1
|
Meira A, Byers JE, Sousa R. A global synthesis of predation on bivalves. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1015-1057. [PMID: 38294132 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Predation is a dominant structuring force in ecological communities. In aquatic environments, predation on bivalves has long been an important focal interaction for ecological study because bivalves have central roles as ecosystem engineers, basal components of food webs, and commercial commodities. Studies of bivalves are common, not only because of bivalves' central roles, but also due to the relative ease of studying predatory effects on this taxonomic group. To understand patterns in the interactions of bivalves and their predators we synthesised data from 52 years of peer-reviewed studies on bivalve predation. Using a systematic search, we compiled 1334 studies from 75 countries, comprising 61 bivalve families (N = 2259), dominated by Mytilidae (29% of bivalves), Veneridae (14%), Ostreidae (8%), Unionidae (7%), and Dreissenidae and Tellinidae (6% each). A total of 2036 predators were studied, with crustaceans the most studied predator group (34% of predators), followed by fishes (24%), molluscs (17%), echinoderms (10%) and birds (6%). The majority of studies (86%) were conducted in marine systems, in part driven by the high commercial value of marine bivalves. Studies in freshwater ecosystems were dominated by non-native bivalves and non-native predator species, which probably reflects the important role of biological invasions affecting freshwater biodiversity. In fact, while 81% of the studied marine bivalve species were native, only 50% of the freshwater species were native to the system. In terms of approach, most studies used predation trials, visual analysis of digested contents and exclusion experiments to assess the effects of predation. These studies reflect that many factors influence bivalve predation depending on the species studied, including (i) species traits (e.g. behaviour, morphology, defence mechanisms), (ii) other biotic interactions (e.g. presence of competitors, parasites or diseases), and (iii) environmental context (e.g. temperature, current velocity, beach exposure, habitat complexity). There is a lack of research on the effects of bivalve predation at the population and community and ecosystem levels (only 7% and 0.5% of studies respectively examined impacts at these levels). At the population level, the available studies demonstrate that predation can decrease bivalve density through consumption or the reduction of recruitment. At the community and ecosystem level, predation can trigger effects that cascade through trophic levels or effects that alter the ecological functions bivalves perform. Given the conservation and commercial importance of many bivalve species, studies of predation should be pursued in the context of global change, particularly climate change, acidification and biological invasions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Meira
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - James E Byers
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ronaldo Sousa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Byers JE, Blaze JA, Dodd AC, Hall HL, Gribben PE. Exotic asphyxiation: interactions between invasive species and hypoxia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:150-167. [PMID: 36097368 PMCID: PMC10087183 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-indigenous species (NIS) and hypoxia (<2 mg O2 l-1 ) can disturb and restructure aquatic communities. Both are heavily influenced by human activities and are intensifying with global change. As these disturbances increase, understanding how they interact to affect native species and systems is essential. To expose patterns, outcomes, and generalizations, we thoroughly reviewed the biological invasion literature and compiled 100 studies that examine the interaction of hypoxia and NIS. We found that 64% of studies showed that NIS are tolerant of hypoxia, and 62% showed that NIS perform better than native species under hypoxia. Only one-quarter of studies examined NIS as creators of hypoxia; thus, NIS are more often considered passengers associated with hypoxia, rather than drivers of it. Paradoxically, the NIS that most commonly create hypoxia are primary producers. Taxa like molluscs are typically more hypoxia tolerant than mobile taxa like fish and crustaceans. Most studies examine individual-level or localized responses to hypoxia; however, the most extensive impacts occur when hypoxia associated with NIS affects communities and ecosystems. We discuss how these influences of hypoxia at higher levels of organization better inform net outcomes of the biological invasion process, i.e. establishment, spread, and impact, and are thus most useful to management. Our review identifies wide variation in the way in which the interaction between hypoxia and NIS is studied in the literature, and suggests ways to address the number of variables that affect their interaction and refine insight gleaned from future studies. We also identify a clear need for resource management to consider the interactive effects of these two global stressors which are almost exclusively managed independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Byers
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Julie A Blaze
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Alannah C Dodd
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hannah L Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Paul E Gribben
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Rm 4115, Building E26, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effects of Hypoxia on Coral Photobiology and Oxidative Stress. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071068. [PMID: 36101446 PMCID: PMC9312924 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Global ocean oxygen (O2) content is decreasing as climate change drives declines in oxygen solubility, strengthened stratification of seawater masses, increased biological oxygen consumption and coastal eutrophication. Studies on the biological effects of nocturnal decreased oxygen concentrations (hypoxia) on coral reefs are very scarce. Coral reefs are fundamental for supporting one quarter of all marine species and essential for around 275 million people worldwide. This study investigates acute physiological and photobiological responses of a scleractinian coral (Acropora spp.) to overnight hypoxic conditions (<2 mg/L of O2). Bleaching was not detected, and visual and physical aspects of corals remained unchanged under hypoxic conditions. Most photobiological-related parameters also did not show significant changes between treatments. In addition to this, no significant differences between treatments were observed in the pigment composition. However, hypoxic conditions induced a significant decrease in coral de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments and increase in DNA damage. Although the present findings suggest that Acropora spp. is resilient to some extent to short-term daily oxygen oscillations, long-term exposure to hypoxia, as predicted to occur with climate change, may still have deleterious effects on corals.
Collapse
|
4
|
Menezes J, Moura B. Mobility-limiting antipredator response in the rock-paper-scissors model. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:054201. [PMID: 34942823 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.054201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Antipredator behavior is present in many biological systems where individuals collectively react to an imminent attack. The antipredator response may influence spatial pattern formation and ecosystem stability but requires an organism's cost to contribute to the collective effort. We investigate a nonhierarchical tritrophic system, whose predator-prey interactions are described by the rock-paper-scissors game rules. In our spatial stochastic simulations, the radius of antipredator response defines the maximum prey group size that disturbs the predator's action, determining the individual cost to participate in antipredator strategies. We consider that each organism contributes equally to the collective effort, having its mobility limited by the proportion of energy devoted to the antipredator reaction. Our outcomes show that the antipredator response leads to spiral patterns, with the segregation of organisms of the same species occupying departed spatial domains. We found that a less localized antipredator response increases the average size of the single-species patches, improving the protection of individuals against predation. Finally, our findings show that although the increase of the predation risk for a more localized antipredator response, the high mobility constraining benefits species coexistence. Our results may help ecologists understand the mechanisms leading to the stability of biological systems where locality is crucial to behavioral interactions among species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Menezes
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Caixa Postal 1524, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Moura
- Departamento de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 300, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil.,Edmond and Lily Safra International Neuroscience Institute, Santos Dumont Institute Av Santos Dumont, 1560, 59280-000 Macaiba, RN, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Menezes J. Antipredator behavior in the rock-paper-scissors model. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:052216. [PMID: 34134300 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.052216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
When faced with an imminent risk of predation, many animals react to escape consumption. Antipredator strategies are performed by individuals acting as a group to intimidate predators and minimize the damage when attacked. We study the antipredator prey response in spatial tritrophic systems with cyclic species dominance using the rock-paper-scissors game. The impact of the antipredator behavior is local, with the predation probability reducing exponentially with the number of prey in the predator's neighborhood. In contrast to the standard Lotka-Volterra implementation of the rock-paper-scissors model, where no spiral waves appear, our outcomes show that the antipredator behavior leads to spiral patterns from random initial conditions. The results show that the predation risk decreases exponentially with the level of antipredator strength. Finally, we investigate the coexistence probability and verify that antipredator behavior may jeopardize biodiversity for high mobility. Our findings may help biologists to understand ecosystems formed by species whose individuals behave strategically to resist predation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Menezes
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Caixa Postal 1524, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil and Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moura B, Menezes J. Behavioural movement strategies in cyclic models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6413. [PMID: 33742025 PMCID: PMC7979998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial segregation of species is fundamental to ecosystem formation and stability. Behavioural strategies may determine where species are located and how their interactions change the local environment arrangement. In response to stimuli in the environment, individuals may move in a specific direction instead of walking randomly. This behaviour can be innate or learned from experience, and allow the individuals to conquer or the maintain territory, foraging or taking refuge. We study a generalisation of the spatial rock-paper-scissors model where individuals of one out of the species may perform directional movement tactics. Running a series of stochastic simulations, we investigate the effects of the behavioural tactics on the spatial pattern formation and the maintenance of the species diversity. We also explore a more realistic scenario, where not all individuals are conditioned to perform the behavioural strategy or have different levels of neighbourhood perception. Our outcomes show that self-preservation behaviour is more profitable in terms of territorial dominance, with the best result being achieved when all individuals are conditioned and have a long-range vicinity perception. On the other hand, invading is more advantageous if part of individuals is conditioned and if they have short-range neighbourhood perception. Finally, our findings reveal that the self-defence strategy is the least jeopardising to biodiversity which can help biologists to understand population dynamics in a setting where individuals may move strategically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Moura
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal 1524, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - J Menezes
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal 1524, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil. .,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Caswell BA, Paine M, Frid CLJ. Seafloor ecological functioning over two decades of organic enrichment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:212-229. [PMID: 30509801 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and anthropogenic nutrient enrichment are driving rapid increases in ocean deoxygenation. These changes cause biodiversity loss and have severe consequences for marine ecosystem functioning and in turn the delivery of ecosystem services upon which humanity depends (e.g. fisheries). We seek to understand how such changes will impact seafloor functioning using biological traits analysis. Results from a sewage-sludge disposal site in the Firth of Clyde, UK spanning 26 years of monitoring showed that substantial changes in macrobenthic nutrient cycling and the provision of food for predators occurred, with elevated functioning on the margins 1-2 km from the centre of the disposal grounds. Thus, changes in food-web dynamics are expected, that weaken benthic pelagic coupling and lower secondary production (such as fisheries). Generally, functioning was conserved, but declined below a ~6% total organic carbon threshold. Similar to other severely deoxygenated systems, the recovery was slow and hysteresis was apparent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryony A Caswell
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Qld 4222, Australia; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK.
| | - Miranda Paine
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Christopher L J Frid
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Qld 4222, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kanaya G, Nakamura Y, Koizumi T. Ecological thresholds of hypoxia and sedimentary H 2S in coastal soft-bottom habitats: A macroinvertebrate-based assessment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 136:27-37. [PMID: 29459066 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecological thresholds of dissolved oxygen (DO) and sedimentary hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for macrozoobenthos were examined during a 30-month monitoring of two stations in a highly eutrophic canal in inner Tokyo Bay, Japan. Bottom DO and H2S concentrations fluctuated seasonally, and were significantly correlated with water and sediment temperatures. Red tide-derived phytodetritus was a major source of sediment organic matters in the canal bottom, and the sediment became highly reduced and sulfidic condition in warmer months (sedimentary H2S; up to 8.5 mM). Dominant opportunistic taxa, including polychaetes and amphipods, were eliminated under low DO and high H2S conditions (i.e., population thresholds), and devastation of community structure occurred at 2.4-3.3 mg l-1 DO and 1.8-2.7 mM H2S (i.e., community thresholds). To maintain ecosystem function in anthropogenically degraded habitats and ensure colonization by macrozoobenthos throughout the year, DO and H2S levels should be maintained below these thresholds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Kanaya
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Nakamura
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Koizumi
- Corporative Nihon Mikuniya, 3-25-10 Mizonokuchi, Takatsu, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0001, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gedan KB, Altieri AH, Feller I, Burrell R, Breitburg D. Community composition in mangrove ponds with pulsed hypoxic and acidified conditions. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keryn B. Gedan
- Biological Sciences; George Washington University; 800 22nd Street NW Washington D.C. 20052 USA
| | - Andrew H. Altieri
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
| | - Ilka Feller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Maryland 21037 USA
| | - Rebecca Burrell
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources; 580 Taylor Avenue Annapolis Maryland 21401 USA
| | - Denise Breitburg
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Maryland 21037 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Degradation of coastal water quality in the form of low dissolved oxygen levels (hypoxia) can harm biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human wellbeing. Extreme hypoxic conditions along the coast, leading to what are often referred to as "dead zones," are known primarily from temperate regions. However, little is known about the potential threat of hypoxia in the tropics, even though the known risk factors, including eutrophication and elevated temperatures, are common. Here we document an unprecedented hypoxic event on the Caribbean coast of Panama and assess the risk of dead zones to coral reefs worldwide. The event caused coral bleaching and massive mortality of corals and other reef-associated organisms, but observed shifts in community structure combined with laboratory experiments revealed that not all coral species are equally sensitive to hypoxia. Analyses of global databases showed that coral reefs are associated with more than half of the known tropical dead zones worldwide, with >10% of all coral reefs at elevated risk for hypoxia based on local and global risk factors. Hypoxic events in the tropics and associated mortality events have likely been underreported, perhaps by an order of magnitude, because of the lack of local scientific capacity for their detection. Monitoring and management plans for coral reef resilience should incorporate the growing threat of coastal hypoxia and include support for increased detection and research capacity.
Collapse
|
11
|
Briggs KB, Craig JK, Shivarudrappa S, Richards TM. Macrobenthos and megabenthos responses to long-term, large-scale hypoxia on the Louisiana continental shelf. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 123:38-52. [PMID: 27912074 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The macrobenthos and megabenthos responses to long-term, recurring hypoxia on the Louisiana continental shelf were compared at four locations with different historical (2000-2010) episodes of annual exposure to bottom-water hypoxia. Measurements of abundance, biomass, species diversity, and community composition of the two size classes of benthos suggested that the macrobenthic response is driven chiefly by tolerance to hypoxia, whereas the megabenthic response was affected by the ability to migrate and the availability/unavailability of macrobenthos prey at the sediment surface. The site exposed to the historically lowest average bottom-water dissolved oxygen (BWDO) concentration exhibited the lowest species diversity for macrobenthos and the highest species diversity for megabenthos, exemplifying the differential effects of hypoxia on different size classes. The high diversity and smaller average size of the megabenthos at the lowest DO site was due to high abundance of invertebrates and a preponderance of small, less vagile fishes that appeared to remain in the area after larger dominant sciaenids had presumably emigrated. The average size and the depth of habitation in the sediment of macrobenthos prey may have also influenced the abundance and biomass of megabenthos foragers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Briggs
- Seafloor Sciences Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA.
| | - J Kevin Craig
- Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - S Shivarudrappa
- Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA
| | - T M Richards
- Marine Biology Department, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77554, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Mutsert K, Steenbeek J, Lewis K, Buszowski J, Cowan JH, Christensen V. Exploring effects of hypoxia on fish and fisheries in the northern Gulf of Mexico using a dynamic spatially explicit ecosystem model. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Ivanina AV, Sokolova IM. Effects of intermittent hypoxia on oxidative stress and protein degradation in molluscan mitochondria. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3794-3802. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen fluctuations represent a common stressor in estuarine and intertidal environments and can compromise the mitochondrial integrity and function in marine organisms. We assessed the role of mitochondrial protection mechanisms (ATP-dependent and ATP-independent mitochondrial proteases, and antioxidants) in tolerance to intermittent hypoxia or anoxia in three species of marine bivalves: the hypoxia tolerant hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and a hypoxia-sensitive subtidal scallop (Argopecten irradians). In clams and oysters, mitochondrial tolerance to hypoxia (18 h at 5% O2), anoxia (18 h at 0.1% O2) and subsequent reoxygenation was associated with the ability to maintain the steady-state activity of ATP-dependent and ATP-independent mitochondrial proteases and an anticipatory upregulation of the total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) under the low oxygen conditions. No accumulation of end-products of lipid or protein peroxidation was found during intermittent hypoxia or anoxia in clams and oysters (except for an increase in protein carbonyl concentration after hypoxia-reoxygenation in oysters). In contrast, hypoxia/anoxia and reoxygenation strongly suppressed activity of the ATP-dependent mitochondrial proteases in hypoxia-sensitive scallops. This suppression was associated with accumulation of oxidatively damaged mitochondrial proteins (including carbonylated proteins and proteins conjugated with a lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde) despite high TAOC levels in scallop mitochondria. These findings highlight a key role of mitochondrial proteases in protection against hypoxia-reoxygenation stress and adaptations to frequent oxygen fluctuations in intertidal mollusks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Ivanina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte NC, USA
| | - Inna M. Sokolova
- Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schoen ER, Beauchamp DA, Buettner AR, Overman NC. Temperature and depth mediate resource competition and apparent competition between Mysis diluviana and kokanee. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:1962-75. [PMID: 26591461 DOI: 10.1890/14-1822.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In many food webs, species in similar trophic positions can interact either by competing for resources or boosting shared predators (apparent competition), but little is known about how the relative strengths of these interactions vary across environmental gradients. Introduced Mysis diluviana shrimp interact with planktivorous fishes such as kokanee salmon (lacustrine Oncorhynchus nerka) through both of these pathways, and effective management depends on understanding which interaction is more limiting under different conditions. An "environmental matching" hypothesis predicts the ecological impacts of Mysis are maximized under cool conditions near its thermal optimum. In addition, we hypothesized Mysis is more vulnerable to predation by lake trout in relatively shallow waters, and therefore Mysis enhances lake trout density and limits kokanee through apparent competition more strongly in shallower habitats. We tested whether these hypotheses could explain food web differences between two connected lake basins, one relatively shallow and the other extremely deep. The shallower basin warmed faster, thermally excluded Mysis from surface waters for 75% longer, and supported 2.5-18 times greater seasonal production of cladoceran zooplankton than the deeper basin, standardized by surface area. Mysis consumed 14-22% less zooplankton in the shallower basin, and lower ratios of total planktivore consumption to zooplankton production (C:P) indicated less potential for resource competition with kokanee, consistent with environmental matching. Lake trout diets contained more Mysis in the shallower basin and at shallower sampling sites within both basins. The catch rate of lake trout was seven times greater and the predation risk for kokanee was 4-5 times greater in the shallower basin than in the deeper basin, consistent with stronger apparent competition in shallower habitats. Understanding how the strengths of these interactions are mediated by temperature and depth would enable managers to select appropriate strategies to address the unique combinations of conditions in hundreds of affected systems.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chu JWF, Tunnicliffe V. Oxygen limitations on marine animal distributions and the collapse of epibenthic community structure during shoaling hypoxia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2989-3004. [PMID: 25689932 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Deoxygenation in the global ocean is predicted to induce ecosystem-wide changes. Analysis of multidecadal oxygen time-series projects the northeast Pacific to be a current and future hot spot of oxygen loss. However, the response of marine communities to deoxygenation is unresolved due to the lack of applicable data on component species. We repeated the same benthic transect (n = 10, between 45 and 190 m depths) over 8 years in a seasonally hypoxic fjord using remotely operated vehicles equipped with oxygen sensors to establish the lower oxygen levels at which 26 common epibenthic species can occur in the wild. By timing our surveys to shoaling hypoxia events, we show that fish and crustacean populations persist even in severe hypoxia (<0.5 mL L(-1) ) with no mortality effects but that migration of mobile species occurs. Consequently, the immediate response to hypoxia expansion is the collapse of community structure; normally partitioned distributions of resident species coalesced and localized densities increased. After oxygen renewal and formation of steep oxygen gradients, former ranges re-established. High frequency data from the nearby VENUS subsea observatory show the average oxygen level at our site declined by ~0.05 mL L(-1) year(-1) over the period of our study. The increased annual duration of the hypoxic (<1.4 mL L(-1) ) and severely hypoxic periods appears to reflect the oxygen dynamics demonstrated in offshore source waters and the adjacent Strait of Georgia. Should the current trajectory of oxygen loss continue, community homogenization and reduced suitable habitat may become the dominant state of epibenthic systems in the northeast Pacific. In situ oxygen occurrences were not congruent with lethal and sublethal hypoxia thresholds calculated across the literature for major taxonomic groups indicating that research biases toward laboratory studies on Atlantic species are not globally applicable. Region-specific hypoxia thresholds are necessary to predict future impacts of deoxygenation on marine biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson W F Chu
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3080, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Verena Tunnicliffe
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3080, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
- School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 3080, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Altieri AH, Gedan KB. Climate change and dead zones. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1395-406. [PMID: 25385668 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries and coastal seas provide valuable ecosystem services but are particularly vulnerable to the co-occurring threats of climate change and oxygen-depleted dead zones. We analyzed the severity of climate change predicted for existing dead zones, and found that 94% of dead zones are in regions that will experience at least a 2 °C temperature increase by the end of the century. We then reviewed how climate change will exacerbate hypoxic conditions through oceanographic, ecological, and physiological processes. We found evidence that suggests numerous climate variables including temperature, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, precipitation, wind, and storm patterns will affect dead zones, and that each of those factors has the potential to act through multiple pathways on both oxygen availability and ecological responses to hypoxia. Given the variety and strength of the mechanisms by which climate change exacerbates hypoxia, and the rates at which climate is changing, we posit that climate change variables are contributing to the dead zone epidemic by acting synergistically with one another and with recognized anthropogenic triggers of hypoxia including eutrophication. This suggests that a multidisciplinary, integrated approach that considers the full range of climate variables is needed to track and potentially reverse the spread of dead zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Altieri
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, 0843-03092, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shumchenia EJ, Pelletier MC, Cicchetti G, Davies S, Pesch CE, Deacutis CF, Pryor M. A biological condition gradient model for historical assessment of estuarine habitat structure. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 55:143-58. [PMID: 25387456 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-014-0401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are affected by ever-increasing natural and human pressures. Because the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics unique to estuarine ecosystems control the ways that biological resources respond to ecosystem stressors, we present a flexible and adaptable biological assessment method for estuaries. The biological condition gradient (BCG) is a scientific framework of biological response to increasing anthropogenic stress that is comprehensive and ecosystem based and evaluates environmental conditions and the status of ecosystem services in order to identify, communicate, and prioritize management action. Using existing data, we constructed the first estuarine BCG framework that examines changes in habitat structure through time. Working in a New England (U.S.) estuary with a long history of human influence, we developed an approach to define a reference level, which we described as a "minimally disturbed" range of conditions for the ecosystem, anchored by observations before 1850 AD. Like many estuaries in the U.S., the relative importance of environmental stressors changed over time, but even qualitative descriptions of the biological indicators' status provided useful information for defining condition levels. This BCG demonstrated that stressors rarely acted alone and that declines in one biological indicator influenced the declines of others. By documenting the biological responses to cumulative stressors, the BCG inherently suggests an ecosystem-based approach to management. Additionally, the BCG process initiates thinking over long time scales and can be used to inspire scientists, managers, and the public toward environmental action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Shumchenia
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett Bay, RI, 02882, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vasquez MC, Murillo A, Brockmann HJ, Julian D. Multiple stressor interactions influence embryo development rate in the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:2355-64. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.117184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fertilized eggs of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, are buried in shallow nests above the high tide line, where they are exposed to variations in abiotic conditions during early development. Using a multiple stressors approach we examined whether the rate of embryonic development is affected by exposure to combinations of three factors: temperature (T; 25, 30 and 35°C), salinity (S; 5, 15 and 34 ppt), and ambient O2 (O2; 5%, 13% and 21% O2). Newly fertilized eggs were incubated under 27 fully-factorial stressor combinations for 14 d, then allowed to recover in control conditions (30°C, 34 ppt, 21% O2) for an additional 14 d. Growth rate was measured every 2 d throughout the experiment (n=1296). We found that the effect of isolated stressors (high T, low S or low O2) reduced developmental success by up to 72% (low S), and that stressor combinations showed stronger effects and evidence of complex interactions. For example, low O2 had little effect individually but was lethal in combination with high T, and low T in isolation slightly decreased the rate of development but reduced the negative effects of low S and low O2. Development was delayed under exposure to low O2 but resumed upon return to control conditions after a 10 d lag. These data demonstrate that complex, synergistic interactions among abiotic stressors can substantially alter the development of a coastal invertebrate in ways that may not be predicted from the effects of the stressors in isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Christina Vasquez
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Murillo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - H. Jane Brockmann
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David Julian
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alva-Basurto JC, Arias-González JE. Modelling the effects of climate change on a Caribbean coral reef food web. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
20
|
Long WC, Seitz RD, Brylawski BJ, Lipcius RN. Individual, population, and ecosystem effects of hypoxia on a dominant benthic bivalve in Chesapeake Bay. ECOL MONOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0440.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Effects of ocean acidification on juvenile red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) growth, condition, calcification, and survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60959. [PMID: 23593357 PMCID: PMC3617201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification, a decrease in the pH in marine waters associated with rising atmospheric CO2 levels, is a serious threat to marine ecosystems. In this paper, we determine the effects of long-term exposure to near-future levels of ocean acidification on the growth, condition, calcification, and survival of juvenile red king crabs, Paralithodes camtschaticus, and Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi. Juveniles were reared in individual containers for nearly 200 days in flowing control (pH 8.0), pH 7.8, and pH 7.5 seawater at ambient temperatures (range 4.4–11.9 °C). In both species, survival decreased with pH, with 100% mortality of red king crabs occurring after 95 days in pH 7.5 water. Though the morphology of neither species was affected by acidification, both species grew slower in acidified water. At the end of the experiment, calcium concentration was measured in each crab and the dry mass and condition index of each crab were determined. Ocean acidification did not affect the calcium content of red king crab but did decrease the condition index, while it had the opposite effect on Tanner crabs, decreasing calcium content but leaving the condition index unchanged. This suggests that red king crab may be able to maintain calcification rates, but at a high energetic cost. The decrease in survival and growth of each species is likely to have a serious negative effect on their populations in the absence of evolutionary adaptation or acclimatization over the coming decades.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ferguson N, White CR, Marshall DJ. Competition in benthic marine invertebrates: the unrecognized role of exploitative competition for oxygen. Ecology 2013; 94:126-35. [DOI: 10.1890/12-0795.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
24
|
Gribben PE, Byers JE, Wright JT, Glasby TM. Positive versus negative effects of an invasive ecosystem engineer on different components of a marine ecosystem. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Cucco A, Sinerchia M, Lefrançois C, Magni P, Ghezzo M, Umgiesser G, Perilli A, Domenici P. A metabolic scope based model of fish response to environmental changes. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
26
|
Essington TE, Paulsen CE. Quantifying Hypoxia Impacts on an Estuarine Demersal Community Using a Hierarchical Ensemble Approach. Ecosystems 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-010-9372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Byers JE, Wright JT, Gribben PE. Variable direct and indirect effects of a habitat-modifying invasive species on mortality of native fauna. Ecology 2010; 91:1787-98. [DOI: 10.1890/09-0712.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Wright JT, Byers JE, Koukoumaftsis LP, Ralph PJ, Gribben PE. Native species behaviour mitigates the impact of habitat-forming invasive seaweed. Oecologia 2010; 163:527-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
29
|
Gribben PE, Byers JE, Clements M, McKenzie LA, Steinberg PD, Wright JT. Behavioural interactions between ecosystem engineers control community species richness. Ecol Lett 2009; 12:1127-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Brierley AS, Kingsford MJ. Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems. Curr Biol 2009; 19:R602-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|