European Medicine Agency (EMA), many are in late-stage clinical trials. This perspective sheds light on the unique characteristics of EVs, highlighting current clinical trends, emerging applications, challenges and future perspectives of EVs in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Ghodasara
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Aun Raza
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Department of Research, Postgraduate and Further Education (DIPEC), Falcuty of Health Sciences, University of Alba, Santiago, 8320000, Chile
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
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Kim SJ, Mesquita FCP, Hochman-Mendez C. New Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease. Tex Heart Inst J 2023; 50:e238178. [PMID: 37846107 PMCID: PMC10658139 DOI: 10.14503/thij-23-8178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Early detection and treatment of cardiovascular disease are crucial for patient survival and long-term health. Despite advances in cardiovascular disease biomarkers, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease continues to increase worldwide as the global population ages. To address this problem, novel biomarkers that are more sensitive and specific to cardiovascular diseases must be developed and incorporated into clinical practice. Exosomes are promising biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. These small vesicles are produced and released into body fluids by all cells and carry specific information that can be correlated with disease progression. This article reviews the advantages and limitations of existing biomarkers for cardiovascular disease, such as cardiac troponin and cytokines, and discusses recent evidence suggesting the promise of exosomes as cardiovascular disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Kim
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Camila Hochman-Mendez
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas
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6
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Kumar S, Dhar R, Kumar LBSS, Shivji GG, Jayaraj R, Devi A. Theranostic signature of tumor-derived exosomes in cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:321. [PMID: 37798480 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the most challenging global health crisis. In the recent times, studies on extracellular vesicles (EVs) are adding a new chapter to cancer research and reports on EVs explores cancer in a new dimension. Exosomes are a group of subpopulations of EVs. It originates from the endosomes and carries biologically active molecules to the neighboring cells which in turn transforms the recipient cell activity. In general, it plays a role in cellular communication. The correlation between exosomes and cancer is fascinating. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) play a dynamic role in cancer progression and are associated with uncontrolled cell growth, angiogenesis, immune suppression, and metastasis. Its molecular cargo is an excellent source of cancer biomarkers. Several advanced molecular profiling approaches assist in exploring the TEXs in depth. This paves the way for a strong foundation for identifying and detecting more specific and efficient biomarkers. TEXs are also gaining importance in scientific society for its role in cancer therapy and several clinical trials based on TEXs is a proof of its significance. In this review, we have highlighted the role of TEXs in mediating immune cell reprogramming, cancer development, metastasis, EMT, organ-specific metastasis, and its clinical significance in cancer theranostics. TEXs profiling is an effective method to understand the complications associated with cancer leading to good health and well-being of the individual and society as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samruti Kumar
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Lokesh Babu Sirkali Suresh Kumar
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Gauresh Gurudas Shivji
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Rama Jayaraj
- Jindal Institute of Behavioral Sciences (JIBS), Jindal Global Institution of Eminence Deemed to Be University, 28, Sonipat, 131001, India
- Director of Clinical Sciences, Northern Territory Institute of Research and Training, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Jo A, Green A, Medina JE, Iyer S, Ohman AW, McCarthy ET, Reinhardt F, Gerton T, Demehin D, Mishra R, Kolin DL, Zheng H, Cheon J, Crum CP, Weinberg RA, Rueda BR, Castro CM, Dinulescu DM, Lee H. Inaugurating High-Throughput Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles for Earlier Ovarian Cancer Detection. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301930. [PMID: 37485618 PMCID: PMC10520636 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Detecting early cancer through liquid biopsy is challenging due to the lack of specific biomarkers for early lesions and potentially low levels of these markers. The current study systematically develops an extracellular-vesicle (EV)-based test for early detection, specifically focusing on high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). The marker selection is based on emerging insights into HGSOC pathogenesis, notably that it arises from precursor lesions within the fallopian tube. This work thus establishes murine fallopian tube (mFT) cells with oncogenic mutations and performs proteomic analyses on mFT-derived EVs. The identified markers are then evaluated with an orthotopic HGSOC animal model. In serially-drawn blood of tumor-bearing mice, mFT-EV markers increase with tumor initiation, supporting their potential use in early cancer detection. A pilot clinical study (n = 51) further narrows EV markers to five candidates, EpCAM, CD24, VCAN, HE4, and TNC. The combined expression of these markers distinguishes HGSOC from non-cancer with 89% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The same markers are also effective in classifying three groups (non-cancer, early-stage HGSOC, and late-stage HGSOC). The developed approach, for the first time inaugurated in fallopian tube-derived EVs, could be a minimally invasive tool to monitor women at high risk of ovarian cancer for timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Jo
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic ScienceSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Allen Green
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Jamie E. Medina
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Sonia Iyer
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Anders W. Ohman
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Eric T. McCarthy
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ferenc Reinhardt
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Thomas Gerton
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Daniel Demehin
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ranjan Mishra
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - David L. Kolin
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic ScienceSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher P. Crum
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Robert A. Weinberg
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Bo R. Rueda
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Cesar M. Castro
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - Daniela M. Dinulescu
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic ScienceSeoul03722Republic of Korea
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8
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An J, Park H, Kim J, Park H, Kim TH, Park C, Kim J, Lee MH, Lee T. Extended-Gate Field-Effect Transistor Consisted of a CD9 Aptamer and MXene for Exosome Detection in Human Serum. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3174-3186. [PMID: 37585601 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer progresses silently to the terminal stage of the impossible operable condition. There are many limitations in the treatment options of cancer, but diagnosis in an early stage can improve survival rates and low recurrence. Exosomes are the biomolecules released from cancer cells and are promising candidates for clinical diagnosis. Among them, the cluster of differentiation 9 (CD9) protein is an important exosomal biomarker that can be used for exosome determination. Therefore, here, a CD9 aptamer was first synthesized and applied to an extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET)-type biosensor containing a disposable sensing membrane to suggest the possibility of detecting exosomes in a clinical environment. Systematically evaluating ligands using the exponential enrichment (SELEX) technique was performed to select nucleic acid sequences that can specifically target the CD9 protein. Exosomes were detected according to the electrical signal changes on a membrane, which is an extended gate using an Au microelectrode. The fabricated biosensor showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 10.64 pM for CD9 proteins, and the detection range was determined from 10 pM to 1 μM in the buffer. In the case of the clinical test, the LOD and detection ranges of exosomes in human serum samples were 6.41 × 102 exosomes/mL and 1 × 103 to 1 × 107 exosomes/mL, respectively, showing highly reliable results with low error rates. These findings suggest that the proposed aptasensor can be a powerful tool for a simple and early diagnosis of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyun An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbin Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06910, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06910, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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9
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Karimi F, Azadbakht O, Veisi A, Sabaghan M, Owjfard M, Kharazinejad E, Dinarvand N. Liquid biopsy in ovarian cancer: advantages and limitations for prognosis and diagnosis. Med Oncol 2023; 40:265. [PMID: 37561363 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a highly fatal gynecologic malignancy, often diagnosed at an advanced stage which presents significant challenges for disease management. The clinical application of conventional tissue biopsy methods and serological biomarkers has limitations for the diagnosis and prognosis of OC patients. Liquid biopsy is a novel sampling method that involves analyzing distinctive tumor elements secreted into the peripheral blood. Growing evidence suggests that liquid biopsy methods such as circulating tumor cells, cell-free RNA, circulating tumor DNA, exosomes, and tumor-educated platelets may improve early prognosis and diagnosis of OC, leading to enhanced therapeutic management of the disease. This study reviewed the evidence demonstrating the utility of liquid biopsy components in OC prognosis and diagnosis, and evaluated the current advantages and limitations of these methods. Additionally, the existing obstacles and crucial topics for future studies utilizing liquid biopsy in OC patients were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Karimi
- Department of Physiology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Omid Azadbakht
- Department of Radiology Technology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Ali Veisi
- Department of Physiology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sabaghan
- Department of Parasitology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology (UAST), Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Negar Dinarvand
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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10
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Gonzalez Fernandez J, Moncayo Arlandi J, Ochando A, Simon C, Vilella F. The role of extracellular vesicles in intercellular communication in human reproduction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:281-301. [PMID: 36762584 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Embryo-maternal cross-talk has emerged as a vitally important process for embryo development and implantation, which is driven by secreted factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The EV cargo of bioactive molecules significantly influences target cells and primes them for critical stages of reproductive biology, including embryo development, adhesion, and implantation. Recent research has suggested that EVs and their cargo represent a powerful non-invasive tool that can be leveraged to assess embryo and maternal tissue quality during assisted reproduction treatments. Here, we review the current scientific literature regarding the intercellular cross-talk between embryos and maternal tissues from fertilization to implantation, focusing on human biology and signaling mechanisms identified in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gonzalez Fernandez
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Moncayo Arlandi
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ochando
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Simon
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe Vilella
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Khazaei F, Rezakhani L, Alizadeh M, Mahdavian E, Khazaei M. Exosomes and exosome-loaded scaffolds: Characterization and application in modern regenerative medicine. Tissue Cell 2023; 80:102007. [PMID: 36577349 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) are extracellular vesicles derived from the endosome. These heterogeneous nanoparticles (30-150 nm) are secreted from various cells and play important biological roles in intercellular communication. EXOs have received much attention for application in regenerative therapies and tissue repair due to their stability, biosafety, and functional versatility. However, in their free forms, "EXOs have poor bioavailability" at the site of action and are devoid of controlled-release mechanisms. These issues have been largely remedied by scaffolding EXOs with appropriate biomaterials such as hydrogels to create EXOs -loaded scaffold (ELS). These biomaterial-based scaffolds can be rationally designed and functionalized to enhance various aspects of ELS including bioavailability, biocompatibility, and loading/release control. Additionally, the ELS are superior to free EXOs due to reduced injection-related side effects. This review article provides a comprehensive and updated account of EXOs and ELS isolation, characterization, and application in regenerative medicine with a focus on soft tissue repair. We also offer insights into the advantages of ELS therapy compared to stem cell therapy towards application in wound healing, cardiac and bone repair. ELS promotes cell migration to the scaffold and will cause better homing of exosomes. Different types of scaffolds are made and each one can be modified based on the repair in the target tissues so that the reactions between the scaffold and exosome take place properly and effective signals are created for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khazaei
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Elahe Mahdavian
- Louisiana State University in Shreveport, One University Place, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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12
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Jo A, Green A, Medina JE, Iyer S, Ohman AW, McCarthy ET, Reinhardt F, Gerton T, Demehin D, Mishra R, Kolin DL, Zheng H, Crum CP, Weinberg RA, Rueda BR, Castro CM, Dinulescu DM, Lee H. Profiling extracellular vesicles in circulation enables the early detection of ovarian cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524549. [PMID: 36711872 PMCID: PMC9882285 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors in both cell type and natural history. While outcomes are generally favorable when detected early, the most common subtype, high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSOC), typically presents at an advanced stage and portends less favorable prognoses. Its aggressive nature has thwarted early detection efforts through conventional detection methods such as serum CA125 and ultrasound screening and thus inspired the investigation of novel biomarkers. Here, we report the systematic development of an extracellular-vesicle (EV)-based test to detect early-stage HGSOC. Our study is based on emerging insights into HGSOC biology, notably that it arises from precursor lesions within the fallopian tube before traveling to ovarian and/or peritoneal surfaces. To identify HGSOC marker candidates, we established murine fallopian tube (mFT) cells with oncogenic mutations in Brca1/2, Tp53 , and Pten genes, and performed proteomic analyses on mFT EVs. The identified markers were then evaluated with an orthotopic HGSOC animal model. In serially-drawn blood samples of tumor-bearing mice, mFT-EV markers increased with tumor initiation, supporting their potential use in early cancer detection. A pilot human clinical study ( n = 51) further narrowed EV markers to five candidates, EpCAM, CD24, VCAN, HE4, and TNC. Combined expression of these markers achieved high OvCa diagnostic accuracy (cancer vs. non-cancer) with a sensitivity of 0.89 and specificity of 0.93. The same five markers were also effective in a three-group classification: non-cancer, early-stage (I & II) HGSOC, and late-stage (III & IV) HGSOC. In particular, they differentiated early-stage HGSOC from the rest with a specificity of 0.91. Minimally invasive and repeatable, this EV-based testing could be a versatile and serial tool for informing patient care and monitoring women at high risk for ovarian cancer.
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13
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Gong X, Chi H, Strohmer DF, Teichmann AT, Xia Z, Wang Q. Exosomes: A potential tool for immunotherapy of ovarian cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1089410. [PMID: 36741380 PMCID: PMC9889675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1089410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, with a very poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most common treatments for ovarian cancer, with unsatisfactory results. Exosomes are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, which have a diameter of approximately 30-100 nm and are secreted by many different types of cells in various body fluids. Exosomes are highly stable and are effective carriers of immunotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are involved in various cellular responses in the tumor microenvironment, influencing the development and therapeutic efficacy of ovarian cancer, and exhibiting dual roles in inhibiting and promoting tumor development. Exosomes also contain a variety of genes related to ovarian cancer immunotherapy that could be potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Undoubtedly, exosomes have great therapeutic potential in the field of ovarian cancer immunotherapy. However, translation of this idea to the clinic has not occurred. Therefore, it is important to understand how exosomes could be used in ovarian cancer immunotherapy to regulate tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the biomarkers of exosomes in different body fluids related to immunotherapy in ovarian cancer and the potential mechanisms by which exosomes influence immunotherapeutic response. We also discuss the prospects for clinical application of exosome-based immunotherapy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dorothee Franziska Strohmer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Tobias Teichmann
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynecology and Breast Diseases (Gynecology), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Qin Wang,
| | - Qin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynecology and Breast Diseases (Gynecology), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Qin Wang,
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14
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Majood M, Rawat S, Mohanty S. Delineating the role of extracellular vesicles in cancer metastasis: A comprehensive review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:966661. [PMID: 36059497 PMCID: PMC9439583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are subcellular messengers that aid in the formation and spread of cancer by enabling tumor-stroma communication. EVs develop from the very porous structure of late endosomes and hold information on both the intrinsic “status” of the cell and the extracellular signals absorbed by the cells from their surroundings. These EVs contain physiologically useful components, including as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, which have been found to activate important signaling pathways in tumor and tumor microenvironment (TME) cells, aggravating tumor growth. We highlight critical cell biology mechanisms that link EVS formation to cargo sorting in cancer cells in this review.Sorting out the signals that control EVs creation, cargo, and delivery will aid our understanding of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we reviewed how cancer development and spreading behaviors are affected by coordinated communication between malignant and non-malignant cells. Herein, we studied the reciprocal exchanges via EVs in various cancer types. Further research into the pathophysiological functions of various EVs in tumor growth is likely to lead to the discovery of new biomarkers in liquid biopsy and the development of tumor-specific therapies.
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15
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Arifin DR, Witwer KW, Bulte JWM. Non-Invasive imaging of extracellular vesicles: Quo vaditis in vivo? J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12241. [PMID: 35844061 PMCID: PMC9289215 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer delimited vesicles released by nearly all cell types that serve as mediators of intercellular signalling. Recent evidence has shown that EVs play a key role in many normal as well as pathological cellular processes. EVs can be exploited as disease biomarkers and also as targeted, cell-free therapeutic delivery and signalling vehicles for use in regenerative medicine and other clinical settings. Despite this potential, much remains unknown about the in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profiles of EVs after administration into living subjects. The ability to non-invasively image exogeneous EVs, especially in larger animals, will allow a better understanding of their in vivo homing and retention patterns, blood and tissue half-life, and excretion pathways, all of which are needed to advance clinical diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications of EVs. We present the current state-of-the-art methods for labeling EVs with various diagnostic contrast agents and tracers and the respective imaging modalities that can be used for their in vivo visualization: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, magnetic particle imaging (MPI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and optical imaging (fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging). We review here the strengths and weaknesses of each of these EV imaging approaches, with special emphasis on clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian R. Arifin
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceDivision of MR Researchthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology ProgramInstitute for Cell Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiologythe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Neurologythe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceDivision of MR Researchthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology ProgramInstitute for Cell Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Oncologythe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Biomedical Engineeringthe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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16
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Comprehensive Review on Development of Early Diagnostics on Oral Cancer with a Special Focus on Biomarkers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
One of the most frequent head and neck cancers is oral cancer, with less than half of those diagnosed surviving five years. Despite breakthroughs in the treatment of many other cancers, the prognosis for people with OSCC remains dismal. The conventional methods of detection include a thorough clinical examination, biochemical investigations, and invasive biopsies. Early identification and treatment are important for a better chance of extending a patient’s life. Early diagnosis may be possible by identifying biomarkers in biological fluids. Currently, the primary method for diagnosing oral lesions is a visual oral examination; however, such a technique has certain drawbacks, as individuals are recognized after their cancer has advanced to a severe degree. The first section of this review discusses several diagnostic techniques for cancer detection, while the second section discusses the present state of knowledge about known existing predictive markers for the timely identification of malignant lesions, as well as disease activity tracking. The aim of the paper is to conduct a critical review of existing oral cancer diagnostic processes and to consider the possible application of innovative technology for early detection. This might broaden our diagnostic choices and enhance our capacity to identify and treat oral malignant tumors more effectively.
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17
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Hossain KR, Escobar Bermeo JD, Warton K, Valenzuela SM. New Approaches and Biomarker Candidates for the Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:819183. [PMID: 35223789 PMCID: PMC8867026 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.819183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K R Hossain
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J D Escobar Bermeo
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-user Analysis at Low-levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K Warton
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - S M Valenzuela
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-user Analysis at Low-levels (IDEAL), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Yu Z, Lin S, Xia F, Liu Y, Zhang D, Wang F, Wang Y, Li Q, Niu J, Cao C, Cui D, Sheng N, Ren J, Wang Z, Chen D. ExoSD chips for high-purity immunomagnetic separation and high-sensitivity detection of gastric cancer cell-derived exosomes. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 194:113594. [PMID: 34474280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer cell-derived exosomes as biomarkers have a very high application potential to the non-invasive detection of early-stage gastric cancer. However, the small size of exosomes (30-150 nm) results in huge challenges in separating and detecting them from complex media (e.g., plasma, urine, saliva, and cell culture supernatant). Here we proposed a highly integrated exosome separation and detection (ExoSD) chip to immunomagnetic separate exosomes from cell culture supernatant in a manner of continuous flow, and to immunofluorescence detect gastric cancer cell-derived exosomes with high sensitivity. The ExoSD chip has achieved a high exosome recovery (>80%) and purity (>83%) at the injection rate of 4.8 mL/h. Furthermore, experimental results based on clinical serum samples of patients with gastric cancer (stages I and II) show that the detection rate of the ExoSD chip is as high as 70%. The proposed ExoSD chip has been successfully demonstrated as a cutting-edge platform for exosomes separation and detection. It can be served as a versatile platform to extend to the applications of separation and detection of the other cell-derived exosomes or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Yu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Fangfang Xia
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, School of Medicin, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yanlei Liu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- Center for Advanced Electronic Materials and Devices (AEMD), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yanpu Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Qichao Li
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Niu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Chengxi Cao
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Nengquan Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Jiazi Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
| | - Di Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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19
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Rana R, Sharma S, Ganguly NK. Comprehensive overview of extracellular vesicle proteomics in meningioma: future strategy. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8061-8074. [PMID: 34687392 PMCID: PMC8536918 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Meningioma arising from meninges is one among the various types of brain tumors. Others are, astrocytomas originating from astrocyte, oligodendrogliomas originating from oligodendrocyte, Ependymomas originating from ependymal cells and medulloblastomas originating from neurons. Current knowledge of molecular biology, genetics and epigenetics of meningioma is not sufficient. Therefore, In depth understanding of the mechanism of meningioma formation and progression is needed for its treatment and management. Grade I Grade I meningiomas are majorly classified as grade I, grade II and grade III. Meningioma can be indolent, slow growing or can be invasive and metastatic which can recurre. Grade I meningioma can be removed by surgery in comparison to invasive meningioma which may recurre with high propensity. This property of recurrence is responsible for high morbidity and mortality. Meningioma are majorly classified into three classes namely grade I, grade II, grade III. Protein biomarkers are considered as promising candidates for the diagnosis of meningioma. Study Various studies done on differential expression of proteins have shown increased expression of EGFR, NEK9, EPS812, CKAP4, SET and STAT2, in all the three grades of meningioma. Additionally, some proteins like HK2 are overexpressed in grade II and grade III meningioma than in grade I meningioma. Protein Markers, found on extracellular vesicles of different grades of meningioma can serve the same purpose. A test done on a sample of any kind of body fluid like blood, tear, saliva, urine etc. for recognizing the circulating cancer cells or DNA and extracellular vesicles released from them to help detecting the early stage of cancer is known as liquid biopsy. Solid biopsy has several limitations as compared to liquid biopsy. This is because the samples can be easily collected and studied in case of liquid biopsy. Exosomes are related with liquid biopsy and hence provide platform for better diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of any type of cancer including meningioma. Exosomal tetraspanin are important example of exosomal biomarkers. The tetraspanin network is a molecular scaffold which connects various proteins for signal transduction. Conclusion This study tells about the utility of proper knowledge of extracellular vesicle proteins and their profiles in different grades, which can help in better understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of meningioma. In Addition to use of these proteins as biomarkers, role of exosomes in currently available therapeutic approaches has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India
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20
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Li P, Bai Y, Shan B, Zhang W, Liu Z, Zhu Y, Xu X, Chen Q, Sheng X, Deng X, Guo Z, Zhang D, Wang H, Zhang Y, Hu Y. Exploration of Potential Diagnostic Value of Protein Content in Serum Small Extracellular Vesicles for Early-Stage Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:707658. [PMID: 34604046 PMCID: PMC8479155 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.707658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies with a high mortality rate. Serum biomarkers and imaging approaches are insufficient in identifying EOC patients at an early stage. This study is to set up a combination of proteins from serum small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) for the diagnosis of early-stage EOC and to determine its performance. A biomarker for early-stage ovarian cancer (BESOC) cohort was used as a Chinese multi-center population-based biomarker study and registered as a Chinese Clinical Trial ChiCTR2000040136. The sEV protein levels of CA125, HE4, and C5a were measured in 299 subjects. Logistic regression was exploited to calculate the odds ratio and to create the sEV protein model for the predicted probability and subsequently receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The combined sEV marker panel of CA125, HE4, and C5a as a sEV model obtained an area under curve (AUC) of 0.912, which was greater than the serum model (0.809), by ROC analysis to identify EOC patients from the whole cohort. With the cutoff of 0.370, the sensitivity and specificity of the sEV model were 0.80 and 0.89, which were much better performance than the serum markers (sensitivity: 0.55~0.66; specificity: 0.59~0.68) and the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA) index approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (sensitivity: 0.65; specificity: 0.61), to identify EOC patients from patients with benign ovarian diseases or other controls. The sEV levels of CA125 significantly differed among early-stage and late-stage EOC (p < 0.001). Moreover, the AUC of ROC to identify early-stage EOC patients was 0.888. Further investigation revealed that the sEV levels of these 3 proteins significantly decreased after cytoreductive surgery (CA125, p = 0.008; HE4, p = 0.025; C5a, p = 0.044). In summary, our study showed that CA125, HE4, and C5a levels in serum sEVs can identify EOC patients at the early stage, elucidating the possibility of using a sEV model for the diagnosis of early-stage EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuezong Bai
- 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Boer Shan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yingjie Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | | | - Qian Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Yunnan Tumor Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiujie Sheng
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Gynecology Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Deng
- Gynecology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengchen Guo
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Huaying Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yuanjing Hu
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China
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21
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Croft PKD, Sharma S, Godbole N, Rice GE, Salomon C. Ovarian-Cancer-Associated Extracellular Vesicles: Microenvironmental Regulation and Potential Clinical Applications. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092272. [PMID: 34571921 PMCID: PMC8471580 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most diagnosed gynecological cancers in women. Due to the lack of effective early stage screening, women are more often diagnosed at an advanced stage; therefore, it is associated with poor patient outcomes. There are a lack of tools to identify patients at the highest risk of developing this cancer. Moreover, early detection strategies, therapeutic approaches, and real-time monitoring of responses to treatment to improve survival and quality of life are also inadequate. Tumor development and progression are dependent upon cell-to-cell communication, allowing cancer cells to re-program cells not only within the surrounding tumor microenvironment, but also at distant sites. Recent studies established that extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate bi-directional communication between normal and cancerous cells. EVs are highly stable membrane vesicles that are released from a wide range of cells, including healthy and cancer cells. They contain tissue-specific signaling molecules (e.g., proteins and miRNA) and, once released, regulate target cell phenotypes, inducing a pro-tumorigenic and immunosuppressive phenotype to contribute to tumor growth and metastasis as well as proximal and distal cell function. Thus, EVs are a “fingerprint” of their cell of origin and reflect the metabolic status. Additionally, via the capacity to evade the immune system and remain stable over long periods in circulation, EVs can be potent therapeutic agents. This review examines the potential role of EVs in the different aspects of the tumor microenvironment in OC, as well as their application in diagnosis, delivery of therapeutic agents, and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyakshi Kalita-de Croft
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
| | - Nihar Godbole
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
| | - Gregory E. Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3346-5500; Fax: +61-7-3346-5509
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22
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Thakur A, Ke X, Chen YW, Motallebnejad P, Zhang K, Lian Q, Chen HJ. The mini player with diverse functions: extracellular vesicles in cell biology, disease, and therapeutics. Protein Cell 2021; 13:631-654. [PMID: 34374936 PMCID: PMC9233731 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny biological nanovesicles ranging from approximately 30-1000 nm in diameter that are released into the extracellular matrix of most cell types and in biofluids. The classification of EVs includes exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, dependent on various factors such as size, markers, and biogenesis pathways. The transition of EV relevance from that of being assumed as a trash bag to be a key player in critical physiological and pathological conditions has been revolutionary in many ways. EVs have been recently revealed to play a crucial role in stem cell biology and cancer progression via intercellular communication, contributing to organ development and the progression of cancer. This review focuses on the significant research progress made so far in the role of the crosstalk between EVs and stem cells and their niche, and cellular communication among different germ layers in developmental biology. In addition, it discusses the role of EVs in cancer progression and their application as therapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles. All such discoveries have been facilitated by tremendous technological advancements in EV-associated research, especially the microfluidics systems. Their pros and cons in the context of characterization of EVs are also extensively discussed in this review. This review also deliberates the role of EVs in normal cell processes and disease conditions, and their application as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Finally, we propose future perspectives for EV-related research in stem cell and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Thakur
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Ke
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Pedram Motallebnejad
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kui Zhang
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. .,Prenatal Diagnostic Center and Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, the University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. .,The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Singh K, Nalabotala R, Koo KM, Bose S, Nayak R, Shiddiky MJA. Separation of distinct exosome subpopulations: isolation and characterization approaches and their associated challenges. Analyst 2021; 146:3731-3749. [PMID: 33988193 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that serve as a communications system between cells and have shown tremendous promise as liquid biopsy biomarkers in diagnostic, prognostic, and even therapeutic use in different human diseases. Due to the natural heterogeneity of exosomes, there is a need to separate exosomes into distinct biophysical and/or biochemical subpopulations to enable full interrogation of exosome biology and function prior to the possibility of clinical translation. Currently, there exists a multitude of different exosome isolation and characterization approaches which can, in limited capacity, separate exosomes based on biophysical and/or biochemical characteristics. While notable reviews in recent years have reviewed these approaches for bulk exosome sorting, we herein present a comprehensive overview of various conventional technologies and modern microfluidic and nanotechnological advancements towards isolation and characterization of exosome subpopulations. The benefits and limitations of these different technologies to improve their use for distinct exosome subpopulations in clinical practices are also discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the most commonly encountered technical and biological challenges for effective separation of exosome subpopulations is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Singh
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, UP, India.
| | - Ruchika Nalabotala
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, UP, India.
| | - Kevin M Koo
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Sudeep Bose
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, UP, India
| | - Ranu Nayak
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, UP, India.
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- School of Environment and Natural Sciences and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
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24
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Wang J, Huang X, Xie J, Han Y, Huang Y, Zhang H. Exosomal analysis: Advances in biosensor technology. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 518:142-150. [PMID: 33811925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a subtype of extracellular vesicle secreted by cells, have been a subject of intense research interest. Unfortunately, a simple and reliable method to separate exosomes has yet to be developed. As can be expected, the lack of a standardized method for extraction and purification has contributed to suboptimal inter-laboratory correlation and difficulty in comparison studies. Traditional techniques such as centrifugation, immunoaffinity and size exclusion chromatography, suffer from low purity and tend to be labor intensive thus making their use limited. To mitigate these drawbacks, an integrated biosensor-based exosome separation and detection has recently been developed. In this review, we examine five biosensors that use a variety of detection technology (colorimetric, fluorescent, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman scattering and electrochemical) and propose thoughts on standardization of exosomal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xinyue Huang
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiali Xie
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunwei Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanshuai Huang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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25
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Emerging technologies and commercial products in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113176. [PMID: 33845291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Academic and industrial groups worldwide have reported technological advances in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the potential translation of these emerging technologies for research and clinical settings remains unknown. This work overviews the role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, followed by a survey on emerging exosome technologies, particularly microfluidic advances for the isolation and detection of exosomes in cancer research. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the technologies used for the isolation, detection and engineering of exosomes are evaluated to address their clinical challenges for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, commercial platforms for exosomal detection and analysis are introduced, and their performance and impact on cancer diagnosis and prognosis are assessed. Also, the risks associated with the further development of the next generation of exosome devices are discussed. The outcome of this work could facilitate recognizing deliverable Exo-devices and technologies with unprecedented functionality and predictable manufacturability for the next-generation of cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Abstract
Emerging evidences have implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoparticles secreted by cells, in regulating cancer progression. Several seminal studies on EVs have added an additional layer to the previously unanswered questions in understanding the complexity of diseases such as cancer. It has been observed that EV content is highly heterogenous and it likely reflects the dynamic state of the parent cell. Hence, these nano-sized vesicles have been proposed as reservoirs of cancer biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Due to their presence in almost all biological fluids, ability to display membrane, and sometimes cytosolic, cargo of its host cell and increase in their number during disease states has supported the potential utility of EVs as an alternative to current methods of cancer diagnosis. The following chapter will discuss the use of cancer cell-derived EVs as a resource of tumor specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis of disease. In addition, EVs could also be used in personalised medicine as a resource of predictive biomarkers to understand a patient's response to therapy. Overall, EVs could be exploited as a source of cancer biomarkers and could aid in treatment and stratification options to improve patient survival and quality of life.
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27
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Liu X, Wang Q, Chen J, Chen X, Yang W. Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor for the detection of tumor exosomes based on peptide recognition and luminol-AuNPs@g-C3N4 nanoprobe signal amplification. Talanta 2021; 221:121379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Tiwari S, Kumar V, Randhawa S, Verma SK. Preparation and characterization of extracellular vesicles. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13367. [PMID: 33118232 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membranous vesicles secreted by every cell type and offer significant potential in therapy and diagnostics. Differential ultracentrifugation is the gold standard for EV isolation, although other techniques including, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, immunoprecipitation, size exclusion chromatography, and immuno-isolation approaches are common. Purified EVs can be characterized based on their physical characteristics, biochemical composition, or cell of origin. For size and concentration measurement, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron microscopy are commonly employed methods. Biochemical analyses of EVs are typically performed using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, or proteomic investigation. Based on tissue of origin, EVs have specific markers that can be used to isolate and purify specific cell-associated EVs using an affinity selection approach. Despite existence of several methods for isolation and characterization, major limitations associated with each method hinder the progress of the field. Evolving concepts in EV biology possess great promise for better isolation and characterization leading to a better insight of biological function and have immense clinical implications. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in EV isolation and characterization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi PGI, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi PGI, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Santosh K Verma
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi PGI, Lucknow, India
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29
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Detection of Salivary Small Extracellular Vesicles Associated Inflammatory Cytokines Gene Methylation in Gingivitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155273. [PMID: 32722322 PMCID: PMC7432462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are emerging as a potential liquid biopsy for oral diseases. However, technical difficulties for salivary sEV isolation remain a challenge. Twelve participants (five periodontally healthy, seven gingivitis patients) were recruited and salivary sEV were isolated by ultracentrifuge (UC-sEV) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC-sEV). The effect of UC and SEC on sEV yield, DNA methylation of five cytokine gene promoters (interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10), and functional uptake by human primary gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) was investigated. The results demonstrated that SEC-sEV had a higher yield of particles and particle/protein ratios compared to UC-sEV, with a minimal effect on the detection of DNA methylation of five cytokine genes and functional uptake in hGFs (n = 3). Comparing salivary sEV characteristics between gingivitis and healthy patients, gingivitis-UC-sEV were increased compared to the healthy group; while no differences were found in sEV size, oral bacterial gDNA, and DNA methylation for five cytokine gene promoters, for both UC-sEV and SEC-sEV. Overall, the data indicate that SEC results in a higher yield of salivary sEV, with no significant differences in sEV DNA epigenetics, compared to UC.
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30
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Gandham S, Su X, Wood J, Nocera AL, Alli SC, Milane L, Zimmerman A, Amiji M, Ivanov AR. Technologies and Standardization in Research on Extracellular Vesicles. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1066-1098. [PMID: 32564882 PMCID: PMC7302792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer membrane-enclosed structures containing RNAs, proteins, lipids, metabolites, and other molecules, secreted by various cells into physiological fluids. EV-mediated transfer of biomolecules is a critical component of a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Potential applications of EVs in novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have brought increasing attention. However, EV research remains highly challenging due to the inherently complex biogenesis of EVs and their vast heterogeneity in size, composition, and origin. There is a need for the establishment of standardized methods that address EV heterogeneity and sources of pre-analytical and analytical variability in EV studies. Here, we review technologies developed for EV isolation and characterization and discuss paths toward standardization in EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srujan Gandham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xianyi Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacqueline Wood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angela L Nocera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarath Chandra Alli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lara Milane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Han P, Bartold PM, Salomon C, Ivanovski S. Salivary Small Extracellular Vesicles Associated miRNAs in Periodontal Status-A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2809. [PMID: 32316600 PMCID: PMC7215885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This pilot study aims to investigate whether salivary small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-associated microRNAs could act as potential biomarkers for periodontal disease status. Twenty-nine participants (10 who were healthy, nine with gingivitis, 10 with stage III/IV periodontitis) were recruited and unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected. Salivary sEVs were isolated using the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method and characterised by morphology, EV-protein and size distribution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western Blot and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), respectively. Ten mature microRNAs (miRNAs) in salivary sEVs and saliva were evaluated using RT-qPCR. The discriminatory power of miRNAs as biomarkers in gingivitis and periodontitis versus healthy controls was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves. Salivary sEVs were comparable to sEVs morphology, mode, size distribution and particle concentration in healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients. Compared to miRNAs in whole saliva, three significantly increased miRNAs (hsa-miR-140-5p, hsa-miR-146a-5p and hsa-miR-628-5p) were only detected in sEVs in periodontitis when compared to that of healthy controls, with a good discriminatory power (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.96) for periodontitis diagnosis. Our study demonstrated that salivary sEVs are a non-invasive source of miRNAs for periodontitis diagnosis. Three miRNAs that are selectively enriched in sEVs, but not whole saliva, could be potential biomarkers for periodontal disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Peter Mark Bartold
- School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, the University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70422, USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
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Lin S, Yu Z, Chen D, Wang Z, Miao J, Li Q, Zhang D, Song J, Cui D. Progress in Microfluidics-Based Exosome Separation and Detection Technologies for Diagnostic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903916. [PMID: 31663295 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted by most cell types and circulate in body fluids. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes play a significant role in intercellular communication and are closely associated with the pathogenesis of disease. Therefore, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis. However, exosomes are always mixed with other components of body fluids. Consequently, separation methods for exosomes that allow high-purity and high-throughput separation with a high recovery rate and detection techniques for exosomes that are rapid, highly sensitive, highly specific, and have a low detection limit are indispensable for diagnostic applications. For decades, many exosome separation and detection techniques have been developed to achieve the aforementioned goals. However, in most cases, these two techniques are performed separately, which increases operation complexity, time consumption, and cost. The emergence of microfluidics offers a promising way to integrate exosome separation and detection functions into a single chip. Herein, an overview of conventional and microfluidics-based techniques for exosome separation and detection is presented. Moreover, the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zixian Yu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jianmin Miao
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qichao Li
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Borse V, Konwar AN, Buragohain P. Oral cancer diagnosis and perspectives in India. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020; 1:100046. [PMID: 34766046 PMCID: PMC7515567 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, oral cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer with India contributing to almost one-third of the total burden and the second country having the highest number of oral cancer cases. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) dominates all the oral cancer cases with potentially malignant disorders, which is also recognized as a detectable pre-clinical phase of oral cancer. Tobacco consumption including smokeless tobacco, betel-quid chewing, excessive alcohol consumption, unhygienic oral condition, and sustained viral infections that include the human papillomavirus are some of the risk aspects for the incidence of oral cancer. Lack of knowledge, variations in exposure to the environment, and behavioral risk factors indicate a wide variation in the global incidence and increases the mortality rate. This review describes various risk factors related to the occurrence of oral cancer, the statistics of the distribution of oral cancer in India by various virtues, and the socio-economic positions. The various conventional diagnostic techniques used routinely for detection of the oral cancer are discussed along with advanced techniques. This review also focusses on the novel techniques developed by Indian researchers that have huge potential for application in oral cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Borse
- NanoBioSens Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Aditya Narayan Konwar
- NanoBioSens Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Pronamika Buragohain
- NanoBioSens Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, Assam, India
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Aziz NB, Mahmudunnabi RG, Umer M, Sharma S, Rashid MA, Alhamhoom Y, Shim YB, Salomon C, Shiddiky MJA. MicroRNAs in ovarian cancer and recent advances in the development of microRNA-based biosensors. Analyst 2020; 145:2038-2057. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02263e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most aggressive of all gynaecological malignancies and is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahian Binte Aziz
- School of Environment and Science
- Griffith University
- Nathan Campus
- Australia
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences
| | - Rabbee G. Mahmudunnabi
- Department of Molecular Science Technology and Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST)
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Umer
- Queensland Micro and nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Nathan Campus
- Australia
| | - Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
- The University of Queensland
| | - Md Abdur Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- King Khalid University
- Abha
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Alhamhoom
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- King Khalid University
- Abha
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST)
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Republic of Korea
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
- The University of Queensland
| | - Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky
- School of Environment and Science
- Griffith University
- Nathan Campus
- Australia
- Queensland Micro and nanotechnology Centre
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Jinru XMS, Yu YMS, Bo JMD, Linxue QMD, Xian-Quan SP. Identification of Key Genes Between Lung Adenocarcinoma and Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Bioinformatics Analysis. ADVANCED ULTRASOUND IN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.37015/audt.2020.200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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36
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Techniques Associated with Exosome Isolation for Biomarker Development: Liquid Biopsies for Ovarian Cancer Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:181-199. [PMID: 31502152 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading gynecological malignancy worldwide. This is attributed to the fact that the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, where the survival rates drop from approximately 90% (detection at an early stage) to 20%. Furthermore, ovarian cancer is not associated with overt physical symptoms. Thus, there is an urgent need for a highly sensitive and minimally invasive biomarker for the early detection of ovarian cancer. However, this continues to remain an unmet clinical need, as several proposed techniques have shown low sensitivity and specificity, with poor positive and negative predictive values. The quest for an ideal biomarker has bought exosomes to the forefront. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of an endocytic origin, which can encapsulate genetic information, in the form of proteins and miRNAs. They are released by multiple cell types and are involved in intercellular communication, through the transfer of their cargo. The process of exosome biogenesis allows for the packaging of molecules from both membranous and cytosolic origins. Therefore, exosomes are representations of the releasing cell, and thus provide an insight into the cellular environment. Furthermore, exosomal encapsulation of molecules such as proteins and miRNAs can prevent degradation, making exosomes an ideal biomarker source. Thus, this chapter provides an overview of ovarian cancer, the potential of exosomes as an early detection biomarker, and the different methods associated with the isolation of different vesicle subpopulations, and exosome enrichment.
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Rodrigues M, Richards N, Ning B, Lyon CJ, Hu TY. Rapid Lipid-Based Approach for Normalization of Quantum-Dot-Detected Biomarker Expression on Extracellular Vesicles in Complex Biological Samples. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7623-7631. [PMID: 31317745 PMCID: PMC8162763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of considerable interest as tumor biomarkers because tumor-derived EVs contain a broad array of information about tumor pathophysiology. However, current EV assays cannot distinguish between EV biomarker differences resulting from altered abundance of a target EV population with stable biomarker expression, altered biomarker expression in a stable target EV population, or effects arising from changes in both parameters. We now describe a rapid nanoparticle- and dye-based fluorescent immunoassay that can distinguish among these possibilities by normalizing EV biomarker levels to EV abundance. In this approach, EVs are captured from complex samples (e.g., serum), stained with a lipophilic dye, and hybridized with antibody-conjugated quantum dot probes for specific EV surface biomarkers. EV dye signal is used to quantify EV abundance and normalize EV surface biomarker expression levels. EVs from malignant and nonmalignant pancreatic cell lines exhibited similar staining, and probe-to-dye ratios did not change with EV abundance, allowing direct analysis of normalized EV biomarker expression without a separate EV quantification step. This EV biomarker normalization approach markedly improved the ability of serum levels of two pancreatic cancer biomarkers, EV EpCAM and EV EphA2, to discriminate pancreatic cancer patients from nonmalignant control subjects. The streamlined workflow and robust results of this assay are suitable for rapid translation to clinical applications and its modular design permits it to be rapidly adapted to quantitate other EV biomarkers by the simple expedient of swapping the antibody-conjugated quantum dot probes for those that recognize a different disease-specific EV biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryl Rodrigues
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Nicole Richards
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Christopher J. Lyon
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Tony Y. Hu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
- Corresponding Author. Phone: 504-605-8004
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Cheng N, Du D, Wang X, Liu D, Xu W, Luo Y, Lin Y. Recent Advances in Biosensors for Detecting Cancer-Derived Exosomes. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1236-1254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ghorbanian M, Babashah S, Ataei F. The effects of ovarian cancer cell-derived exosomes on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in endothelial cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:899-907. [PMID: 31645849 PMCID: PMC6806135 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is considered as a major clinical challenge worldwide. Exosomes, nano-sized intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies, are secreted by most types of cells and play an important role in intercellular communication. Cancer cell-derived exosomes can develop cancer progression and metastasis by manipulating the local and distant biological environments. Angiogenesis is an important contributor to tumor progression. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most potent pro-angiogenic protein and induces proliferation, sprouting, and vessel formation by endothelial cells. In this study, exosomes derived from ovarian epithelial cancer cells OVACAR-3 (exo-OVCAR-3) were successfully isolated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy in terms of size and morphology. Cellular internalization of exosomes labeled with PKH fluorescent dye was monitored by a fluorescence microscope. Our results elucidated that exosomes treatment (100 µg/ml) had a promoting effect on VEGF expression and secretion in endothelial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that exo-OVCAR-3 caused an increase in the proliferation and migration rate of endothelial cells. It seems that inducing VEGF by exo-OVCAR-3 can influence the vascular behavior of endothelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghorbanian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farangis Ataei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang P, Zhou X, Zeng Y. Multiplexed immunophenotyping of circulating exosomes on nano-engineered ExoProfile chip towards early diagnosis of cancer. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5495-5504. [PMID: 31293733 PMCID: PMC6544119 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00961b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating exosomes have been studied as a promising biomarker for non-invasive cancer diagnosis, as they are implicated in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. However, the clinical significance of circulating exosomes has not been revealed thoroughly, due to the technical limitation in sensitive and multiplexed detection of cargoes on exosomes, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Herein we developed an integrated exosome profiling platform (ExoProfile chip) to afford superior sensitivity and multiplexed capability for quantitative detection of a panel of surface protein markers on exosomes. To achieve this goal, we innovatively constructed 3D porous serpentine nanostructures via patterned colloidal self-assembly to provide enormous reaction sites and improve biosensing efficiency of exosomes. Meanwhile, the switchable microfluidic design enabled the simultaneous detection of eight markers on single addition of exosome samples. The ExoProfile chip was validated with purified exosomes from SKOV3 cells, which yielded a limit of detection of 21 exosomes per μL. We applied the ExoProfile chip to clinical analysis of circulating exosomes using only 10 μL ovarian cancer plasma and completing the analysis within 3 h. The diagnostic power of seven markers (EGFR, HER2, CA125, FRα, CD24, EpCAM, and CD9 plus CD63) were evaluated with receiver operator characteristic curve and heatmap clustering. Compared to single biomarker, the combined assessment of a biomarker panel was demonstrated to display improved accuracy in distinguishing early and late stage cancer. The results suggested the ExoProfile chip as a promising platform for molecular fingerprinting of circulating exosomes towards early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Ralph N Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS 66045 , USA .
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Ralph N Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS 66045 , USA .
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , Ralph N Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS 66045 , USA .
- University of Kansas Cancer Center , Kansas City , KS 66160 , USA
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Qasim M, Kim JH. Review of the Isolation, Characterization, Biological Function, and Multifarious Therapeutic Approaches of Exosomes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040307. [PMID: 30987213 PMCID: PMC6523673 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. They are derived from endocytic membranes and can transfer signals to recipient cells, thus mediating a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. They are also thought to be involved in cellular waste disposal. Exosomes play significant roles in various biological functions, including the transfer of biomolecules such as RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids and the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes in various diseases. Because of these properties, they are considered to be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and may contribute to the development of minimally invasive diagnostics and next generation therapies. The biocompatible nature of exosomes could enhance the stability and efficacy of imaging probes and therapeutics. Due to their potential use in clinical applications, exosomes have attracted much research attention on their roles in health and disease. To explore the use of exosomes in the biomedical arena, it is essential that the basic molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of these vesicles are well-understood. Herein, we discuss the history, biogenesis, release, isolation, characterization, and biological functions of exosomes, as well as the factors influencing their biogenesis and their technical and biological challenges. We conclude this review with a discussion on the future perspectives of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Azam Z, Quillien V, Wang G, To SST. The potential diagnostic and prognostic role of extracellular vesicles in glioma: current status and future perspectives. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:353-362. [PMID: 30632857 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2018.1551621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lack of appropriate diagnostic/prognostic tools for glioblastoma (GB) is considered one of the major setbacks in the early diagnosis and treatment of this deadly brain tumor. The current gold standard for its diagnosis and staging still relies on invasive biopsy followed by histological examination as well as molecular profiling. Nevertheless, noninvasive approaches are being explored and one example is through the investigation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the biofluids of GB patients. EVs are known to carry molecular cargoes such as DNA, mRNA, miRNA, proteins and lipids in almost every type of body fluids. Thus, molecular signature of GB may be present in the EVs derived from these patients. This review focuses on the diagnostic/prognostic potential of EVs in GB, through presenting recent studies on (i) molecular components of EVs, (ii) links between EVs and GB tumor microenvironment, and (iii) clinical potential of EV biomarkers, together with the technical shortcomings researchers need to consider for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfikar Azam
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Véronique Quillien
- Department of Biology, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shing-Shun Tony To
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Alharbi M, Zuñiga F, Elfeky O, Guanzon D, Lai A, Rice GE, Perrin L, Hooper J, Salomon C. The potential role of miRNAs and exosomes in chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R663-R685. [PMID: 30400025 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the major obstacles in the treatment of cancer patients. It poses a fundamental challenge to the effectiveness of chemotherapy and is often linked to relapse in patients. Chemoresistant cells can be identified in different types of cancers; however, ovarian cancer has one of the highest rates of chemoresistance-related relapse (50% of patients within 5 years). Resistance in cells can either develop through prolonged cycles of treatment or through intrinsic pathways. Mechanistically, the problem of drug resistance is complex mainly because numerous factors are involved, such as overexpression of drug efflux pumps, drug inactivation, DNA repair mechanisms and alterations to and/or mutations in the drug target. Additionally, there is strong evidence that circulating miRNAs participate in the development of chemoresistance. Recently, miRNAs have been identified in exosomes, where they are encapsulated and hence protected from degradation. These miRNAs within exosomes (exo-miRNAs) can regulate the gene expression of target cells both locally and systemically. Exo-miRNAs play an important role in disease progression and can potentially facilitate chemoresistance in cancer cells. In addition, and from a diagnostic perspective, exo-miRNAs profiles may contribute to the development of predictive models to identify responder and non-responder chemotherapy. Such model may also be used for monitoring treatment response and disease progression. Exo-miRNAs may ultimately serve as both a predictive biomarker for cancer response to therapy and as a prognostic marker for the development of chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, this review examines the potential role of exo-miRNAs in chemotherapy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alharbi
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Felipe Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Omar Elfeky
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Dominic Guanzon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lewis Perrin
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Ovarian Cancer Research Collaborative, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Ovarian Cancer Research Collaborative, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Kalishwaralal K, Kwon WY, Park KS. Exosomes for Non-Invasive Cancer Monitoring. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800430. [PMID: 30358137 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, membrane-bound phospholipid vesicles having diameters of 50-200 nm, are secreted by all cell types and circulate in human body fluids. These vesicles are known to carry cellular constituents that are specific to the originating cells (e.g., cytoplasmic/membrane proteins, RNA, and DNA). Thus, exosomes, which are both structurally stable and abundant, are robust indicators of cancers and, as a result, they have been utilized to monitor this disease in a manner that is less invasive than gold standard tissue biopsies. In this review, the history of exosomes and the specific biomarkers present in exosomes that enable accurate monitoring of various diseases are described. In addition, methods for analysis of exosomes and identification of biomarkers are presented with special emphasis being given to isolation and signaling strategies. Lastly, integrated, microfluidic systems developed for exosome-based cancer diagnosis are described and future directions that research in this area will likely take are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthu Kalishwaralal
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Kwon
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Soo Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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Zheng H, Zhan Y, Liu S, Lu J, Luo J, Feng J, Fan S. The roles of tumor-derived exosomes in non-small cell lung cancer and their clinical implications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:226. [PMID: 30217217 PMCID: PMC6137883 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases, and it is one of the leading causes of cancer death in both men and women worldwide due to diagnosis in the advanced stage, rapid metastasis, and recurrence. At present, precision molecular targeted therapeutics directed toward NSCLC driven genes has made great progress and significantly improved the overall survival of patients with NSCLC, but can easily lead to acquired drug resistance. New methods are needed to develop real-time monitoring of drug efficacy and drug resistance, such as new molecular markers for more effective early detection and prediction of prognosis. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles, containing proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, which are secreted by various cells, and they play an important role in the development of lung cancer by controlling a wide range of pathways. Tumor-derived exosomes are of great significance for guiding the targeted therapy of NSCLC and exosomes themselves can be a target for treatment. In this review, we describe the potential roles of tumor-derived exosomes and their clinical significance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuting Zhan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Sile Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Junmi Lu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiadi Luo
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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The BET bromodomain inhibitor i-BET151 impairs ovarian cancer metastasis and improves antitumor immunity. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:577-585. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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