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Oliveira A, Fidalgo A, Farinatti P, Monteiro W. Effects of high-intensity interval and continuous moderate aerobic training on fitness and health markers of older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 124:105451. [PMID: 38718488 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) promotes similar or superior gains in physical fitness and health compared to continuous moderate-intensity training (MICT) in young individuals. However, the effectiveness of HIIT in older adults is uncertain. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis compared the effects of HIIT and MICT on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, vascular, metabolic, and hormonal variables, cognitive function, and quality of life in older adults. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, and SportDiscus databases were searched from inception until December 2023. Trials included adults ≥ 60 y. Hedge's effect sizes (g) were calculated and study quality and features of training interventions were tested as moderators. RESULTS Twenty-nine trials including 1,227 subjects (65.4 ± 3.3 y). HIIT and MICT elicited significant (p < 0.021) and similar (p > 0.156) 'gs' for VO2max (0.722 vs. 0.490), maximal workload/peak power output ratio (0.290 vs. 0.372),% fat (-0.297 vs. -0.262), glycemia (-0.273 vs. -0.334), systolic (-0.465 vs. -0.341), and diastolic blood pressure (-0.566 vs. -2.311). HIIT (p < 0.04) but not MICT (p > 0.170) produced significant 'gs' for fat mass (-0.245 vs. -0.103), waist circumference (-0.239 vs. -0.116), testosterone (0.339 vs. 0.170), and complex Stroop test (-0.595 vs. -0.250). Increases in the VO2max occurred only in controlled trials after HIIT but not MICT (Q = 6.286, p = 0.012; HITT-g = 1.068, p < 0.0001 vs. MICT-g = 0.109, p= 0.596). CONCLUSION HIIT and MICT produced similar changes in most of the investigated variables. In trials with greater quality (controlled vs. non-controlled trials), cardiorespiratory gains were higher in HIIT vs. MICT. These findings suggest that HIIT might be suitable for improving fitness and health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion (LABSAU), Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 8121F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Activity Sciences, Salgado de Oliveira University, Bloco A, Rua Marechal Deodoro, 217, bloco A, Centro, Niteroi, RJ, CEP 24030-060, Brazil
| | - Andressa Fidalgo
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion (LABSAU), Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 8121F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion (LABSAU), Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 8121F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Walace Monteiro
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion (LABSAU), Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, sala 8121F, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Activity Sciences, Salgado de Oliveira University, Bloco A, Rua Marechal Deodoro, 217, bloco A, Centro, Niteroi, RJ, CEP 24030-060, Brazil.
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Yang X, Li Y, Mei T, Duan J, Yan X, McNaughton LR, He Z. Genome-wide association study of exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the construction of predictive model. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:578-589. [PMID: 38881426 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00019.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate interindividual differences in muscle thickness of the rectus femoris (MTRF) following 12 wk of resistance training (RT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to explore the genetic architecture underlying skeletal muscle hypertrophy and to construct predictive models. We conducted musculoskeletal ultrasound assessments of the MTRF response in 440 physically inactive adults after the 12-wk exercise period. A genome-wide association study was used to identify variants associated with the MTRF response, separately for RT and HIIT. Using the polygenic predictor score (PPS), we estimated the genetic contribution to exercise-induced hypertrophy. Predictive models for the MTRF response were constructed using random forest (RF), support vector mac (SVM), and generalized linear model (GLM) in 10 cross-validated approaches. MTRF increased significantly after both RT (8.8%, P < 0.05) and HIIT (5.3%, P < 0.05), but with considerable interindividual differences (RT: -13.5 to 38.4%, HIIT: -14.2 to 30.7%). Eleven lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms in RT and eight lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms in HIIT were identified at a significance level of P < 1 × 10-5. The PPS was associated with the MTRF response, explaining 47.2% of the variation in response to RT and 38.3% of the variation in response to HIIT. Notably, the GLM and SVM predictive models exhibited superior performance compared with RF models (P < 0.05), and the GLM demonstrated optimal performance with an area under curve of 0.809 (95% confidence interval: 0.669-0.949). Factors such as PPS, baseline MTRF, and exercise protocol exerted influence on the MTRF response to exercise, with PPS being the primary contributor. The GLM and SVM predictive model, incorporating both genetic and phenotypic factors, emerged as promising tools for predicting exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The interindividual variability induced muscle hypertrophy by resistance training (RT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and the associated genetic architecture remain uncertain. We identified genetic variants that underlie RT- or HIIT-induced muscle hypertrophy and established them as pivotal factors influencing the response regardless of the training type. The genetic-phenotype predictive model developed has the potential to identify nonresponders or individuals with low responsiveness before engaging in exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Performance Training and Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Performance Training and Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Mei
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Performance Training and Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayan Duan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Robert McNaughton
- Sport Performance, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Zihong He
- Biology Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Wang Y, Huo X, Wang X, Zhu H, Lai X, Yu T. Impact of resistance exercise program on muscle strength, cardiopulmonary function and glycolipid metabolism of bedridden population aged 80 years and above: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38412. [PMID: 38875406 PMCID: PMC11175946 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a resistance exercise program in the bedridden older adults in China. METHODS The patients aged 80 years and above with stable diseases were randomly divided into control group (receiving routine treatment and nursing) and training group (receiving the elastic ball and elastic band training applied for 55 minutes, 3 times a week during 6 months). RESULTS A total of 59 patients (control group: 30; training groups: 29) completed the study. In terms of muscle strength, the patients of the training group had better grip strength and supine leg lifts and 30-s sit-to-stand actions. In terms of cardiopulmonary function and glycolipid metabolism, the patients in the training groups had better lung capacity and high-density lipoprotein. CONCLUSION The low-load and low-intensity resistance training may effectively improve not only the muscle strength of the bedridden older adults, but also the lung function and blood lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Huo
- Department of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Lai
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Health Care, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Yang C, Zhang L, Cheng Y, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Dong J, Xing J, Zhen Y, Wang C. High intensity interval training vs. moderate intensity continuous training on aerobic capacity and functional capacity in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1302109. [PMID: 38450369 PMCID: PMC10915068 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1302109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise training is commonly employed as a efficacious supplementary treatment for individuals suffering from heart failure, but the optimal exercise regimen is still controversial. The objective of the review was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the exercise capacity, cardiac function, quality of life (QoL) and heart rate among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Methods A systematic search was performed using the following eight databases from their inception to July 5, 2023: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials, China Knowledge Network, Wan fang Data, and the China Biology Medicine databases. The meta-analysis results were presented as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used for the included studies. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluations was used to assess the certainty of evidence. Results Thirteen randomized controlled trials were included in the study. The results showed that HIIT had a significant positive effect on peak oxygen uptake (MD = 1.78, 95% CI for 0.80-2.76), left ventricular ejection fraction (MD = 3.13, 95% CI for 1.25-5.02), six-minute walk test (MD = 28.13, 95% CI for 14.56-41.70), and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MD = -4.45, 95% CI for -6.25 to -2.64) compared to MICT. However, there were no statistically significant differences observed in resting heart rate and peak heart rate. Conclusions HIIT significantly improves peak oxygen uptake, left ventricular ejection fraction, six-minute walk test, and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Additionally, HIIT exhibits greater effectiveness in improving peak oxygen uptake among patients with lower body mass index. Systematic Review Registration https://www.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.7.0100, identifier (INPLASY2023.7.0100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changran Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lizhuang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Tianzi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiawang Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jun Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuzhi Zhen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cuihua Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Subías-Perié J, Navarrete-Villanueva D, Fernández-García ÁI, Moradell A, Lozano-Berges G, Gesteiro E, Pérez-Gómez J, Ara I, Gómez-Cabello A, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA. Effects of a multicomponent training followed by a detraining period on metabolic syndrome profile of older adults. Exp Gerontol 2024; 186:112363. [PMID: 38244708 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The present study sought to analyze the effects of 6-month multicomponent training (MCT) combined with a 4-month detraining on metabolic syndrome (MetS) profile among older adults with decreased functional capacity. METHODS This quasi-experimental study included a total of 104 older adults (80.5 ± 6.0 years) and the sample was divided into a training (TRAIN, n = 55) or control group (CON). Harmonized definition was used to diagnose the MetS. Functional capacity, blood biochemical parameters, blood pressure, body composition and anthropometric measurements were assessed 3 times. Analysis of variance for repeated measures and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to check the differences within groups. RESULTS TRAIN decreased diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and total fat mass during training period, whereas CON did not show any significant changes. During detraining, TRAIN increased HDLC, systolic blood pressure (SBP), waist circumference (WC) and total fat mass; and decreased glucose and fat free mass, whereas CON increased the concentration of glucose and HDLC. From baseline to post-detraining assessment, CON increased the concentration of triglycerides and the WC, while TRAIN only increased the WC (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exercise can be a key component in the treatment of the MetS, since MCT seems to be effective to decrease DBP and total fat mass. Nevertheless, 4-months of detraining could cause a drop of total fat mass, but no in DBP. To avoid reversibility of the benefits obtained, it could be beneficial to promote continuing exercise programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT03831841.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Subías-Perié
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - David Navarrete-Villanueva
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ángel Iván Fernández-García
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain.
| | - Ana Moradell
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Lozano-Berges
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva Gesteiro
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; ImFine Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; HEME (Health, Economy, Motricity and Education) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; GENUD-Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro Universitario de la Defensa, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Ejercicio Físico y Salud, EXERNET, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Gonçalves C, Bravo J, Pais J, Abreu A, Raimundo A. Improving Health Outcomes in Coronary Artery Disease Patients with Short-Term Protocols of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training: A Community-Based Randomized Controlled Trial. Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 2023:6297302. [PMID: 38146531 PMCID: PMC10749735 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6297302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that the higher the aerobic capacity, the lower the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In the case of cardiac patients, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) seems to be more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in improving aerobic capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two community-based exercise programs using two short-term protocols (HIIT and MICT) on physical fitness and physical activity (PA) levels in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Methods. In this randomized controlled trial, body composition, aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and daily PA levels were assessed before and after 6 weeks of intervention in 69 patients diagnosed with CAD. All patients were randomly (1 : 1 : 1) assigned to two exercise groups (HIIT or MICT) or a control group (no exercise). Both training programs consisted of 6 weeks of supervised treadmill exercise, three sessions per week. MICT targeted ≈70-75% of peak heart rate (HR), while HIIT aimed for ≈85-95% of peak HR. The control group only followed the medical recommendations. Results. Community-based exercise programs showed more positive effects on physical fitness variables and physical activity levels compared to control. HIIT could significantly improve waist circumference, body fat mass, VO2peak, sedentary behavior, and moderate-to-vigorous PA compared to MICT. Moreover, the control group showed poorer results. Conclusion. HIIT can improve health outcomes more positively than MICT and control. These findings indicate that HIIT may be an alternative and effective training method in community-based exercise programs for CAD patients. This trial is registered with NCT03538119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Gonçalves
- Department of Sports and Health, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Portugal
| | - Jorge Bravo
- Department of Sports and Health, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Portugal
| | - João Pais
- Department of Cardiology, Espírito Santo Hospital of Évora, 7000-811 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Abreu
- Department of Cardiology, Santa Maria Hospital, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Armando Raimundo
- Department of Sports and Health, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Portugal
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Uematsu A, Mizushima Y, Ishizaka H, Hortobágyi T, Mizushima T, Toyoda S, Nakajima T. Blood flow restriction reduces the increases in cardiorespiratory responses and subjective burden without inhibiting muscular activity during cycling at ventilatory threshold in healthy males. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294524. [PMID: 38064463 PMCID: PMC10707540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity endurance exercise with blood flow restriction (KAATSU) is under consideration for use in cardiac rehabilitation. However, the physiological responses to such exercise have not yet been fully characterized. In an initial effort in healthy males (n = 11, age: 26.3±4.6 y), we compared the physiological responses to low-intensity endurance exercise with and without a thigh KAATSU. Participants performed maximal graded exercise testing using a cycle ergometer with or without KAATSU. We examined responses to cycling exercise at ventilatory threshold (VT) in heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (VO2), dyspnea, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), blood pressure (BP), and rectus femoris activation. Participants reached VT at a lower mechanical load, HR, VO2, dyspnea, and double product (HR×systolic BP) with KAATSU vs. no-KAATSU. At VT, RPE, and rectus femoris activity did not differ between the two conditions. These results suggest that KAATSU reduced exercise intensity to reach VT and the physiological responses to exercise at VT without changes in knee extensor muscle activation. Results from this pilot study in healthy males suggest that KAATSU aerobic exercise at VT intensity has the potential to be an effective and low-burden adjuvant to cycling in cardiac rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Uematsu
- Faculty of Sociology, Otemon Gakuin University, Nishiai, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Mizushima
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishizaka
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Alkotás utca, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Ifjúság úutja, Pécs, Hungary
- Somogy Country Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Tallián Gyula utca, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Takashi Mizushima
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Toyoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
- Department of Medical KAATSU Training, Dokkyo Medical University, Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
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Rivas-Campo Y, Aibar-Almazán A, Afanador-Restrepo DF, García-Garro PA, Vega-Ávila GC, Rodríguez-López C, Castellote-Caballero Y, Carcelén-Fraile MDC, Lavilla-Lerma ML. Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) on the Functional Capacity, Frailty, and Physical Condition of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051224. [PMID: 37240869 DOI: 10.3390/life13051224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has been established as an intervention in the integral approach for the physical, functional, and social health of older adults. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a high-intensity functional training (HIFT) program on the physical condition and functional capacity of an elderly Colombian population with mild cognitive impairment. This research corresponds to a blind randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 169 men and women aged over 65 years were evaluated and distributed in two groups: the experimental group that received a 12-week HIFT intervention (n = 82) and the control group (n = 87) that received general recommendations on the benefits of physical exercise. The outcome variables included physical condition, assessed using the Senior Fitness battery (SNB); Fried's frailty phenotype was applied, and gait and balance were assessed using the Tinetti scale. For the functional variables, activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, and advanced activities of daily living were evaluated. All variables were measured pre- and post-intervention. Statistically significant improvements were observed in the IG for gait stability and balance (p < 0.001), as well as for independence in activities of daily living (p = 0.003), and instrumental and advanced activities (p < 0.001). Likewise, greater functionality was found when assessed with the SNB (p < 0.001), except for upper limb strength. The frailty classification did not show changes post-intervention (p = 0.170) nor in the group x time interaction. MANCOVA analysis showed that regardless of gender, health level, age, BMI, cognition, and health level, the HIFT intervention produced better results in functional capacity, balance, and gait (F = 0.173, p < 0.001, Wilks' λ = 88.231).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulieth Rivas-Campo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of San Buenaventura-Cali, Santiago de Cali 760016, Colombia
| | - Agustín Aibar-Almazán
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | | | | | - Gloria Cecilia Vega-Ávila
- Faculty of Distance and Virtual Education, Antonio José Camacho University Institution, Santiago de Cali 760016, Colombia
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Pogliaghi S, Teso M, Ferrari L, Boone J, Murias JM, Colosio AL. Easy Prediction of the Maximal Lactate Steady-State in Young and Older Men and Women. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:68-74. [PMID: 36876184 PMCID: PMC9982529 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Maximal Lactate steady-state (MLSS) demarcates sustainable from unsustainable exercise and is used for evaluation/monitoring of exercise capacity. Still, its determination is physically challenging and time-consuming. This investigation aimed at validating a simple, submaximal approach based on blood lactate accumulation ([Δlactate]) at the third minute of cycling in a large cohort of men and women of different ages. 68 healthy adults (40♂, 28♀, 43 ± 17 years (range 19-78), VO2max 45 ± 11 ml-1·kg-1·min-1 (25-68)) performed 3-5 constant power output (PO) trials with a target duration of 30 minutes to determine the PO corresponding to MLSS. During each trial, [Δlactate] was calculated as the difference between the third minute and baseline. A multiple linear regression was computed to estimate MLSS based on [Δlactate], subjects` gender, age and the trial PO. The estimated MLSS was compared to the measured value by paired t-test, correlation, and Bland-Altman analysis. The group mean value of estimated MLSS was 180 ± 51 W, not significantly different from (p = 0.98) and highly correlated with (R2 = 0.89) measured MLSS (180 ± 54 watts). The bias between values was 0.17 watts, and imprecision 18.2 watts. This simple, submaximal, time- and cost-efficient test accurately and precisely predicts MLSS across different samples of healthy individuals (adjusted R2 = 0.88) and offers a practical and valid alternative to the traditional MLSS determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Teso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Type 2 Diabetes Related Mitochondrial Defects in Peripheral Mononucleated Blood Cells from Overweight Postmenopausal Women. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010121. [PMID: 36672627 PMCID: PMC9855941 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multisystem disease that is the subject of many studies, but the earliest cause of the disease has yet to be elucidated. Mitochondrial impairment has been associated with diabetes in several tissues. To extend the association between T2D and mitochondrial impairment to blood cells, we investigated T2D-related changes in peripheral mononucleated blood cells’ (PBMCs) mitochondrial function in two groups of women (CTRL vs. T2D; mean age: 54.1 ± 3.8 vs. 60.9 ± 4.8; mean BMI 25.6 ± 5.2 vs. 30.0 ± 5), together with a panel of blood biomarkers, anthropometric measurements and physiological parameters (VO2max and strength tests). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan analysis, cardio-pulmonary exercise test and blood biomarkers confirmed hallmarks of diabetes in the T2D group. Mitochondrial function assays performed with high resolution respirometry highlighted a significant reduction of mitochondrial respiration in the ADP-stimulated state (OXPHOS; −30%, p = 0.006) and maximal non-coupled respiration (ET; −30%, p = 0.004) in PBMCs samples from the T2D group. The total glutathione antioxidant pool (GSHt) was significantly reduced (−38%: p = 0.04) in plasma samples from the T2D group. The fraction of glycated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) was positively associated with markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein-CRP r = 0.618; p = 0.006) and of dyslipidemia (triglycerides-TG r = 0.815; p < 0.0001). The same marker (Hb1Ac) was negatively associated with mitochondrial activity levels (OXPHOS r = −0.502; p = 0.034; ET r = −0.529; p = 0.024). The results obtained in overweight postmenopausal women from analysis of PBMCs mitochondrial respiration and their association with anthropometric and physiological parameters indicate that PBMC could represent a reliable model for studying T2D-related metabolic impairment and could be useful for testing the effectiveness of interventions targeting mitochondria.
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Hinchman CA, Cabral DF, Ciesla M, Flothmann M, Nunez C, Rice J, Loewenstein DA, Kitaigorodsky M, Cahalin LP, Rundek T, Pascual-Leone A, Cattaneo G, Gomes-Osman J. Exercise engagement drives changes in cognition and cardiorespiratory fitness after 8 weeks of aerobic training in sedentary aging adults at risk of cognitive decline. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:923141. [PMID: 36189006 PMCID: PMC9397848 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.923141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background With our aging population, many individuals are at risk of developing age-related cognitive decline. Physical exercise has been demonstrated to enhance cognitive performance in aging adults. This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance and cardiorespiratory fitness in sedentary aging adults at risk for cognitive decline. Methods Fifty-two participants (age 62.9 ± 6.8, 76.9% female) engaged in eight weeks of moderate-to high-intensity exercise (19 in-person, 33 remotely). Global cognition was measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System, and the Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Fourth Edition. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured via heart rate recovery at minute 1 (HRR1) and 2 (HRR2), and exercise engagement (defined as percent of total exercise time spent in the prescribed heart rate zone). We measured pre and post changes using paired t-tests and mixed effects models, and investigated the association between cardiorespiratory and cognitive performance using multiple regression models. Cohen's d were calculated to estimate effect sizes. Results Overall, 63.4 % of participants demonstrated high engagement (≥ 70% total exercise time spent in the prescribed heart rate zone). There were significant pre-post improvements in verbal fluency and verbal memory, and a significant decrement in working memory, but these were associated with small effect sizes (Cohen's d <0.5). Concerning cardiorespiratory fitness, there was a pre-to-post significant improvement in HRR1 (p = 0.01, d = 0.30) and HRR2 (p < 0.001, d = 0.50). Multiple regressions revealed significant associations between cardiorespiratory and cognitive performance, but all were associated with small effect sizes (Cohen's d < 0.5). Interestingly, there were significant between-group differences in exercise engagement (all p < 0.001), with remote participants demonstrating greater exercise engagement than in-person participants. Conclusion Improvements in cognition and cardiorespiratory fitness were observed after 8 weeks of moderate to high-intensity exercise in aging adults. These results suggest that committing to a regular exercise regimen, even for a brief two-month period, can promote improvements in both cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance, and that improvements are driven by exercise engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Hinchman
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Danylo F Cabral
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | | | - Marti Flothmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Christina Nunez
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Jordyn Rice
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - David A Loewenstein
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Marcela Kitaigorodsky
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lawrence P Cahalin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Linus Health, Waltham, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Rosindale, MA, United States.,Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Rosindale, MA, United States.,Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriele Cattaneo
- Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joyce Gomes-Osman
- Linus Health, Waltham, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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12
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Sian TS, Inns TB, Gates A, Doleman B, Bass JJ, Atherton PJ, Lund JN, Phillips BE. Equipment-free, unsupervised high intensity interval training elicits significant improvements in the physiological resilience of older adults. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:529. [PMID: 35761262 PMCID: PMC9238013 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an independent risk factor for dependency, cognitive impairment and premature mortality. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a proven time-efficient stimulus for improving both CRF and other facets of cardiometabolic health also known to decline with advancing age. However, the efficacy of equipment-free, unsupervised HIIT to improve the physiological resilience of older adults is not known. Methods Thirty independent, community-dwelling older adults (71(SD: 5) years) were randomised to 4 weeks (12 sessions) equipment-free, supervised (in the laboratory (L-HIIT)) or unsupervised (at home (H-HIIT)) HIIT, or a no-intervention control (CON). HIIT involved 5, 1-minute intervals of a bodyweight exercise each interspersed with 90-seconds recovery. CRF, exercise tolerance, blood pressure (BP), body composition, muscle architecture, circulating lipids and glucose tolerance were assessed at baseline and after the intervention period. Results When compared to the control group, both HIIT protocols improved the primary outcome of CRF ((via anaerobic threshold) mean difference, L-HIIT: +2.27, H-HIIT: +2.29, both p < 0.01) in addition to exercise tolerance, systolic BP, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and m. vastus lateralis pennation angle, to the same extent. There was no improvement in these parameters in CON. There was no change in diastolic BP, glucose tolerance, whole-body composition or HDL cholesterol in any of the groups. Conclusions This is the first study to show that short-term, time-efficient, equipment-free, HIIT is able to elicit improvements in the CRF of older adults irrespective of supervision status. Unsupervised HIIT may offer a novel approach to improve the physiological resilience of older adults, combating age-associated physiological decline, the rise of inactivity and the additional challenges currently posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Trial registration This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov and coded: NCT03473990. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-022-03208-y.
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Flywheel Training in Older Adults—A Systematic Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The process of healthy aging might be reconsidered, based on the nonfatal outcomes of falls in older adults. Flywheel training is a relatively new training method used by different age groups, which enables the muscles to contract at maximum force in minimum time. The study aim was to summarize the relevant literature about the effects of flywheel training in older adults and to determine its efficiency and feasibility. PRISMA guidelines were followed for both the search and analysis. Electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscuss) yielded 9915 studies, but we have included studies published in English between 2005 and 2021, cross-sectional and pre-post treatments, with older adults (≥60 years) as the sample, where flywheel training was conducted. A total of nine studies have met the pre-defined criteria and entered the systematic review, with a total of 216 participants, both male and female. After analyzing the obtained results, it can be concluded that flywheel training showed physical, neuromuscular, and functional improvements in older adults. However, the review did not reveal an optimal duration, frequency, intensity, or volume. Furthermore, it can be stated that this training method can be considered as an appropriate form of activity in older adults, as a tool for improving overall health.
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Muscle Protein Synthesis Responses Following Aerobic-Based Exercise or High-Intensity Interval Training with or Without Protein Ingestion: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:2713-2732. [PMID: 35675022 PMCID: PMC9585015 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic investigation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) responses with or without protein ingestion has been largely limited to resistance training. OBJECTIVE This systematic review determined the capacity for aerobic-based exercise or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to stimulate post-exercise rates of MPS and whether protein ingestion further significantly increases MPS compared with placebo. METHODS Three separate models analysed rates of either mixed, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic, or mitochondrial protein synthesis (PS) following aerobic-based exercise or HIIT: Model 1 (n = 9 studies), no protein ingestion; Model 2 (n = 7 studies), peri-exercise protein ingestion with no placebo comparison; Model 3 (n = 14 studies), peri-exercise protein ingestion with placebo comparison. RESULTS Eight of nine studies and all seven studies in Models 1 and 2, respectively, demonstrated significant post-exercise increases in either mixed or a specific muscle protein pool. Model 3 observed significantly greater MPS responses with protein compared with placebo in either mixed or a specific muscle fraction in 7 of 14 studies. Seven studies showed no difference in MPS between protein and placebo, while three studies reported no significant increases in mitochondrial PS with protein compared with placebo. CONCLUSION Most studies reporting significant increases in MPS were confined to mixed and myofibrillar PS that may facilitate power generating capacity of working skeletal muscle with aerobic-based exercise and HIIT. Only three of eight studies demonstrated significant increases in mitochondrial PS post-exercise, with no further benefits of protein ingestion. This lack of change may be explained by the acute analysis window in most studies and apparent latency in exercise-induced stimulation of mitochondrial PS.
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15
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Sañudo B, de Hoyo M, McVeigh JG. Improved Muscle Strength, Muscle Power, and Physical Function After Flywheel Resistance Training in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:252-258. [PMID: 32040028 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sañudo, B, de Hoyo, M, and McVeigh, JG. Improved muscle strength, muscle power, and physical function after flywheel resistance training in healthy older adults: A randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 252-258, 2022-This study aimed to examine whether flywheel resistance exercise training improved muscle strength, muscle power, and physical function in older adults. Thirty-six older adults (64 ± 5 years) were randomly allocated to either a flywheel resistance exercise training group (ETG; n = 18) or a control (CON) group (n = 18). Subjects in the ETG underwent 6 weeks of resistance training on a flywheel squat device (4 sets of 9 maximal repetitions). Isokinetic concentric (60 and 240°·s-1) and eccentric (120°·s-1) knee extension and flexion peak torques and mean power were measured. Physical function was assessed by the 30-second Chair Sit-Stand Test (CST) and walking speed. After the intervention, within-group analyses showed significantly greater flexion torques and mean power with the dominant leg (concentric at 60°·s-1 and 240°·s-1 and eccentric at 120°·s-1; all d > 0.7, p < 0.05) and improvements in CST (d > 0.8) in the ETG, while no substantial differences were found in the CON group. Significant between-group differences in knee flexion torque both concentric (at 60°·s-1: η2 = 0.168 and 240°·s-1: η2 = 0.112) and eccentric (at 120°·s-1: η2 = 0.103) with the dominant leg were also found in favor of the ETG. There was also significantly better performance in the CST for the ETG (η2 = 0.207). There was a significant association between changes in strength and changes in mean power in the ETG. Changes in physical function outcomes were also observed. In conclusion, flywheel resistance exercise training is an appropriate form of activity for improving strength and functional capacity of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain ; and
| | - Moisés de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain ; and
| | - Joseph G McVeigh
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Therapies, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Grässler B, Thielmann B, Böckelmann I, Hökelmann A. Effects of different exercise interventions on heart rate variability and cardiovascular health factors in older adults: a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 34789148 PMCID: PMC8597177 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging impairs physiological processes in the autonomic nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems which are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Heart rate variability (HRV), the beat-to-beat variations of successive heartbeats, is an indicator of cardiac autonomic control and cardiovascular health. Physical activity has beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. However, no review has been conducted to summarize the effects of different exercise modalities on HRV in older adults. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of endurance, resistance, coordinative, and multimodal exercise interventions on resting HRV and secondary health factors in healthy older adults aged 60 years in average and over. Methods Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Ovid, and Cochrane Library) were searched for eligible studies published between 2005 and September 8th, 2020. Two reviewers independently assessed the studies for potential inclusion. Outcome measures were changes in resting HRV indices, baroreflex sensitivity, blood pressure, body fat, body mass, body mass index, cardiac output, distance in the six-minute walking test, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and VO2 max or VO2 peak from pre to post intervention. The methodological quality of the final data set was assessed using two scales (TESTEX and STARDHRV). This review was registered in PROSPERO: CRD42020206606. Results The literature search retrieved 3991 articles, of which 13 were included in the review. Five studies used multimodal, three studies endurance, two studies resistance, two studies coordinative, and one study used an endurance and a resistance training intervention. The majority of the studies revealed significant positive effects on cardiac autonomic control, except for the resistance training interventions. All exercise modalities improved secondary health factors. The methodological quality assessment revealed a few criteria to improve the quality of and comparability between studies. Conclusion This systematic review revealed beneficial effects on cardiac autonomic control in healthy older adults through endurance, coordinative, and multimodal training but not through resistance training. Secondary health factors improved after all types of physical interventions. Future investigations should more thoroughly adhere to methodological standards of exercise interventions and ECG recording for the assessment of autonomic regulation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11556-021-00278-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Grässler
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Beatrice Thielmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Irina Böckelmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hökelmann
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
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The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Fall Risk Factors in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211809. [PMID: 34831565 PMCID: PMC8618957 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves functional capacity, muscle power and physical performance in older adults with and without comorbidities. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of HIIT as a method for reducing major fall risk factors (balance, muscle strength and physical activity) in older adults. A systematic literature search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. A computerized search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, APA PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus, PEDro, and AgeLine) published up to July 2021. Eleven papers (9 studies) of moderate quality (mean of 5.5 in Pedro scale) involving 328 healthy older adults met the inclusion criteria. Studies were characterized by high heterogeneity in terms of methodology, HIIT modality and protocol, subject characteristics, and outcome measures. Results indicate that HIIT cannot be recommended as a single modality for fall prevention in older adults due to insufficient data and no consensus among the studies. HIIT appears to be a safe and well-tolerated supplement to proven fall prevention programs, due to its effects on lower limb strength reflected in functional performance tests, and on dynamic balance and subjective balance perception. However, caution is warranted following HIIT, especially after the first session, due to possible temporary instability.
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Hayes LD, Elliott BT, Yasar Z, Bampouras TM, Sculthorpe NF, Sanal-Hayes NEM, Hurst C. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) as a Potential Countermeasure for Phenotypic Characteristics of Sarcopenia: A Scoping Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715044. [PMID: 34504439 PMCID: PMC8423251 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sarcopenia is defined as a progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle quantity and function associated predominantly with aging. Physical activity appears the most promising intervention to attenuate sarcopenia, yet physical activity guidelines are rarely met. In recent years high intensity interval training (HIIT) has garnered interested in athletic populations, clinical populations, and general population alike. There is emerging evidence of the efficacy of HIIT in the young old (i.e. seventh decade of life), yet data concerning the oldest old (i.e., ninth decade of life onwards), and those diagnosed with sarcopenic are sparse. Objectives: In this scoping review of the literature, we aggregated information regarding HIIT as a potential intervention to attenuate phenotypic characteristics of sarcopenia. Eligibility Criteria: Original investigations concerning the impact of HIIT on muscle function, muscle quantity or quality, and physical performance in older individuals (mean age ≥60 years of age) were considered. Sources of Evidence: Five electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL]) were searched. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley methodological framework (2005). Review selection and characterization were performed by two independent reviewers using pretested forms. Results: Authors reviewed 1,063 titles and abstracts for inclusion with 74 selected for full text review. Thirty-two studies were analyzed. Twenty-seven studies had a mean participant age in the 60s, two in the 70s, and three in the 80s. There were 20 studies which examined the effect of HIIT on muscle function, 22 which examined muscle quantity, and 12 which examined physical performance. HIIT was generally effective in Improving muscle function and physical performance compared to non-exercised controls, moderate intensity continuous training, or pre-HIIT (study design-dependent), with more ambiguity concerning muscle quantity. Conclusions: Most studies presented herein utilized outcome measures defined by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). However, there are too few studies investigating any form of HIIT in the oldest old (i.e., ≥80 years of age), or those already sarcopenic. Therefore, more intervention studies are needed in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D Hayes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley T Elliott
- Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zerbu Yasar
- Active Ageing Research Group, Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Theodoros M Bampouras
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.,The Centre for Ageing Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas F Sculthorpe
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher Hurst
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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19
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Corral-Pérez J, Velázquez-Díaz D, Perez-Bey A, Montes-de-Oca-García A, Fernandez-Santos JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Jiménez-Pavón D, Casals C, Ponce-González JG. Accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time are associated with maximal fat oxidation in young adults. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1595-1604. [PMID: 34304714 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1953149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to examine the association between physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour with maximal fat oxidation (MFO) in young individuals. A total of 77 active adults (30 women; 22.8 ± 4.5 years) were included in this cross-sectional study in which PA and sedentary behaviour were measured using accelerometers for 7 consecutive days. PA was classified into different intensities (i.e. light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous) and sedentary behaviour into sedentary time (i.e. time, number of bouts, and length of bouts) and sedentary breaks (i.e. time, number of breaks, and length of breaks). MFO was determined using a graded cycloergometer test through indirect calorimetry and relativized to lean mass (MFOLM) and lean leg mass (MFOLL). Positive associations were found for light and vigorous PA in relation with MFO, MFOLM and MFOLL, independently of cofounders (P ≤ 0.01). Moreover, a negative association was found between MFO and MFOLM and the length of sedentary bouts which was accentuated after adjusting by cardiorespiratory fitness (P ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that light and vigorous PA and sedentary behaviour are related to MFO during exercise. Despite this, further interventional studies are needed to clarify if increments of light and vigorous PA could enhance MFO in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Corral-Pérez
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Daniel Velázquez-Díaz
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Perez-Bey
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain.,GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Adrián Montes-de-Oca-García
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Jorge R Fernandez-Santos
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain.,GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Jiménez-Pavón
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Cristina Casals
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Jesús G Ponce-González
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
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20
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Sian TS, Inns T, Gates A, Doleman B, Gharahdaghi N, Atherton PJ, Lund JN, Phillips BE. Short-Term, Equipment-Free High Intensity Interval Training Elicits Significant Improvements in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Irrespective of Supervision in Early Adulthood. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:697518. [PMID: 34381998 PMCID: PMC8349982 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.697518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Serious health implications from having low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and being overweight in young adulthood are carried forward into later life. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-effective, potent stimulus for improving CRF and indices of cardiometabolic health. To date, few studies have investigated the use of equipment-free HIIT or the impact of supervision for improving CRF via HIIT. Methods: Thirty healthy young adults (18-30 y) were randomised to 4 weeks (12 sessions) equipment-free, bodyweight based supervised laboratory HIIT (L-HIIT), unsupervised home HIIT (H-HIIT) or no-intervention (CON). Utilised exercises were star jumps, squats and standing sprints. Measurements of CRF (anaerobic threshold (AT) and VO2peak), blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), blood glucose and plasma insulin by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and muscle architecture were performed at baseline and after the intervention. Results: When compared to the control group, both HIIT protocols improved CRF (AT: L-HIIT mean difference compared to the control group (MD) +2.1 (95% CI: 0.34-4.03) ml/kg/min; p = 0.02; H-HIIT MD +3.01 (1.17-4.85) ml/kg/min; p = 0.002), VO2peak: L-HIIT (MD +2.94 (0.64-5.25) ml/kg/min; p = 0.01; H-HIIT MD +2.55 (0.34-4.76) ml/kg/min; p = 0.03), BMI (L-HIIT MD -0.43 (-0.86 to 0.00) kg/m2; p = 0.05; H-HIIT: MD -0.51 (-0.95 to -0.07) kg/m2; p = 0.03) and m. vastus lateralis pennation angle (L-HIIT MD 0.2 (0.13-0.27)°; p < 0.001; H-HIIT MD 0.17 (0.09 to 0.24)°; p < 0.001). There was no significant change in BP, blood glucose or plasma insulin in any of the groups. Conclusions: Four weeks time-efficient, equipment-free, bodyweight-based HIIT is able to elicit improvements in CRF irrespective of supervision status. Unsupervised HIIT may be a useful tool for counteracting the rise of sedentary behaviours and consequent cardiometabolic disorders in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir S Sian
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, Royal Derby Hospital, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Inns
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Gates
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Doleman
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, Royal Derby Hospital, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Nima Gharahdaghi
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jon N Lund
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, Royal Derby Hospital, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
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21
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Marriott CFS, Petrella AFM, Marriott ECS, Boa Sorte Silva NC, Petrella RJ. High-Intensity Interval Training in Older Adults: a Scoping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:49. [PMID: 34279765 PMCID: PMC8289951 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an increasingly popular form of aerobic exercise which includes bouts of high-intensity exercise interspersed with periods of rest. The health benefits, risks, and optimal design of HIIT are still unclear. Further, most research on HIIT has been done in young and middle-aged adults, and as such, the tolerability and effects in senior populations are less well-known. The purpose of this scoping review was to characterize HIIT research that has been done in older adults including protocols, feasibility, and safety and to identify gaps in the current knowledge. Five databases were searched with variations of the terms, "high-intensity interval training" and "older adults" for experimental or quasi-experimental studies published in or after 2009. Studies were included if they had a treatment group with a mean age of 65 years or older who did HIIT, exclusively. Of 4644 papers identified, 69 met the inclusion criteria. The average duration of training was 7.9 (7.0) weeks (mean [SD]) and protocols ranged widely. The average sample size was 47.0 (65.2) subjects (mean [SD]). Healthy populations were the most studied group (n = 30), followed by subjects with cardiovascular (n = 12) or cardiac disease (n = 9), metabolic dysfunction (n = 8), and others (n = 10). The most common primary outcomes included changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (such as VO2peak) as well as feasibility and safety of the protocols as measured by the number of participant dropouts, adverse events, and compliance rate. HIIT protocols were diverse but were generally well-tolerated and may confer many health advantages to older adults. Larger studies and more research in clinical populations most representative of older adults are needed to further evaluate the clinical effects of HIIT in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F. S. Marriott
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Andrea F. M. Petrella
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Emily C. S. Marriott
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Narlon C. Boa Sorte Silva
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert J. Petrella
- Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 320 - 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
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22
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Núñez Vergara C, Smith Plaza R, Pérez Ramírez N. [Effectiveness of high intensity interval training in the cardiorespiratory capacity of people older than 65 years old: A systematic review]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2021; 56:297-307. [PMID: 34083059 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to analyze the effect of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness, health-related quality of life (HRQL) and safety of its execution in people over 65 years of age. A systematic search was carried out, following the PRISMA recommendations, in 11 electronic databases, evaluating the resolution of the HIIT, affecting cardiorespiratory capacity as the main result and secondarily HRQL and safety of its execution, assessing the risk of bias using Rob 2.0 and ROBINS-I. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria, consisting of people >65 years, HIIT intervention >4 weeks, and studies assessing cardiorespiratory fitness. It can be concluded that HIIT improves cardiorespiratory capacity in people over 65 years of age, with respect to HRQL and the safety of its execution, the results are not conclusive. It becomes essential to unify criteria in intervention protocols, requiring further research in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raúl Smith Plaza
- Subdirección de Investigación, Sociedad Pro-Ayuda al Niño Lisiado, Teletón, Chile; Unidad de Ejercicio y Deporte Adaptado, Teletón, Chile; Hospital Clínico Mutual de Seguridad C.Ch.C, Santiago, Chile; Alemana Sport, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Pérez Ramírez
- Subdirección de Investigación, Sociedad Pro-Ayuda al Niño Lisiado, Teletón, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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23
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Callahan MJ, Parr EB, Hawley JA, Camera DM. Can High-Intensity Interval Training Promote Skeletal Muscle Anabolism? Sports Med 2021; 51:405-421. [PMID: 33512698 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training in combination with optimal nutritional support is an effective strategy to maintain or increase skeletal muscle mass. A single bout of resistance exercise undertaken with adequate protein availability increases rates of muscle protein synthesis and, when repeated over weeks and months, leads to increased muscle fiber size. While resistance-based training is considered the 'gold standard' for promoting muscle hypertrophy, other modes of exercise may be able to promote gains in muscle mass. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) comprises short bouts of exercise at or above the power output/speed that elicits individual maximal aerobic capacity, placing high tensile stress on skeletal muscle, and somewhat resembling the demands of resistance exercise. While HIIT induces rapid increases in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, the anabolic potential of HIIT for promoting concurrent gains in muscle mass and cardiorespiratory fitness has received less scientific inquiry. In this review, we discuss studies that have determined muscle growth responses after HIIT, with a focus on molecular responses, that provide a rationale for HIIT to be implemented among populations who are susceptible to muscle loss (e.g. middle-aged or older adults) and/or in clinical settings (e.g. pre- or post-surgery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Callahan
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Evelyn B Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Donny M Camera
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Wu ZJ, Wang ZY, Gao HE, Zhou XF, Li FH. Impact of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, physical fitness, and metabolic parameters in older adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Exp Gerontol 2021; 150:111345. [PMID: 33836261 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can effectively increase peak oxygen consumption, body composition, physical fitness, and health-related characteristics of adults; however, its impact in the older population remains highly debated. This review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, physical fitness, and health-related outcomes in older adults. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science) were searched (until July 2020) for randomized trials comparing the effect of HIIT on physical fitness, metabolic parameters, and cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies; Stata 14.0 software was used for statistical analysis. HIIT significantly improved the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2peak) as compared to a moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocol (HIIT vs. MICT: weighted mean difference = 1.74, 95% confidence interval: 0.80-2.69, p < 0.001). Additional subgroup analyses determined that training periods >12 weeks, training frequencies of 2 sessions/week, session lengths of 40 min, 6 sets and repetitions, training times per repetition of >60 s, and rest times of <90 s were more effective for VO2peak. This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that HIIT induces favorable adaptions in cardiorespiratory fitness, physical fitness, muscle power, cardiac contractile function, mitochondrial citrate synthase activity, and reduced blood triglyceride and glucose levels in older individuals, which may help to maintain aerobic fitness and slow down the process of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Wu
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu-Ying Wang
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-En Gao
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian-Feng Zhou
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang-Hui Li
- School of Sport Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
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25
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Raya-González J, de Keijzer KL, Bishop C, Beato M. Effects of flywheel training on strength-related variables in female populations. A systematic review. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:353-370. [PMID: 33401963 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1870977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flywheel training on female populations, report practical recommendations for practitioners based on the currently available evidence, underline the limitations of current literature, and establish future research directions. Studies were searched through the electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis statement guidelines. The methodological quality of the seven studies included in this review ranged from 10 to 19 points (good to excellent), with an average score of 14-points (good). These studies were carried out between 2004 and 2019 and comprised a total of 100 female participants. The training duration ranged from 5 weeks to 24 weeks, with volume ranging from 1 to 4 sets and 7 to 12 repetitions, and frequency ranged from 1 to 3 times a week. The contemporary literature suggests that flywheel training is a safe and time-effective strategy to enhance physical outcomes with young and elderly females. With this information, practitioners may be inclined to prescribe flywheel training as an effective countermeasure for injuries or falls and as potent stimulus for physical enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin L de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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26
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Briggs BC, Ryan AS, Sorkin JD, Oursler KK. Feasibility and effects of high-intensity interval training in older adults living with HIV. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:304-311. [PMID: 32962523 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1818949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adults with HIV on therapy can live a normal lifespan but exhibit advanced ageing which includes reduced cardiorespiratory fitness. Our objective was to determine the feasibility and effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with resistance training (RT) in older adults with HIV. We conducted a cross-over pilot study within a randomized exercise trial in sedentary adults with HIV ≥50 years of age. First, participants were randomized to 4 months of continuous high-intensity aerobic exercise (AEX) and RT 3x/week or standard of care control. Then, the control group completed 4 months of HIIT + RT (3x/week). Among the 32 individuals enrolled, 26 eligible participants were randomized. Most participants were African American (63%) and male (95%) with a mean (SD) age of 61.5 (6.7) years and VO2peak of 24.5 (4.9) ml/kg/min. Attendance and adherence to both exercise training interventions were high. The clinically significant increases in VO2peak (ml/kg/min) after HIIT (3.09 ±1.04, p=0.02) and AEX (2.09 ±0.72, p=0.01) represented improvements of 17.1% and 7.7%, respectively. Both groups had improvements in exercise endurance (time on the treadmill) and strength (all p< 0.01). This pilot study supports HIIT as an efficient means to deliver high-intensity AEX to improve cardiorespiratory fitness toward the goal of attenuating the accelerated ageing process in adults with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Briggs
- Geriatrics and Extended Care, Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salem, VA, USA.,Department of Health & Human Performance, Concordia University Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alice S Ryan
- Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), The Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John D Sorkin
- Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), The Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System , Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krisann K Oursler
- Geriatrics and Extended Care, Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Salem, VA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine , Roanoke, VA, USA
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27
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Effect of an Exergaming-Based Dance Training Paradigm on Autonomic Nervous System Modulation in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 29:1-9. [PMID: 32702664 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if an exergaming-based dance training protocol can improve heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy older adults. A total of 20 healthy older adults (≥65 years old) were randomly assigned to two groups. The intervention group received an exergaming-based dance aerobic training for 6 weeks, while the control group received a 1-hr education on conventional physical exercises. Data obtained from HRV analysis pre- (Week 0) and postintervention (Week 7) consisted of high-frequency power, low- and high-frequency ratio, and root mean square of differences and percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of duration greater than 50 ms values. HRV was assessed during rest and during a 6-min walk test. In addition, the YMCA submaximal cycle ergometer test was used to acquire estimated maximal O2 consumption pre- and postintervention. After the training, the intervention group showed significant improvement in HRV high-frequency power, root mean square of differences, and percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of duration greater than 50 ms values in both rest and 6-min walk test conditions compared with the control group. Similarly, the intervention group showed higher maximal O2 consumption compared with the control group after the training. Our results support the effectiveness of an exergaming-based dance aerobic training on improving cardiac autonomic control in aging.
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28
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Šarabon N, Smajla D, Kozinc Ž, Kern H. Speed-power based training in the elderly and its potential for daily movement function enhancement. Eur J Transl Myol 2020; 30:8898. [PMID: 32499894 PMCID: PMC7254456 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance exercise is widely recommended strategy to improve functional ability and quality of life of the elderly. Novel resistance exercises approaches, such as flywheel exercise have recently emerged as superior alternatives to traditional methods. Eccentric exercise methods are well documented to elicit different and often the more pronounced effect on physical ability and function of the elderly. By reviewing the relevant scientific literature, we found that only limited studies have investigated the effects of flywheel exercise in the elderly, however, the results are very promising. Thus, more research is desired to explore the effect of flywheel exercise type in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Šarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia.,Innorenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia.,S2P, Science to practice, Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behaviour, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Smajla
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia.,Innorenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institire, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Helmut Kern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Prim. Dr. H Kern GmbH, Amstetten, Austria
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29
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High Intensity Interval Training Does Not Have Compensatory Effects on Physical Activity Levels in Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031083. [PMID: 32046311 PMCID: PMC7037169 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exercise has beneficial effects on older adults, but controversy surrounds the purported “compensatory effects” that training may have on total daily physical activity and energy expenditure in the elderly. We wanted to determine whether 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) induced such effects on physical activity and energy expenditure in healthy, active older adult men. Methods: Twenty-four healthy elderly male volunteers were randomized to two groups. The experimental group performed HIIT (7 × 2 min cycling repetitions, 3 d/w); the control group performed continuous moderate-intensity training (20–30 min cycling, 3 d/w). Physical activity and energy expenditure were measured with a multisensor activity monitor SenseWear Armband Mini. Results: During HIIT, significant changes were observed in moderate and vigorous physical activity, average daily metabolic equivalents (METs), physical activity level, and activity energy expenditure (p < 0.05) but not in total energy expenditure. Sleep and sedentary time, and levels of light physical activity remained constant during the training period. Conclusions: The findings suggest that HIIT induced no compensatory effect: HIIT does not adversely affect lifestyle, as it does not reduce daily energy expenditure and/or increase sedentary time.
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30
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Fisher JP, Ravalli S, Carlson L, Bridgeman LA, Roggio F, Scuderi S, Maniaci M, Cortis C, Fusco A, Musumeci G. The " Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology" Journal Club Series: Utility and Advantages of the Eccentric Training through the Isoinertial System. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:E6. [PMID: 33467222 PMCID: PMC7739338 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We are glad to introduce the first Journal Club of volume five, the first issue. This edition is focused on relevant studies published in the last years in the field of eccentric training, chosen by our editorial board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for the sport, seen also from a scientific point of view. The editorial board members wish you an inspiring lecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Fisher
- School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Solent University, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luke Carlson
- Discover Strength, 10160 6th Avenue North, Suite A, Plymouth, MN 55441, USA
| | - Lee A. Bridgeman
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Solent University, East Park Terrace, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Federico Roggio
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Simone Scuderi
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Maniaci
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Cortis
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino e Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Andrea Fusco
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino e Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Ballesta-García I, Martínez-González-Moro I, Rubio-Arias JÁ, Carrasco-Poyatos M. High-Intensity Interval Circuit Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Functional Ability and Body Mass Index in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214205. [PMID: 31671584 PMCID: PMC6862704 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The literature suggests that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) to improve functional ability. However, there is no evidence on including HIIT in a circuit programme (HIICT). Our objective was to determine what type of training (HIICT or MICT) induces greater adaptations in the functional ability and body mass index of middle-aged and older women. The study used a quasi-experimental randomized controlled trial with 54 participants (age = 67.8 ± 6.2 years). Participants were randomly allocated to HIICT (n = 18), MICT (n = 18) or a non-exercise control group (CG; n = 18). The participants in the HIICT or MICT groups trained twice a week (1 h/session) for 18 weeks. Forty-one subjects were analysed (HIICT; n = 17, MICT; n = 12, CG; n = 12). Five subjects presented adverse events during the study. Strength, gait, cardiorespiratory fitness, balance and body mass index were measured. A significant training x group interaction was found in the arm curl test, where HIICT was statistically better than MICT and CG. Likewise, HIICT was statistically better than the CG in the BMI interaction. In lower limb strength, gait/dynamic balance and cardiorespiratory fitness, both HIICT and MICT were statistically better than the CG. In conclusion, HIICT generated better adaptations in upper limb strength than MICT. Likewise, HIICT generated better adaptations in body mass index than CG. Finally, both HIICT and MICT had a similar influence on strength, cardiorespiratory fitness and gait/dynamic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Ballesta-García
- Physical Exercise and Human Performance Research Group, Universidad de Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro
- Physical Exercise and Human Performance Research Group, Universidad de Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain.
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad de Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, UCAM Research Centre for High Performance Sport. Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Carrasco-Poyatos
- Department of Education, Health and Public Administration Research Center, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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Bruseghini P, Capelli C, Calabria E, Rossi AP, Tam E. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Isoinertial Training on Leg Extensors Muscle Function, Structure, and Intermuscular Adipose Tissue in Older Adults. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1260. [PMID: 31649552 PMCID: PMC6794371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of aerobic high-intensity training (HIT) and isoinertial resistance training (IRT) on the strength, mass, architecture, intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) quality, and neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps in elderly subjects. Twelve healthy men (69.3 ± 4.2 years; 77.8 ± 10.4 kg; 1.72 ± 0.05 m) were exposed to 8 weeks of HIT (7 × 2-min cycling repetitions at 90% of V.O2peak, 3 times/week) and, after 4 months (detraining), to IRT (4 × 7 maximal concentric–eccentric knee extensions, 3 times/week). Before and after trainings, we measured knee extension isometric (TMVC) and dynamic (TC) maximal concentric torque, anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) at 25, 50, and 75% of femur length, quadriceps volume (Vol), IMAT, pennation angle (θp) of the fibers from the vastus lateralis, and voluntary activation (%Act). TMVC and TC were significantly larger only after IRT (P = 0.008); IRT was able to elicit a greater increase of ACSA than HIT; Vol increases similarly and significantly after HIT and IRT (P = 0.003–0.001); IMAT at 50% of femur length decreased after both HIT and IRT (P = 0.001–0.003); physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) was larger after IRT than before (P = 0.025); specific torque did not change throughout the study (45.5 N cm–2 ± 12.0); %Act of the quadriceps was significantly affected only by IRT (P = 0.011). Both HIT and IRT are able to elicit beneficial modifications of muscular mass, architecture, and quality (reducing IMAT) in elderly subjects in connection with an amelioration of strength. HIT and IRT caused a homogeneous increase of ACSA and of Vol of the quadriceps. PCSA increases, but specific strength per unit of PCSA did not change. The increases of functional torque seemed to be attributed to a parallel increase of %Act and muscle hypertrophy only after IRT. Data suggest that IMAT may be a prominent indicator to track metabolic-dependent activity and skeletal muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bruseghini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Calabria
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea P Rossi
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Tam
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Eccentric Overload Flywheel Training in Older Adults. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4030061. [PMID: 33467376 PMCID: PMC7739307 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related reductions in muscle strength and muscle power can have significant adverse effects on functional performance in older adults. Exercise training has been shown to be a potent stimulus for improvements in strength and power. However, investigation into how to best optimize training-related adaptations, as well as the accessibility of training methods, is needed. Traditional (TR) methods using gravity-dependent free-weights or weight machines can improve and maintain strength and power but are limited in their ability to provide constant muscle tension and high levels of muscle activation throughout the lowering (eccentric) phase of lifting. Eccentric overload (EO) training may overcome these limitations and has been shown to result in potent adaptations in both young and older adults. Methods of producing EO are significantly limited from a practical perspective. The addition of whole-body flywheel training equipment provides a practical method of producing EO and may be appropriate for older adults wanting to optimize training outcomes. Our review provides limited evidence of the use of eccentric overload flywheel training as a novel training method in seniors. Through the review of literature, EO training overcame some of the limitations set forth by traditional resistance training and demonstrated to have key benefits when combating age-related changes affecting muscle strength and muscle power. It can be concluded that EO training is an important addition to the training arsenal for older adults. Flywheel training provides a practical method of achieving EO, increasing strength and power, combating age-related adaptations, and overall improving quality of life in older adults.
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Risk of Falls in Healthy Older Adults: Benefits of High-Intensity Interval Training Using Lower Body Suspension Exercises. J Aging Phys Act 2019; 27:325-333. [DOI: 10.1123/japa.2018-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Seldeen KL, Redae YZ, Thiyagarajan R, Berman RN, Leiker MM, Troen BR. High intensity interval training improves physical performance in aged female mice: A comparison of mouse frailty assessment tools. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 180:49-62. [PMID: 30951786 PMCID: PMC9841971 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Frailty syndrome increases the risk for disability and mortality, and is a major health concern amidst the geriatric shift in the population. High intensity interval training (HIIT), which couples bursts of vigorous activity interspersed with active recovery intervals, shows promise for the treatment of frailty. Here we compare and contrast five Fried physical phenotype and one deficit accumulation based mouse frailty assessment tools for identifying the impacts of HIIT on frailty and predicting functional capacity, underlying pathology, and survival in aged female mice. Our data reveal a 10-minute HIIT regimen administered 3-days-a-week for 8-weeks increased treadmill endurance, gait speed and maintained grip strength. One frailty tool identified a benefit of HIIT for frailty, but many were trending suggesting HIIT was beneficial for physical performance in these mice, but the 8-week timeframe may have been insufficient to induce frailty benefits. Finally, most frailty tools distinguished between surviving or non-surviving mice, whereas half correlated with functional capacity measured by nest building ability, and none correlated with underlying pathology. In summary, this study supports the ongoing development of mouse assessment tools as useful instruments for frailty research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ladd Seldeen
- Corresponding author at: 875 Ellicott Street, CTRC Room 8030A, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA. (K.L. Seldeen)
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García-Pinillos F, Laredo-Aguilera JA, Muñoz-Jiménez M, Latorre-Román PA. Effects of 12-Week Concurrent High-Intensity Interval Strength and Endurance Training Program on Physical Performance in Healthy Older People. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1445-1452. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Effects of 3 months of detraining on functional fitness and quality of life in older adults who regularly exercise. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:503-510. [PMID: 29959666 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-018-0990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effects of detraining in older adults, particularly those who regularly exercise. AIMS To determine the consequences of 3 months of cessation of a habitual supervised exercise on functional fitness and quality of life in aged adults and to explore the associations among those parameters. METHODS Thirty-eight women and 11 men (mean age 75.5 ± 5.7 years) took part in a physical exercise program for 9 months, followed by a 3-month detraining period. Participants completed physical function tests and questionnaires regarding the quality of life and leisure-time physical activity at the end of the exercise program (baseline) and 3 months later (detraining). RESULTS After the detraining period, performance in the 8 Foot Up and Go test (p < 0.001) and the physical and mental components of the quality of life (p < 0.001) declined. Significant correlations were observed when comparing the 8 Foot Up and Go test (p < 0.05), Chair Stand test (p < 0.05), and the 6-min Walk test (p < 0.001) to the physical component of the quality of life after the detraining period. CONCLUSION Three months of a detraining period in older people who habitually undertake supervised activities is enough to produce a decline in dynamic balance and also quality of life. To avoid the deleterious effect of periods of cessation of supervised exercise, as a suggestion, specifically designed exercises could be prescribed for an older population, with emphasis on balance exercises.
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Buck HG, Mcghee S, Polo RL, Zambroski C. Hypercholesterolemia Management in Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Recent Evidence. J Gerontol Nurs 2019; 45:31-42. [DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20190211-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Franco I, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Vrtačnik P, Lundberg TR, Eriksson M, Gustafsson T. Healthy skeletal muscle aging: The role of satellite cells, somatic mutations and exercise. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 346:157-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Petré H, Wernstål F, Mattsson CM. Effects of Flywheel Training on Strength-Related Variables: a Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:55. [PMID: 30547232 PMCID: PMC6292829 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strength and power development are abilities important for athletic performance in many sports. Generally, resistance training based on gravity is used to improve these qualities. Flywheel training instead utilizes kinetic energy transferred to a flywheel. This allows for eccentric overload and variable resistance throughout the movement. The aim of this review was to identify the effects of flywheel training on multiple strength-related variables affecting athletic performance. The meta-analysis investigates the effects on (1) muscle growth (cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume/mass), (2) maximum dynamic strength, (3) development of power, (4) development of horizontal movement, and (5) development of vertical movement. METHODS The meta-analysis includes 20 experimental studies that met the inclusion criteria. The quality of included studies was ranked according to the PEDro scale. Possible bias was identified in Funnel plot analyses. To enable the compilation of all results analyses, the random effect model was carried out using the software Review Manager Version 5.3 and presented with Forest plots. RESULTS Flywheel training for a period of 4-24 weeks shows statistically significant increases in all strength aspects. Effect sizes were for hypertrophy, CSA 0.59; volume/mass 0.59; maximum strength 1.33; power 1.19; horizontal 1.01 and vertical movement 0.85. The evidence is particularly strong for beneficial effects from flywheel training in the development of maximal strength and power in trained younger individuals, and utilization of this training modality in shorter more intensive blocks. CONCLUSIONS Flywheel training is an effective method for improving several aspects of strength and power with importance for sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Petré
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wernstål
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. Mikael Mattsson
- Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Silicon Valley Exercise Analytics, Menlo Park, CA USA
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41
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Rodrigues-Krause J, Farinha JB, Ramis TR, Macedo RCO, Boeno FP, Dos Santos GC, Vargas J, Lopez P, Grazioli R, Costa RR, Pinto RS, Krause M, Reischak-Oliveira A. Effects of dancing compared to walking on cardiovascular risk and functional capacity of older women: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2018; 114:67-77. [PMID: 30389581 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aging is characterized by reductions in lean mass simultaneously to increases in visceral adipose tissue, elevating cardiovascular risk (CVR) and physical dependence. Dancing has been recommended for improving fall-risk and CVR, however, comparisons with traditional exercises are limited. This study aimed to compare the effects of dancing with walking on CVR and functionality of older women. METHODS Thirty sedentary women (65 ± 5 years, BMI 27 ± 4 kg/m2) were randomized into three groups (n = 10/group): dancing, walking or stretching (active control). All interventions lasted 8 weeks (60 min sessions): dancing/walking 3×/week, stretching 1×/week. Dancing: several styles, no partner. Walking: treadmill, 60% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Stretching: large muscle groups, no discomfort. Before and after interventions assessments: VO2peak (primary outcome), total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose, insulin, CRP, TNF-α, waist and hip circumferences, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), muscle thickness, maximal muscle strength/power, static and dynamic balance, gait ability, flexibility, chair-raise and level of physical activity (PA). STATISTICS generalized estimating equations, post-hoc LSD (p < 0.05), SPSS 22.0. RESULTS (Mean-CI): (before vs after): group vs time interaction showed increases in VO2peak (mL·kg-1·min-1) for dancing 23.3 (20.8-25.8) vs 25.6 (23.4-27.8), and walking 23.4 (21.3-25.5) vs 27.0 (25.4-28.6), with no differences for stretching 23.5 (21.3-25.7) vs 23.0 (21.0-24.9). Lower body muscle power and static balance also improved for dancing and walking, but not for stretching. Main time effect showed improvements in CRP, TNF-α, LDL-C, HDL-C, VAT, waist, hip, chair raise, flexibility and level of daily PA for all groups. CONCLUSION Dancing induced similar increases in VO2peak, lower body muscle power and static balance as walking, while the stretching group remained unchanged. Pooled effects showed improvements in body composition, lipid and inflammatory profile, which are supported by increased PA levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03262714.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josianne Rodrigues-Krause
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Juliano Boufleur Farinha
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Ronzales Ramis
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira Macedo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Santa Cruz do Sul University (UNISC), Santa Cruz, RS, Brazil
| | - Francesco Pinto Boeno
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cristina Dos Santos
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Vargas
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Grazioli
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Krause
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Tam E, Bruseghini P, Capelli C, Oliboni E, Pezzato A, Pogliaghi S, Pozzi Mucelli R, Schena F, Calabria E. Effect of Endurance and Strength Training on the Slow Component of O 2 Kinetics in Elderly Humans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1353. [PMID: 30356819 PMCID: PMC6190757 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of 8 weeks of high intensity, aerobic interval training (HIT) and isoinertial resistance training (IRT) on: (i) O2 kinetics during heavy (HiEx) intensity exercise and; (ii) work economy during moderate (ModEx) intensity exercise in 12 healthy elderly men (69.3 ± 4.2 years). Breath-by-breath O2 and muscle deoxygenation ([HHb] by means of NIRS) were measured in HiEx and ModEx at identical workloads before and after trainings. In HiEx, O2 and HHb responses were modeled as tri-exponential and mono-exponential increasing functions, respectively. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures analysis was made; Effect size (η2) was also evaluated. After HIT the amplitude and the time delay of the slow component of O2 uptake (O2sc) during HiEx were smaller (−32%; P = 0.045) and longer (+19.5%; P = 0.001), respectively. At Post IRT: (i) during ModEx, gain was lower (−5%; P = 0.050); (ii) during HiEx, τ2 (+14.4%; P = 0.050), d3 (+8.6%; P = 0.050), and τ3 (+17.2%; P = 0.050) were longer than at Pre IRT. After HIT, the decrease of the O2sc amplitude was likely induced by the beneficial effects of training on a more responsive O2 delivery and consumption cascade leading to a better muscle metabolic stability. IRT training was able to increase exercise economy during ModEx and to reduce the amplitude and delay the onset of O2sc during HiEx. These effects should be due to the reduction and the delayed recruitment of Type II muscle fibers. The better exercise economy and the delayed appearance of O2sc induced by IRT suggests that strength training might be included in endurance training programs to improve exercise economy and resistance to fatigue in this population of old subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tam
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Bruseghini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Physical Performances, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eugenio Oliboni
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Pezzato
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Pozzi Mucelli
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Calabria
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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High-intensity intermittent "5-10-15" running reduces body fat, and increases lean body mass, bone mineral density, and performance in untrained subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1221-1230. [PMID: 29594355 PMCID: PMC5966499 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of intense intermittent running with 5 s sprints on body composition, fitness level, and performance in untrained subjects aged 36-53 years. For 7 weeks, the subjects carried out 3 days a week 5-10-15 training consisting of 3-9 blocks of 4 repetitions of 15, 10, and 5 s low-, moderate-, and high-speed running, respectively. Body fat mass was 4.3% lower (P < 0.01), and lean body mass and bone mineral density was 1.1 and 0.9% higher (P < 0.01), respectively, after compared to before the intervention period (INT). The plasma bone turnover markers osteocalcin increased (P < 0.01) by 147%, and procollagen-type I N propeptide and carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks increased (P < 0.05) by 84 and 76%, respectively. Furthermore, the training improved performance in 1500 m (P < 0.001), 3 km (P < 0.001), Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test (P < 0.01), and incremental treadmill running (P < 0.001) by 8.1, 9.9, 17.2, and 23.9%, respectively. Furthermore, blood lactate after running at 85% of maximal aerobic speed was lower (P < 0.01) after compared to before the INT. Thus, 7 weeks of 5-10-15 training resulted in significant health beneficial changes and better performance in untrained subject.
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Seldeen KL, Lasky G, Leiker MM, Pang M, Personius KE, Troen BR. High Intensity Interval Training Improves Physical Performance and Frailty in Aged Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73:429-437. [PMID: 28633487 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and frailty are highly prevalent in older individuals, increasing the risk of disability and loss of independence. High intensity interval training (HIIT) may provide a robust intervention for both sarcopenia and frailty by achieving both strength and endurance benefits with lower time commitments than other exercise regimens. To better understand the impacts of HIIT during aging, we compared 24-month-old C57BL/6J sedentary mice with those that were administered 10-minute uphill treadmill HIIT sessions three times per week over 16 weeks. Baseline and end point assessments included body composition, physical performance, and frailty based on criteria from the Fried physical frailty scale. HIIT-trained mice demonstrated dramatic improvement in grip strength (HIIT 10.9% vs -3.9% in sedentary mice), treadmill endurance (32.6% vs -2.0%), and gait speed (107.0% vs 39.0%). Muscles from HIIT mice also exhibited greater mass, larger fiber size, and an increase in mitochondrial biomass. Furthermore, HIIT exercise led to a dramatic reduction in frailty scores in five of six mice that were frail or prefrail at baseline, with four ultimately becoming nonfrail. The uphill treadmill HIIT exercise sessions were well tolerated by aged mice and led to performance gains, improvement in underlying muscle physiology, and reduction in frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ladd Seldeen
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System
| | - Ginger Lasky
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System
| | - Merced Marie Leiker
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System
| | - Manhui Pang
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System
| | - Kirkwood Ely Personius
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professionals, University at Buffalo, New York
| | - Bruce Robert Troen
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System
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Murias JM, Pogliaghi S, Paterson DH. Measurement of a True [Formula: see text]O 2max during a Ramp Incremental Test Is Not Confirmed by a Verification Phase. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29535642 PMCID: PMC5835126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The accuracy of an exhaustive ramp incremental (RI) test to determine maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max) was recently questioned and the utilization of a verification phase proposed as a gold standard. This study compared the oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2) during a RI test to that obtained during a verification phase aimed to confirm attainment of [Formula: see text]O2max. Sixty-one healthy males [31 older (O) 65 ± 5 yrs; 30 younger (Y) 25 ± 4 yrs] performed a RI test (15-20 W/min for O and 25 W/min for Y). At the end of the RI test, a 5-min recovery period was followed by a verification phase of constant load cycling to fatigue at either 85% (n = 16) or 105% (n = 45) of the peak power output obtained from the RI test. The highest [Formula: see text]O2 after the RI test (39.8 ± 11.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) and the verification phase (40.1 ± 11.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) were not different (p = 0.33) and they were highly correlated (r = 0.99; p < 0.01). This response was not affected by age or intensity of the verification phase. The Bland-Altman analysis revealed a very small absolute bias (-0.25 mL·kg-1·min-1, not different from 0) and a precision of ±1.56 mL·kg-1·min-1 between measures. This study indicated that a verification phase does not highlight an under-estimation of [Formula: see text]O2max derived from a RI test, in a large and heterogeneous group of healthy younger and older men naïve to laboratory testing procedures. Moreover, only minor within-individual differences were observed between the maximal [Formula: see text]O2 elicited during the RI and the verification phase. Thus a verification phase does not add any validation of the determination of a [Formula: see text]O2max. Therefore, the recommendation that a verification phase should become a gold standard procedure, although initially appealing, is not supported by the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donald H Paterson
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Martinez-Aranda LM, Fernandez-Gonzalo R. Effects of Inertial Setting on Power, Force, Work, and Eccentric Overload During Flywheel Resistance Exercise in Women and Men. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1653-1661. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tesch PA, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Lundberg TR. Clinical Applications of Iso-Inertial, Eccentric-Overload (YoYo™) Resistance Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:241. [PMID: 28496410 PMCID: PMC5406462 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the quest for a viable non-gravity dependent method to "lift weights" in space, our laboratory introduced iso-inertial resistance (YoYo™) exercise using spinning flywheel(s), more than 25 years ago. After being thoroughly tested in individuals subjected to various established spaceflight analogs, a multi-mode YoYo™ exercise apparatus was eventually installed on the International Space Station in 2009. The method, applicable to any muscle group, provides accommodated resistance and optimal muscle loading through the full range of motion of concentric actions, and brief episodes of eccentric overload. This exercise intervention has found terrestrial applications and shown success in enhancing sports performance and preventing injury and aiding neurological or orthopedic rehabilitation. Research has proven that this technique offers unique physiological responses not possible with other exercise hardware solutions. This paper provides a brief overview of research that has made use, and explored the efficacy, of this method in healthy sedentary or physically active individuals and populations suffering from muscle wasting, disease or injury. While the collective evidence to date suggests YoYo™ offers a potent stimulus to optimize the benefits of resistance exercise, systematic research to support clinical use of this method has only begun to emerge. Thus, we also offer perspectives on unresolved issues, unexplored applications for clinical conditions, and how this particular exercise paradigm could be implemented in future clinical research and eventually being prescribed. Fields of particular interest are those aimed at promoting muscle health by preventing injury or combating muscle wasting and neurological or metabolic dysfunction due to aging or illness, or those serving in rehabilitation following trauma and/or surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per A Tesch
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Radiobiology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, SCK•CENMol, Belgium.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy R Lundberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University HospitalStockholm, Sweden
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Gmiat A, Mieszkowski J, Prusik K, Prusik K, Kortas J, Kochanowicz A, Radulska A, Lipiński M, Tomczyk M, Jaworska J, Antosiewicz J, Ziemann E. Changes in pro-inflammatory markers and leucine concentrations in response to Nordic Walking training combined with vitamin D supplementation in elderly women. Biogerontology 2017; 18:535-548. [PMID: 28316011 PMCID: PMC5514208 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underpinning age-related decreases in muscle strength and muscle mass relate to chronic inflammation. Physical activity induces an anti-inflammatory effect, but it is modulated by additional factors. We hypothesized that vitamin D, which has also anti-inflammatory activity will modify adaptation to exercise and reduce inflammation in elderly women. Twenty-seven women aged 67 ± 8 years were included and divided into groups with baseline vitamin D concentration more than 20 ng mL−1 (MVD) and less than 20 ng mL−1 (LVD). Both groups performed 1 h Nordic Walking (NW) training combined with vitamin D supplementation for 12 weeks. Serum concentrations of inflammation markers, branched amino acids, vitamin D, muscle strength and balance were assessed at the baseline and three days after intervention. The training caused the significant decrease in concentration of pro-inflammatory proteins HMGB1 (30 ± 156%; 90% CI) and IL-6 (−10 ± 66%; 90% CI) in MVD group. This effects in group MVD were moderate, indicating vitamin D as one of the modifiers of these exercise-induced changes. Rise of myokine irisin induced by exercise correlated inversely with HMGB1 and the correlation was more pronounced at the baseline as well as after training among MVD participants. Although the intervention caused the leucine level to rise, a comparison of the recorded response between groups and the adjusted effect indicated that the effect was 20% lower in the LVD group. Overall the applied training program was effective in reducing HMGB1 concentration. This drop was accompanied by the rise of myokine irisin and better uptake of leucine among women with higher baseline vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gmiat
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Mieszkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - K Prusik
- Department of Recreation and Qualify Tourism, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - K Prusik
- Department of Recreation and Qualify Tourism, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Kortas
- Department of Recreation and Qualify Tourism, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - A Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - A Radulska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M Lipiński
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M Tomczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Jaworska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - E Ziemann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336, Gdańsk, Poland.
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49
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Rodrigues-Krause J, Farinha JB, Krause M, Reischak-Oliveira Á. Effects of dance interventions on cardiovascular risk with ageing: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2016; 29:16-28. [PMID: 27912941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercising, including dancing, has been recommended to improve cardiovascular health of older people. Herein, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis verifying the effects of dance interventions on cardiovascular risk (CVR) in the elderly, comparing dancers to non-exercise controls and other types of exercise, in randomised (RCTs) and non-randomised control trials (nRCTs). Primary/Secondary outcomes: peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak)/anthropometric measurements (body weight, BMI), and lipid profile. METHODS Data Sources: MEDLINE, Cochrane Wiley, Clinical Trials.gov, PEDRO and LILACS databases. STUDY SELECTION RCTs and nRCTs comparing elderly before and after dance interventions with non-exercising controls and/or practitioners of other types of exercise. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies. RESULTS A total of 937 articles were retrieved, 64 full texts were assessed for eligibility, and 7 articles met the inclusion criteria. Pooled mean differences between intervention and control were calculated by random-effects model. VO2peak improved in favour of dancers (3.4mLkg-1min-1, 95%CI: 1.08, 5.78, I2=71%), compared to non-exercise controls. No differences were found between dance and other exercises. Body weight and BMI were not altered by dance interventions. CONCLUSIONS Dance interventions may increase VO2peak compared to non-exercising controls. Results also indicate it is as effective as other types of exercise in improving aerobic capacity of the elderly. Dancing might be a potential exercise intervention for improving cardiorespiratory fitness and consequent CVR associated with ageing. Proper reporting on adverse events is needed to base the benefits of dancing for the older on both efficacy and safety of the interventions.
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50
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Boereboom CL, Phillips BE, Williams JP, Lund JN. A 31-day time to surgery compliant exercise training programme improves aerobic health in the elderly. Tech Coloproctol 2016; 20:375-382. [PMID: 27015678 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-016-1455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 41,000 people were diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) in the UK in 2011. The incidence of CRC increases with age. Many elderly patients undergo surgery for CRC, the only curative treatment. Such patients are exposed to risks, which increase with age and reduced physical fitness. Endurance-based exercise training programmes can improve physical fitness, but such programmes do not comply with the UK, National Cancer Action Team 31-day time-to-treatment target. High-intensity interval training (HIT) can improve physical performance within 2-4 weeks, but few studies have shown HIT to be effective in elderly individuals, and those who do employ programmes longer than 31 days. Therefore, we investigated whether HIT could improve cardiorespiratory fitness in elderly volunteers, age-matched to a CRC population, within 31 days. METHODS This observational cohort study recruited 21 healthy elderly participants (8 male and 13 female; age 67 years (range 62-73 years)) who undertook cardiopulmonary exercise testing before and after completing 12 sessions of HIT within a 31-day period. RESULTS Peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) (23.9 ± 4.7 vs. 26.2 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min, p = 0.0014) and oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold (17.86 ± 4.45 vs. 20.21 ± 4.11 ml/kg/min, p = 0.008) increased after HIT. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in 31 days in individuals of comparable age to those presenting for CRC surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Boereboom
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
- Surgical Department, Royal Derby Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3NE, UK
| | - B E Phillips
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
| | - J P Williams
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - J N Lund
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
- Surgical Department, Royal Derby Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3NE, UK
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