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Braun M, Piasecka D, Sadej R, Romanska HM. FGFR4-driven plasticity in breast cancer progression and resistance to therapy. Br J Cancer 2024; 131:11-22. [PMID: 38627607 PMCID: PMC11231301 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, with different intrinsic molecular subtypes that have distinct clinical outcomes and responses to therapy. Although intrinsic subtyping provides guidance for treatment decisions, it is now widely recognised that, in some cases, the switch of the BCa intrinsic subtype (which embodies cellular plasticity), may be responsible for therapy failure and disease progression. Aberrant FGFR4 signalling has been implicated in various cancers, including BCa, where it had been shown to be associated with aggressive subtypes, such as HER2-enriched BCa, and poor prognosis. More importantly, FGFR4 is also emerging as a potential driver of BCa intrinsic subtype switching, and an essential promoter of brain metastases, particularly in the HER2-positive BCa. Although the available data are still limited, the findings may have far-reaching clinical implications. Here, we provide an updated summary of the existing both pre- and clinical studies of the role of FGFR4 in BCa, with a special focus on its contribution to subtype switching during metastatic spread and/or induced by therapy. We also discuss a potential clinical benefit of targeting FGFR4 in the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominika Piasecka
- Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Rafal Sadej
- Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Hanna M Romanska
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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2
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Ding K, Chen L, Levine K, Sikora M, Tasdemir N, Dabbs D, Jankowitz R, Hazan R, Shah OS, Atkinson JM, Lee AV, Oesterreich S. Estrogen regulation and functional role of FGFR4 in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585626. [PMID: 38562741 PMCID: PMC10983957 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Resistance to endocrine therapy is a major challenge of managing estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. We previously reported frequent overexpression of FGFR4 in endocrine resistant cell lines and breast cancers that recurred and metastasized following endocrine therapy, suggesting FGFR4 as a potential driver of endocrine resistance. In this study, we investigated the role of FGFR4 in mediating endocrine resistance and explored the therapeutic potential of targeting FGFR4 in advanced breast cancer. Methods A gene expression signature of FGFR4 activity was examined in ER+ breast cancer pre- and post-neoadjuvant endocrine therapy and the association between FGFR4 expression and patient survival was examined. A correlation analysis was used to uncover potential regulators of FGFR4 overexpression. To investigate if FGFR4 is necessary to drive endocrine resistance, we tested response to FGFR4 inhibition in long term estrogen deprived (LTED) cells and their paired parental cells. Doxycycline inducible FGFR4 overexpression and knockdown cell models were generated to examine if FGFR4 was sufficient to confer endocrine resistance. Finally, we examined response to FGFR4 monotherapy or combination therapy with fulvestrant in breast cancer cell lines to explore the potential of FGFR4 targeted therapy for advanced breast cancer and assessed the importance of PAM50 subtype in response to FGFR4 inhibition. Results A FGFR4 activity gene signature was significantly upregulated post neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitor treatment, and high FGFR4 expression predicted poorer survival in patients with ER+ breast cancer. Gene expression association analysis using TCGA, METABRIC and SCAN-B datasets uncovered ER as the most significant gene negatively correlated with FGFR4 expression. ER negatively regulates FGFR4 expression at both the mRNA and protein level across multiple ER+ breast cancer cell lines. Despite robust overexpression of FGFR4, LTED cells did not show enhanced responses to FGFR4 inhibition compared to parental cells. Similarly, FGFR4 overexpression, knockdown or hotspot mutations did not significantly alter response to endocrine treatment in ER+ cell lines, nor did FGFR4 and fulvestrant combination treatment show synergistic effects. The HER2-like subtype of breast cancer showed elevated expression of FGFR4 and an increased response to FGFR4 inhibition relative to other breast cancer subtypes. Conclusions Despite ER-mediated upregulation of FGFR4 post endocrine therapy, our study does not support a general role of FGFR4 in mediating endocrine resistance in ER+ breast cancer. Our data suggests that specific genomic backgrounds such as HER2 expression may be required for FGFR4 function in breast cancer and should be further explored.
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3
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Yang F, Lin Q, Song X, Huang H, Chen X, Tan J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Tu Z, Du H, Zhang ZM, Ortega R, Lin X, Patterson AV, Smaill JB, Chen Y, Lu X. Discovery of 6-Formylpyridyl Urea Derivatives as Potent Reversible-Covalent Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 Inhibitors with Improved Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Activity. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2667-2689. [PMID: 38348819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) has been considered as a potential anticancer target due to FGF19/FGFR4 mediated aberrant signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several FGFR4 inhibitors have been reported, but none have gained approval. Herein, a series of 5-formyl-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carboxamides and a series of 6-formylpyridyl ureas were characterized as selective reversible-covalent FGFR4 inhibitors. The representative 6-formylpyridyl urea 8z exhibited excellent potency against FGFR4WT, FGFR4V550L, and FGFR4V550M with IC50 values of 16.3, 12.6, and 57.3 nM, respectively. It also potently suppressed proliferation of Ba/F3 cells driven by FGFR4WT, FGFR4V550L, and FGFR4V550M, and FGFR4-dependent Hep3B and Huh7 HCC cells, with IC50 values of 1.2, 13.5, 64.5, 15.0, and 20.4 nM, respectively. Furthermore, 8z displayed desirable microsomal stability and significant in vivo efficacy in the Huh7 HCC cancer xenograft model in nude mice. The study provides a promising new lead for anticancer drug discovery directed toward overcoming FGFR4 gatekeeper mutation mediated resistance in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qianmeng Lin
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaojuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huisi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jianwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhengchao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongli Du
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Raquel Ortega
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adam V Patterson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jeff B Smaill
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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4
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Shi S, Zhang Q, Zhang K, Chen W, Xie H, Pan S, Xue Z, You B, Zhao J, You Y. FGF19 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by inducing angiogenesis via inhibiting TRIM21-mediated ANXA2 ubiquitination. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:283-301. [PMID: 37782406 PMCID: PMC10899426 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has characteristics of high invasion and early metastasis. Most NPC patients present with locoregionally advanced illness when first diagnosed. Therefore, it is urgent to discover NPC biomarkers. Fibroblast growth Factor 19 (FGF19) plays a role in various physiological or pathological processes, including cancer. In this research, we discovered the importance of FGF19 in NPC, and clarified its role in tumour angiogenesis. METHODS Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and ELISA were used to investigate FGF19 expression in NPC. Then we took CCK8, colony formation, Transwell and wound healing assays to identify the influence of FGF19 on NPC malignant behaviours. The proliferative and metastatic capacity of FGF19 were evaluated in nude mice and zebrafish. The role of FGF19 in angiogenesis was investigated by tube formation and Matrigel plug angiogenesis assays. We then evaluated the variation in Annexin A2(ANXA2) levels with the treatment of FGF19. Lastly, co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays were performed to identify the mechanisms involved. RESULTS FGF19 levels were elevated in tissues and serum of NPC patients and were associated with poor clinical stages. High expression of FGF19 promoted NPC malignant behaviours. In particular, FGF19 expression was correlated with microvessel density in tissues and NPC-derived FGF19 could accelerate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FGF19 influenced ANXA2 expression to promote angiogenesis. Moreover, tripartite motif-containing 21(TRIM21) interacted with ANXA2 and was responsible for ANXA2 ubiquitination. CONCLUSION FGF19 promoted NPC angiogenesis by inhibiting TRIM21-mediated ANXA2 ubiquitination. It may serve as a noninvasive biomarker for NPC and provides new insights for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qicheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haijing Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziyi Xue
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yiwen You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Guo W, Li S, Qian Y, Li L, Wang F, Tong Y, Li Q, Zhu Z, Gao W, Liu Y. KDM6A promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and dictates lenvatinib efficacy by upregulating FGFR4 expression. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1452. [PMID: 37846441 PMCID: PMC10580016 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of death from cancer and has a very poor prognosis with few effective therapeutic options. Despite the approval of lenvatinib for the treatment of patients suffering from advanced HCC, only a small number of patients can benefit from this targeted therapy. METHODS Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-CCL4 mouse liver tumour and the xenograft tumour models were used to evaluate the function of KDM6A in HCC progression. The xenograft tumour model and HCC cell lines were used to evaluate the role of KDM6A in HCC drug sensitivity to lenvatinib. RNA-seq and ChIP assays were conducted for mechanical investigation. RESULTS We revealed that KDM6A exhibited a significant upregulation in HCC tissues and was associated with an unfavourable prognosis. We further demonstrated that KDM6A knockdown remarkably suppressed HCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Moreover, hepatic Kdm6a loss also inhibited liver tumourigenesis in a mouse liver tumour model. Mechanistically, KDM6A loss downregulated the FGFR4 expression to suppress the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway, leading to a glucose and lipid metabolism re-programming in HCC. KDM6A and FGFR4 levels were positively correlated in HCC specimens and mouse liver tumour tissues. Notably, KDM6A knockdown significantly inhibited the efficacy of lenvatinib therapy in HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that KDM6A promoted HCC progression by activating FGFR4 expression and may be an essential molecule for influencing the efficacy of lenvatinib in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerDepartment of Liver SurgeryRenji‐Med‐X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Songling Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Yifei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerDepartment of Liver SurgeryRenji‐Med‐X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Linfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerDepartment of Liver SurgeryRenji‐Med‐X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerDepartment of Liver SurgeryRenji‐Med‐X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Yu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerDepartment of Liver SurgeryRenji‐Med‐X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Qianyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerDepartment of Liver SurgeryRenji‐Med‐X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Zijun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerDepartment of Liver SurgeryRenji‐Med‐X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Wei‐Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerDepartment of Liver SurgeryRenji‐Med‐X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med‐X Research InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for CancerDepartment of Liver SurgeryRenji‐Med‐X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and ImmonologyShanghai Institute of TransplantationShanghaiP. R. China
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6
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Nie Q, Cao H, Yang J, Liu T, Wang B. PI3K/Akt signalling pathway-associated long noncoding RNA signature predicts the prognosis of laryngeal cancer patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14764. [PMID: 37679508 PMCID: PMC10485045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway is associated with the occurrence and development of tumours and significantly affects the prognosis of patients. We established a predictive signature based on the PI3K/Akt pathway to predict the prognosis of patients. The RNA-seq and clinical data of laryngeal cancer patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Three lncRNAs (MNX1-AS1, LINC00330, LSAMP-AS1) were selected through univariate, multivariate Cox and log-rank test analysis to establish a prognostic signature. The patients were then divided into high-risk and low-risk groups based on their risk score. In the TCGA training set, the survival time of the high-risk group was shorter than that of the low-risk group (P < 0.01). Follicular helper T cells were lower in the high-risk group (P = 0.022), and CCR, inflammation promotion, parainflammation, and type I IFN immune function were suppressed. The results of the drug sensitivity analysis suggest that the high-risk group is sensitive to AKT inhibitors. The establishment of the signature was also verified based on the clinical data. Three lncRNAs can facilitate the migration, invasion, and vitality of cancer cells in vitro, and vice versa. Moreover, p-AKT (Ser473) and p-PI3K were highly activated in the cells overexpressing the abovementioned three lncRNAs. The PI3K/Akt signalling pathway-associated prognosis signature has a good predictive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Nie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Huan Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - JianWang Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, 050000, China.
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7
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Liew HS, Mai CW, Zulkefeli M, Madheswaran T, Kiew LV, Pua LJW, Hii LW, Lim WM, Low ML. Novel Gemcitabine-Re(I) Bisquinolinyl Complex Combinations and Formulations With Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles for Pancreatic Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903210. [PMID: 35873548 PMCID: PMC9299370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With less than 10% of 5-year survival rate, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is known to be one of the most lethal types of cancer. Current literature supports that gemcitabine is the first-line treatment of PDAC. However, poor cellular penetration of gemcitabine along with the acquired and intrinsic chemoresistance of tumor against it often reduced its efficacy and hence necessitates the administration of high gemcitabine dose during chemotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a more selective and minimally invasive treatment, may be used synergistically with gemcitabine to reduce the doses utilized and dose-related side effects. This study reports the synergistic use of Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex, a transition metal complex photosensitizer with gemcitabine against PDAC. Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex was found to act synergistically with gemcitabine against PDAC in vitro at various ratios. With the aim to enhance cellular uptake and therapeutic efficiency, the Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex and gemcitabine were encapsulated into liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) system. The formulations were found to produce homogeneous drug-loaded LCNPs (average size: 159-173 nm, zeta potential +1.06 to -10 mV). Around 70% of gemcitabine and 90% of the Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex were found to be entrapped efficiently in the formulated LCNPs. The release rate of gemcitabine or/and the Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex loaded into LCNPs was evaluated in vitro, and the hydrophilic gemcitabine was released at a faster rate than the lipophilic Re(I) complex. LCNPs loaded with gemcitabine and Re(I) bisquinolinyl complex in a 1:1 ratio illustrated the best anti-cancer activity among the LCNP formulations (IC50 of BxPC3: 0.15 μM; IC50 of SW 1990: 0.76 μM) through apoptosis. The current findings suggest the potential use of transition metal-based photosensitizer as an adjunctive agent for gemcitabine-based chemotherapy against PDAC and the importance of nano-formulation in such application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan Liew
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulkefeli
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Lik Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lesley Jia Wei Pua
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ling Wei Hii
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Meng Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - May Lee Low
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Guthrie G, Vonderohe C, Burrin D. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 expression, regulation, and function: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111617. [PMID: 35301051 PMCID: PMC9038700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19 over 20 years ago, our understanding of the peptide and its role in human biology has moved forward significantly. A member of a superfamily of paracrine growth factors regulating embryonic development, FGF19 is unique in that it is a dietary-responsive endocrine hormone linked with bile acid homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and protein synthesis during the fed to fasted state. FGF19 achieves this through targeting multiple tissues and signaling pathways within those tissues. The diverse functional capabilities of FGF19 is due to the unique structural characteristics of the protein and its receptor binding in various cell types. This review will cover the current literature on the protein FGF19, its target receptors, and the biological pathways they target through unique signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.
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9
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Gabler L, Jaunecker CN, Katz S, van Schoonhoven S, Englinger B, Pirker C, Mohr T, Vician P, Stojanovic M, Woitzuck V, Laemmerer A, Kirchhofer D, Mayr L, LaFranca M, Erhart F, Grissenberger S, Wenninger-Weinzierl A, Sturtzel C, Kiesel B, Lang A, Marian B, Grasl-Kraupp B, Distel M, Schüler J, Gojo J, Grusch M, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Donoghue DJ, Lötsch D, Berger W. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 promotes glioblastoma progression: a central role of integrin-mediated cell invasiveness. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:65. [PMID: 35484633 PMCID: PMC9052585 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by a particularly invasive phenotype, supported by oncogenic signals from the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/ FGF receptor (FGFR) network. However, a possible role of FGFR4 remained elusive so far. Several transcriptomic glioma datasets were analyzed. An extended panel of primary surgical specimen-derived and immortalized GBM (stem)cell models and original tumor tissues were screened for FGFR4 expression. GBM models engineered for wild-type and dominant-negative FGFR4 overexpression were investigated regarding aggressiveness and xenograft formation. Gene set enrichment analyses of FGFR4-modulated GBM models were compared to patient-derived datasets. Despite widely absent in adult brain, FGFR4 mRNA was distinctly expressed in embryonic neural stem cells and significantly upregulated in glioblastoma. Pronounced FGFR4 overexpression defined a distinct GBM patient subgroup with dismal prognosis. Expression levels of FGFR4 and its specific ligands FGF19/FGF23 correlated both in vitro and in vivo and were progressively upregulated in the vast majority of recurrent tumors. Based on overexpression/blockade experiments in respective GBM models, a central pro-oncogenic function of FGFR4 concerning viability, adhesion, migration, and clonogenicity was identified. Expression of dominant-negative FGFR4 resulted in diminished (subcutaneous) or blocked (orthotopic) GBM xenograft formation in the mouse and reduced invasiveness in zebrafish xenotransplantation models. In vitro and in vivo data consistently revealed distinct FGFR4 and integrin/extracellular matrix interactions. Accordingly, FGFR4 blockade profoundly sensitized FGFR4-overexpressing GBM models towards integrin/focal adhesion kinase inhibitors. Collectively, FGFR4 overexpression contributes to the malignant phenotype of a highly aggressive GBM subgroup and is associated with integrin-related therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gabler
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carola Nadine Jaunecker
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Katz
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sushilla van Schoonhoven
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Englinger
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christine Pirker
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Vician
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjana Stojanovic
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Woitzuck
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Laemmerer
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Kirchhofer
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mery LaFranca
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Friedrich Erhart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Kiesel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Distel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Schüler
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Germany GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gojo
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Spiegl-Kreinecker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital GmbH, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020, Linz and Altenberger Strasse 69, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0367, USA
| | - Daniela Lötsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-Central Nervous System Tumor Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Song X, Wei C, Li X. The Signaling Pathways Associated With Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855609. [PMID: 35372035 PMCID: PMC8965611 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is now the leading cause of cancer in women, and bone is the primary site of distant BC metastasis. BC bone metastasis seriously affects the quality of life of patients and increases the mortality rate. However, the mechanism of BC bone metastasis is not fully understood. Main Body Paget’s “seed and soil” hypothesis led experts to explore the relationship between surface markers and receptors in breast tumors and various growth factors in bone. The relevant breast tumor markers serve as “seeds”, and the bone microenvironment that is suitable for the survival of the tumor serves as the “soil”. These factors interact to make up an entire system and form feedback pathways that accelerate the production of various cytokines, attracting BC cells to migrate to bone tissue, which worsens the development of BC and seriously affects the prognosis of patients. This process is a vicious cycle. At present, there are seven major signaling pathways involved in BC bone metastasis: the OPG/RANK/RANKL signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, IGF system, PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway and Hippo signaling pathway. In addition, FGF-FGFR signaling pathway, androgen-AR/LSD1-target gene pathway, Notch signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway and CaN/NFATC1 signaling pathway also seem to be associated with BC bone metastasis. Conclusion This review focuses on the signaling pathways related to BC bone metastasis and explores the interactions among these pathways, which will lay a solid theoretical foundation for further understanding the mechanism of BC bone metastasis and developing effective targeted therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
| | - Changran Wei
- Department of The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangqi Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China
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11
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Chaudhary CL, Lim D, Chaudhary P, Guragain D, Awasthi BP, Park HD, Kim JA, Jeong BS. 6-Amino-2,4,5-trimethylpyridin-3-ol and 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-5-ol derivatives as selective fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 inhibitors: design, synthesis, molecular docking, and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma efficacy evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:844-856. [PMID: 35296193 PMCID: PMC8933034 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2048378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of aminotrimethylpyridinol and aminodimethylpyrimidinol derivatives were designed and synthesised for FGFR4 inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship on the FGFR4 inhibitory activity of the new compounds was clearly elucidated by an intensive molecular docking study. Anti-cancer activity of the compounds was evaluated using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) tumour model. Compound 6O showed FGFR4 inhibitory activity over FGFR1 - 3. Compared to the positive control BLU9931, compound 6O exhibited at least 8 times higher FGFR4 selectivity. Strong anti-proliferative activity of compound 6O was observed against Hep3B, an HCC cell line which was a much more sensitive cell line to BLU9931. In vivo anti-tumour activity of compound 6O against Hep3B-xenografted CAM tumour model was almost similar to BLU9931. Overall, compound 6O, a novel derivative of aminodimethylpyrimidinol, was a selective FGFR4 kinase inhibitor blocking HCC tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongchul Lim
- Innovo Therapeutics Inc, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Chaudhary
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Diwakar Guragain
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Seon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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12
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Phillips AJ, Lobl MB, Hafeji YA, Safranek HR, Mohr AM, Mott JL. Glycosylation of FGFR4 in cholangiocarcinoma regulates receptor processing and cancer signaling. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:568-580. [PMID: 34981854 PMCID: PMC8940645 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in targeted treatment for cholangiocarcinoma have focused on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. There are four receptor tyrosine kinases that respond to FGFs, and posttranslational processing has been demonstrated for each FGF receptor. Here, we investigated the role of N-linked glycosylation on the processing and function of FGFR4. We altered glycosylation through enzymatic deglycosylation, small molecule inhibition of glycosyltransferases, or through site-directed mutagenesis of selected asparagine residues in FGFR4. Signaling was tested through caspase activation, migration, and subcellular localization of FGFR4. Our data demonstrate that FGFR4 has multiple glycoforms, with predominant bands relating to the full-length receptor that has a high mannose- or hybrid-type form and a complex-type glycan form. We further identified a set of faster migrating FGFR4 bands that correspond to the intracellular kinase domain, termed FGFR4 intracellular domain (R4-ICD). These glycoforms and R4-ICD were detected in human cholangiocarcinoma tumor samples, where R4-ICD was predominant. Removal of glycans in intact cells by enzymatic deglycosylation resulted in increased processing to R4-ICD. Inhibition of glycosylation using NGI-1, an oligosaccharyltransferase inhibitor, reduced both high mannose- or hybrid- and complex-type glycan forms of FGFR4, increased processing and sensitized to apoptosis. Mutation of Asn-112, Asn-258, Asn-290, or Asn-311 to glutamine modestly reduced apoptosis resistance, while mutation of Asn-322 or simultaneous mutation of the other four asparagine residues caused a loss of cytoprotection by FGFR4. None of the glycomutants altered the migration of cancer cells. Finally, mutation of Asn-112 caused a partial localization of FGFR4 to the Golgi. Overall, preventing glycosylation at individual residues reduced the cell survival function of FGFR4 and receptor glycosylation may regulate access to an extracellular protease or proteolytic susceptibility of FGFR4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa B. Lobl
- Cancer Research Doctoral Program, Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center
| | - Yamnah A. Hafeji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
| | - Hannah R. Safranek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
| | - Ashley M. Mohr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
| | - Justin L. Mott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center
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13
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Novel potential oncogenic and druggable mutations of FGFRs recur in the kinase domain across cancer types. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166313. [PMID: 34826586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are recurrently altered by single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in many human cancers. The prevalence of SNVs in FGFRs depends on the cancer type. In some tumors, such as the urothelial carcinoma, mutations of FGFRs occur at very high frequency (up to 60%). Many characterized mutations occur in the extracellular or transmembrane domains, while fewer known mutations are found in the kinase domain. In this study, we performed a bioinformatics analysis to identify novel putative cancer driver or therapeutically actionable mutations of the kinase domain of FGFRs. To pinpoint those mutations that may be clinically relevant, we exploited the recurrence of alterations on analogous amino acid residues within the kinase domain (PK_Tyr_Ser-Thr) of different kinases as a predictor of functional impact. By exploiting MutationAligner and LowMACA bioinformatics resources, we highlighted novel uncharacterized mutations of FGFRs which recur in other protein kinases. By revealing unanticipated correspondence with known variants, we were able to infer their functional effects, as alterations clustering on similar residues in analogous proteins have a high probability to elicit similar effects. As FGFRs represent an important class of oncogenes and drug targets, our study opens the way for further studies to validate their driver and/or actionable nature and, in the long term, for a more efficacious application of precision oncology.
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14
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Francavilla C, O'Brien CS. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling dysregulation and targeting in breast cancer. Open Biol 2022; 12:210373. [PMID: 35193394 PMCID: PMC8864352 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signalling plays a critical role in breast embryonal development, tissue homeostasis, tumorigenesis and metastasis. FGFR, its numerous FGF ligands and signalling partners are often dysregulated in breast cancer progression and are one of the causes of resistance to treatment in breast cancer. Furthermore, FGFR signalling on epithelial cells is affected by signals from the breast microenvironment, therefore increasing the possibility of breast developmental abnormalities or cancer progression. Increasing our understanding of the multi-layered roles of the complex family of FGFRs, their ligands FGFs and their regulatory partners may offer novel treatment strategies for breast cancer patients, as a single agent or rational co-target, which will be explored in depth in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Ciara S. O'Brien
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 2BX, UK
- The Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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15
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Dark and bright side of targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in the liver. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1440-1451. [PMID: 34364916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 4 (FGFR4) and its cognate ligand, FGF19, are implicated in a range of cellular processes, including differentiation, metabolism and proliferation. Indeed, their aberrant activation has been associated with the development of hepatic tumours. Despite great advances in early diagnosis and the development of new therapies, liver cancer is still associated with a high mortality rate, owing primarily to high molecular heterogeneity and unclear molecular targeting. The development of FGFR4 inhibitors is a promising tool in patients with concomitant supraphysiological levels of FGF19 and several clinical trials are testing these treatments for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Conversely, using FGF19 analogues to activate FGFR4-KLOTHO β represents a novel therapeutic strategy in patients presenting with cholestatic liver disorders and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which could potentially prevent the development of metabolic HCC. Herein, we provide an overview of the currently available therapeutic options for targeting FGFR4 in HCC and other liver diseases, highlighting the need to carefully stratify patients and personalise therapeutic strategies.
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Wang L, Su Y, Choi WS. Melatonin Suppresses Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas Migration and Invasion through Blocking FGF19/FGFR 4 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189907. [PMID: 34576070 PMCID: PMC8468793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are one of the most prevalent malignancies, with a low five-year survival rate, thus warranting more effective drugs or therapy to improve treatment outcomes. Melatonin has been demonstrated to exhibit oncostatic effects. In this study, we explored the anti-cancer effects of melatonin on OSCCs and the underlying mechanisms. A human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC-15) was treated with 2 mM melatonin, followed by transwell migration and invasion assays. Relative expression levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF19) was identified by Cytokine Array and further verified by qPCR and Western blot. Overexpression and downregulation of FGF19 were obtained by adding exogenous hFGF19 and FGF19 shRNA lentivirus, respectively. Invasion and migration abilities of SCC-15 cells were suppressed by melatonin, in parallel with the decreased FGF19/FGFR4 expression level. Exogenous hFGF19 eliminated the inhibitory effects of melatonin on SCC-15 cells invasion and migration, while FGF19 knocking-down showed similar inhibitory activities with melatonin. This study proves that melatonin suppresses SCC-15 cells invasion and migration through blocking the FGF19/FGFR4 pathway, which enriches our knowledge on the anticancer effects of melatonin. Blocking the FGF19/FGFR4 pathway by melatonin could be a promising alternative for OSCCs prevention and management, which would facilitate further development of novel strategies to combat OSCCs.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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18
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Nalairndran G, Chung I, Abdul Razack AH, Chung FF, Hii L, Lim W, Looi CK, Mai C, Leong C. Inhibition of Janus Kinase 1 synergizes docetaxel sensitivity in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8187-8200. [PMID: 34322995 PMCID: PMC8419172 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy and is the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality among men globally. Docetaxel-based therapy remains the first-line treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, dose-limiting toxicity including neutropenia, myelosuppression and neurotoxicity is the major reason for docetaxel dose reductions and fewer cycles administered, despite a recent study showing a clear survival benefit with increased total number of docetaxel cycles in PCa patients. Although previous studies have attempted to improve the efficacy and reduce docetaxel toxicity through drug combination, no drug has yet demonstrated improved overall survival in clinical trial, highlighting the challenges of improving the activity of docetaxel monotherapy in PCa. Herein, we identified 15 lethality hits for which inhibition could enhance docetaxel sensitivity in PCa cells via a high-throughput kinome-wide loss-of-function screen. Further drug-gene interactions analyses identified Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) as a viable druggable target with existing experimental inhibitors and FDA-approved drugs. We demonstrated that depletion of endogenous JAK1 enhanced docetaxel-induced apoptosis in PCa cells. Furthermore, inhibition of JAK1/2 by baricitinib and ruxolitinib synergizes docetaxel sensitivity in both androgen receptor (AR)-negative DU145 and PC3 cells, but not in the AR-positive LNCaP cells. In contrast, no synergistic effects were observed in cells treated with JAK2-specific inhibitor, fedratinib, suggesting that the synergistic effects are mainly mediated through JAK1 inhibition. In conclusion, the combination therapy with JAK1 inhibitors and docetaxel could be a useful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Nalairndran
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Ivy Chung
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
- University of Malaya Cancer Research InstituteFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | | | - Felicia Fei‐Lei Chung
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Section (MCA)Epigenetics Group (EGE)International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health OrganizationLyon CEDEX 08France
| | - Ling‐Wei Hii
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell ResearchInstitute for ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (IRDI)International Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of PharmacyInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of Postgraduate StudiesInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Wei‐Meng Lim
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell ResearchInstitute for ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (IRDI)International Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of PharmacyInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Chin King Looi
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell ResearchInstitute for ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (IRDI)International Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of Postgraduate StudiesInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Chun‐Wai Mai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell ResearchInstitute for ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (IRDI)International Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji‐Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research CenterDepartment of UrologyRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chee‐Onn Leong
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell ResearchInstitute for ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (IRDI)International Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of PharmacyInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
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19
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Bayesian Gene Selection Based on Pathway Information and Network-Constrained Regularization. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7471516. [PMID: 34394707 PMCID: PMC8360753 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7471516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput data make it possible to study expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously under a particular condition. However, only few of the genes are discriminatively expressed. How to identify these biomarkers precisely is significant for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Many studies utilized pathway information to identify the biomarkers. However, most of these studies only incorporate the group information while the pathway structural information is ignored. In this paper, we proposed a Bayesian gene selection with a network-constrained regularization method, which can incorporate the pathway structural information as priors to perform gene selection. All the priors are conjugated; thus, the parameters can be estimated effectively through Gibbs sampling. We present the application of our method on 6 microarray datasets, comparing with Bayesian Lasso, Bayesian Elastic Net, and Bayesian Fused Lasso. The results show that our method performs better than other Bayesian methods and pathway structural information can improve the result.
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20
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Chen T, Liu H, Liu Z, Li K, Qin R, Wang Y, Liu J, Li Z, Gao Q, Pan C, Yang F, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Xu Y. FGF19 and FGFR4 promotes the progression of gallbladder carcinoma in an autocrine pathway dependent on GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 axis. Oncogene 2021; 40:4941-4953. [PMID: 34163030 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) are limited and GBC prognosis remains poor. There is no well-accepted targeted therapy to date, so effective biomarkers of GBC are urgently needed. Here we investigated the expression and correlations of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1-4) and 18 fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in two independent patient cohorts and evaluated their prognostic significance. Consequently, we demonstrated that both FGF19 and FGFR4 were unfavorable prognostic biomarkers, and their co-expression was a more sensitive predictor. By analyzing the correlations between all 18 FGFs and FGFR4, we showed that FGF19 expression was significantly associated with FGFR4 and promoted GBC progression via stimulating FGFR4. With experiments using GBC cells, GPBAR1-/- mice models, and human subjects, we demonstrated that elevated bile acids (BAs) could increase the transcription and expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 by activating GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 pathway. FGF19 secreted from GBC cells promoted GBC progression by stimulating FGFR4 and downstream ERK in an autocrine manner with bile as a potential carrier. Patients with GBC had significantly higher FGF19 in serum and bile, compared to patients with cholelithiasis. BLU9931 inhibited FGFR4 and attenuated its oncogenic effects in GBC cell line. In conclusion, upregulation of BAs elevated co-expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 by activating GPBAR1-cAMP-EGR1 pathway. Co-expression of FGF19 and FGFR4 was a sensitive and unfavorable prognostic marker. GBC cells secreted FGF19 and facilitated progression by activating FGFR4 with bile as a potential carrier in an autocrine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongda Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kangshuai Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruixi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jialiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinglun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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21
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Quah SY, Wong CC, Wong HC, Ho KL, Abdul Manan N, Deb PK, Sagineedu SR, Stanslas J. Microarray-based identification of differentially expressed genes associated with andrographolide derivatives-induced resistance in colon and prostate cancer cell lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 425:115605. [PMID: 34087331 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance poses a major hurdle to cancer treatments. Andrographolide-derived SRJ09 and SRJ23 were reported to exhibit potent, selective inhibitory activities against colon and prostate cancer cells, respectively. In this study, previously developed resistant colon (HCT-116rst09) and prostate (PC-3rst23) cancer cell lines were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms contributing to chemoresistance. Cytotoxic effects of SRJ09 and SRJ23 on both parental and resistant cells were investigated. Cell cycle distributions in HCT-116rst09 cells following SRJ09 treatment were analysed using flow cytometry. Whole-genome microarray analysis was performed on both parental and resistant cells to obtain differential gene expression profiles. Microarray data were subjected to protein-protein interaction network, functional enrichment, and pathway analyses. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to validate the changes in expression levels of selected genes. Besides morphological changes, HCT-116rst09 cells showed 7.0-fold resistance to SRJ09 while PC-3rst23 cells displayed a 5.5-fold resistance to SRJ23, as compared with their respective parental cells. G0/G1-phase cell cycle arrest was observed in HCT-116rst09 cells upon SRJ09 treatment. Collectively, 77 and 21 genes were found differentially modulated in HCT-116rst09 and PC-3rst23 cells, respectively. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis revealed several genes associated with FGFR4 and PI3K pathways, and cancer stemness, were chemoresistance mediators in HCT-116rst09 cells. RT-PCR confirmed the HMOX1 upregulation and ATG12 downregulation protected the PC-3rst23 cells from SRJ23 cytotoxicity. In conclusion, acquired chemoresistance to SRJ09 and SRJ23 in colon and prostate cancer cells, respectively, could be attributed to the alterations in the expression of genes such as those related to PI3K and autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Ying Quah
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Charng Choon Wong
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Chyn Wong
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nizar Abdul Manan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O.BOX (1), Philadelphia University, 19392 Amman, Jordan
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Sagineedu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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22
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Liew K, Yu GQS, Wei Pua LJ, Wong LZ, Tham SY, Hii LW, Lim WM, OuYong BM, Looi CK, Mai CW, Fei-Lei Chung F, Tan LP, Ahmad M, Soo-Beng Khoo A, Leong CO. Parallel genome-wide RNAi screens identify lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) as a targetable vulnerability of cell proliferation and chemoresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2021; 504:81-90. [PMID: 33587980 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent in advances in the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), development of targeted therapy remains challenging particularly in patients with recurrent or metastatic disease. To search for clinically relevant targets for the treatment of NPC, we carried out parallel genome-wide functional screens to identified essential genes that are required for NPC cells proliferation and cisplatin resistance. We identified lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) as a key vulnerability of both proliferation and cisplatin resistance. Depletion of endogenous LCK or treatment of cells with LCK inhibitor induced tumor-specific cell death and synergized cisplatin sensitivity in EBV-positive C666-1 and EBV-negative SUNE1 cells. Further analyses demonstrated that LCK is regulating the proliferation and cisplatin resistance through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). Taken together, our study provides a molecular basis for targeting LCK and STAT5 signaling as potential druggable targets for the management of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitson Liew
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gibson Qi Sheng Yu
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lesley Jia Wei Pua
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Zhe Wong
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiau Ying Tham
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ling-Wei Hii
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Meng Lim
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brian Ming OuYong
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chin King Looi
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Section (MCA), Epigenetics Group (EGE), International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Lu Ping Tan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Munirah Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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23
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Adeshakin FO, Adeshakin AO, Afolabi LO, Yan D, Zhang G, Wan X. Mechanisms for Modulating Anoikis Resistance in Cancer and the Relevance of Metabolic Reprogramming. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626577. [PMID: 33854965 PMCID: PMC8039382 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is the hallmark of structure–function stability and well-being. ECM detachment in localized tumors precedes abnormal dissemination of tumor cells culminating in metastasis. Programmed cell death (PCD) is activated during tumorigenesis to clear off ECM-detached cells through “anoikis.” However, cancer cells develop several mechanisms for abrogating anoikis, thus promoting their invasiveness and metastasis. Specific factors, such as growth proteins, pH, transcriptional signaling pathways, and oxidative stress, have been reported as drivers of anoikis resistance, thus enhancing cancer proliferation and metastasis. Recent studies highlighted the key contributions of metabolic pathways, enabling the cells to bypass anoikis. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms driving anoikis resistance could help to counteract tumor progression and prevent metastasis. This review elucidates the dynamics employed by cancer cells to impede anoikis, thus promoting proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, the authors have discussed other metabolic intermediates (especially amino acids and nucleotides) that are less explored, which could be crucial for anoikis resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmilayo O Adeshakin
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Adeleye O Adeshakin
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lukman O Afolabi
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dehong Yan
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guizhong Zhang
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Qiu J, Zheng Q, Meng X. Hyperglycemia and Chemoresistance in Breast Cancer: From Cellular Mechanisms to Treatment Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:628359. [PMID: 33718202 PMCID: PMC7947364 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.628359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Female breast cancer is a complex, multifactorial disease. Studies have shown that hyperglycemia is one of the most important contributing factors to increasing the risk of breast cancer that also has a major impact on the efficacy of chemotherapy. At the cellular level, hyperglycemia can promote the proliferation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells and can also induce anti-apoptotic responses to enhance the chemoresistance of tumors via abnormal glucose metabolism. In this article, we focus on the latest progress in defining the mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in hyperglycemic patients including the abnormal behaviors of cancer cells in the hyperglycemic microenvironment and the impact of abnormal glucose metabolism on key signaling pathways. To better understand the advantages and challenges of breast cancer treatments, we explore the causes of drug resistance in hyperglycemic patients that may help to better inform the development of effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghui Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuli Meng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, Carino A, Zampella A, Biagioli M. Bile acids and their receptors in metabolic disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101094. [PMID: 33636214 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are a large family of atypical steroids which exert their functions by binding to a family of ubiquitous cell membrane and nuclear receptors. There are two main bile acid activated receptors, FXR and GPBAR1, that are exclusively activated by bile acids, while other receptors CAR, LXRs, PXR, RORγT, S1PR2and VDR are activated by bile acids in addition to other more selective endogenous ligands. In the intestine, activation of FXR and GPBAR1 promotes the release of FGF15/19 and GLP1 which integrate their signaling with direct effects exerted by theother receptors in target tissues. This network is tuned in a time ordered manner by circadian rhythm and is critical for the regulation of metabolic process including autophagy, fast-to-feed transition, lipid and glucose metabolism, energy balance and immune responses. In the last decade FXR ligands have entered clinical trials but development of systemic FXR agonists has been proven challenging because their side effects including increased levels of cholesterol and Low Density Lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-c) and reduced High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). In addition, pruritus has emerged as a common, dose related, side effect of FXR ligands. Intestinal-restricted FXR and GPBAR1 agonists and dual FXR/GPBAR1 agonists have been developed. Here we review the last decade in bile acids physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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26
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Cai X, Chen Z, Deng M, Li Z, Wu Q, Wei J, Dai C, Wang G, Luo C. Unique genomic features and prognostic value of COSMIC mutational signature 4 in lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1176. [PMID: 33241025 PMCID: PMC7576056 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Analysis of mutational signatures is becoming routine in cancer genomics, with implications for pathogenesis, classification, and prognosis. Among the signatures cataloged at COSMIC, mutational signature 4 has been linked to smoking. However, the distribution of signature 4 in Chinese lung cancer patients has not been evaluated, and its clinical value has not been evaluated. Here we survey mutational signatures in Chinese lung cancer patients and explore the relationship between signature 4 and other genomic features in the patients. Methods We extracted mutational signatures from whole-exome sequencing data of Chinese non-small cell lung cancer patients. The data included 401 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and 92 squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). We then performed statistical analysis to search for genomic and clinical features that can be linked to mutation signatures. Results We found signature 4 is the most frequent mutational signature in LUSC and the second most frequent in LUAD. Fifty-six LUAD and thirty-five LUSC patients were named with high signature 4 similarities (cosine similarity >0.7). These patients have shorter survival and higher tumor mutational burden comparing to those with low signature 4 similarities. Dozens of genes with single nucleotide variation, index mutations, and copy number variations were differentially enriched in the patients with high signature 4 similarities. Among these genes, CSMD3, LRP1B, TP53, SYNE1, SLIT2, FGF4, and FGF19 are common in both LUADs and LUSCs with high signature 4 similarities, showing that these genes are tightly associated with signature 4. Conclusions The present study is the first to report a comparison in Chinese NSCLC patients with or without COSMIC mutational signature 4. These results will help find the Signature 4 related mutational process in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyu Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghe Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianchao Wu
- GenomiCare Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwang Wei
- GenomiCare Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Dai
- GenomiCare Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Guan Wang
- GenomiCare Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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27
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Alijaj N, Moutel S, Gouveia ZL, Gray M, Roveri M, Dzhumashev D, Weber F, Meier G, Luciani P, Rössler JK, Schäfer BW, Perez F, Bernasconi M. Novel FGFR4-Targeting Single-Domain Antibodies for Multiple Targeted Therapies against Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113313. [PMID: 33182650 PMCID: PMC7696840 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) accounts for more than 50% of all soft tissue sarcomas in childhood and adolescence. Despite progress and intensified multimodality treatment, prognoses are extremely poor with an overall survival rate of approximately 20% in the advanced stage. Therefore, there is an urgent need for targeted treatment options to improve overall survival rates, and to limit long-term side effects. The fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is overexpressed in RMS and other tumors as well. The goal of this work was to select FGFR4 specific single-domain antibodies (sdAb) and to develop FGFR4-targeted therapies. We could show that FGFR4-targeted liposomes have the potential to deliver drugs specifically to FGFR4-positive tumor cells and that chimeric antigen receptor T cells built with the selected antibodies can kill specifically FGFR4-expressing RMS cells. Abstract The fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is overexpressed in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and represents a promising target for treatments based on specific and efficient antibodies. Despite progress, there is an urgent need for targeted treatment options to improve survival rates, and to limit long-term side effects. From phage display libraries we selected FGFR4-specific single-domain antibodies (sdAb) binding to recombinant FGFR4 and validated them by flow cytometry, surface plasmon resonance, and fluorescence microscopy. The specificity of the selected sdAb was verified on FGFR4-wild type and FGFR4-knock out cells. FGFR4-sdAb were used to decorate vincristine-loaded liposomes and to generate chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. First, incubation of RMS cells with FGFR4-sdAb revealed that FGFR4-sdAb can block FGF19-FGFR4 signaling via the MAPK pathway and could therefore serve as therapeutics for FGFR4-dependent cancers. Second, FGFR4-targeted vincristine-loaded liposomes bound specifically to RMS cells and were internalized by the receptor, demonstrating the potential for active drug delivery to the tumor. Third, FGFR4-CAR T cells, generated with one sdAb candidate, demonstrated strong and specific cytotoxicity against FGFR4 expressing RMS cells. We selected novel FGFR4-sdAb with high specificity and nano- to picomolar affinities for FGFR4 which have the potential to enable multiple FGFR4-targeted cancer therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagjie Alijaj
- Department of Oncology, Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.A.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (B.W.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.D.); (J.K.R.)
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Moutel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 75248 Paris, France; (S.M.); (Z.L.G.)
- Recombinant Antibody Platform (TAb-IP), Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Zelia L. Gouveia
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 75248 Paris, France; (S.M.); (Z.L.G.)
- Honing Biosciences, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Maxim Gray
- Department of Oncology, Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.A.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (B.W.S.)
| | - Maurizio Roveri
- Department of Oncology, Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.A.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (B.W.S.)
| | - Dzhangar Dzhumashev
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.D.); (J.K.R.)
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Gianmarco Meier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Paola Luciani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (F.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Jochen K. Rössler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.D.); (J.K.R.)
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat W. Schäfer
- Department of Oncology, Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.A.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (B.W.S.)
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 75248 Paris, France; (S.M.); (Z.L.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Michele Bernasconi
- Department of Oncology, Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.A.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (B.W.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.D.); (J.K.R.)
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (M.B.)
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28
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Wei W, Cao S, Liu J, Wang Y, Song Q, A L, Sun S, Zhang X, Liang X, Jiang Y. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 as a prognostic indicator in triple-negative breast cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:6881-6888. [PMID: 35117296 PMCID: PMC8797274 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes up to 15% of all breast cancers. It is one of the most aggressive breast cancers and is more prone to metastasize compared with other subtypes. Breast cancer patients with this subtype usually have a poor prognosis. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, and early analyses identified that FGFR4 was involved in breast cancer. However, the prognostic effect of FGFR4 on TNBC is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the association between FGFR4 and TNBC prognosis. Methods A total of 282 TNBC patients were enrolled. FGFR4 protein expression was detected in these 282 TNBC patients using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results In the present study, FGFR4 was highly expressed in TNBC patients. Lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P=0.033) and p53 status (P=0.019) were associated with high FGFR4 expression. Univariate analysis identified high FGFR4 expression (P=0.016) as a prognostic predictor, and multivariate analysis found that high FGFR4 expression (P=0.016) was an independent prognostic factor. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that high FGFR4 protein expression was correlated with poorer overall survival (OS). Conclusions The results of our present study show that FGFR4 protein expression is correlated with a worse prognosis in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Quanfu Song
- Department of Oncology, Altay District People's Hospital, Altay, China
| | - Leha A
- Department of Oncology, Altay District People's Hospital, Altay, China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xianyu Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoshuan Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yongdong Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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29
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Sasaki N, Gomi F, Yoshimura H, Yamamoto M, Matsuda Y, Michishita M, Hatakeyama H, Kawano Y, Toyoda M, Korc M, Ishiwata T. FGFR4 Inhibitor BLU9931 Attenuates Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion While Inducing Senescence: Evidence for Senolytic Therapy Potential in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102976. [PMID: 33066597 PMCID: PMC7602396 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly malignancy that is projected to become the leading cause of cancer death by 2050. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) is a transmembrane receptor that is overexpressed in half of PDACs. We determined that its expression in PDAC positively correlated with larger tumor size and more advanced tumor stage, and that BLU9931, a selective FGFR4 inhibitor, reduced PDAC cell proliferation and invasion while promoting their senescence. Quercetin, a senolytic drug, induced cell death in BLU9931-treated cells. We propose that targeting FGFR4 in combination with senolysis could provide a novel therapeutic strategy in patients whose PDAC expresses high FGFR4 levels. Abstract Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), one of four tyrosine kinase receptors for FGFs, is involved in diverse cellular processes. Activation of FGF19/FGFR4 signaling is closely associated with cancer development and progression. In this study, we examined the expression and roles of FGF19/FGFR4 signaling in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In human PDAC cases, FGFR4 expression positively correlated with larger primary tumors and more advanced stages. Among eight PDAC cell lines, FGFR4 was expressed at the highest levels in PK-1 cells, in which single-nucleotide polymorphism G388R in FGFR4 was detected. For inhibition of autocrine/paracrine FGF19/FGFR4 signaling, we used BLU9931, a highly selective FGFR4 inhibitor. Inhibition of signal transduction through ERK, AKT, and STAT3 pathways by BLU9931 reduced proliferation in FGF19/FGFR4 signaling-activated PDAC cells. By contrast, BLU9931 did not alter stemness features, including stemness marker expression, anticancer drug resistance, and sphere-forming ability. However, BLU9931 inhibited cell invasion, in part, by downregulating membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 in FGF19/FGFR4 signaling-activated PDAC cells. Furthermore, downregulation of SIRT1 and SIRT6 by BLU9931 contributed to senescence induction, priming these cells for quercetin-induced death, a process termed senolysis. Thus, we propose that BLU9931 is a promising therapeutic agent in FGFR4-positive PDAC, especially when combined with senolysis (195/200).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Research team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakae-cho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (N.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Fujiya Gomi
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Yoshimura
- Division of Physiological Pathology, Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.Y.)
| | - Masami Yamamoto
- Division of Physiological Pathology, Department of Applied Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (H.Y.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defense, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
| | - Hitoshi Hatakeyama
- Department of Comprehensive Education in Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Kawano
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan;
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Sakae-cho 35-2, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; (N.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Murray Korc
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3964-1141 (ext. 4414)
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30
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Nalairndran G, Hassan Abdul Razack A, Mai C, Fei‐Lei Chung F, Chan K, Hii L, Lim W, Chung I, Leong C. Phosphoinositide-dependent Kinase-1 (PDPK1) regulates serum/glucocorticoid-regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) for prostate cancer cell survival. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12188-12198. [PMID: 32926495 PMCID: PMC7578863 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy and is the second leading cause of cancer among men globally. Using a kinome-wide lentiviral small-hairpin RNA (shRNA) library screen, we identified phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1) as a potential mediator of cell survival in PCa cells. We showed that knock-down of endogenous human PDPK1 induced significant tumour-specific cell death in PCa cells (DU145 and PC3) but not in the normal prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1). Further analyses revealed that PDPK1 mediates cancer cell survival predominantly via activation of serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 3 (SGK3). Knock-down of endogenous PDPK1 in DU145 and PC3 cells significantly reduced SGK3 phosphorylation while ectopic expression of a constitutively active SGK3 completely abrogated the apoptosis induced by PDPK1. In contrast, no such effect was observed in SGK1 and AKT phosphorylation following PDPK1 knock-down. Importantly, PDPK1 inhibitors (GSK2334470 and BX-795) significantly reduced tumour-specific cell growth and synergized docetaxel sensitivity in PCa cells. In summary, our results demonstrated that PDPK1 mediates PCa cells' survival through SGK3 signalling and suggest that inactivation of this PDPK1-SGK3 axis may potentially serve as a novel therapeutic intervention for future treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Nalairndran
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | | | - Chun‐Wai Mai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell ResearchInstitute for ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (IRDI)International Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of PharmacyInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Felicia Fei‐Lei Chung
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Section (MCA)Epigenetics Group (EGE)International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health OrganizationLyonFrance
| | - Kok‐Keong Chan
- School of MedicineInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Ling‐Wei Hii
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell ResearchInstitute for ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (IRDI)International Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of PharmacyInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of Postgraduate StudiesInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Wei‐Meng Lim
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell ResearchInstitute for ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (IRDI)International Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of PharmacyInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of Postgraduate StudiesInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Ivy Chung
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Cancer Research InstituteUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Chee‐Onn Leong
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell ResearchInstitute for ResearchDevelopment and Innovation (IRDI)International Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
- School of PharmacyInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
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31
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Levine KM, Ding K, Chen L, Oesterreich S. FGFR4: A promising therapeutic target for breast cancer and other solid tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107590. [PMID: 32492514 PMCID: PMC7494643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway has long been known to cancer researchers because of its role in cell survival, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of FGFR signaling is frequently reported in cancer studies, but most of these studies focus on FGFR1-3. However, there is growing evidence implicating an important and unique role of FGFR4 in oncogenesis, tumor progression, and resistance to anti-tumor therapy in multiple types of cancer. Importantly, there are several novel FGFR4-specific inhibitors in clinical trials, making FGFR4 an attractive target for further research. In this review, we focus on assessing the role of FGFR4 in cancer, with an emphasis on breast cancer. First, the structure, physiological functions and downstream signaling pathways of FGFR4 are introduced. Next, different mechanisms reported to cause aberrant FGFR4 activation and their functions in cancer are discussed, including FGFR4 overexpression, FGF ligand overexpression, FGFR4 somatic hotspot mutations, and the FGFR4 G388R single nucleotide polymorphism. Finally, ongoing and recently completed clinical trials targeting FGFRs in cancer are reviewed, highlighting the therapeutic potential of FGFR4 inhibition for the treatment of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Levine
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai Ding
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Integrative Systems Biology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lyuqin Chen
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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32
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Hii LW, Chung FFL, Mai CW, Yee ZY, Chan HH, Raja VJ, Dephoure NE, Pyne NJ, Pyne S, Leong CO. Sphingosine Kinase 1 Regulates the Survival of Breast Cancer Stem Cells and Non-stem Breast Cancer Cells by Suppression of STAT1. Cells 2020; 9:E886. [PMID: 32260399 PMCID: PMC7226795 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent rare tumor cell populations capable of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor initiation and are highly resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, therapeutic approaches that can effectively target CSCs and tumor cells could be the key to efficient tumor treatment. In this study, we explored the function of SPHK1 in breast CSCs and non-CSCs. We showed that RNAi-mediated knockdown of SPHK1 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in both breast CSCs and non-CSCs, while ectopic expression of SPHK1 enhanced breast CSC survival and mammosphere forming efficiency. We identified STAT1 and IFN signaling as key regulatory targets of SPHK1 and demonstrated that an important mechanism by which SPHK1 promotes cancer cell survival is through the suppression of STAT1. We further demonstrated that SPHK1 inhibitors, FTY720 and PF543, synergized with doxorubicin in targeting both breast CSCs and non-CSCs. In conclusion, we provide important evidence that SPHK1 is a key regulator of cell survival and proliferation in breast CSCs and non-CSCs and is an attractive target for the design of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Wei Hii
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Section (MCA), Epigenetics Group (EGE) International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France;
| | - Chun Wai Mai
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Zong Yang Yee
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Hong Hao Chan
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Vijay Joseph Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; (V.J.R.); (N.E.D.)
| | - Noah Elias Dephoure
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; (V.J.R.); (N.E.D.)
| | - Nigel J. Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK; (N.J.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Susan Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK; (N.J.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.-W.H.); (C.W.M.); (Z.Y.Y.); (H.H.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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33
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Liu H, Zheng S, Hou X, Liu X, Du K, Lv X, Li Y, Yang F, Li W, Sui J. Novel Abs targeting the N-terminus of fibroblast growth factor 19 inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth without bile-acid-related side-effects. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1750-1760. [PMID: 32061104 PMCID: PMC7226213 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and particularly fatal form of cancer for which very few drugs are effective. The fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has been viewed as a driver of HCC development and a potential Ab target for developing novel HCC therapy. However, a previously developed anti‐FGF19 Ab disrupted FGF19’s normal regulatory function and caused severe bile‐acid‐related side‐effects despite of having potent antitumor effects in preclinical models. Here, we developed novel human Abs (G1A8 and HS29) that specifically target the N‐terminus of FGF19. Both Abs inhibited FGF19‐induced HCC cell proliferation in vitro and significantly suppressed HCC tumor growth in mouse models. Importantly, no bile‐acid‐related side effects were observed in preclinical cynomolgus monkeys. Fundamentally, our study demonstrates that it is possible to target FGF19 for anti‐HCC therapies without adversely affecting its normal bile acid regulatory function, and highlights the exciting promise of G1A8 or HS29 as potential therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisi Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China.,Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences (PTN) Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sanduo Zheng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Xinfeng Hou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Ximing Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Kaixin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Xueyuan Lv
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China.,PTN Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulu Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China.,Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences (PTN) Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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34
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Lang L, Shull AY, Teng Y. Interrupting the FGF19-FGFR4 Axis to Therapeutically Disrupt Cancer Progression. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:17-25. [PMID: 29557750 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180319091731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coordination between the amplification of the fibroblast growth factor FGF19, overexpression of its corresponding receptor FGFR4, and hyperactivation of the downstream transmembrane enzyme β-klotho has been found to play pivotal roles in mediating tumor development and progression. Aberrant FGF19-FGFR4 signaling has been implicated in driving specific tumorigenic events including cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and metastasis by activating a myriad of downstream signaling cascades. As an attractive target, several strategies implemented to disrupt the FGF19-FGFR4 axis have been developed in recent years, and FGF19-FGFR4 binding inhibitors are being intensely evaluated for their clinical use in treating FGF19-FGFR4 implicated cancers. Based on the established work, this review aims to detail how the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway plays a vital role in cancer progression and why disrupting communication between FGF19 and FGFR4 serves as a promising therapeutic strategy for disrupting cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Lang
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Austin Y Shull
- Department of Biology, Presbyterian College, Clinton, SC 29325, United States
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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35
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Li F, Li Z, Han Q, Cheng Y, Ji W, Yang Y, Lu S, Xia W. Enhanced autocrine FGF19/FGFR4 signaling drives the progression of lung squamous cell carcinoma, which responds to mTOR inhibitor AZD2104. Oncogene 2020; 39:3507-3521. [PMID: 32111983 PMCID: PMC7176586 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer occurrence and associated mortality ranks top in all countries. Despite the rapid development of targeted and immune therapies, many patients experience relapse within a few years. It is urgent to uncover the mechanisms that drive lung cancer progression and identify novel molecular targets. Our group has previously identified FGF19 as a prognostic marker and potential driver gene of lung squamous cell carcinomas (LSQ) in Chinese smoking patients. However, the underlying mechanism of how FGF19 promotes the progression of LSQ remains unclear. In this study, we characterized and confirmed that FGF19 serves as an oncogenic driver in LSQ development and progression, and reported that the amplification and high expression of FGF19 in LSQ was significantly associated with poor overall and progression-free survival. A higher serum level of FGF19 was found in lung cancer patients, which could also serve as a novel diagnostic index to screen lung cancer. Overproduction of FGF19 in LSQ cells markedly promoted cell growth, progression and metastasis, while downregulating FGF19 effectively inhibited LSQ progression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, downregulating the receptor FGFR4 was also effective to suppress the growth and migration of LSQ cells. Since FGF19 could be induced by smoking or endoplasmic reticulum stress, to tackle the more malignant FGF19-overproducing LSQ, we reported for the first time that inhibiting mTOR pathway by using AZD2014 was effective and feasible. These findings have offered a new strategy by using anti-FGF19/FGFR4 therapy or mTOR-based therapy in FGF19-driven LSQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziming Li
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiang Ji
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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36
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Liu Y, Cao M, Cai Y, Li X, Zhao C, Cui R. Dissecting the Role of the FGF19-FGFR4 Signaling Pathway in Cancer Development and Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:95. [PMID: 32154250 PMCID: PMC7044267 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 4 (FGFR4) belongs to a family of tyrosine kinase receptor. FGFR4 is highly activated in certain types of cancer and its activation is closely associated with its specific ligand, FGF19. Indeed, FGF19-FGFR4 signaling is implicated in many cellular processes including cell proliferation, migration, metabolism, and differentiation. Since active FGF19-FGFR4 signaling acts as an oncogenic pathway in certain types of cancer, the development and therapeutic evaluation of FGFR4-specific inhibitors in cancer patients is a topic of significant interest. In this review, we aim to provide an updated overview of currently-available FGFR4 inhibitors and their ongoing clinical trials, as well as upcoming potential therapeutics. Further, we examined the possibility of enhancing the therapeutic efficiency of FGFR4 inhibitors in cancer patients. We also discussed the underlying molecular mechanisms of oncogenic activation of FGFR4 by FGF19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuepiao Cai
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengguang Zhao
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ri Cui
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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Cervello M, Emma MR, Augello G, Cusimano A, Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, Akula SM, Abrams SL, Steelman LS, Gulino A, Belmonte B, Montalto G, McCubrey JA. New landscapes and horizons in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3053-3094. [PMID: 32018226 PMCID: PMC7041742 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the sixth most frequent form of cancer and leads to the fourth highest number of deaths each year. HCC results from a combination of environmental factors and aging as there are driver mutations at oncogenes which occur during aging. Most of HCCs are diagnosed at advanced stage preventing curative therapies. Treatment in advanced stage is a challenging and pressing problem, and novel and well-tolerated therapies are urgently needed. We will discuss further advances beyond sorafenib that target additional signaling pathways and immune checkpoint proteins. The scenario of possible systemic therapies for patients with advanced HCC has changed dramatically in recent years. Personalized genomics and various other omics approaches may identify actionable biochemical targets, which are activated in individual patients, which may enhance therapeutic outcomes. Further studies are needed to identify predictive biomarkers and aberrantly activated signaling pathways capable of guiding the clinician in choosing the most appropriate therapy for the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria R. Emma
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Augello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cusimano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Lydia Giannitrapani
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Shaw M. Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Stephen L. Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Linda S. Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Department of Health Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Department of Health Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - James A. McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Hii LW, Chung FFL, Soo JSS, Tan BS, Mai CW, Leong CO. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and doxorubicin combinations target both breast cancer stem cells and non-stem breast cancer cells simultaneously. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 179:615-629. [PMID: 31784862 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cancer cells that have high capability for self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor initiation. CSCs are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and are responsible for cancer recurrence and metastasis. METHODS By utilizing a panel of breast cancer cells and mammospheres culture as cell-based screening platforms, we performed high-throughput chemical library screens to identify agents that are effective against breast CSCs and non-CSCs. The hit molecules were paired with conventional chemotherapy to evaluate the combinatorial treatment effects on breast CSCs and non-CSCs. RESULTS We identified a total of 193 inhibitors that effectively targeting both breast CSCs and non-CSCs. We observed that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) synergized conventional chemotherapeutic agents (i.e., doxorubicin and cisplatin) in targeting breast CSCs and non-CSCs simultaneously. Further analyses revealed that quisinostat, a potent inhibitor for class I and II HDACs, potentiated doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in both breast CSCs and non-CSCs derived from the basal-like (MDA-MB-468 and HCC38), mesenchymal-like (MDA-MB-231), and luminal-like breast cancer (MCF-7). It was also observed that the basal-like breast CSCs and non-CSCs were more sensitive to the co-treatment of quisinostat with doxorubicin compared to that of the luminal-like breast cancer subtype. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of HDACi as therapeutic options, either as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapeutics against refractory breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Wei Hii
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Section (MCA), Epigenetics Group (EGE), International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Jaslyn Sian-Siu Soo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Boon Shing Tan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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39
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Leal MF, Haynes BP, Schuster E, Yeo B, Afentakis M, Zabaglo L, Martins V, Buus R, Dodson A, Cheang MCU, Smith IE, Martin LA, Dowsett M. Early Enrichment of ESR1 Mutations and the Impact on Gene Expression in Presurgical Primary Breast Cancer Treated with Aromatase Inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7485-7496. [PMID: 31548345 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the presence of ESR1 mutations in primary estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer treated with extended (>4 weeks) neoadjuvant (presurgical) aromatase inhibitor (NAI) therapy and to identify patients who may gain less benefit from aromatase inhibition (AI) alone based upon on-treatment changes in gene expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated ER, progesterone receptor, and Ki67 by immunostaining, ESR1 mutations by droplet-digital PCR and expression of over 800 key breast cancer genes in paired pre- and post-NAI tumor samples from 87 ER+ breast cancer patients. RESULTS Cell proliferation and estrogen-regulated genes (ERG) remained suppressed in most tumors indicative of persistent response to NAI. Enrichment of ESR1 mutations was found in five tumors and predominantly in patients receiving therapy for >6 months. ESR1-mutant tumors showed increased expression of ESR1 transcript and limited suppression of ERGs and proliferation-associated genes in response to NAI. ESR1 wild-type tumors with high residual proliferation (Ki67r ≥10%; 15/87 tumors) showed lower ESR1/ER expression pre- and post-therapy and lower ERGs. Tumors with ESR1 mutations or Ki67r ≥10% showed less inhibition of estrogen response, cell cycle, and E2F-target genes. CONCLUSIONS Ligand-independent ER signaling, as a result of ESR1 mutation or reduced ER dependence, identified after extended NAI therapy, can guide early selection of patients who would benefit from combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben P Haynes
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Schuster
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Yeo
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Afentakis
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lila Zabaglo
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Martins
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Buus
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dodson
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maggie C U Cheang
- Clinical Trials and Statistic Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian E Smith
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley-Ann Martin
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mitch Dowsett
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Shan J, Chouchane A, Mokrab Y, Saad M, Boujassoum S, Sayaman RW, Ziv E, Bouaouina N, Remadi Y, Gabbouj S, Roelands J, Ma X, Bedognetti D, Chouchane L. Genetic Variation in CCL5 Signaling Genes and Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Susceptibility and Prognosis Implications. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1328. [PMID: 31921621 PMCID: PMC6915105 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for ~15–20% of breast cancer (BC) and has a higher rate of early relapse and mortality compared to other subtypes. The Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) and its signaling pathway have been linked to TNBC. We aimed to investigate the susceptibility and prognostic implications of genetic variation in CCL5 signaling genes in TNBC in the present study. We characterized variants in CCL5 and that of six other CCL5 signaling genes (CCND1, ZMIZ1, CASP8, NOTCH2, MAP3K21, and HS6ST3) among 1,082 unrelated Tunisian subjects (544 BC patients, including 196 TNBC, and 538 healthy controls), assessed the association of the variants with BC-specific overall survival (OVS) and progression-free survival (PFS), and correlated CCL5 mRNA and serum levels with CCL5 genotypes. We found a highly significant association between the CCND1 rs614367-TT genotype (OR = 5.14; P = 0.004) and TNBC risk, and identified a significant association between the rs614367-T allele and decreased PFS in TNBC. A decreased risk of lymph node metastasis was associated with the MAP3K21 rs1294255-C allele, particularly in rs1294255-GC (OR = 0.47; P = 0.001). CCL5 variants (rs2107538 and rs2280789) were linked to CCL5 serum and mRNA levels. In the TCGA TNBC/Basal-like cohort the MAP3K21 rs1294255-G allele was associated with a decreased OVS. High expression of CCL5 in breast tumors was significantly associated with an increased OVS in all BC patients, but particularly in TNBC/Basal-like patients. In conclusion, genetic variation in CCL5 signaling genes may predict not only TNBC risk but also disease aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Shan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Laboratory of Genetic Medicine and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aziz Chouchane
- Faculta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuero, Rome, Italy
| | - Younes Mokrab
- Translational Genetics and Bioinformatics Section, Research Division, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamad Saad
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Salha Boujassoum
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rosalyn W Sayaman
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine at UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Elad Ziv
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Human Genetics at UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Noureddine Bouaouina
- Service de Cancérologie Radiothérapie, CHU Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia.,Laboratoire d'Immuno-Oncologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Yasmine Remadi
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Oncologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sallouha Gabbouj
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Oncologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jessica Roelands
- Tumor Biology Section, Research Division, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Tumor Biology Section, Research Division, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Laboratory of Genetic Medicine and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Raja A, Park I, Haq F, Ahn SM. FGF19- FGFR4 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2019; 8:E536. [PMID: 31167419 PMCID: PMC6627123 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer, with an increasing mortality rate. Aberrant expression of fibroblast growth factor 19-fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGF19-FGFR4) is reported to be an oncogenic-driver pathway for HCC patients. Thus, the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway is a promising target for the treatment of HCC. Several pan-FGFR (1-4) and FGFR4-specific inhibitors are in different phases of clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the information, recent developments, binding modes, selectivity, and clinical trial phases of different available FGFR4/pan-FGF inhibitors. We also discuss future perspectives and highlight the points that should be addressed to improve the efficacy of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroosha Raja
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Inkeun Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea.
| | - Farhan Haq
- Department of Biosciences, Comsats University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Sung-Min Ahn
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea.
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea.
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42
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Turunen SP, von Nandelstadh P, Öhman T, Gucciardo E, Seashore-Ludlow B, Martins B, Rantanen V, Li H, Höpfner K, Östling P, Varjosalo M, Lehti K. FGFR4 phosphorylates MST1 to confer breast cancer cells resistance to MST1/2-dependent apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2577-2593. [PMID: 30903103 PMCID: PMC7224384 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells balance with the equilibrium of cell death and growth to expand and metastasize. The activity of mammalian sterile20-like kinases (MST1/2) has been linked to apoptosis and tumor suppression via YAP/Hippo pathway-independent and -dependent mechanisms. Using a kinase substrate screen, we identified here MST1 and MST2 among the top substrates for fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4). In COS-1 cells, MST1 was phosphorylated at Y433 residue in an FGFR4 kinase activity-dependent manner, as assessed by mass spectrometry. Blockade of this phosphorylation by Y433F mutation induced MST1 activation, as indicated by increased threonine phosphorylation of MST1/2, and the downstream substrate MOB1, in FGFR4-overexpressing T47D and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Importantly, the specific knockdown or short-term inhibition of FGFR4 in endogenous models of human HER2+ breast cancer cells likewise led to increased MST1/2 activation, in conjunction with enhanced MST1 nuclear localization and generation of N-terminal cleaved and autophosphorylated MST1. Unexpectedly, MST2 was also essential for this MST1/N activation and coincident apoptosis induction, although these two kinases, as well as YAP, were differentially regulated in the breast cancer models analyzed. Moreover, pharmacological FGFR4 inhibition specifically sensitized the HER2+ MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells, not only to HER2/EGFR and AKT/mTOR inhibitors, but also to clinically relevant apoptosis modulators. In TCGA cohort, FGFR4 overexpression correlated with abysmal HER2+ breast carcinoma patient outcome. Therefore, our results uncover a clinically relevant, targetable mechanism of FGFR4 oncogenic activity via suppression of the stress-associated MST1/2-induced apoptosis machinery in tumor cells with prominent HER/ERBB and FGFR4 signaling-driven proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pauliina Turunen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Pernilla von Nandelstadh
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Medicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tiina Öhman
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Erika Gucciardo
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Medicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Brinton Seashore-Ludlow
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Medicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ville Rantanen
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Medicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Huini Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Katrin Höpfner
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Medicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Päivi Östling
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden. .,Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, Medicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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43
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FGF19 amplification reveals an oncogenic dependency upon autocrine FGF19/FGFR4 signaling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2019; 38:2394-2404. [PMID: 30518874 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor 19 gene FGF19 has previously been reported to be amplified in several cancer types and encodes for a key autocrine signaler known to promote tumorigenic growth. Thus, it is imperative to understand which cancers are oncogenically addicted to FGF19 amplification as well as the role it serves in these cancer types. We report for the first time high FGF19 amplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), which is associated with increased autocrine secretion of FGF19 and poor patient outcome in HNSCC. FGF19 amplification corresponded with constitutive activation of FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4)-dependent ERK/AKT-p70S6K-S6 signaling activation in HNSCC cells, and addition of human recombinant FGF19 could promote cell proliferation and soft agar colony formation in HNSCC cells with low FGF19 expression through activation of FGFR4 and downstream signaling cascades. In contrast, FGF19 knockout counteracts the observed effects in HNSCC cells carrying high endogenous FGF19, with knockout of FGF19 significantly suppressing tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model of HNSCC. Collectively, this study demonstrates that FGF19 gene amplification corresponds with an increased dependency upon FGF19/FGFR4 autocrine signaling in HNSCC, revealing a therapeutic target for this cancer type.
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44
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Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 Targeting in Cancer: New Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010031. [PMID: 30634399 PMCID: PMC6356571 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), a tyrosine kinase receptor for FGFs, is involved in diverse cellular processes, including the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis. High activation of FGFR4 is strongly associated with the amplification of its specific ligand FGF19 in many types of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, where it acts as an oncogene driving the cancer development and progression. Currently, the development and therapeutic evaluation of FGFR4-specific inhibitors, such as BLU9931 and H3B-6527, in animal models and cancer patients, are paving the way to suppress hyperactive FGFR4 signaling in cancer. This comprehensive review not only covers the recent discoveries in understanding FGFR4 regulation and function in cancer, but also reveals the therapeutic implications and applications regarding emerging anti-FGFR4 agents. Our aim is to pinpoint the potential of FGFR4 as a therapeutic target and identify new avenues for advancing future research in the field.
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45
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Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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46
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Chen L, Qi H, Zhang L, Li H, Shao J, Chen H, Zhong M, Shi X, Ye T, Li Q. Effects of FGFR gene polymorphisms on response and toxicity of cyclophosphamide-epirubicin-docetaxel-based chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1038. [PMID: 30359238 PMCID: PMC6202826 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemotherapy resistance and toxicity of chemotherapy are major problems in breast cancer treatment. However, candidate biomarkers for predicting clinical outcomes and better prognosis remain lacking. METHODS In this study, we analyzed possible impact of 8 genetic variants of fibroblast growth factor receptor1-4 (FGFR1-4) on the treatment response and toxicities in 211 breast cancer patients. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells, and the genotypes were examined using the TaqMan Pre-Designed SNP Genotyping Assays. RESULTS The FGFR4 rs1966265 and FGFR2 rs2981578 contributed to clinical outcome of breast cancer treated with docetaxel-epirubicin-cyclophosphamide (CET)-based chemotherapy. For rs1966265, AA genotype had significant correlation with the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) when compared with GG and AG/GG genotype (P = 0.019 and P = 0.004, respectively). Moreover, A allele of FGFR2 rs2981578 had significant rates of response (P = 0.025). In addition, rs2420946 CC genotype was associated with higher frequency of toxicities compared with TT and CT/TT genotypes (P = 0.038 and P = 0.019, respectively). Also, rs2981578 AG genotype showed higher frequency of toxicities compared with GG genotype (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest these polymorphisms, especially rs1966265 and rs2981578, might be candidate pharmacogenomics factors to the response and prognosis prediction for individualized CET-based chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liudi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingkang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Nursing Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qunyi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
FGF19 is a noncanonical FGF ligand that can control a broad spectrum of physiological responses, which include bile acid homeostasis, liver metabolism and glucose uptake. Many of these responses are mediated by FGF19 binding to its FGFR4/β-klotho receptor complex and controlling activation of an array of intracellular signaling events. Overactivation of the FGF19/FGFR4 axis has been implicated in tumorigenic formation, progression and metastasis, and inhibitors of this axis have recently been developed for single agent use or in combination with other anticancer drugs. Considering the critical role of this receptor complex in cancer, this review focuses on recent developments and applications of FGF19/FGFR4-targeted therapeutics.
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48
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Zhao X, Xu F, Dominguez NP, Xiong Y, Xiong Z, Peng H, Shay C, Teng Y. FGFR4 provides the conduit to facilitate FGF19 signaling in breast cancer progression. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:1616-1625. [PMID: 30074276 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although genetic amplification and overexpression of the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) gene are found in human breast cancer, mechanisms that contribute to such functional alterations remain elusive. We report here that high expression of FGF19 is associated with the aggressive malignant behavior and poor survival outcome of breast cancer patients. FGF19 is particularly highly expressed in luminal molecular subtype of breast tumors and its expression levels are positively associated with its secretion levels from breast cancer cells. Genetic knockout of FGF19 significantly induces repression of breast tumor progression and metastasis in either an orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer or an experimental metastasis model. The FGF19 specific receptor, FGFR4, can be activated and subsequently upregulate AKT signaling in breast cancer cell upon FGF19, which is critical for oncogenic role of FGF19. Inactivation of FGFR4 by its inhibitor BLU9931 significantly attenuates FGF19-induced tumor-promoting activity, suggesting interruption of FGFR4 function is sufficient to affect FGF19-driven breast cancer. Overall, these insights support the idea that targeting FGFR4 in breast cancer cells overexpressing FGF19 may represent an effective strategy to suppress cancer development, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Faliang Xu
- Breast Cancer Center, Chongqing Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Nestor P Dominguez
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Yuanping Xiong
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zhongxun Xiong
- Breast Cancer Center, Chongqing Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chloe Shay
- The Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Emory Children's Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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49
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Iuliano A, Occhipinti A, Angelini C, De Feis I, Liò P. Combining Pathway Identification and Breast Cancer Survival Prediction via Screening-Network Methods. Front Genet 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29963073 PMCID: PMC6011013 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common invasive tumors causing high mortality among women. It is characterized by high heterogeneity regarding its biological and clinical characteristics. Several high-throughput assays have been used to collect genome-wide information for many patients in large collaborative studies. This knowledge has improved our understanding of its biology and led to new methods of diagnosing and treating the disease. In particular, system biology has become a valid approach to obtain better insights into breast cancer biological mechanisms. A crucial component of current research lies in identifying novel biomarkers that can be predictive for breast cancer patient prognosis on the basis of the molecular signature of the tumor sample. However, the high dimension and low sample size of data greatly increase the difficulty of cancer survival analysis demanding for the development of ad-hoc statistical methods. In this work, we propose novel screening-network methods that predict patient survival outcome by screening key survival-related genes and we assess the capability of the proposed approaches using METABRIC dataset. In particular, we first identify a subset of genes by using variable screening techniques on gene expression data. Then, we perform Cox regression analysis by incorporating network information associated with the selected subset of genes. The novelty of this work consists in the improved prediction of survival responses due to the different types of screenings (i.e., a biomedical-driven, data-driven and a combination of the two) before building the network-penalized model. Indeed, the combination of the two screening approaches allows us to use the available biological knowledge on breast cancer and complement it with additional information emerging from the data used for the analysis. Moreover, we also illustrate how to extend the proposed approaches to integrate an additional omic layer, such as copy number aberrations, and we show that such strategies can further improve our prediction capabilities. In conclusion, our approaches allow to discriminate patients in high-and low-risk groups using few potential biomarkers and therefore, can help clinicians to provide more precise prognoses and to facilitate the subsequent clinical management of patients at risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Iuliano
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Angelini
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Italia De Feis
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Liò
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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50
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Er JL, Goh PN, Lee CY, Tan YJ, Hii LW, Mai CW, Chung FFL, Leong CO. Identification of inhibitors synergizing gemcitabine sensitivity in the squamous subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Apoptosis 2018; 23:343-355. [PMID: 29740790 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive cancer with a high chance of recurrence, limited treatment options, and poor prognosis. A recent study has classified pancreatic cancers into four molecular subtypes: (1) squamous, (2) immunogenic, (3) pancreatic progenitor and (4) aberrantly differentiated endocrine exocrine. Among all the subtypes, the squamous subtype has the worst prognosis. This study aims to utilize large scale genomic datasets and computational systems biology to identify potential drugs targeting the squamous subtype of PDAC through combination therapy. Using the transcriptomic data available from the International Cancer Genome Consortium, Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and Connectivity Map, we identified 26 small molecules that could target the squamous subtype of PDAC. Among them include inhibitors targeting the SRC proto-oncogene (SRC) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2). Further analyses demonstrated that the SRC inhibitors (dasatinib and PP2) and MEK1/2 inhibitor (pimasertib) synergized gemcitabine sensitivity specifically in the squamous subtype of PDAC cells (SW1990 and BxPC3), but not in the PDAC progenitor cells (AsPC1). Further analysis revealed that the synergistic effects are dependent on SRC or MEK1/2 activities, as overexpression of SRC or MEK1/2 completely abrogated the synergistic effects SRC inhibitors (dasatinib and PP2) and MEK1/2 inhibitor (pimasertib). In contrast, no significant toxicity was observed in the MRC5 human lung fibroblast and ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Together, our findings suggest that combinations of SRC or MEK inhibitors with gemcitabine possess synergistic effects on the squamous subtype of PDAC cells and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin Er
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pei Ni Goh
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chen Yuan Lee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ying Jie Tan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ling-Wei Hii
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wai Mai
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Section (MCA), Epigenetics Group (EGE), International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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