1
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Gilbert NA, Blommel CM, Farr MT, Green DS, Holekamp KE, Zipkin EF. A multispecies hierarchical model to integrate count and distance-sampling data. Ecology 2024; 105:e4326. [PMID: 38845219 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Integrated community models-an emerging framework in which multiple data sources for multiple species are analyzed simultaneously-offer opportunities to expand inferences beyond the single-species and single-data-source approaches common in ecology. We developed a novel integrated community model that combines distance sampling and single-visit count data; within the model, information is shared among data sources (via a joint likelihood) and species (via a random-effects structure) to estimate abundance patterns across a community. Parameters relating to abundance are shared between data sources, and the model can specify either shared or separate observation processes for each data source. Simulations demonstrated that the model provided unbiased estimates of abundance and detection parameters even when detection probabilities varied between the data types. The integrated community model also provided more accurate and more precise parameter estimates than alternative single-species and single-data-source models in many instances. We applied the model to a community of 11 herbivore species in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, and found considerable interspecific variation in response to local wildlife management practices: Five species showed higher abundances in a region with passive conservation enforcement (median across species: 4.5× higher), three species showed higher abundances in a region with active conservation enforcement (median: 3.9× higher), and the remaining three species showed no abundance differences between the two regions. Furthermore, the community average of abundance was slightly higher in the region with active conservation enforcement but not definitively so (posterior mean: higher by 0.20 animals; 95% credible interval: 1.43 fewer animals, 1.86 more animals). Our integrated community modeling framework has the potential to expand the scope of inference over space, time, and levels of biological organization, but practitioners should carefully evaluate whether model assumptions are met in their systems and whether data integration is valuable for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Gilbert
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Caroline M Blommel
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew T Farr
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David S Green
- Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kay E Holekamp
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Elise F Zipkin
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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2
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Horton KG, Buler JJ, Anderson SJ, Burt CS, Collins AC, Dokter AM, Guo F, Sheldon D, Tomaszewska MA, Henebry GM. Artificial light at night is a top predictor of bird migration stopover density. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7446. [PMID: 38049435 PMCID: PMC10696060 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As billions of nocturnal avian migrants traverse North America, twice a year they must contend with landscape changes driven by natural and anthropogenic forces, including the rapid growth of the artificial glow of the night sky. While airspaces facilitate migrant passage, terrestrial landscapes serve as essential areas to restore energy reserves and often act as refugia-making it critical to holistically identify stopover locations and understand drivers of use. Here, we leverage over 10 million remote sensing observations to develop seasonal contiguous United States layers of bird migrant stopover density. In over 70% of our models, we identify skyglow as a highly influential and consistently positive predictor of bird migration stopover density across the United States. This finding points to the potential of an expanding threat to avian migrants: peri-urban illuminated areas may act as ecological traps at macroscales that increase the mortality of birds during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Horton
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Jeffrey J Buler
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Sharolyn J Anderson
- Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Dr., Suite 100, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
| | - Carolyn S Burt
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy C Collins
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Conservation Science Partners, Truckee, CA, USA
| | - Adriaan M Dokter
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Fengyi Guo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Sheldon
- Manning College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monika Anna Tomaszewska
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Henebry
- Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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3
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Davis CL, Bai Y, Chen D, Robinson O, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Gomes CP, Fink D. Deep learning with citizen science data enables estimation of species diversity and composition at continental extents. Ecology 2023; 104:e4175. [PMID: 37781963 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective solutions to conserve biodiversity require accurate community- and species-level information at relevant, actionable scales and across entire species' distributions. However, data and methodological constraints have limited our ability to provide such information in robust ways. Herein we employ a Deep-Reasoning Network implementation of the Deep Multivariate Probit Model (DMVP-DRNets), an end-to-end deep neural network framework, to exploit large observational and environmental data sets together and estimate landscape-scale species diversity and composition at continental extents. We present results from a novel year-round analysis of North American avifauna using data from over nine million eBird checklists and 72 environmental covariates. We highlight the utility of our information by identifying critical areas of high species diversity for a single group of conservation concern, the North American wood warblers, while capturing spatiotemporal variation in species' environmental associations and interspecific interactions. In so doing, we demonstrate the type of accurate, high-resolution information on biodiversity that deep learning approaches such as DMVP-DRNets can provide and that is needed to inform ecological research and conservation decision-making at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Davis
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yiwei Bai
- Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Orin Robinson
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Carla P Gomes
- Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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4
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Cohen JM, Fink D, Zuckerberg B. Spatial and seasonal variation in thermal sensitivity within North American bird species. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231398. [PMID: 37935364 PMCID: PMC10645114 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Responses of wildlife to climate change are typically quantified at the species level, but physiological evidence suggests significant intraspecific variation in thermal sensitivity given adaptation to local environments and plasticity required to adjust to seasonal environments. Spatial and temporal variation in thermal responses may carry important implications for climate change vulnerability; for instance, sensitivity to extreme weather may increase in specific regions or seasons. Here, we leverage high-resolution observational data from eBird to understand regional and seasonal variation in thermal sensitivity for 21 bird species. Across their ranges, most birds demonstrated regional and seasonal variation in both thermal peak and range, or the temperature and range of temperatures when observations peaked. Some birds demonstrated constant thermal peaks or ranges across their geographical distributions, while others varied according to local and current environmental conditions. Across species, birds typically demonstrated either geographical or seasonal adaptation to climate. Local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity are likely important but neglected aspects of organismal responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Cohen
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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5
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Socolar JB, Mills SC, Haugaasen T, Gilroy JJ, Edwards DP. Biogeographic multi‐species occupancy models for large‐scale survey data. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9328. [PMID: 36203629 PMCID: PMC9526027 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologists often seek to infer patterns of species occurrence or community structure from survey data. Hierarchical models, including multi‐species occupancy models (MSOMs), can improve inference by pooling information across multiple species via random effects. Originally developed for local‐scale survey data, MSOMs are increasingly applied to larger spatial scales that transcend major abiotic gradients and dispersal barriers. At biogeographic scales, the benefits of partial pooling in MSOMs trade off against the difficulty of incorporating sufficiently complex spatial effects to account for biogeographic variation in occupancy across multiple species simultaneously. We show how this challenge can be overcome by incorporating preexisting range information into MSOMs, yielding a “biogeographic multi‐species occupancy model” (bMSOM). We illustrate the bMSOM using two published datasets: Parulid warblers in the United States Breeding Bird Survey and entire avian communities in forests and pastures of Colombia's West Andes. Compared with traditional MSOMs, the bMSOM provides dramatically better predictive performance at lower computational cost. The bMSOM avoids severe spatial biases in predictions of the traditional MSOM and provides principled species‐specific inference even for never‐observed species. Incorporating preexisting range data enables principled partial pooling of information across species in large‐scale MSOMs. Our biogeographic framework for multi‐species modeling should be broadly applicable in hierarchical models that predict species occurrences, whether or not false absences are modeled in an occupancy framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Socolar
- Faculty of the Environment and Natural Resources Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Simon C. Mills
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of the Environment and Natural Resources Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - James J. Gilroy
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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6
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Chevalier M, Zarzo-Arias A, Guélat J, Mateo RG, Guisan A. Accounting for niche truncation to improve spatial and temporal predictions of species distributions. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.944116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Species Distribution Models (SDMs) are essential tools for predicting climate change impact on species’ distributions and are commonly employed as an informative tool on which to base management and conservation actions. Focusing only on a part of the entire distribution of a species for fitting SDMs is a common approach. Yet, geographically restricting their range can result in considering only a subset of the species’ ecological niche (i.e., niche truncation) which could lead to biased spatial predictions of future climate change effects, particularly if future conditions belong to those parts of the species ecological niche that have been excluded for model fitting. The integration of large-scale distribution data encompassing the whole species range with more regional data can improve future predictions but comes along with challenges owing to the broader scale and/or lower quality usually associated with these data. Here, we compare future predictions obtained from a traditional SDM fitted on a regional dataset (Switzerland) to predictions obtained from data integration methods that combine regional and European datasets for several bird species breeding in Switzerland. Three models were fitted: a traditional SDM based only on regional data and thus not accounting for niche truncation, a data pooling model where the two datasets are merged without considering differences in extent or resolution, and a downscaling hierarchical approach that accounts for differences in extent and resolution. Results show that the traditional model leads to much larger predicted range changes (either positively or negatively) under climate change than both data integration methods. The traditional model also identified different variables as main drivers of species’ distribution compared to data-integration models. Differences between models regarding predicted range changes were larger for species where future conditions were outside the range of conditions existing in the regional dataset (i.e., when future conditions implied extrapolation). In conclusion, we showed that (i) models calibrated on a geographically restricted dataset provide markedly different predictions than data integration models and (ii) that these differences are at least partly explained by niche truncation. This suggests that using data integration methods could lead to more accurate predictions and more nuanced range changes than regional SDMs through a better characterization of species’ entire realized niches.
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7
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Comparing N-mixture models and GLMMs for relative abundance estimation in a citizen science dataset. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12276. [PMID: 35853908 PMCID: PMC9296480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze species count data when detection is imperfect, ecologists need models to estimate relative abundance in the presence of unknown sources of heterogeneity. Two candidate models are generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and hierarchical N-mixture models. GLMMs are computationally robust but do not explicitly separate detection from abundance patterns. N-mixture models separately estimate detection and abundance via a latent state but are sensitive to violations in assumptions and subject to practical estimation issues. When one can assume that detection is not systematically confounded with ecological patterns of interest, these two models can be viewed as sharing a heuristic framework for relative abundance estimation. Model selection can then determine which predicts observed counts best, for example by AIC. We compared four N-mixture model variants and two GLMM variants for predicting bird counts in local subsets of a citizen science dataset, eBird, based on model selection and goodness-of-fit measures. We found that both GLMMs and N-mixture models—especially N-mixtures with beta-binomial detection submodels—were supported in a moderate number of datasets, suggesting that both tools are useful and that relative fit is context-dependent. We provide faster software implementations of N-mixture likelihood calculations and a reparameterization to interpret unstable estimates for N-mixture models.
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8
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Pease BS, Pacifici K, Kays R, Reich B. What drives spatially varying ecological relationships in a wide‐ranging species? DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brent S. Pease
- Foresty Program Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois USA
| | - Krishna Pacifici
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Roland Kays
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Brian Reich
- Department of Statistics North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
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9
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Stiller JC, Siemer WF, Perkins KA, Fuller AK. Choosing an optimal duck season: integrating hunter values and duck abundance. WILDLIFE SOC B 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Stiller
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 625 Broadway 5th Floor Albany NY 12233 USA
| | - William F. Siemer
- Center for Conservation Social Sciences, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment Cornell University, Fernow Hall Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Kelly A. Perkins
- New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment Cornell University, Fernow Hall Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Angela K. Fuller
- U.S. Geological Survey, New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment Cornell University, Fernow Hall Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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10
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Conlisk EE, Golet GH, Reynolds MD, Barbaree BA, Sesser KA, Byrd KB, Veloz S, Reiter ME. Both real-time and long-term environmental data perform well in predicting shorebird distributions in managed habitat. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2510. [PMID: 34870360 PMCID: PMC9286402 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly mobile species, such as migratory birds, respond to seasonal and interannual variability in resource availability by moving to better habitats. Despite the recognized importance of resource thresholds, species-distribution models typically rely on long-term average habitat conditions, mostly because large-extent, temporally resolved, environmental data are difficult to obtain. Recent advances in remote sensing make it possible to incorporate more frequent measurements of changing landscapes; however, there is often a cost in terms of model building and processing and the added value of such efforts is unknown. Our study tests whether incorporating real-time environmental data increases the predictive ability of distribution models, relative to using long-term average data. We developed and compared distribution models for shorebirds in California's Central Valley based on high temporal resolution (every 16 days), and 17-year long-term average surface water data. Using abundance-weighted boosted regression trees, we modeled monthly shorebird occurrence as a function of surface water availability, crop type, wetland type, road density, temperature, and bird data source. Although modeling with both real-time and long-term average data provided good fit to withheld validation data (the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, or AUC, averaged between 0.79 and 0.89 for all taxa), there were small differences in model performance. The best models incorporated long-term average conditions and spatial pattern information for real-time flooding (e.g., perimeter-area ratio of real-time water bodies). There was not a substantial difference in the performance of real-time and long-term average data models within time periods when real-time surface water differed substantially from the long-term average (specifically during drought years 2013-2016) and in intermittently flooded months or locations. Spatial predictions resulting from the models differed most in the southern region of the study area where there is lower water availability, fewer birds, and lower sampling density. Prediction uncertainty in the southern region of the study area highlights the need for increased sampling in this area. Because both sets of data performed similarly, the choice of which data to use may depend on the management context. Real-time data may ultimately be best for guiding dynamic, adaptive conservation actions, whereas models based on long-term averages may be more helpful for guiding permanent wetland protection and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristin B. Byrd
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science CenterMoffett FieldCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sam Veloz
- Point Blue Conservation SciencePetalumaCaliforniaUSA
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11
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Vincent JG, Schuster R, Wilson S, Fink D, Bennett JR. Clustering community science data to infer songbird migratory connectivity in the Western Hemisphere. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Schuster
- Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Ecosystem Science and Management Program University of Northern British Columbia Prince George British Columbia Canada
- The Nature Conservancy of Canada Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Scott Wilson
- Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Wildlife Research Division Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada Delta British Columbia Canada
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca New York USA
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12
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La Sorte FA, Johnston A, Rodewald AD, Fink D, Farnsworth A, Van Doren BM, Auer T, Strimas‐Mackey M. The role of artificial light at night and road density in predicting the seasonal occurrence of nocturnally migrating birds. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Johnston
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Amanda D. Rodewald
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | | | | | - Tom Auer
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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14
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Detecting and Visualizing Observation Hot-Spots in Massive Volunteer-Contributed Geographic Data across Spatial Scales Using GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Estimation. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi11010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Volunteer-contributed geographic data (VGI) is an important source of geospatial big data that support research and applications. A major concern on VGI data quality is that the underlying observation processes are inherently biased. Detecting observation hot-spots thus helps better understand the bias. Enabled by the parallel kernel density estimation (KDE) computational tool that can run on multiple GPUs (graphics processing units), this study conducted point pattern analyses on tens of millions of iNaturalist observations to detect and visualize volunteers’ observation hot-spots across spatial scales. It was achieved by setting varying KDE bandwidths in accordance with the spatial scales at which hot-spots are to be detected. The succession of estimated density surfaces were then rendered at a sequence of map scales for visual detection of hot-spots. This study offers an effective geovisualization scheme for hierarchically detecting hot-spots in massive VGI datasets, which is useful for understanding the pattern-shaping drivers that operate at multiple spatial scales. This research exemplifies a computational tool that is supported by high-performance computing and capable of efficiently detecting and visualizing multi-scale hot-spots in geospatial big data and contributes to expanding the toolbox for geospatial big data analytics.
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15
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Barry BR, Moriarty K, Green D, Hutchinson RA, Levi T. Integrating multi‐method surveys and recovery trajectories into occupancy models. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brent R. Barry
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Katie Moriarty
- Pacific Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - David Green
- Institute of Natural Resources Oregon State University Portland Oregon 97207 USA
| | - Rebecca A. Hutchinson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
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16
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Townsend PA, Clare JDJ, Liu N, Stenglein JL, Anhalt‐Depies C, Van Deelen TR, Gilbert NA, Singh A, Martin KJ, Zuckerberg B. Snapshot Wisconsin: networking community scientists and remote sensing to improve ecological monitoring and management. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02436. [PMID: 34374154 PMCID: PMC9286556 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological data collection is entering a new era. Community science, satellite remote sensing (SRS), and local forms of remote sensing (e.g., camera traps and acoustic recordings) have enabled biological data to be collected at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales and resolution. There is growing interest in developing observation networks to collect and synthesize data to improve broad-scale ecological monitoring, but no examples of such networks have emerged to inform decision-making by agencies. Here, we present the implementation of one such jurisdictional observation network (JON), Snapshot Wisconsin, which links synoptic environmental data derived from SRS to biodiversity observations collected continuously from a trail camera network to support management decision-making. We use several examples to illustrate that Snapshot Wisconsin improves the spatial, temporal, and biological resolution and extent of information available to support management, filling gaps associated with traditional monitoring and enabling consideration of new management strategies. JONs like Snapshot Wisconsin further strengthen monitoring inference by contributing novel lines of evidence useful for corroboration or integration. SRS provides environmental context that facilitates inference, prediction, and forecasting, and ultimately helps managers formulate, test, and refine conceptual models for the monitored systems. Although these approaches pose challenges, Snapshot Wisconsin demonstrates that expansive observation networks can be tractably managed by agencies to support decision making, providing a powerful new tool for agencies to better achieve their missions and reshape the nature of environmental decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | - John D. J. Clare
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | - Nanfeng Liu
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | | | - Christine Anhalt‐Depies
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
- Wisconsin Department of Natural ResourcesMadisonWisconsin53707USA
| | - Timothy R. Van Deelen
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | - Neil A. Gilbert
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | - Aditya Singh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32603USA
| | - Karl J. Martin
- Division of ExtensionUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsin53706USA
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17
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Nilsson C, La Sorte FA, Dokter A, Horton K, Van Doren BM, Kolodzinski JJ, Shamoun‐Baranes J, Farnsworth A. Bird strikes at commercial airports explained by citizen science and weather radar data. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Nilsson
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- CMECCopenhagen University Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Adriaan Dokter
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Kyle Horton
- Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | | | | | - Judy Shamoun‐Baranes
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology IBEDUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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18
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Arazy O, Malkinson D. A Framework of Observer-Based Biases in Citizen Science Biodiversity Monitoring: Semi-Structuring Unstructured Biodiversity Monitoring Protocols. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.693602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citizen science, whereby ordinary citizens participate in scientific endeavors, is widely used for biodiversity monitoring, most commonly by relying on unstructured monitoring approaches. Notwithstanding the potential of unstructured citizen science to engage the public and collect large amounts of biodiversity data, observers’ considerations regarding what, where and when to monitor result in biases in the aggregate database, thus impeding the ability to draw conclusions about trends in species’ spatio-temporal distribution. Hence, the goal of this study is to enhance our understanding of observer-based biases in citizen science for biodiversity monitoring. Toward this goals we: (a) develop a conceptual framework of observers’ decision-making process along the steps of monitor – > record and share, identifying the considerations that take place at each step, specifically highlighting the factors that influence the decisions of whether to record an observation (b) propose an approach for operationalizing the framework using a targeted and focused questionnaire, which gauges observers’ preferences and behavior throughout the decision-making steps, and (c) illustrate the questionnaire’s ability to capture the factors driving observer-based biases by employing data from a local project on the iNaturalist platform. Our discussion highlights the paper’s theoretical contributions and proposes ways in which our approach for semi-structuring unstructured citizen science data could be used to mitigate observer-based biases, potentially making the collected biodiversity data usable for scientific and regulatory purposes.
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19
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Migratory strategy drives species-level variation in bird sensitivity to vegetation green-up. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:987-994. [PMID: 33927370 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Animals and plants are shifting the timing of key life events in response to climate change, yet despite recent documentation of escalating phenological change, scientists lack a full understanding of how and why phenological responses vary across space and among species. Here, we used over 7 million community-contributed bird observations to derive species-specific, spatially explicit estimates of annual spring migration phenology for 56 bird species across eastern North America. We show that changes in the spring arrival of migratory birds are coarsely synchronized with fluctuations in vegetation green-up and that the sensitivity of birds to plant phenology varied extensively. Bird arrival responded more synchronously with vegetation green-up at higher latitudes, where phenological shifts over time are also greater. Critically, species' migratory traits explained variation in sensitivity to green-up, with species that migrate more slowly, arrive earlier and overwinter further north showing greater responsiveness to earlier springs. Identifying how and why species vary in their ability to shift phenological events is fundamental to predicting species' vulnerability to climate change. Such variation in sensitivity across taxa, with long-distance neotropical migrants exhibiting reduced synchrony, may help to explain substantial declines in these species over the last several decades.
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20
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Wieringa JG, Carstens BC, Gibbs HL. Predicting migration routes for three species of migratory bats using species distribution models. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11177. [PMID: 33959415 PMCID: PMC8054759 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding seasonal variation in the distribution and movement patterns of migratory species is essential to monitoring and conservation efforts. While there are many species of migratory bats in North America, little is known about their seasonal movements. In terms of conservation, this is important because the bat fatalities from wind energy turbines are significant and may fluctuate seasonally. Here we describe seasonally resolved distributions for the three species that are most impacted by wind farms (Lasiurus borealis (eastern red bat), L. cinereus (hoary bat) and Lasionycteris noctivagans (silver-haired bat)) and use these distributions to infer their most likely migratory pathways. To accomplish this, we collected 2,880 occurrence points from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility over five decades in North America to model species distributions on a seasonal basis and used an ensemble approach for modeling distributions. This dataset included 1,129 data points for L. borealis, 917 for L. cinereus and 834 for L. noctivagans. The results suggest that all three species exhibit variation in distributions from north to south depending on season, with each species showing potential migratory pathways during the fall migration that follow linear features. Finally, we describe proposed migratory pathways for these three species that can be used to identify stop-over sites, assess small-scale migration and highlight areas that should be prioritized for actions to reduce the effects of wind farm mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin G Wieringa
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - H Lisle Gibbs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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21
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Basile M, Russo LF, Russo VG, Senese A, Bernardo N. Birds seen and not seen during the COVID-19 pandemic: The impact of lockdown measures on citizen science bird observations. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2021; 256:109079. [PMID: 34580546 PMCID: PMC8457629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In early 2020, the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led multiple countries to introduce strict lockdown measures to contain the pandemic. Movement restrictions may have influenced the ability of the public to contribute to citizen science projects. We investigated how stay-at-home orders affected data submitted by birdwatchers in Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom (UK) to a widely-used citizen science platform, iNaturalist, depending on whether observations were collected in urban or non-urban areas. We found significant trends in the daily number of observations in all three countries, indicating a surge in urban observation during lockdowns. We found an increase in the mean daily number of urban observations during the lockdown in Italy and Spain, compared to previous years. The mean daily number of non-urban observations decreased in Italy and Spain, while remained similar to previous years in the UK. We found a general decrease of new records during the lockdowns both in urban and non-urban areas in all countries. Our results suggest that the citizen science community remained active during the lockdowns and kept reporting birds from home. However, limitations to movements may have hampered the possibility of birdwatchers to explore natural areas and collect new records. Our findings suggest that future research and conservation applications of citizen science data should carefully consider the bias and gaps in data series caused by the pandemic. Furthermore, our study highlights the potential of urban areas for nature activities, such as birdwatching, and its relevance for sustainable urban planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Basile
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luca Francesco Russo
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
- Kayla Nature s.r.l.s, via Giambattista Ruoppolo 87, I-80128 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Senese
- Kayla Nature s.r.l.s, via Giambattista Ruoppolo 87, I-80128 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Bernardo
- Biological Station of Doñana-CSIC, c/Américo Vespucio 26, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
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22
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Hochachka WM, Alonso H, Gutiérrez-Expósito C, Miller E, Johnston A. Regional variation in the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quantity and quality of data collected by the project eBird. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2021; 254:108974. [PMID: 34629475 PMCID: PMC8486489 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has likely affected natural systems around the world; the curtailment of human activity has also affected the collection of data needed to identify the indirect effects of this pandemic on natural systems. We describe how the outbreak of COVID-19 disease, and associated stay-at-home orders in four political regions, have affected the quantity and quality of data collected by participants in one volunteer-based bird monitoring project, eBird. The four regions were selected both for their early and prolonged periods of mandated changes to human activity, and because of the high densities of observations collected. We compared the months of April 2020 with April in previous years. The most notable change was in the landscapes in which observations were made: in all but one region human-dominated landscapes were proportionally more common in the data in April 2020, and observations made near the rarer wetland habitat were less prevalent. We also found subtler changes in quantity of data collected, as well as in observer effort within observation periods. Finally, we found that these effects of COVID-19 disease varied across the political units, and thus we conclude that any analyses of eBird data will require region-specific examination of whether there have been any changes to the data collection process during the COVID-19 pandemic that would need to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hany Alonso
- Portuguese Society for the Study of Birds (SPEA), Portugal
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23
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Gaul W, Sadykova D, White HJ, Leon-Sanchez L, Caplat P, Emmerson MC, Yearsley JM. Data quantity is more important than its spatial bias for predictive species distribution modelling. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10411. [PMID: 33312769 PMCID: PMC7703440 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological records are often the data of choice for training predictive species distribution models (SDMs), but spatial sampling bias is pervasive in biological records data at multiple spatial scales and is thought to impair the performance of SDMs. We simulated presences and absences of virtual species as well as the process of recording these species to evaluate the effect on species distribution model prediction performance of (1) spatial bias in training data, (2) sample size (the average number of observations per species), and (3) the choice of species distribution modelling method. Our approach is novel in quantifying and applying real-world spatial sampling biases to simulated data. Spatial bias in training data decreased species distribution model prediction performance, but sample size and the choice of modelling method were more important than spatial bias in determining the prediction performance of species distribution models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willson Gaul
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dinara Sadykova
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J White
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lupe Leon-Sanchez
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Caplat
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Emmerson
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jon M Yearsley
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Bounas A, Solanou M, Panuccio M, Barišić S, Bino T, Erciyas-Yavuz K, Iankov P, Ieronymidou C, Barboutis C. Mining citizen science data to explore stopover sites and spatiotemporal variation in migration patterns of the red-footed falcon. Curr Zool 2020; 66:467-475. [PMID: 33293927 PMCID: PMC7705510 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citizen science data have already been used to effectively address questions regarding migration, a fundamental stage in the life history of birds. In this study, we use data from eBird and from 3 additional regional citizen science databases to describe the migration routes and timing of the red-footed falcon Falco vespertinus in the Mediterranean region across 8 years (2010–2017). We further examine the seasonal and yearly variation in migration patterns and explore sites used during the species migration. Our results suggest that the autumn passage is spatially less variable and temporally more consistent among years than in spring and that birds migrate faster in spring than in autumn. The species seems to be more prevalent along the Central Mediterranean during spring migration, probably as a result of the clockwise loop migration that red-footed falcons perform. There was a high variation in annual median migration dates for both seasons as well as in migration routes across years and seasons. Higher variation was exhibited in the longitudinal component thus indicating flexibility in migration routes. In addition, our results showed the species’ preference for lowlands covered with cropland and mosaics of cropland and natural vegetation as stopover sites during migration. Stopover areas predicted from our distribution modeling highlight the importance of the Mediterranean islands as stopover sites for sea-crossing raptors, such as the red-footed falcon. This study is the first to provide a broad-scale spatiotemporal perspective on the species migration across seasons, years and flyways and demonstrates how citizen science data can inform future monitoring and conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Bounas
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Maria Solanou
- Management Body of Cyclades Protected Areas, Tsiropina's Mansion, Poseidonia, Syros, 84100, Greece
| | - Michele Panuccio
- MEDRAPTORS (Mediterranean Raptor Migration Network), via Mario Fioretti 18, Rome, 00152, Italy
| | - Sanja Barišić
- Institute of Ornithology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Taulant Bino
- Faculty of Urban Planning and Environmental Management, Polis University, Rr. Bylis 12, Tirana, Albania
| | - Kiraz Erciyas-Yavuz
- Ornithology Research Center, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Atakum, Samsun, 55137, Turkey
| | - Petar Iankov
- Bulgarian Society for Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, Yavorov Complex, bl. 71, vh. 4, PO Box 50, Sofia, 1111, Bulgaria
| | | | - Christos Barboutis
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, Antikythira Bird Observatory, Themistokleous 80, Athens, GR-10681, Greece
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25
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Koala Counter: Recording Citizen Scientists’ search paths to Improve Data Quality. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Ingenloff K, Peterson AT. Incorporating time into the traditional correlational distributional modelling framework: A proof‐of‐concept using the Wood Thrush
Hylocichla mustelina. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Ingenloff
- University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute Lawrence KS USA
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27
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Callaghan CT, Poore AGB, Mesaglio T, Moles AT, Nakagawa S, Roberts C, Rowley JJL, VergÉs A, Wilshire JH, Cornwell WK. Three Frontiers for the Future of Biodiversity Research Using Citizen Science Data. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCitizen science is fundamentally shifting the future of biodiversity research. But although citizen science observations are contributing an increasingly large proportion of biodiversity data, they only feature in a relatively small percentage of research papers on biodiversity. We provide our perspective on three frontiers of citizen science research, areas that we feel to date have had minimal scientific exploration but that we believe deserve greater attention as they present substantial opportunities for the future of biodiversity research: sampling the undersampled, capitalizing on citizen science's unique ability to sample poorly sampled taxa and regions of the world, reducing taxonomic and spatial biases in global biodiversity data sets; estimating abundance and density in space and time, develop techniques to derive taxon-specific densities from presence or absence and presence-only data; and capitalizing on secondary data collection, moving beyond data on the occurrence of single species and gain further understanding of ecological interactions among species or habitats. The contribution of citizen science to understanding the important biodiversity questions of our time should be more fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey T Callaghan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, also at the University of New South Wales
| | - Alistair G B Poore
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, also at the University of New South Wales
| | - Thomas Mesaglio
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales
| | - Angela T Moles
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, also at the University of New South Wales
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, also at the University of New South Wales
| | - Christopher Roberts
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales
| | - Jodi J L Rowley
- Australian Museum Research Institute, part of the Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adriana VergÉs
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, also at the University of New South Wales
| | - John H Wilshire
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales
| | - William K Cornwell
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales
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28
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Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Volunteer Data Contribution Activities: A Case Study of eBird. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi9100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Volunteered geographic information (VGI) has great potential to reveal spatial and temporal dynamics of geographic phenomena. However, a variety of potential biases in VGI are recognized, many of which root from volunteer data contribution activities. Examining patterns in volunteer data contribution activities helps understand the biases. Using eBird as a case study, this study investigates spatial and temporal patterns in data contribution activities of eBird contributors. eBird sampling efforts are biased in space and time. Most sampling efforts are concentrated in areas of denser populations and/or better accessibility, with the most intensively sampled areas being in proximity to big cities in developed regions of the world. Reported bird species are also spatially biased towards areas where more sampling efforts occur. Temporally, eBird sampling efforts and reported bird species are increasing over the years, with significant monthly fluctuations and notably more data reported on weekends. Such trends are driven by the expansion of eBird and characteristics of bird species and observers. The fitness of use of VGI should be assessed in the context of applications by examining spatial, temporal and other biases. Action may need to be taken to account for the biases so that robust inferences can be made from VGI observations.
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29
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Adde A, Darveau M, Barker N, Cumming S. Predicting spatiotemporal abundance of breeding waterfowl across Canada: A Bayesian hierarchical modelling approach. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Adde
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences Laval University Quebec QC Canada
| | - Marcel Darveau
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences Laval University Quebec QC Canada
- Ducks Unlimited Canada Quebec QC Canada
| | - Nicole Barker
- Canadian Wildlife Service Environment and Climate Change Canada Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Steven Cumming
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences Laval University Quebec QC Canada
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30
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Estrada-Peña A, D'Amico G, Fernández-Ruiz N. Modelling the potential spread of Hyalomma marginatum ticks in Europe by migratory birds. Int J Parasitol 2020; 51:1-11. [PMID: 32991918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study modelled the probability of introduction of Hyalomma marginatum into Europe by predicting the potential migratory routes of 28 bird species and the probability to carry immatures of the tick. Flyways were modelled as a spatio-temporal feature, at weekly intervals, using satellite-derived data of temperature and vegetal phenology, together with cost surfaces derived from speed and direction of the wind (years 2002-2018). The expected period of activity of tick immatures defined the probability of ticks being carried by birds along the modelled flyways. The probability of moulting of the engorged nymphs was modelled as a linear relationship of the daily sum of temperatures after tick introduction by birds. Positive probabilities of tick introduction extend the known northern range of permanent populations to central and western France, and large portions of central Europe. The flight of birds into an area and thence the risk of introduction of H. marginatum is very heterogeneous, with sites receiving "waves" of different bird species at diverse times of the year. Therefore, there is not a clear period of time for introduction, as it depends on the modelled behaviour of the bird species. The probability of introduction into Baltic and Nordic countries is small. We hypothesise that conditions of a warmer climate might support permanent populations of H. marginatum if a high number of immatures is introduced. Active surveys in risky territories, where the tick is not yet established, are advisable for rapid intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Estrada-Peña
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Gianluca D'Amico
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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31
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A Generalized Linear Mixed Model Approach to Assess Emerald Ash Borer Diffusion. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi9070414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Asian Emerald Ash Borer beetle (EAB, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) can cause damage to all species of Ash trees (Fraxinus), and rampant, unchecked infestations of this insect can cause significant damage to forests. It is thus critical to assess and model the spread of the EAB in a manner that allows authorities to anticipate likely areas of future tree infestation. In this study, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), combining the features of the commonly used generalized linear model (GLM) and a random effects model, was developed to predict future EAB spread patterns in Southern Ontario, Canada. The GLMM was designed to deal with autocorrelation in the data. Two random effects were established based on the geographic information provided with the EAB data, and a method based on statistical inference was proposed to identify the most significant factors associated with the distribution of the EAB. The results of the model showed that 95% of the testing data were correctly classified. The predictive performance of the GLMM was substantially enhanced in comparison with that obtained by the GLM. The influence of climatic factors, such as wind speed and anthropogenic activities, had the most significant influence on the spread of the EAB.
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32
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Coleman T, Mentch L, Fink D, La Sorte FA, Winkler DW, Hooker G, Hochachka WM. Statistical inference on tree swallow migrations with random forests. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Giles Hooker
- Cornell University Ithaca USA
- Australian National University Canberra Australia
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33
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Fink D, Auer T, Johnston A, Ruiz‐Gutierrez V, Hochachka WM, Kelling S. Modeling avian full annual cycle distribution and population trends with citizen science data. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02056. [PMID: 31837058 PMCID: PMC7187145 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Information on species' distributions, abundances, and how they change over time is central to the study of the ecology and conservation of animal populations. This information is challenging to obtain at landscape scales across range-wide extents for two main reasons. First, landscape-scale processes that affect populations vary throughout the year and across species' ranges, requiring high-resolution, year-round data across broad, sometimes hemispheric, spatial extents. Second, while citizen science projects can collect data at these resolutions and extents, using these data requires appropriate analysis to address known sources of bias. Here, we present an analytical framework to address these challenges and generate year-round, range-wide distributional information using citizen science data. To illustrate this approach, we apply the framework to Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), a long-distance Neotropical migrant and species of conservation concern, using data from the citizen science project eBird. We estimate occurrence and abundance across a range of spatial scales throughout the annual cycle. Additionally, we generate intra-annual estimates of the range, intra-annual estimates of the associations between species and characteristics of the landscape, and interannual trends in abundance for breeding and non-breeding seasons. The range-wide population trajectories for Wood Thrush show a close correspondence between breeding and non-breeding seasons with steep declines between 2010 and 2013 followed by shallower rates of decline from 2013 to 2016. The breeding season range-wide population trajectory based on the independently collected and analyzed North American Breeding Bird Survey data also shows this pattern. The information provided here fills important knowledge gaps for Wood Thrush, especially during the less studied migration and non-breeding periods. More generally, the modeling framework presented here can be used to accurately capture landscape scale intra- and interannual distributional dynamics for broadly distributed, highly mobile species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
| | - Tom Auer
- Cornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
| | - Alison Johnston
- Cornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
| | | | | | - Steve Kelling
- Cornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853USA
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34
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Johnston A, Moran N, Musgrove A, Fink D, Baillie SR. Estimating species distributions from spatially biased citizen science data. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Johnston A, Auer T, Fink D, Strimas-Mackey M, Iliff M, Rosenberg KV, Brown S, Lanctot R, Rodewald AD, Kelling S. Comparing abundance distributions and range maps in spatial conservation planning for migratory species. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02058. [PMID: 31838775 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most spatial conservation planning for wide-ranging or migratory species is constrained by poor knowledge of species' spatiotemporal dynamics and is only based on static species' ranges. However, species have substantial variation in abundance across their range and migratory species have important spatiotemporal population dynamics. With growing ecological data and advancing analytics, both of these can be estimated and incorporated into spatial conservation planning. However, there is limited information on the degree to which including this information affects conservation planning. We compared the performance of systematic conservation prioritizations for different scenarios based on varying the input species' distributions by ecological metric (abundance distributions versus range maps) and temporal sampling resolution (weekly, monthly, or quarterly). We used the example of a community of 41 species of migratory shorebirds that breed in North America, and we used eBird data to produce weekly estimates of species' abundances and ranges. Abundance distributions at a monthly or weekly resolution led to prioritizations that most efficiently protected species throughout the full annual cycle. Conversely, spatial prioritizations based on species' ranges required more sites and left most species insufficiently protected for at least part of their annual cycle. Prioritizations with only quarterly species ranges were very inefficient as they needed to target 40% of species' ranges to include 10% of populations. We highlight the high value of abundance information for spatial conservation planning, which leads to more efficient and effective spatial prioritization for conservation. Overall, we provide evidence that spatial conservation planning for wide-ranging migratory species is most robust and efficient when informed by species' abundance information from the full annual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johnston
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - T Auer
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - D Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - M Strimas-Mackey
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - M Iliff
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - K V Rosenberg
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
- American Bird Conservancy, The Plains, Virginia, 20198, USA
| | - S Brown
- Manomet Inc., P.O. Box 1770, Manomet, Massachusetts, 02345, USA
| | - R Lanctot
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, MS 201, Anchorage, Alaska, 99503, USA
| | - A D Rodewald
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - S Kelling
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
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Kosicki JZ. Anthropogenic activity expressed as ‘artificial light at night’ improves predictive density distribution in bird populations. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2019.100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Milanesi P, Della Rocca F, Robinson RA. Integrating dynamic environmental predictors and species occurrences: Toward true dynamic species distribution models. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1087-1092. [PMID: 32015866 PMCID: PMC6988530 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While biological distributions are not static and change/evolve through space and time, nonstationarity of climatic and land-use conditions is frequently neglected in species distribution models. Even recent techniques accounting for spatiotemporal variation of species occurrence basically consider the environmental predictors as static; specifically, in most studies using species distribution models, predictor values are averaged over a 50- or 30-year time period. This could lead to a strong bias due to monthly/annual variation between the climatic conditions in which species' locations were recorded and those used to develop species distribution models or even a complete mismatch if locations have been recorded more recently. Moreover, the impact of land-use change has only recently begun to be fully explored in species distribution models, but again without considering year-specific values. Excluding dynamic climate and land-use predictors could provide misleading estimation of species distribution. In recent years, however, open-access spatially explicit databases that provide high-resolution monthly and annual variation in climate (for the period 1901-2016) and land-use (for the period 1992-2015) conditions at a global scale have become available. Combining species locations collected in a given month of a given year with the relative climatic and land-use predictors derived from these datasets would thus lead to the development of true dynamic species distribution models (D-SDMs), improving predictive accuracy and avoiding mismatch between species locations and predictor variables. Thus, we strongly encourage modelers to develop D-SDMs using month- and year-specific climatic data as well as year-specific land-use data that match the period in which species data were collected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert A. Robinson
- Swiss Ornithological InstituteSempachSwitzerland
- British Trust for OrnithologyThetfordUK
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38
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Robust sound event detection in bioacoustic sensor networks. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214168. [PMID: 31647815 PMCID: PMC6812790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioacoustic sensors, sometimes known as autonomous recording units (ARUs), can record sounds of wildlife over long periods of time in scalable and minimally invasive ways. Deriving per-species abundance estimates from these sensors requires detection, classification, and quantification of animal vocalizations as individual acoustic events. Yet, variability in ambient noise, both over time and across sensors, hinders the reliability of current automated systems for sound event detection (SED), such as convolutional neural networks (CNN) in the time-frequency domain. In this article, we develop, benchmark, and combine several machine listening techniques to improve the generalizability of SED models across heterogeneous acoustic environments. As a case study, we consider the problem of detecting avian flight calls from a ten-hour recording of nocturnal bird migration, recorded by a network of six ARUs in the presence of heterogeneous background noise. Starting from a CNN yielding state-of-the-art accuracy on this task, we introduce two noise adaptation techniques, respectively integrating short-term (60 ms) and long-term (30 min) context. First, we apply per-channel energy normalization (PCEN) in the time-frequency domain, which applies short-term automatic gain control to every subband in the mel-frequency spectrogram. Secondly, we replace the last dense layer in the network by a context-adaptive neural network (CA-NN) layer, i.e. an affine layer whose weights are dynamically adapted at prediction time by an auxiliary network taking long-term summary statistics of spectrotemporal features as input. We show that PCEN reduces temporal overfitting across dawn vs. dusk audio clips whereas context adaptation on PCEN-based summary statistics reduces spatial overfitting across sensor locations. Moreover, combining them yields state-of-the-art results that are unmatched by artificial data augmentation alone. We release a pre-trained version of our best performing system under the name of BirdVoxDetect, a ready-to-use detector of avian flight calls in field recordings.
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Crosby AD, Bayne EM, Cumming SG, Schmiegelow FKA, Dénes FV, Tremblay JA. Differential habitat selection in boreal songbirds influences estimates of population size and distribution. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Crosby
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Erin M. Bayne
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Steven G. Cumming
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Wood and Forest Science Laval University Quebec City QC Canada
| | - Fiona K. A. Schmiegelow
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Francisco V. Dénes
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Junior A. Tremblay
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
- Sciences and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Quebec City QC Canada
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Animal Movement Prediction Based on Predictive Recurrent Neural Network. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204411. [PMID: 31614699 PMCID: PMC6832654 DOI: 10.3390/s19204411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Observing animal movements enables us to understand animal behavior changes, such as migration, interaction, foraging, and nesting. Based on spatiotemporal changes in weather and season, animals instinctively change their position for foraging, nesting, or breeding. It is known that moving patterns are closely related to their traits. Analyzing and predicting animals’ movement patterns according to spatiotemporal change offers an opportunity to understand their unique traits and acquire ecological insights into animals. Hence, in this paper, we propose an animal movement prediction scheme using a predictive recurrent neural network architecture. To do that, we first collect and investigate geo records of animals and conduct pattern refinement by using random forest interpolation. Then, we generate animal movement patterns using the kernel density estimation and build a predictive recurrent neural network model to consider the spatiotemporal changes. In the experiment, we perform various predictions using 14 K long-billed curlew locations that contain their five-year movements of the breeding, non-breeding, pre-breeding, and post-breeding seasons. The experimental results confirm that our predictive model based on recurrent neural networks can be effectively used to predict animal movement.
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41
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Steen VA, Elphick CS, Tingley MW. An evaluation of stringent filtering to improve species distribution models from citizen science data. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Steen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
| | - Chris S. Elphick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
| | - Morgan W. Tingley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
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Katapally TR. The SMART Framework: Integration of Citizen Science, Community-Based Participatory Research, and Systems Science for Population Health Science in the Digital Age. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e14056. [PMID: 31471963 PMCID: PMC6743262 DOI: 10.2196/14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Citizen science enables citizens to actively contribute to all aspects of the research process, from conceptualization and data collection, to knowledge translation and evaluation. Citizen science is gradually emerging as a pertinent approach in population health research. Given that citizen science has intrinsic links with community-based research, where participatory action drives the research agenda, these two approaches could be integrated to address complex population health issues. Community-based participatory research has a strong record of application across multiple disciplines and sectors to address health inequities. Citizen science can use the structure of community-based participatory research to take local approaches of problem solving to a global scale, because citizen science emerged through individual environmental activism that is not limited by geography. This synergy has significant implications for population health research if combined with systems science, which can offer theoretical and methodological strength to citizen science and community-based participatory research. Systems science applies a holistic perspective to understand the complex mechanisms underlying causal relationships within and between systems, as it goes beyond linear relationships by utilizing big data–driven advanced computational models. However, to truly integrate citizen science, community-based participatory research, and systems science, it is time to realize the power of ubiquitous digital tools, such as smartphones, for connecting us all and providing big data. Smartphones have the potential to not only create equity by providing a voice to disenfranchised citizens but smartphone-based apps also have the reach and power to source big data to inform policies. An imminent challenge in legitimizing citizen science is minimizing bias, which can be achieved by standardizing methods and enhancing data quality—a rigorous process that requires researchers to collaborate with citizen scientists utilizing the principles of community-based participatory research action. This study advances SMART, an evidence-based framework that integrates citizen science, community-based participatory research, and systems science through ubiquitous tools by addressing core challenges such as citizen engagement, data management, and internet inequity to legitimize this integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Reddy Katapally
- Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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43
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Rodewald AD, Strimas-Mackey M, Schuster R, Arcese P. Beyond canaries in coal mines: Co-occurrence of Andean mining concessions and migratory birds. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Callaghan CT, Rowley JJL, Cornwell WK, Poore AGB, Major RE. Improving big citizen science data: Moving beyond haphazard sampling. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000357. [PMID: 31246950 PMCID: PMC6619805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Citizen science is mainstream: millions of people contribute data to a growing array of citizen science projects annually, forming massive datasets that will drive research for years to come. Many citizen science projects implement a “leaderboard” framework, ranking the contributions based on number of records or species, encouraging further participation. But is every data point equally “valuable?” Citizen scientists collect data with distinct spatial and temporal biases, leading to unfortunate gaps and redundancies, which create statistical and informational problems for downstream analyses. Up to this point, the haphazard structure of the data has been seen as an unfortunate but unchangeable aspect of citizen science data. However, we argue here that this issue can actually be addressed: we provide a very simple, tractable framework that could be adapted by broadscale citizen science projects to allow citizen scientists to optimize the marginal value of their efforts, increasing the overall collective knowledge. Citizen scientists collect data with distinct spatial and temporal biases, leading to unfortunate gaps and redundancies, and creating statistical and informational problems for downstream analyses. This Essay argues that by using a tractable framework which incentivizes looking, rather than finding, this issue can actually be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey T. Callaghan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jodi J. L. Rowley
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William K. Cornwell
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alistair G. B. Poore
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard E. Major
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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45
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Burke RA, Frey JK, Ganguli A, Stoner KE. Species distribution modelling supports “nectar corridor” hypothesis for migratory nectarivorous bats and conservation of tropical dry forest. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Burke
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico
| | - Jennifer K. Frey
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico
| | - Amy Ganguli
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico
| | - Kathryn E. Stoner
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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46
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Humphreys JM, Murrow JL, Sullivan JD, Prosser DJ. Seasonal occurrence and abundance of dabbling ducks across the continental United States: Joint spatio‐temporal modelling for the Genus
Anas. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Humphreys
- Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel Maryland USA
| | | | | | - Diann J. Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel Maryland USA
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47
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Fletcher RJ, Hefley TJ, Robertson EP, Zuckerberg B, McCleery RA, Dorazio RM. A practical guide for combining data to model species distributions. Ecology 2019; 100:e02710. [PMID: 30927270 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and accurately modeling species distributions lies at the heart of many problems in ecology, evolution, and conservation. Multiple sources of data are increasingly available for modeling species distributions, such as data from citizen science programs, atlases, museums, and planned surveys. Yet reliably combining data sources can be challenging because data sources can vary considerably in their design, gradients covered, and potential sampling biases. We review, synthesize, and illustrate recent developments in combining multiple sources of data for species distribution modeling. We identify five ways in which multiple sources of data are typically combined for modeling species distributions. These approaches vary in their ability to accommodate sampling design, bias, and uncertainty when quantifying environmental relationships in species distribution models. Many of the challenges for combining data are solved through the prudent use of integrated species distribution models: models that simultaneously combine different data sources on species locations to quantify environmental relationships for explaining species distribution. We illustrate these approaches using planned survey data on 24 species of birds coupled with opportunistically collected eBird data in the southeastern United States. This example illustrates some of the benefits of data integration, such as increased precision in environmental relationships, greater predictive accuracy, and accounting for sample bias. Yet it also illustrates challenges of combining data sources with vastly different sampling methodologies and amounts of data. We provide one solution to this challenge through the use of weighted joint likelihoods. Weighted joint likelihoods provide a means to emphasize data sources based on different criteria (e.g., sample size), and we find that weighting improves predictions for all species considered. We conclude by providing practical guidance on combining multiple sources of data for modeling species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fletcher
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110430, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-0430, USA
| | - Trevor J Hefley
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, 205 Dickens Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506-0802, USA
| | - Ellen P Robertson
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110430, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-0430, USA
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, 226 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706-1598, USA
| | - Robert A McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110430, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-0430, USA
| | - Robert M Dorazio
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94132, USA
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48
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Schuster R, Wilson S, Rodewald AD, Arcese P, Fink D, Auer T, Bennett JR. Optimizing the conservation of migratory species over their full annual cycle. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1754. [PMID: 30988288 PMCID: PMC6465267 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited knowledge of the distribution, abundance, and habitat associations of migratory species hinders effective conservation actions. We use Neotropical migratory birds as a model group to compare approaches to prioritize land conservation needed to support ≥30% of the global abundances of 117 species. Specifically, we compare scenarios from spatial optimization models to achieve conservation targets by: 1) area requirements for conserving >30% abundance of each species for each week of the year independently vs. combined; 2) including vs. ignoring spatial clustering of species abundance; and 3) incorporating vs. avoiding human-dominated landscapes. Solutions integrating information across the year require 56% less area than those integrating weekly abundances, with additional reductions when shared-use landscapes are included. Although incorporating spatial population structure requires more area, geographical representation among priority sites improves substantially. These findings illustrate that globally-sourced citizen science data can elucidate key trade-offs among opportunity costs and spatiotemporal representation of conservation efforts. Conservation decisions to protect land used by migratory birds rely on understanding species’ dynamic habitat associations. Here the authors identify conservation scenarios needed to maintain >30% of the abundances of 117 migratory birds across the Americas, considering spatial and temporal patterns of species abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schuster
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada. .,Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Scott Wilson
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.,Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Amanda D Rodewald
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.,Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Fernow Hall, #111, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Tom Auer
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Joseph R Bennett
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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49
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Kelling S, Johnston A, Bonn A, Fink D, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Bonney R, Fernandez M, Hochachka WM, Julliard R, Kraemer R, Guralnick R. Using Semistructured Surveys to Improve Citizen Science Data for Monitoring Biodiversity. Bioscience 2019; 69:170-179. [PMID: 30905970 PMCID: PMC6422830 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is being lost at an unprecedented rate, and monitoring is crucial for understanding the causal drivers and assessing solutions. Most biodiversity monitoring data are collected by volunteers through citizen science projects, and often crucial information is lacking to account for the inevitable biases that observers introduce during data collection. We contend that citizen science projects intended to support biodiversity monitoring must gather information about the observation process as well as species occurrence. We illustrate this using eBird, a global citizen science project that collects information on bird occurrences as well as vital contextual information on the observation process while maintaining broad participation. Our fundamental argument is that regardless of what species are being monitored, when citizen science projects collect a small set of basic information about how participants make their observations, the scientific value of the data collected will be dramatically improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Kelling
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, at Cornell University, in Ithaca New York
| | - Alison Johnston
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology and with the Department of Zoology at the University of Cambridge, in Cambridge, England
| | - Aletta Bonn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Ecosystem Services, in Leipzig, Germany; with the Institute of Biodiversity at Friedrich Schiller University Jena, in Jena, Germany; and with the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, in Leipzig
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, at Cornell University, in Ithaca New York
| | | | - Rick Bonney
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, at Cornell University, in Ithaca New York
| | - Miguel Fernandez
- NatureServe, in Arlington, Virginia; with the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; and with the Environmental Science and Policy Department at George Mason University, in Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | - Romain Julliard
- Center for Ecology and Conservation Sciences (UMR CESCO), at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, in Paris, France
| | - Roland Kraemer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; with the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; and with Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin's Institute of Geography, in Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Department of Natural History at the Florida Museum of Natural History and with the University of Florida's Biodiversity and Genetic Institutes, at the University of Florida, in Gainsville
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50
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Horton KG, Van Doren BM, La Sorte FA, Cohen EB, Clipp HL, Buler JJ, Fink D, Kelly JF, Farnsworth A. Holding steady: Little change in intensity or timing of bird migration over the Gulf of Mexico. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1106-1118. [PMID: 30623528 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the timing and intensity of migratory movements is imperative for understanding impacts of changing landscapes and climates on migratory bird populations. Billions of birds migrate in the Western Hemisphere, but accurately estimating the population size of one migratory species, let alone hundreds, presents numerous obstacles. Here, we quantify the timing, intensity, and distribution of bird migration through one of the largest migration corridors in the Western Hemisphere, the Gulf of Mexico (the Gulf). We further assess whether there have been changes in migration timing or intensity through the Gulf. To achieve this, we integrate citizen science (eBird) observations with 21 years of weather surveillance radar data (1995-2015). We predicted no change in migration timing and a decline in migration intensity across the time series. We estimate that an average of 2.1 billion birds pass through this region each spring en route to Nearctic breeding grounds. Annually, half of these individuals pass through the region in just 18 days, between April 19 and May 7. The western region of the Gulf showed a mean rate of passage 5.4 times higher than the central and eastern regions. We did not detect an overall change in the annual numbers of migrants (2007-2015) or the annual timing of peak migration (1995-2015). However, we found that the earliest seasonal movements through the region occurred significantly earlier over time (1.6 days decade-1 ). Additionally, body mass and migration distance explained the magnitude of phenological changes, with the most rapid advances occurring with an assemblage of larger-bodied shorter-distance migrants. Our results provide baseline information that can be used to advance our understanding of the developing implications of climate change, urbanization, and energy development for migratory bird populations in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Horton
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Frank A La Sorte
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Emily B Cohen
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hannah L Clipp
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Jeffrey J Buler
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jeffrey F Kelly
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Corix Plains Institute, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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