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He P, Ye Q, Yu K, Wang H, Xu H, Yin Q, Yue M, Liang X, Wang W, You Z, Zhong Y, Liu H. Growing-Season Precipitation Is a Key Driver of Plant Leaf Area to Sapwood Area Ratio at the Global Scale. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39327871 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Leaf area to sapwood area ratio (AL/AS) influences carbon sequestration, community composition, and ecosystem functioning in terrestrial vegetation and is closely related to leaf economics and hydraulics. However, critical predictors of AL/AS are not well understood. We compiled an AL/AS data set with 1612 species-site combinations (1137 species from 285 sites worldwide) from our field experiments and published literature. We found the global mean AL/AS to be 0.63 m2 cm-2, with its variation largely driven by growing-season precipitation (Pgs), which accounted for 18% of the variation in AL/AS. Species in tropical rainforests exhibited the highest AL/AS (0.82 m2 cm-2), whereas desert species showed the lowest AL/AS (0.16 m2 cm-2). Soil factors such as soil nitrogen and soil organic carbon exhibited positive effects on AL/AS, whereas soil pH was negatively correlated with AL/AS. Tree density accounted for 7% of the variation in AL/AS. All biotic and abiotic predictors collectively explained up to 45% of the variation in AL/AS. Additionally, AL/AS was positively correlated to the net primary productivity (NPP) of the ecosystem. Our study provides insights into the driving factors of AL/AS at the global scale and highlights the importance of AL/AS in ecosystem productivity. Given that Pgs is the most critical driver of AL/AS, alterations in global precipitation belts, particularly seasonal precipitation, may induce changes in plant leaf area on the branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Kailiang Yu
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Qiulong Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Intelligent Monitoring and Protection, School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingyun Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiren Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangtian You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Lech P, Kamińska A. "Mortality, or not mortality, that is the question …": How to Treat Removals in Tree Survival Analysis of Central European Managed Forests. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:248. [PMID: 38256801 PMCID: PMC10820843 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Tree mortality is an objective forest health criterion and is particularly suitable for long-term and large-scale studies of forest condition. However, it is impossible to determine actual tree mortality in Central European managed forests where trees are removed for various reasons. In this case, the only way to approximate tree mortality is to define the range in which it occurs. This can be carried out by including in the mortality calculations either dead trees that remain in the stand at the end of the assessment period or additionally trees that have been removed from the stand. We used data from the annual forest monitoring surveys in Poland from 2009 to 2022 for pine, spruce, oak and birch to perform a survival analysis in which we included all removals or sanitary cuttings either as censored or complete observations. The differences between the calculated mortality rates were significant, indicating the importance of how removals are treated in the analysis. To assess which method used for mortality calculation was more appropriate, we compared values for last recorded defoliation and severity of damage from live, dead and thinned or salvaged trees. For all species studied, significant differences were found between dead trees or trees removed by sanitation cuts and living trees or trees removed by thinning, suggesting that not only dead trees remaining in the forest, but also trees removed by sanitation cuts, should be considered when calculating mortality in managed stands. We also recommend the use of survival analysis in forest monitoring as a routine method for assessing the health of stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Lech
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, ul. Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kamińska
- Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, ul. Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland;
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Abstract
The forest mortality models developed so far have ignored the effects of spatial correlations and climate, which lead to the substantial bias in the mortality prediction. This study thus developed the tree mortality models for Prince Rupprecht larch (Larix gmelinii subsp. principis-rupprechtii), one of the most important tree species in northern China, by taking those effects into account. In addition to these factors, our models include both the tree—and stand—level variables, the information of which was collated from the temporary sample plots laid out across the larch forests. We applied the Bayesian modeling, which is the novel approach to build the multi-level tree mortality models. We compared the performance of the models constructed through the combination of selected predictor variables and explored their corresponding effects on the individual tree mortality. The models precisely predicted mortality at the three ecological scales (individual, stand, and region). The model at the levels of both the sample plot and stand with different site condition (block) outperformed the other model forms (model at block level alone and fixed effects model), describing significantly larger mortality variations, and accounted for multiple sources of the unobserved heterogeneities. Results showed that the sum of the squared diameter was larger than the estimated diameter, and the mean annual precipitation significantly positively correlated with tree mortality, while the ratio of the diameter to the average of the squared diameter, the stand arithmetic mean diameter, and the mean of the difference of temperature was significantly negatively correlated. Our results will have significant implications in identifying various factors, including climate, that could have large influence on tree mortality and precisely predict tree mortality at different scales.
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Germain SJ, Lutz JA. Climate warming may weaken stabilizing mechanisms in old forests. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara J. Germain
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan Utah USA
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Dynamics of carbon storage and status of standing vegetation in temperate coniferous forest ecosystem of north western Himalaya India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 34:822-833. [PMID: 34334972 PMCID: PMC8316892 DOI: 10.1007/s42535-021-00265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural ecosystems, which operate as a sink, play an important role in determining the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and have a large storage capacity, assisting in mitigation of problem that has a negative impact on the human population. Forests are one of the most important carbon sinks in the terrestrial ecosystem, with the best example being the Western Himalaya, where healthy and sustainable vegetation is prized. Standard methodology was adopted for assessing the different parameters of carbon related information to enumerate the status of carbon storage and its trend in sustaining the ecosystem of the area. The current research displays the annual increment and carbon dynamics in various vegetation components and levels. Trees, shrubs, and herbs help to fix atmospheric carbon in a variety of forms, including AGC, BGC, and TC. The concentration of carbon-fixing potential was measured on an annual and seasonal basis, with herbs having the highest mean annual increment, followed by shrubs and trees. Pinus wallichiana had the largest annual carbon stock change among trees, followed by Cedrus deodara, Picea smithiana, and Abies pindrow. P. wallichiana topped the increase percentage with 60.58%, followed by C. deodara 33.35%, P. smithiana 5.61%, and A. pindrow 0.45%. Litter was also investigated as a potential source of mitigation, with the best results observed during the autumn months. Natural coniferous forests provide a regulating ecological service in the region by maintaining carbon dioxide levels in the form of biomass, according to the study.
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Jung S, Sim HS, Kim JS, Bae KH, Cho Y. Processes driving understory community dynamics in Ulleungdo Island broadleaved forest, South Korea. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songhie Jung
- Conservation Center for Gwangneung Forest National Arboretum Pocheon South Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Sim
- Conservation Center for Gwangneung Forest National Arboretum Pocheon South Korea
- Department of Forest Resources Graduate School of Kookmin University Seoul South Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kim
- Nature and Forest Research Institute Daegu South Korea
| | - Kwan Ho Bae
- Department of Ecology Environment System Kyungpook National University Sangju South Korea
| | - Yong‐Chan Cho
- Conservation Center for Gwangneung Forest National Arboretum Pocheon South Korea
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McNellis BE, Smith AMS, Hudak AT, Strand EK. Tree mortality in western U.S. forests forecasted using forest inventory and Random Forest classification. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E. McNellis
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho83844USA
| | - Alistair M. S. Smith
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho83844USA
| | - Andrew T. Hudak
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Forestry Sciences Laboratory Moscow Idaho83843USA
| | - Eva K. Strand
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho83844USA
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Li Y, Li M, Li X, Liu Z, Ming A, Lan H, Ye S. The Abundance and Structure of Deadwood: A Comparison of Mixed and Thinned Chinese Fir Plantations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:614695. [PMID: 33746997 PMCID: PMC7965984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.614695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sustainability of coniferous monoculture plantations is facing challenges with respect to yields, ecology, and biodiversity. Conversion of monocultural coniferous plantations into mixed stands using thinning or direct mixed planting is widely considered to be a key strategy for overcoming these challenges and transforming the characteristics of plantations on a regional scale. Substantial amounts of deadwood may be produced in mixed forests (MFs); this material is important for evaluating and modifying forest management methods, understanding the dynamics of forest stands, and achieving biodiversity conservation. We assessed the quantitative characters and diameter distributions of deadwood in mixed and thinned Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.] forests over one rotation. We used the g(r) function and spatial parameters to analyze the spatial structure of deadwood, and used logistic regression and Hegyi's competition index (HCI) to explore competition and mortality. Our results indicate that: (1) Chinese fir dominated in all groups of deadwood (snags, broken wood, and fallen wood), and the abundance, volume, and mortality rates of deadwood were much lower in the thinning forest compared to the MF. (2) Later coming populations (LCPs) comprised the majority of the small diameter classes in the thinning forest, but only accounted for a small proportion of the MF. (3) Broken wood in the thinning forest was randomly distributed, while the other types of deadwood were clustered at most spatial scales. In contrast, the spatial patterns in the MF were random at most spatial scales. (4) Total deadwood in both stands was in a status of intermediate and was randomly surrounded by its four nearest neighbors. All types of deadwood were highly mixed in the thinning forest and moderately mixed in the MF. Our case study suggests that thinning and mixing result in different stand development processes and thus influence the type, amount, and structure of deadwood. Thinning significantly reduces competition, which is the main driver of tree mortality. Converting pure Chinese fir plantations into mixed stands by thinning should be taken in future. Understanding tree mortality after conversion is essential to select appropriate silvicultural treatments and achieve ultimately sustainable forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfa Li
- College of Forestry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Muxuan Li
- College of Forestry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xian Li
- College of Forestry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
- Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Pingxiang, China
| | - Angang Ming
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
- Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Pingxiang, China
| | - Huangxu Lan
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Shaoming Ye
- College of Forestry, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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9
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Qiao X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Xu Y, Zhou T, Mi X, Cao M, Ye W, Jin G, Hao Z, Wang X, Wang X, Tian S, Li X, Xiang W, Liu Y, Shao Y, Xu K, Sang W, Zeng F, Ren H, Jiang M, Ellison AM. Foundation species across a latitudinal gradient in China. Ecology 2020; 102:e03234. [PMID: 33107020 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Foundation species structure forest communities and ecosystems but are difficult to identify without long-term observations or experiments. We used statistical criteria--outliers from size-frequency distributions and scale-dependent negative effects on alpha diversity and positive effects on beta diversity--to identify candidate foundation woody plant species in 12 large forest-dynamics plots spanning 26 degrees of latitude in China. We used these data (1) to identify candidate foundation species in Chinese forests, (2) to test the hypothesis--based on observations of a midlatitude peak in functional trait diversity and high local species richness but few numerically dominant species in tropical forests--that foundation woody plant species are more frequent in temperate than tropical or boreal forests, and (3) to compare these results with data from the Americas to suggest candidate foundation genera in northern hemisphere forests. Using the most stringent criteria, only two species of Acer, the canopy tree Acer ukurunduense and the shrubby treelet Acer barbinerve, were identified in temperate plots as candidate foundation species. Using more relaxed criteria, we identified four times more candidate foundation species in temperate plots (including species of Acer, Pinus, Juglans, Padus, Tilia, Fraxinus, Prunus, Taxus, Ulmus, and Corlyus) than in (sub)tropical plots (the treelets or shrubs Aporosa yunnanensis, Ficus hispida, Brassaiopsis glomerulata, and Orophea laui). Species diversity of co-occurring woody species was negatively associated with basal area of candidate foundation species more frequently at 5- and 10-m spatial grains (scale) than at a 20-m grain. Conversely, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was positively associated with basal area of candidate foundation species more frequently at 5-m than at 10- or 20-m grains. Both stringent and relaxed criteria supported the hypothesis that foundation species are more common in mid-latitude temperate forests. Comparisons of candidate foundation species in Chinese and North American forests suggest that Acer be investigated further as a foundation tree genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [CAS], Wuhan, 430074, China.,Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, CAS, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [CAS], Wuhan, 430074, China.,Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, CAS, Wuhan, 430074, China.,University of CAS, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yaozhan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [CAS], Wuhan, 430074, China.,Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, CAS, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tianyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [CAS], Wuhan, 430074, China.,Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, CAS, Wuhan, 430074, China.,University of CAS, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangcheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Min Cao
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (CAS), Kunming, 650023, China
| | - Wanhui Ye
- South China Botanical Garden (CAS), Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Guangze Jin
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Xugao Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology (CAS), Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xihua Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Songyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Forestry Ecological Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiankun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Wusheng Xiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Yankun Liu
- National Positioning Observation Station of Mudanjiang Forest Ecosystem in Heilongjiang Province, Mudanjiang, 157500, China
| | - Yingnan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Forestry Ecological Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Lijiang Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany (CAS), Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Weiguo Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, 100093, China.,Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fuping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture (CAS), Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Haibao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany (CAS), Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Mingxi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [CAS], Wuhan, 430074, China.,Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, CAS, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Aaron M Ellison
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
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10
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Coble AA, Barnard H, Du E, Johnson S, Jones J, Keppeler E, Kwon H, Link TE, Penaluna BE, Reiter M, River M, Puettmann K, Wagenbrenner J. Long-term hydrological response to forest harvest during seasonal low flow: Potential implications for current forest practices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:138926. [PMID: 32402963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in the magnitude and duration of streamflow can have important implications for aquatic species, drinking water supplies, and water quality. In many regions, including the Pacific Northwest (U.S. and Canada), seasonal low flow is declining, primarily due to a changing climate, but is also influenced by urbanization, agriculture, and forestry. We review the responses of seasonal low flow, catchment storage, and tree-water relations to forest harvest over long timescales and discuss the potential implications of these responses for current forest practices and aquatic biota. We identify three distinct periods of expected low flow responses as regrowth occurs following forest harvest: in the first period an initial increase in low flow can occur as replanted stands regenerate, in the second period low flow is characterized by mixed and variable responses as forests become established, and in the third period, which follows canopy closure, low flow declines may occur over long timescales. Of 25 small catchments with ≥10 years post-harvest data, nine catchments had no change or variable low flow and 16 catchments experienced reduced low flow years after harvest. The retention of riparian buffers, limited size of harvest units, and adherence to reforestation requirements have altered the contemporary forest landscape relative to historical forest practices, but data documenting multi-decadal hydrological responses to current harvest practices is limited. Our review suggests that the magnitude of low flow responses attenuates downstream as a broader mosaic of stand ages occurs and multiple hydrological periods are represented. Declines were not observed in the seven large catchments reviewed. The consequences of low flow declines for aquatic biota are not well understood, but where data do exist aquatic biota have not been adversely affected. We identify priorities for future research that will aid in improving predictions of low flow responses to harvest as forests regenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Coble
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 227 NW Third St., Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
| | - Holly Barnard
- Department of Geography, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Enhao Du
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Sherri Johnson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Julia Jones
- Geography CEOAS, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Elizabeth Keppeler
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Fort Bragg, CA, USA
| | - Hyojung Kwon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Timothy E Link
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Brooke E Penaluna
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Mark River
- Weyerhaeuser Company, Springfield, OR, USA
| | - Klaus Puettmann
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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11
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Shen Z, Li Y, Chen Z, Xi N, Luo W, He Q, Liu S, Lin W, Zhu X, Fang S, Wang Y, Li B, Chu C. Species Identity and Initial Size Rather Than Neighborhood Interactions Influence Survival in a Response-Surface Examination of Competition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1212. [PMID: 32903341 PMCID: PMC7434863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To measure intraspecific and interspecific interaction coefficients among tree species is the key to explore the underlying mechanisms for species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance in forests. Through the response surface experimental design, we established a long-term field experiment by planting 27,300 seedlings of four tree species (Erythrophleum fordii, Pinus massoniana, Castanopsis fissa, and Castanopsis carlesii) in 504 plots in different species combinations (six pairwise combinations of four species), abundance proportions (five abundance proportions of two species, i.e. A: B = 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1), and stand densities (25, 36, 64, and 100 seedlings per plot). In this initial report, we aimed to quantify the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors on seedling survival at the early stage of growth, which is a critical period for seedling establishment. We found that plot-level seedling survival rate was determined by species combination and their abundance proportion rather than stand density. At the individual level, individual survival probability was mainly explained by species identity, initial seedling size, and soil conditions rather than neighborhood competition. Our study highlights that the seedling intrinsic properties may be the key factors in determining seedling survival rate, while neighborhood effects were not yet prominent at the seedling life stage.
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12
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Furniss TJ, Larson AJ, Kane VR, Lutz JA. Wildfire and drought moderate the spatial elements of tree mortality. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J. Furniss
- Wildland Resources Department and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah84322USA
| | - Andrew J. Larson
- Wilderness Institute and Department of Forest Management University of Montana Missoula Montana59812USA
| | - Van R. Kane
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- Wildland Resources Department and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah84322USA
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13
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Abstract
Mortality of trees is an important ecological process altering forest structure and function as well as influencing forest management decisions. Recent observations suggest that the overall rate of tree mortality is increasing at local to global scales. While more data on mortality is needed to document these changes, key concepts are also needed to guide the collection, interpretation, and use of this information. Mortality can be considered as a general process that includes all forms of tree-related death ranging from parts of trees to large-scale disturbances. Viewing mortality as a continuum allows one to examine how the lifespan of trees and their parts (e.g., branches), as well as multiple disturbances, influence ecosystem structure and function. Statistically, mortality does not follow the law of large numbers because, regardless of the scale analyzed, consequential, infrequent episodes can occur. This causes mortality to occur in irregular pulses. While the causes of mortality are indeed complex, this stems from the fact many processes, each with its own set of controls, can lead to mortality. By analyzing and predicting mortality using a chain of events influenced by specific mechanisms, a clearer understanding of this process should develop, leading to a more science-based and less reactive forest management.
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14
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Aboveground Biomass Allometric Models for Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest Damaged by a Serious Ice Storm in Southern China. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A catastrophic ice storm occurred in the spring of 2008, which severely destroyed nearly 13% of China’s forests; among them, the broad-leaved forest suffered the most extensive damage. In this study, allometric models of the evergreen broad-leaved forests damaged at different recovery stages after the disaster were established to estimate the aboveground biomass of damaged trees. Plant plots were established and surveyed in damaged forests to determine species composition and diameter distribution, and finally a sample scheme was formulated that contained 47 trees from 13 species. The destructive measurements of aboveground biomass of trees selected according to the scheme were conducted in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2016, respectively. Undamaged trees in the same region were also selected to measure the biomass in 2010. Linear regression of logarithmic transformation of the power function form was performed using Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) as predictor to develop biomass allometric models. The results showed that the ice storm caused tree aboveground biomass loss, which caused different parameters of the tree biomass models at different recovery stages. The models have a high accuracy in predicting trunk and total aboveground biomass, with high determination coefficients (R2, 0.913~0.984, mean 0.957), and have a relatively low accuracy in predicting the biomass of branches and leaves (R2, 0.703~0.892, mean 0.784). The aboveground biomass reduced by 35.0% on average due to the ice storm, and recovered to the same level of undamaged trees in the same diameter 8 years after the disturbance. The branches and leaves recovered very fast, and the biomass of these parts exceeded that of the undamaged trees, reaching the same diameter 2 years after the disaster, indicating an over compensatory growth. The trees with a smaller diameter were mostly composed of middle and late succession species, and recovered faster than other species, indicating that the ice storm may alter the forest structure and accelerate community succession. The biomass allometric models built in this study, combined with forest inventory data, can estimate forest biomass loss and recovery after disturbance, and offer an important sense of the assessment of forest damage and the formulation of forest post-disaster management strategies.
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15
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Advance Regeneration of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine in Hemiboreal Forests in Latvia. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Continuous cover forestry (CCF) aims to emulate small natural disturbances and take advantage of natural regeneration. To implement these management practices successfully, knowledge of advance regeneration under the canopy in different conditions is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of stand inventory parameters of canopy layer (age, basal area, height, and density) on the probability and density of advance regeneration of the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in hemiboreal forests in Latvia. The data were obtained from the National Forest Inventory, from a total of 879 plots. In the study, only Norway spruce or Scots pine dominated stands were used and the sampled stand age ranged from 21 to 218 years. The probability of advance regeneration differed between stands dominated by Scots pine versus Norway spruce. The probability and density of the advance regeneration of Norway spruce were positively linked to increased stand age, whereas the probability of the advance regeneration of Scots pine was negatively linked to the basal area of the stand. In stands dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine on mesic soils, the advance regeneration of Norway spruce has a high density, whereas the advance regeneration of Scots pine is sporadic and scarce.
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16
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Disturbance History and Dynamics of an Old-Growth Nothofagus Forest in Southern Patagonia. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of disturbance events using disturbance chronologies has become a valuable tool in reconstructing disturbance history in temperate forests worldwide; yet detailed reconstructions of disturbance history and their effect on the structure and dynamics of the old-growth Nothofagus forests in the southern Patagonia are scarce. We reconstructed forest dynamics and disturbance history of an old-growth N. pumilio forest in the Toro River Valley, Santa Cruz, Argentina using dendroecological techniques. Since a variation in the disturbance regimes was expected with changing elevation, we sampled at different elevations. We found distinct differences in forest structure, dynamics, and disturbance history with changes in the elevation. The disturbance chronologies provided robust evidence that forests in the study area have been subjected to multiple disturbance events over the last 200 years. Yet, recognizing the agent of disturbance could be difficult in these montane forests and further studies are required. Moreover, disturbances might have varied from frequent, moderate- to high-severity events to less frequent and more severe events. This study represents the first of its kind for the temperate forests of Patagonia.
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Wang G, Schultz P, Tipton A, Zhang J, Zhang F, Bever JD. Soil microbiome mediates positive plant diversity-productivity relationships in late successional grassland species. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1221-1232. [PMID: 31131969 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Which processes drive the productivity benefits of biodiversity remain a critical, but unanswered question in ecology. We tested whether the soil microbiome mediates the diversity-productivity relationships among late successional plant species. We found that productivity increased with plant richness in diverse soil communities, but not with low-diversity mixtures of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or in pasteurised soils. Diversity-interaction modelling revealed that pairwise interactions among species best explained the positive diversity-productivity relationships, and that transgressive overyielding resulting from positive complementarity was only observed with the late successional soil microbiome, which was both the most diverse and exhibited the strongest community differentiation among plant species. We found evidence that both dilution/suppression from host-specific pathogens and microbiome-mediated resource partitioning contributed to positive diversity-productivity relationships and overyielding. Our results suggest that re-establishment of a diverse, late successional soil microbiome may be critical to the restoration of the functional benefits of plant diversity following anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhou Wang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Peggy Schultz
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Alice Tipton
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.,Department of Science, Technology & Mathematics, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO, 65101, USA
| | - Junling Zhang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - James D Bever
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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18
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Thrippleton T, Hülsmann L, Cailleret M, Bugmann H. Projecting Forest Dynamics Across Europe: Potentials and Pitfalls of Empirical Mortality Algorithms. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Żywiec M, Fedriani JM, Kurek P, Holeksa J. Non‐trophic plant–animal interactions mediate positive density dependence among conspecific saplings. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Żywiec
- Centre for Applied Ecology ‘Prof. Baeta Neves’ (CEABN‐InBIO), Inst. Superior of Agronomy, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
- W. Szafer Inst. of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences Lubicz 46, 31 512 Kraków Poland
| | - José M. Fedriani
- Centre for Applied Ecology ‘Prof. Baeta Neves’ (CEABN‐InBIO), Inst. Superior of Agronomy, Univ. of Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
- Dept of Conservation Biology, Estacion Biologica de Doñana (EBD – CSIC) Seville Spain
| | - Przemysław Kurek
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznań Poland
| | - Jan Holeksa
- Dept of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ Poznań Poland
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20
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Ellison AM. Foundation Species, Non-trophic Interactions, and the Value of Being Common. iScience 2019; 13:254-268. [PMID: 30870783 PMCID: PMC6416672 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Foundation species define ecosystems, control the biological diversity of associated species, modulate critical ecosystem processes, and often have important cultural values and resonance. This review summarizes current understanding of the characteristics and traits of foundation species and how to distinguish them from other “important” species in ecological systems (e.g., keystone, dominant, and core species); illustrates how analysis of the structure and function of ecological networks can be improved and enriched by explicit incorporation of foundation species and their non-trophic interactions; discusses the importance of pro-active identification and management of foundation species as a cost-effective and efficient method of sustaining valuable ecosystem processes and services and securing populations of associated rare, threatened, or endangered species; and suggests broader engagement of citizen-scientists and non-specialists in the identification and study of foundation species and their biological and cultural values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Ellison
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA 01366, USA.
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21
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Species Diversity Associated with Foundation Species in Temperate and Tropical Forests. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Foundation species define and structure ecological communities but are difficult to identify before they are declining. Yet, their defining role in ecosystems suggests they should be a high priority for protection and management while they are still common and abundant. We used comparative analyses of six large forest dynamics plots spanning a temperate-to-tropical gradient in the Western Hemisphere to identify statistical “fingerprints” of potential foundation species based on their size-frequency and abundance-diameter distributions, and their spatial association with five measures of diversity of associated woody plant species. Potential foundation species are outliers from the common “reverse-J” size-frequency distribution, and have negative effects on alpha diversity and positive effects on beta diversity at most spatial lags and directions. Potential foundation species also are more likely in temperate forests, but foundational species groups may occur in tropical forests. As foundation species (or species groups) decline, associated landscape-scale (beta) diversity is likely to decline along with them. Preservation of this component of biodiversity may be the most important consequence of protecting foundation species while they are still common.
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22
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Corsican Pine (Pinus laricio Poiret) Stand Management: Medium and Long Lasting Effects of Thinning on Biomass Growth. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Stevens‐Rumann CS, Kemp KB, Higuera PE, Harvey BJ, Rother MT, Donato DC, Morgan P, Veblen TT. Evidence for declining forest resilience to wildfires under climate change. Ecol Lett 2017; 21:243-252. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille S. Stevens‐Rumann
- Department of Forest Rangeland, and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho USA
- Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado USA
| | | | - Philip E. Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana Missoula, Montana USA
| | - Brian J. Harvey
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seatlle, Washington USA
| | - Monica T. Rother
- University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, Colorado USA
- Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy Tallahassee, Florida USA
| | - Daniel C. Donato
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seatlle, Washington USA
- Department of Natural ResourcesWashington State Olympia, Washington USA
| | - Penelope Morgan
- Department of Forest Rangeland, and Fire Sciences University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho USA
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24
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Warning Signals of Adverse Interactions between Climate Change and Native Stressors in British Columbia Forests. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8080280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Fire and the Distribution and Uncertainty of Carbon Sequestered as Aboveground Tree Biomass in Yosemite and Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks. LAND 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/land6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Gonzalez‐Akre E, Meakem V, Eng C, Tepley AJ, Bourg NA, McShea W, Davies SJ, Anderson‐Teixeira K. Patterns of tree mortality in a temperate deciduous forest derived from a large forest dynamics plot. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gonzalez‐Akre
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Victoria Meakem
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Cheng‐Yin Eng
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Alan J. Tepley
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Norman A. Bourg
- U.S. Geological Survey National Research Program – Eastern Branch Reston Virginia 20192 USA
| | - William McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City 9100 Panama
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Washington D.C. 20013 USA
| | - Kristina Anderson‐Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia 22630 USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City 9100 Panama
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27
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Forest Restoration Using Variable Density Thinning: Lessons from Douglas-Fir Stands in Western Oregon. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7120310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Vézeau C, Payette S. Gap expansion in old-growth subarctic forests: the climate-pathogen connection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:1044-1056. [PMID: 27409065 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis considering old-growth subarctic woodlands, free of fire, insect and stand-scale blowdown disturbances, to be at equilibrium with the climate. To do so, we explored the status of Hudsonian woodlands based on the natality/mortality ratio. The gap history of the woodland was reconstructed based on mapping and dating of dead gap-spruces (Picea mariana). Among the 25 gaps studied, 763 dead trees and only 14 saplings were recorded. The center of some gaps remained treeless over the last 1000 yr, and gap area doubled over the last 100 yr. The status of the tree population is in a demographic disequilibrium caused by the small replacement of dead spruces in all of the gaps. Episodes of 'mass' mortality occurred during several decades corresponding to years of favorable tree-ring growth. The natural process of gap-filling appears to be ineffective under current conditions. Good tree-ring growth of dying trees suggests abundant precipitation during the mortality episodes, but precipitation appears to be involved indirectly in the mortality process. The main cause of the widespread tree mortality during the last centuries of gap expansion appears to be biotic in origin. The impact of pathogenic fungal disease linked to late-lying snow cover is proposed for the mortality events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Vézeau
- NSERC Northern Research Chair, Département de biologie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Serge Payette
- NSERC Northern Research Chair, Département de biologie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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29
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Uncertainty in carbon allocation strategy and ecophysiological parameterization influences on carbon and streamflow estimates for two western US forested watersheds. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Kosugi R, Shibuya M, Ishibashi S. Sixty‐year post‐windthrow study of stand dynamics in two natural forests differing in pre‐disturbance composition. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kosugi
- Graduate School of AgricultureHokkaido University Sapporo 060‐8589 Japan
| | - Masato Shibuya
- Research Faculty of AgricultureHokkaido University Sapporo 060‐8589 Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishibashi
- Hokkaido Research CenterForestry and Forest Products Research Institute 7 Hitsujigaoka Sapporo 062‐8516 Japan
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31
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Das AJ, Stephenson NL, Davis KP. Why do trees die? Characterizing the drivers of background tree mortality. Ecology 2016; 97:2616-2627. [PMID: 27859135 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The drivers of background tree mortality rates-the typical low rates of tree mortality found in forests in the absence of acute stresses like drought-are central to our understanding of forest dynamics, the effects of ongoing environmental changes on forests, and the causes and consequences of geographical gradients in the nature and strength of biotic interactions. To shed light on factors contributing to background tree mortality, we analyzed detailed pathological data from 200,668 tree-years of observation and 3,729 individual tree deaths, recorded over a 13-yr period in a network of old-growth forest plots in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. We found that: (1) Biotic mortality factors (mostly insects and pathogens) dominated (58%), particularly in larger trees (86%). Bark beetles were the most prevalent (40%), even though there were no outbreaks during the study period; in contrast, the contribution of defoliators was negligible. (2) Relative occurrences of broad classes of mortality factors (biotic, 58%; suppression, 51%; and mechanical, 25%) are similar among tree taxa, but may vary with tree size and growth rate. (3) We found little evidence of distinct groups of mortality factors that predictably occur together on trees. Our results have at least three sets of implications. First, rather than being driven by abiotic factors such as lightning or windstorms, the "ambient" or "random" background mortality that many forest models presume to be independent of tree growth rate is instead dominated by biotic agents of tree mortality, with potentially critical implications for forecasting future mortality. Mechanistic models of background mortality, even for healthy, rapidly growing trees, must therefore include the insects and pathogens that kill trees. Second, the biotic agents of tree mortality, instead of occurring in a few predictable combinations, may generally act opportunistically and with a relatively large degree of independence from one another. Finally, beyond the current emphasis on folivory and leaf defenses, studies of broad-scale gradients in the nature and strength of biotic interactions should also include biotic attacks on, and defenses of, tree stems and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Das
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, 93271, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, 93271, USA
| | - Kristin P Davis
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
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Gendreau-Berthiaume B, Macdonald SE, Stadt JJ. Extended density-dependent mortality in mature conifer forests: causes and implications for ecosystem management. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:1486-1502. [PMID: 27755757 DOI: 10.1890/15-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding processes driving mortality in forests is important for comprehension of natural stand dynamics and for informing natural disturbance-based ecosystem management. There has been considerable study of mortality in forests during the self-thinning phase but we know much less about processes driving mortality in stands at later successional stages. We addressed this through study of five 1-ha spatially explicit permanent plots in mature (111-186 yr old in 2012) Pinus contorta stands in the Canadian Rocky Mountains using data from repeated measurements over a 45-yr period, dendrochronological information, and point pattern analysis. We tested the hypothesis that these stands had completed the self-thinning/density-dependent mortality stage of succession. Contrary to our expectations, the self-thinning phase can persist for more than 140 yr following stand establishment. Our findings suggest this was attributable to prolonged post-fire establishment periods due to surface fires in three of the plots while in the other two plots moist conditions and slow growth most likely delayed the onset of competition. Several pieces of evidence indicated the importance of density-dependent mortality in these stands over the study period: (1) The diameter distribution of individuals changed from initially right-skewed toward normality as a result of mortality of smaller-diameter stems. (2) Individuals of lower canopy positions were proportionally more affected by mortality. (3) When compared to the pre-mortality pattern, surviving stems in all stands had an increasingly uniform spatial distribution. In two of the plots, recent windthrow and/or ingrowth initially hindered our ability to detect density-dependent mortality but our dendrochronological sampling and permanent plot data allowed us to untangle the different processes at play; in doing so we demonstrate for the first time how density-independent processes can mask underlying density-dependent mortality processes in older stands. Mortality of larger dominant canopy trees increased over the study period and mortality of dominant stems was a random process in all stands suggesting these stands were approaching the end of the self-thinning stage and that density-independent processes might soon become more important. Our results provide an improved understanding of mortality processes that can be applied to natural disturbance-based ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gendreau-Berthiaume
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - S Ellen Macdonald
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - J John Stadt
- Forest Management Branch, Forestry Division, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, 9920-108 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T5K 2M4, Canada
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Zald HS, Spies TA, Seidl R, Pabst RJ, Olsen KA, Steel EA. Complex mountain terrain and disturbance history drive variation in forest aboveground live carbon density in the western Oregon Cascades, USA. FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 366:193-207. [PMID: 27041818 PMCID: PMC4816204 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Forest carbon (C) density varies tremendously across space due to the inherent heterogeneity of forest ecosystems. Variation of forest C density is especially pronounced in mountainous terrain, where environmental gradients are compressed and vary at multiple spatial scales. Additionally, the influence of environmental gradients may vary with forest age and developmental stage, an important consideration as forest landscapes often have a diversity of stand ages from past management and other disturbance agents. Quantifying forest C density and its underlying environmental determinants in mountain terrain has remained challenging because many available data sources lack the spatial grain and ecological resolution needed at both stand and landscape scales. The objective of this study was to determine if environmental factors influencing aboveground live carbon (ALC) density differed between young versus old forests. We integrated aerial light detection and ranging (lidar) data with 702 field plots to map forest ALC density at a grain of 25 m across the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, a 6369 ha watershed in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, USA. We used linear regressions, random forest ensemble learning (RF) and sequential autoregressive modeling (SAR) to reveal how mapped forest ALC density was related to climate, topography, soils, and past disturbance history (timber harvesting and wildfires). ALC increased with stand age in young managed forests, with much greater variation of ALC in relation to years since wildfire in old unmanaged forests. Timber harvesting was the most important driver of ALC across the entire watershed, despite occurring on only 23% of the landscape. More variation in forest ALC density was explained in models of young managed forests than in models of old unmanaged forests. Besides stand age, ALC density in young managed forests was driven by factors influencing site productivity, whereas variation in ALC density in old unmanaged forests was also affected by finer scale topographic conditions associated with sheltered sites. Past wildfires only had a small influence on current ALC density, which may be a result of long times since fire and/or prevalence of non-stand replacing fire. Our results indicate that forest ALC density depends on a suite of multi-scale environmental drivers mediated by complex mountain topography, and that these relationships are dependent on stand age. The high and context-dependent spatial variability of forest ALC density has implications for quantifying forest carbon stores, establishing upper bounds of potential carbon sequestration, and scaling field data to landscape and regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S.J. Zald
- Oregon State University, College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Thomas A. Spies
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Rupert Seidl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute of Silviculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert J. Pabst
- Oregon State University, College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Keith A. Olsen
- Oregon State University, College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - E. Ashley Steel
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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Forest dynamics and its driving forces of sub-tropical forest in South China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22561. [PMID: 26940005 PMCID: PMC4778038 DOI: 10.1038/srep22561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree mortality and recruitment are key factors influencing forest dynamics, but the driving mechanisms of these processes remain unclear. To better understand these driving mechanisms, we studied forest dynamics over a 5-year period in a 20-ha sub-tropical forest in the Dinghushan Nature Reserve, South China. The goal was to identify determinants of tree mortality/recruitment at the local scale using neighborhood analyses on some locally dominant tree species. Results show that the study plot was more dynamic than some temperate and tropical forests in a comparison to large, long-term forest dynamics plots. Over the 5-year period, mortality rates ranged from 1.67 to 12.33% per year while recruitment rates ranged from 0 to 20.26% per year. Tree size had the most consistent effect on mortality across species. Recruitment into the ≥1-cm size class consistently occurred where local con-specific density was high. This suggests that recruitment may be limited by seed dispersal. Hetero-specific individuals also influenced recruitment significantly for some species. Canopy species had low recruitment into the ≥1-cm size class over the 5-year period. In conclusion, tree mortality and recruitment for sixteen species in this plot was likely limited by seed dispersal and density-dependence.
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Eitzel MV, Battles J, York R, de Valpine P. Can't see the trees for the forest: complex factors influence tree survival in a temperate second growth forest. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00105.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Larson AJ, Lutz JA, Donato DC, Freund JA, Swanson ME, HilleRisLambers J, Sprugel DG, Franklin JF. Spatial aspects of tree mortality strongly differ between young and old-growth forests. Ecology 2015; 96:2855-61. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0628.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lutz JA. The Evolution of Long-Term Data for Forestry: Large Temperate Research Plots in an Era of Global Change. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3955/046.089.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bircher N, Cailleret M, Bugmann H. The agony of choice: different empirical mortality models lead to sharply different future forest dynamics. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:1303-18. [PMID: 26485957 DOI: 10.1890/14-1462.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic models are pivotal for projecting forest dynamics in a changing climate, from the local to the global scale. They encapsulate the processes of tree population dynamics with varying resolution. Yet, almost invariably, tree mortality is modeled based on simple, theoretical assumptions that lack a physiological and/or empirical basis. Although this has been widely criticized and a growing number of empirically derived alternatives are available, they have not been tested systematically in models of forest dynamics. We implemented an inventory-based and a tree-ring-based mortality routine in the forest gap model ForClim v3.0. We combined these routines with a stochastic and a deterministic approach for the determination of tree status (alive vs. dead). We tested the four new model versions for two Norway spruce forests in the Swiss Alps, one of which was managed (inventory time series spanning 72 years) and the other was unmanaged (41 years). Furthermore, we ran long-term simulations (-400 years) into the future under three climate scenarios to test model behavior under changing environmental conditions. The tests against inventory data showed an excellent match of simulated basal area and stem numbers at the managed site and a fair agreement at the unmanaged site for three of the four empirical mortality models, thus rendering the choice of one particular model difficult. However, long-term simulations under current climate revealed very different behavior of the mortality models in terms of simulated changes of basal area and stem numbers, both in timing and magnitude, thus indicating high sensitivity of simulated forest dynamics to assumptions on tree mortality. Our results underpin the potential of using empirical mortality routines in forest gap models. However, further tests are needed that span other climatic conditions and mixed forests. Short-term simulations to benchmark model behavior against empirical data are insufficient; long-term tests are needed that include both nonequilibrium and equilibrium conditions. Thus, there is the potential to greatly improve the robustness of future projections of forest dynamics via more reliable tree mortality submodels.
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Harmon ME, Fasth B, Halpern CB, Lutz JA. Uncertainty analysis: an evaluation metric for synthesis science. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00235.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Harmon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Becky Fasth
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Charles B. Halpern
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, College of the Environment, Box 352100, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 USA
| | - James A. Lutz
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5230 USA
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Lutz JA, Larson AJ, Furniss TJ, Donato DC, Freund JA, Swanson ME, Bible KJ, Chen J, Franklin JF. Spatially nonrandom tree mortality and ingrowth maintain equilibrium pattern in an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest. Ecology 2014; 95:2047-54. [PMID: 25230456 DOI: 10.1890/14-0157.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mortality processes in old-growth forests are generally assumed to be driven by gap-scale disturbance, with only a limited role ascribed to density-dependent mortality, but these assumptions are rarely tested with data sets incorporating repeated measurements. Using a 12-ha spatially explicit plot censused 13 years apart in an approximately 500-year-old Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest, we demonstrate significant density-dependent mortality and spatially aggregated tree recruitment. However, the combined effect of these strongly nonrandom demographic processes was to maintain tree patterns in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Density-dependent mortality was most pronounced for the dominant late-successional species, Tsuga heterophylla. The long-lived, early-seral Pseudotsuga menziesii experienced an annual stem mortality rate of 0.84% and no new recruitment. Late-seral species Tsuga and Abies amabilis had nearly balanced demographic rates of ingrowth and mortality. The 2.34% mortality rate for Taxus brevifolia was higher than expected, notably less than ingrowth, and strongly affected by proximity to Tsuga. Large-diameter Tsuga structured both the regenerating conspecific and heterospecific cohorts with recruitment of Tsuga and Abies unlikely in neighborhoods crowded with large-diameter competitors (P < 0.001). Density-dependent competitive interactions strongly shape forest communities even five centuries after stand initiation, underscoring the dynamic nature of even equilibrial old-growth forests.
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Russell W, Sinclair J, Michels KH. Restoration of Coast Redwood (<i>Sequoia sempervirens</i>) Forests through Natural Recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojf.2014.42016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Local-scale drivers of multi-stemmed tree formation in Acer, in a temperate forest of Northeast China. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-0013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The importance of large-diameter trees to forest structural heterogeneity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82784. [PMID: 24376579 PMCID: PMC3869720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-diameter trees dominate the structure, dynamics and function of many temperate and tropical forests. However, their attendant contributions to forest heterogeneity are rarely addressed. We established the Wind River Forest Dynamics Plot, a 25.6 ha permanent plot within which we tagged and mapped all 30,973 woody stems ≥1 cm dbh, all 1,966 snags ≥10 cm dbh, and all shrub patches ≥2 m2. Basal area of the 26 woody species was 62.18 m2/ha, of which 61.60 m2/ha was trees and 0.58 m2/ha was tall shrubs. Large-diameter trees (≥100 cm dbh) comprised 1.5% of stems, 31.8% of basal area, and 17.6% of the heterogeneity of basal area, with basal area dominated by Tsuga heterophylla and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Small-diameter subpopulations of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla and Thuja plicata, as well as all tree species combined, exhibited significant aggregation relative to the null model of complete spatial randomness (CSR) up to 9 m (P≤0.001). Patterns of large-diameter trees were either not different from CSR (Tsuga heterophylla), or exhibited slight aggregation (Pseudotsuga menziesii and Thuja plicata). Significant spatial repulsion between large-diameter and small-diameter Tsuga heterophylla suggests that large-diameter Tsuga heterophylla function as organizers of tree demography over decadal timescales through competitive interactions. Comparison among two forest dynamics plots suggests that forest structural diversity responds to intermediate-scale environmental heterogeneity and disturbances, similar to hypotheses about patterns of species richness, and richness- ecosystem function. Large mapped plots with detailed within-plot environmental spatial covariates will be required to test these hypotheses.
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Ma L, Chen C, Shen Y, Wu LF, Huang ZL, Cao HL. Determinants of tree survival at local scale in a sub-tropical forest. Ecol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-013-1100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Balducci L, Deslauriers A, Giovannelli A, Rossi S, Rathgeber CBK. Effects of temperature and water deficit on cambial activity and woody ring features in Picea mariana saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1006-17. [PMID: 24150035 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Increase in temperature under the projected future climate change would affect tree growth, including the physiological mechanisms related to sapling responses, which has been examined recently. The study investigated the plant water relations, cambial activity and wood formation in black spruce saplings [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] subjected to water deficit and warming. Four-year-old saplings growing in three greenhouses were submitted to different thermal conditions: T0, with a temperature equal to the external air temperature; and T + 2 and T + 5, with temperatures set at 2 and 5 K higher than T0, respectively. We also submitted saplings to two irrigation regimes and studied the effects of a water deficit of 32 days in May-June. We evaluated plant water relations, cambial activity, wood formation and anatomical characteristics from May to October 2010. Lower needle physiology rates were observed during water deficit, with 20-day suspension of irrigation, but after re-watering, non-irrigated saplings attained the same values as irrigated ones in all thermal conditions. Significant differences between irrigation regimes were detected in cambial activity at the end of the water deficit and after resumption of irrigation. Under warmer conditions, the recovery of non-irrigated saplings was slower than T0 and they needed from 2 to 4 weeks to completely restore cambial activity. No significant differences in wood anatomy were observed between irrigation regimes, but there was a sporadic effect on wood density under warming. During wood formation, the warmer conditions combined with water deficit increased sapling mortality by 5 and 12.2% for T + 2 and T + 5, respectively. The black spruce saplings that survived were more sensitive to water availability, and the restoration of cambial activity was slower at temperatures higher than T0. Our results suggest that black spruce showed a plastic response to intense water deficit under warming, but this would compromise their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Balducci
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada G7H2B1
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Halpern CB, Lutz JA. Canopy closure exerts weak controls on understory dynamics: a 30-year study of overstory–understory interactions. ECOL MONOGR 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/12-1696.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Luo Y, Chen HYH. Observations from old forests underestimate climate change effects on tree mortality. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1655. [PMID: 23552070 PMCID: PMC3644074 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding climate change-associated tree mortality is central to linking climate change impacts and forest structure and function. However, whether temporal increases in tree mortality are attributed to climate change or stand developmental processes remains uncertain. Furthermore, interpreting the climate change-associated tree mortality estimated from old forests for regional forests rests on an un-tested assumption that the effects of climate change are the same for young and old forests. Here we disentangle the effects of climate change and stand developmental processes on tree mortality. We show that both climate change and forest development processes influence temporal mortality increases, climate change-associated increases are significantly higher in young than old forests, and higher increases in younger forests are a result of their higher sensitivity to regional warming and drought. We anticipate our analysis to be a starting point for more comprehensive examinations of how forest ecosystems might respond to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
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Pollock MM, Beechie TJ, Imaki H. Using reference conditions in ecosystem restoration: an example for riparian conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00175.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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49
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Lutz JA, Larson AJ, Swanson ME, Freund JA. Ecological importance of large-diameter trees in a temperate mixed-conifer forest. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36131. [PMID: 22567132 PMCID: PMC3342248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-diameter trees dominate the structure, dynamics and function of many temperate and tropical forests. Although both scaling theory and competition theory make predictions about the relative composition and spatial patterns of large-diameter trees compared to smaller diameter trees, these predictions are rarely tested. We established a 25.6 ha permanent plot within which we tagged and mapped all trees ≥1 cm dbh, all snags ≥10 cm dbh, and all shrub patches ≥2 m2. We sampled downed woody debris, litter, and duff with line intercept transects. Aboveground live biomass of the 23 woody species was 507.9 Mg/ha, of which 503.8 Mg/ha was trees (SD = 114.3 Mg/ha) and 4.1 Mg/ha was shrubs. Aboveground live and dead biomass was 652.0 Mg/ha. Large-diameter trees comprised 1.4% of individuals but 49.4% of biomass, with biomass dominated by Abies concolor and Pinus lambertiana (93.0% of tree biomass). The large-diameter component dominated the biomass of snags (59.5%) and contributed significantly to that of woody debris (36.6%). Traditional scaling theory was not a good model for either the relationship between tree radii and tree abundance or tree biomass. Spatial patterning of large-diameter trees of the three most abundant species differed from that of small-diameter conspecifics. For A. concolor and P. lambertiana, as well as all trees pooled, large-diameter and small-diameter trees were spatially segregated through inter-tree distances <10 m. Competition alone was insufficient to explain the spatial patterns of large-diameter trees and spatial relationships between large-diameter and small-diameter trees. Long-term observations may reveal regulation of forest biomass and spatial structure by fire, wind, pathogens, and insects in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Sustaining ecosystem functions such as carbon storage or provision of specialist species habitat will likely require different management strategies when the functions are performed primarily by a few large trees as opposed to many smaller trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lutz
- College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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Lutz JA, Martin KA, Lundquist JD. Using Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing to Measure Ground Surface Temperature in Thinned and Unthinned Forests. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.3955/046.086.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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