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Mueller KE, Kray JA, Blumenthal DM. Coordination of leaf, root, and seed traits shows the importance of whole plant economics in two semiarid grasslands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2410-2422. [PMID: 38214451 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Uncertainty persists within trait-based ecology, partly because few studies assess multiple axes of functional variation and their effect on plant performance. For 55 species from two semiarid grasslands, we quantified: (1) covariation between economic traits of leaves and absorptive roots, (2) covariation among economic traits, plant height, leaf size, and seed mass, and (3) relationships between these traits and species' abundance. Pairs of analogous leaf and root traits were at least weakly positively correlated (e.g. specific leaf area (SLA) and specific root length (SRL)). Two pairs of such traits, N content and DMC of leaves and roots, were at least moderately correlated (r > 0.5) whether species were grouped by site, taxonomic group and growth form, or life history. Root diameter was positively correlated with seed mass for all groups of species except annuals and monocots. Species with higher leaf dry matter content (LDMC) tended to be more abundant (r = 0.63). Annuals with larger seeds were more abundant (r = 0.69). Compared with global-scale syntheses with many observations from mesic ecosystems, we observed stronger correlations between analogous leaf and root traits, weaker correlations between SLA and leaf N, and stronger correlations between SRL and root N. In dry grasslands, plant persistence may require coordination of above- and belowground traits, and dense tissues may facilitate dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Mueller
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Julie A Kray
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources & Systems Research, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Dana M Blumenthal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources & Systems Research, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
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Zhou Y, Ma H, Lu Q, Ma J, Shen Y, Wang G. Different responses of leaf and root economics spectrum to grazing time at the community level in desert steppe, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168547. [PMID: 37981138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant economic spectrum can explain the trade-off strategies of vascular plants between resource acquisition and storage. Grazing can alter the plant functional characteristics of grassland ecosystems, resulting in a shift in plant resource acquisition strategies. Taking fenced grassland as a control, in this study we quantified six leaf traits and four root traits of 14 plant species (those that comprised >85 % of the species community abundance) of different grazing time grasslands in desert grasslands in Ningxia. We examined how grazing time shapes the functional structure of plant communities and the resource acquisition strategy. The results revealed an inverse pattern of the fast-slow economic spectrum of leaf and root traits; that is, as grazing time increased, the leaf traits shifted from an acquisitive type to a conservative type of resource acquisition strategy. In contrast, the root traits showed a shift from a conservative type to an acquisitive type of resource acquisition strategy. Grazing time leads to a whole plant economic spectrum, and plant functional traits may facilitate their response to environmental change, the study of which can hereby deepen our understanding of the plant economics spectrum. Our study provides new evidence that leaf and root resource acquisition and utilization are relatively independent under grazing pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhou
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center of Ningxia Province, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Hongbin Ma
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center of Ningxia Province, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Qi Lu
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center of Ningxia Province, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jingli Ma
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center of Ningxia Province, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yan Shen
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center of Ningxia Province, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Guohui Wang
- College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Grassland and Animal Husbandry Engineering Technology Research Center of Ningxia Province, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Mao K, Li W, Cheng X. Morphological responses of Bombax ceiba to habitat heterogeneity in Southwest China. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1118045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to cope with environmental changes, plants constantly adjust their morphological characteristics in order to adapt to changing environment. In the present study, populations of Bombax ceiba from Mengla area and Yuanjiang area in Yunnan Province were selected as the research objects. Six tree structure factors, such as tree height and crown width, eight leaf trait factors, such as leaf area and leaf length, and several habitat factors, such as area topography, meteorology and soil nutrients, were measured. Structural equation model and variation decomposition method were applied to analyze the effects of various habitat factors on tree structure and leaf traits of B. ceiba, and to reveal its morphological responses to habitat heterogeneity. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between tree structure and leaf traits in the two study habitats (Mengla area and Yuanjiang area), and the correlation coefficient was −0.47 in Mengla area and −0.22 in Yuanjiang area. Both topographic and soil factors had positive effects on tree structure of the two habitats, and the topographic factors had a greater impact on tree structure than leaf traits. The main difference was that meteorological factors had a positive effect on tree structure of Mengla, but a negative effect on leaf traits, while Yuanjiang showed the opposite patterns. The variation analysis showed that the superposition of three environmental factors in Mengla area had a greater explanation power of tree structure and leaf traits than that in Yuanjiang area, and the topographic factors had the largest explanation power of tree structure in both areas, which reflected that fact that the characteristics of Mengla habitat imposed a greater influence on B. ceiba. The soil factors in Mengla area accounted for 20.1% of the leaf traits, while the meteorological factors in Yuanjiang area accounted for 11.6%. The results showed that leaf traits were sensitive to environmental differences. In general, the responses of B. ceiba to heterogeneous habitats is based on the specific performance of its resource utilization capacity. The research results can provide references for exploring the morphological responses of plants to heterogeneous habitats.
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Brown A, Butler DW, Radford‐Smith J, Dwyer JM. Changes in trait covariance along an orographic moisture gradient reveal the relative importance of light- and moisture-driven trade-offs in subtropical rainforest communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:839-851. [PMID: 35922934 PMCID: PMC9804723 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A range of functional trait-based approaches have been developed to investigate community assembly processes, but most ignore how traits covary within communities. We combined existing approaches - community-weighted means (CWMs) and functional dispersion (FDis) - with a metric of trait covariance to examine assembly processes in five angiosperm assemblages along a moisture gradient in Australia's subtropics. In addition to testing hypotheses about habitat filtering along the gradient, we hypothesized that trait covariance would be strongest at both ends of the moisture gradient and weakest in the middle, reflecting trade-offs associated with light capture in productive sites and moisture stress in dry sites. CWMs revealed evidence of climatic filtering, but FDis patterns were less clear. As hypothesized, trait covariance was weakest in the middle of the gradient but unexpectedly peaked at the second driest site due to the emergence of a clear drought tolerance-drought avoidance spectrum. At the driest site, the same spectrum was truncated at the 'avoider' end, revealing important information about habitat filtering in this system. Our focus on trait covariance revealed the nature and strength of trade-offs imposed by light and moisture availability, complementing insights gained about community assembly from existing trait-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Brown
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQld4072Australia
| | - Donald W. Butler
- College of LawAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Julian Radford‐Smith
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQld4072Australia
| | - John M. Dwyer
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQld4072Australia
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Wang Z, Townsend PA, Kruger EL. Leaf spectroscopy reveals divergent inter- and intra-species foliar trait covariation and trait-environment relationships across NEON domains. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:923-938. [PMID: 35510798 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent measurement of multiple foliar traits to assess the full range of trade-offs among and within taxa and across broad environmental gradients is limited. Leaf spectroscopy can quantify a wide range of foliar functional traits, enabling assessment of interrelationships among traits and with the environment. We analyzed leaf trait measurements from 32 sites along the wide eco-climatic gradient encompassed by the US National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). We explored the relationships among 14 foliar traits of 1103 individuals across and within species, and with environmental factors. Across all species pooled, the relationships between leaf economic traits (leaf mass per area, nitrogen) and traits indicative of defense and stress tolerance (phenolics, nonstructural carbohydrates) were weak, but became strong within certain species. Elevation, mean annual temperature and precipitation weakly predicted trait variation across species, although some traits exhibited species-specific significant relationships with environmental factors. Foliar functional traits vary idiosyncratically and species express diverse combinations of leaf traits to achieve fitness. Leaf spectroscopy offers an effective approach to quantify intra-species trait variation and covariation, and potentially could be used to improve the characterization of vegetation in Earth system models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Eric L Kruger
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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6
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Wang CJ, Wan JZ. Functional trait perspective on suitable habitat distribution of invasive plant species at a global scale. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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7
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Guo X, Shi P, Niinemets Ü, Hölscher D, Wang R, Liu M, Li Y, Dong L, Niklas KJ. "Diminishing returns" for leaves of five age-groups of Phyllostachys edulis culms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1662-1672. [PMID: 34580863 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Leaf mass (M) and lamina surface area (A) are important functional traits reported to obey a scaling relationship called "diminishing returns" (i.e., M ∝ Aα>1 ). Previous studies have focused primarily on eudicots and ignored whether the age of leaves affects the numerical value of the scaling exponent (i.e., α). METHODS The effect of age was examined using 1623 Phyllostachys edulis leaves from culms differing in age collected in Nanjing, China. The scaling relationships among leaf A, fresh mass (FM), and dry mass (DM) were evaluated using reduced major axis protocols. The bootstrap percentile method was used to test the significance of differences in α-values. RESULTS Overall, the numerical values of α exceeded 1.0. The scaling relationship between FM and A was statistically more robust than that between DM and A. The scaling exponents of FM vs. A exhibited a "high-low-high-low-high" numerical trend from the oldest to the youngest age-group. FM increased linearly as culm age decreased; the leaf DM per unit area (LMA) exhibited a parabolic trend across the age-groups. CONCLUSIONS "Diminishing returns" is confirmed for all but one age-group of an important monocot species. The relationship between FM and A was statistically more robust than that between DM and A for each age-group. The FM per unit A decreased with increasing age-groups, whereas the middle age-groups had a greater LMA than the oldest and youngest age-groups. These data are the first to show that the age of shoots affects the scaling relationship between leaf mass and area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Guo
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Peijian Shi
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rong Wang
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Administrative Bureau of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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8
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Bachle S, Nippert JB. Microanatomical traits track climate gradients for a dominant C4 grass species across the Great Plains, USA. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:451-459. [PMID: 32780105 PMCID: PMC7988519 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Andropogon gerardii is a highly productive C4 grass species with a large geographic range throughout the North American Great Plains, a biome characterized by a variable temperate climate. Plant traits are often invoked to explain growth rates and competitive abilities within broad climate gradients. For example, plant competition models typically predict that species with large geographic ranges benefit from variation in traits underlying high growth potential. Here, we examined the relationship between climate variability and leaf-level traits in A. gerardii, emphasizing how leaf-level microanatomical traits serve as a mechanism that may underlie variation in commonly measured traits, such as specific leaf area (SLA). METHODS Andropogon gerardii leaves were collected in August 2017 from Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (MN), Konza Prairie Biological Station (KS), Platte River Prairie (NE) and Rocky Mountain Research Station (SD). Leaves from ten individuals from each site were trimmed, stained and prepared for fluorescent confocal microscopy to analyse internal leaf anatomy. Leaf microanatomical data were compared with historical and growing season climate data extracted from PRISM spatial climate models. KEY RESULTS Microanatomical traits displayed large variation within and across sites. According to AICc (Akaike's information criterion adjusted for small sample sizes) selection scores, the interaction of mean precipitation and temperature for the 2017 growing season was the best predictor of variability for the anatomical and morphological traits measured here. Mesophyll area and bundle sheath thickness were directly correlated with mean temperature (annual and growing season). Tissues related to water-use strategies, such as bulliform cell and xylem area, were significantly correlated with one another. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that (1) microanatomical trait variation exists within this broadly distributed grass species, (2) microanatomical trait variability appears likely to impact leaf-level carbon and water use strategies, and (3) microanatomical trait values vary across climate gradients, and may underlie variation in traits measured at larger ecological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seton Bachle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Jesse B Nippert
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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9
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Nolting KM, Prunier R, Midgley GF, Holsinger KE. Intraspecific trait variation influences physiological performance and fitness in the South Africa shrub genus Protea (Proteaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:519-531. [PMID: 32249291 PMCID: PMC7988518 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Global plant trait datasets commonly identify trait relationships that are interpreted to reflect fundamental trade-offs associated with plant strategies, but often these trait relationships are not identified when evaluating them at smaller taxonomic and spatial scales. In this study we evaluate trait relationships measured on individual plants for five widespread Protea species in South Africa to determine whether broad-scale patterns of structural trait (e.g. leaf area) and physiological trait (e.g. photosynthetic rates) relationships can be detected within natural populations, and if these traits are themselves related to plant fitness. METHODS We evaluated the variance structure (i.e. the proportional intraspecific trait variation relative to among-species variation) for nine structural traits and six physiological traits measured in wild populations. We used a multivariate path model to evaluate the relationships between structural traits and physiological traits, and the relationship between these traits and plant size and reproductive effort. KEY RESULTS While intraspecific trait variation is relatively low for structural traits, it accounts for between 50 and 100 % of the variation in physiological traits. Furthermore, we identified few trait associations between any one structural trait and physiological trait, but multivariate regressions revealed clear associations between combinations of structural traits and physiological performance (R2 = 0.37-0.64), and almost all traits had detectable associations with plant fitness. CONCLUSIONS Intraspecific variation in structural traits leads to predictable differences in individual-level physiological performance in a multivariate framework, even though the relationship of any particular structural trait to physiological performance may be weak or undetectable. Furthermore, intraspecific variation in both structural and physiological traits leads to differences in plant size and fitness. These results demonstrate the importance of considering measurements of multivariate phenotypes on individual plants when evaluating trait relationships and how trait variation influences predictions of ecological and evolutionary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Nolting
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Prunier
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury, CT, USAand
| | - Guy F Midgley
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Kent E Holsinger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Orwin KH, Mason NWH, Aalders L, Bell NL, Schon N, Mudge PL. Relationships of plant traits and soil biota to soil functions change as nitrogen fertiliser rates increase in an intensively managed agricultural system. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate H. Orwin
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Lincoln New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul L. Mudge
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Hamilton New Zealand
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Candeias M, Fraterrigo J. Trait coordination and environmental filters shape functional trait distributions of forest understory herbs. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14098-14112. [PMID: 33391703 PMCID: PMC7771138 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of trait selection is critical for resolving community assembly processes. Here, we test the importance of environmental filtering and trait covariance for structuring the functional traits of understory herbaceous communities distributed along a natural environmental resource gradient that varied in soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen availability, produced by different topographic positions in the southern Appalachian Mountains.To uncover potential differences in community-level trait responses to the resource gradient, we quantified the averages and variances of both abundance-weighted and unweighted values for six functional traits (vegetative height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, and leaf δ13C) using 15 individuals of each of the 108 species of understory herbs found at two sites in the southern Appalachians of western North Carolina, USA.Environmental variables were better predictors of weighted than unweighted community-level average trait values for all but height and leaf N, indicating strong environmental filtering of plant abundance. Community-level variance patterns also showed increased convergence of abundance-weighted traits as resource limitation became more severe.Functional trait covariance patterns based on weighted averages were uniform across the gradient, whereas coordination based on unweighted averages was inconsistent and varied with environmental context. In line with these results, structural equation modeling revealed that unweighted community-average traits responded directly to local environmental variation, whereas weighted community-average traits responded indirectly to local environmental variation through trait coordination.Our finding that trait coordination is more important for explaining the distribution of weighted than unweighted average trait values along the gradient indicates that environmental filtering acts on multiple traits simultaneously, with abundant species possessing more favorable combinations of traits for maximizing fitness in a given environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Candeias
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
| | - Jennifer Fraterrigo
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
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12
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Changes of leaf functional traits in karst rocky desertification ecological environment and the driving factors. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Comparison of the Scaling Relationships of Leaf Biomass versus Surface Area between Spring and Summer for Two Deciduous Tree Species. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11091010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The scaling relationship between either leaf dry or fresh mass (M) and surface area (A) can reflect the photosynthetic potential and efficiency of light harvesting in different broad-leaved plants. In growing leaves, lamina area expansion is typically finished before the completion of leaf biomass accumulation, thereby affecting the M vs. A scaling relationship at different developmental stages of leaves (e.g., young vs. adult leaves). In addition, growing plants can have different-sized leaves at different plant ages, potentially also changing M vs. A scaling. Furthermore, leaf shape can also change during the course of ontogeny and modify the M vs. A scaling relationship. Indeed, the effect of seasonal changes in leaf shape on M vs. A scaling has not been examined in any previous studies known to us. The study presented here was conducted using two deciduous tree species: Alangium chinense (saplings forming leaves through the growing season) and Liquidambar formosana (adult trees producing only one leaf flush in spring) that both have complex but nearly bilaterally symmetrical leaf shapes. We determined (i) whether leaf shapes differed in spring versus summer; (ii) whether the M vs. A scaling relationship varied over time; and (iii) whether there is a link between leaf shape and the scaling exponent governing the M vs. A scaling relationship. The data indicated that (i) the leaf dissection index in spring was higher than that in summer for both species (i.e., leaf-shape complexity decreased from young to adult leaves); (ii) there was a significant difference in the numerical value of the scaling exponent of leaf perimeter vs. area between leaves sampled at the two dates; (iii) spring leaves had a higher water content than summer leaves, and the scaling exponents of dry mass vs. area and fresh mass vs. area were all greater than unity; (iv) the scaling relationship between fresh mass and area was statistically more robust than that between leaf dry mass and area; (v) the scaling exponents of leaf dry and fresh mass vs. area of A. chinense leaves in spring were greater than those in summer (i.e., leaves in younger plants tend to be larger than leaves in older plants), whereas, for the adult trees of L. formosana, the scaling exponent in spring was smaller than that in summer, indicating increases in leaf dry mass per unit area with increasing leaf age; and (vi) leaf shape appears not to be related to the scaling relationship between either leaf dry or fresh mass and area, but is correlated with the scaling exponent of leaf perimeter vs. area (which tends to be a ½ power function). These trends indicate that studies of leaf morphometrics and scaling relationships must consider the influence of seasonality and plant age in sampling of leaves and the interpretation of data.
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Kempel A, Vincent H, Prati D, Fischer M. Context dependency of biotic interactions and its relation to plant rarity. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kempel
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Hugo Vincent
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Daniel Prati
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Botanical Garden University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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15
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Delhaye G, Bauman D, Séleck M, Ilunga wa Ilunga E, Mahy G, Meerts P. Interspecific trait integration increases with environmental harshness: A case study along a metal toxicity gradient. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Delhaye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Végétale et Biogéochimie Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - David Bauman
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Végétale et Biogéochimie Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Maxime Séleck
- Department of Forest, Nature and Landscape Biodiversity and Landscape Unit University of LiègeGembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Gembloux Belgium
| | - Edouard Ilunga wa Ilunga
- Ecology, Restoration Ecology and Landscape Research Unit Faculty of Agronomy University of Lubumbashi Lubumbashi Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Grégory Mahy
- Department of Forest, Nature and Landscape Biodiversity and Landscape Unit University of LiègeGembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Gembloux Belgium
| | - Pierre Meerts
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Végétale et Biogéochimie Université Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium
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Burton JI, Perakis SS, Brooks JR, Puettmann KJ. Trait integration and functional differentiation among co-existing plant species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:628-638. [PMID: 32236958 PMCID: PMC8108537 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Determining which traits characterize strategies of coexisting species is important to developing trait-based models of plant communities. First, global dimensions may not exist locally. Second, the degree to which traits and trait spectra constitute independent dimensions of functional variation at various scales continues to be refined. Finally, traits may be associated with existing categorical groupings. METHODS We assessed trait integration and differentiation across 57 forest understory plant species in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon, United States. We combined measurements for a range of traits with literature-based estimates of seed mass and species groupings. We used network analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMS) to determine the degree of integration. RESULTS We observed a strong leaf economics spectrum (LES) integrated with stem but not root traits. However, stem traits and intrinsic water-use efficiency integrated LES and root traits. Network analyses indicated a modest grouping of a priori trait dimensions. NMS indicated that multivariate differences among species were related primarily to (1) rooting depth and plant height vs. specific root length, (2) the LES, and (3) leaf size vs. seed mass. These differences were related to species groupings associated with growth and life form, leaf lifespan and seed dispersal mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The strategies of coexisting understory plant species could not be reduced to a single dimension. Yet, species can be characterized efficiently and effectively for trait-based studies of plant communities by measuring four common traits: plant height, specific leaf area, leaf size, and seed mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I. Burton
- State University of New York College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry, Department of Sustainable Resources Management, 320 Bray Hall, 1 Forestry Dr., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Steven S. Perakis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - J. Renée Brooks
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Klaus J. Puettmann
- Oregon State University, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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17
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Agrawal AA. A scale‐dependent framework for trade‐offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology. Ecology 2020; 101:e02924. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
- Department of Entomology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
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18
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Abstract
Leaf surface area (A) and leaf shape have been demonstrated to be closely correlated with photosynthetic rates. The scaling relationship between leaf biomass (both dry weight and fresh weight) and A has been widely studied. However, few studies have focused on the scaling relationship between leaf shape and A. Here, using more than 3600 leaves from 12 Rosaceae species, we examined the relationships of the leaf-shape indices including the left to right side leaf surface area ratio (AR), the ratio of leaf perimeter to leaf surface area (RPA), and the ratio of leaf width to length (RWL) versus A. We also tested whether there is a scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A, and between PRA and A. There was no significant correlation between AR and A for each of the 12 species. Leaf area was also found to be independent of RWL because leaf width remained proportional to leaf length across the 12 species. However, there was a negative correlation between RPA and A. The scaling relationship between RPA and A held for each species, and the estimated scaling exponent of RPA versus A approached −1/2; the scaling relationship between leaf dry weight and A also held for each species, and 11 out of the 12 estimated scaling exponents of leaf dry weight versus A were greater than unity. Our results indicated that leaf surface area has a strong scaling relationship with leaf perimeter and also with leaf dry weight but has no relationship with leaf symmetry or RWL. Additionally, our results showed that leaf dry weight per unit area, which is usually associated with the photosynthetic capacity of plants, increases with an increasing A because the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight versus A is greater than unity. This suggests that a large leaf surface area requires more dry mass input to support the physical structure of the leaf.
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19
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Umaña MN, Swenson NG. Does trait variation within broadly distributed species mirror patterns across species? A case study in Puerto Rico. Ecology 2019; 100:e02745. [PMID: 31032887 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although populations are phenotypically diverse, the majority of trait-based studies have focused on examining differences among species. The justification for this broadly applied approach is based on the assumption that differences among species are always greater than within species. This is likely true for local communities, but species are often broadly distributed across a wide range of environments and patterns of intraspecific variation might surpass differences among species. Therefore, an appropriate interpretation of the functional diversity requires an assessment of patterns of trait variation across different ecological scales. In this study, we examine and characterize patterns of leaf trait variation for species that are broadly distributed along an elevational gradient. We focus on seven leaf traits that represent a main axis of functional differentiation in plants reflecting the balance between photosynthetic efficiency, display, and stomatal conductance. We evaluated patterns of trait variance across ecological scales (elevation, species, populations, and individuals) and examined trait covariance at both within species and across species levels, along the elevation gradient. Our results show three key patterns: (1) intraspecific leaf trait variation for broadly distributed species is comparable to the interspecific trait variation, (2) the trait variance structure is highly variable across species, and (3) trait coordination between pairs of leaf traits is evident across species along the gradient, but not always within species. Combined, our results show that trait coordination and covariance are highly idiosyncratic across broadly distributed and co-occurring species, indicating that species may achieve similar functional roles even when exhibiting different phenotypes. This result challenges the traditional paradigm of functional ecology that assumes single trait values as optimal solutions for environments. In conclusion, patterns of trait variation both across and within species should be considered in future studies that assess trade-offs among traits over environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N Umaña
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48019, USA
| | - Nathan G Swenson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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20
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Harrison S, LaForgia M. Seedling traits predict drought-induced mortality linked to diversity loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5576-5581. [PMID: 30833396 PMCID: PMC6431227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818543116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait-based approaches are increasingly used to predict ecological consequences of climate change, yet seldom have solid links been established between plant traits and observed climate-driven community changes. Most analyses have focused on aboveground adult plant traits, but in warming and drying climates, root traits may be critical, and seedlings may be the vulnerable stage. Relationships of seedling and root traits to more commonly measured traits and ecological outcomes are poorly known. In an annual grassland where winter drought-induced seedling mortality is driving a long-term decline in native diversity, using a field experiment during the exceptionally dry winter of 2017-2018, we found that seedling mortality was higher and growth of seedlings and adults were lower in unwatered than watered sites. Mortality of unwatered seedlings was higher in species with shorter seedling roots, and also in species with the correlated traits of small seeds, high seedling specific leaf area (SLA), and tall seedlings. Adult traits varied along an axis from short-stature, high SLA and foliar N, and early flowering to the opposite values, and were only weakly correlated with seedling traits and seedling mortality. No evidence was found for adaptive plasticity, such as longer roots or lower SLA in unwatered plants. Among these species, constitutive variation in seedling root length explained most of the variation in survival of a highly vulnerable life stage under winter drought. Selective loss of species with high adult SLA, observed in this community and others under drought stress, may be the byproduct of other correlated traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Harrison
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
| | - Marina LaForgia
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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21
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Leaf Fresh Weight Versus Dry Weight: Which is Better for Describing the Scaling Relationship between Leaf Biomass and Leaf Area for Broad-Leaved Plants? FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) is considered to represent the photosynthetic capacity, which actually implies a hypothesis that foliar water mass (leaf fresh weight minus leaf dry weight) is proportional to leaf dry weight during leaf growth. However, relevant studies demonstrated that foliar water mass disproportionately increases with increasing leaf dry weight. Although scaling relationships of leaf dry weight vs. leaf area for many plants were investigated, few studies compared the scaling relationship based on leaf dry weight with that based on leaf fresh weight. In this study, we used the data of three families (Lauraceae, Oleaceae, and Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae) with five broad-leaved species for each family to examine whether using different measures for leaf biomass (i.e., dry weight and fresh weight) can result in different fitted results for the scaling relationship between leaf biomass and area. Reduced major axis regression was used to fit the log-transformed data of leaf biomass and area, and the bootstrap percentile method was used to test the significance of the difference between the estimate of the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight vs. area and that of leaf fresh weight vs. area. We found that there were five species across three families (Phoebe sheareri (Hemsl.) Gamble, Forsythia viridissima Lindl., Osmanthus fragrans Lour., Chimonobambusa sichuanensis (T.P. Yi) T.H. Wen, and Hibanobambusa tranquillans f. shiroshima H. Okamura) whose estimates of the scaling exponent of leaf dry weight to area and that of leaf fresh weight to area were not significantly different, whereas, for the remaining ten species, both estimates were significantly different. For the species in the same family whose leaf shape is narrow (i.e., a low ratio of leaf width to length) the estimates of two scaling exponents are prone to having a significant difference. There is also an allometric relationship between leaf dry weight and fresh weight, which means that foliar water mass disproportionately increases with increased leaf dry weight. In addition, the goodness of fit for the scaling relationship of leaf fresh weight vs. area is better than that for leaf dry weight vs. area, which suggests that leaf fresh mass might be more able to reflect the physiological functions of leaves associated with photosynthesis and respiration than leaf dry mass. The above conclusions are based on 15 broad-leaved species, although we believe that those conclusions may be potentially extended to other plants with broad and flat leaves.
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22
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Yang Y, Wang H, Harrison SP, Prentice IC, Wright IJ, Peng C, Lin G. Quantifying leaf-trait covariation and its controls across climates and biomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:155-168. [PMID: 30272817 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant functional ecology requires the quantification of trait variation and its controls. Field measurements on 483 species at 48 sites across China were used to analyse variation in leaf traits, and assess their predictability. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to characterize trait variation, redundancy analysis (RDA) to reveal climate effects, and RDA with variance partitioning to estimate separate and overlapping effects of site, climate, life-form and family membership. Four orthogonal dimensions of total trait variation were identified: leaf area (LA), internal-to-ambient CO2 ratio (χ), leaf economics spectrum traits (specific leaf area (SLA) versus leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and nitrogen per area (Narea )), and photosynthetic capacities (Vcmax , Jmax at 25°C). LA and χ covaried with moisture index. Site, climate, life form and family together explained 70% of trait variance. Families accounted for 17%, and climate and families together 29%. LDMC and SLA showed the largest family effects. Independent life-form effects were small. Climate influences trait variation in part by selection for different life forms and families. Trait values derived from climate data via RDA showed substantial predictive power for trait values in the available global data sets. Systematic trait data collection across all climates and biomes is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzheng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Han Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Sandy P Harrison
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences (SAGES), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - I Colin Prentice
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Changhui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, H3C 3P8, QC, Canada
| | - Guanghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Stable Isotope and Gulf Ecology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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23
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Yang Y, Zhao J, Zhao P, Wang H, Wang B, Su S, Li M, Wang L, Zhu Q, Pang Z, Peng C. Trait-Based Climate Change Predictions of Vegetation Sensitivity and Distribution in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:908. [PMID: 31354775 PMCID: PMC6640191 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) suffer insufficiencies in tracking biochemical cycles and ecosystem fluxes. One important reason for these insufficiencies is that DGVMs use fixed parameters (mostly traits) to distinguish attributes and functions of plant functional types (PFTs); however, these traits vary under different climatic conditions. Therefore, it is urgent to quantify trait covariations, including those among specific leaf area (SLA), area-based leaf nitrogen (N area), and leaf area index (LAI) (in 580 species across 218 sites in this study), and explore new classification methods that can be applied to model vegetation dynamics under future climate change scenarios. We use a redundancy analysis (RDA) to derive trait-climate relationships and employ a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to project vegetation distributions under different climate scenarios. The results show that (1) the three climatic variables, mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and monthly photosynthetically active radiation (mPAR) could capture 65% of the covariations of three functional traits; (2) tropical, subtropical and temperate forest complexes expand while boreal forest, temperate steppe, temperate scrub and tundra shrink under future climate change scenarios; and (3) the GMM classification based on trait covariations should be a powerful candidate for building new generation of DGVM, especially predicting the response of vegetation to future climate changes. This study provides a promising route toward developing reliable, robust and realistic vegetation models and can address a series of limitations in current models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzheng Yang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Pengxiang Zhao,
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Boheng Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shaofeng Su
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingxu Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Liming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuan Zhu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhiyong Pang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changhui Peng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Québec at Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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24
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Similarity of introduced plant species to native ones facilitates naturalization, but differences enhance invasion success. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4631. [PMID: 30401825 PMCID: PMC6219509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for traits associated with plant invasiveness has yielded contradictory results, in part because most previous studies have failed to recognize that different traits are important at different stages along the introduction–naturalization–invasion continuum. Here we show that across six different habitat types in temperate Central Europe, naturalized non-invasive species are functionally similar to native species occurring in the same habitat type, but invasive species are different as they occupy the edge of the plant functional trait space represented in each habitat. This pattern was driven mainly by the greater average height of invasive species. These results suggest that the primary determinant of successful establishment of alien species in resident plant communities is environmental filtering, which is expressed in similar trait distributions. However, to become invasive, established alien species need to be different enough to occupy novel niche space, i.e. the edge of trait space. Plant functional traits may help distinguish introduced species that will become invasive from those that do not. Here, Divíšek et al. show that functional profiles of naturalized plant species are similar to natives, while those of invasive plant species exist at the edge of the functional trait space.
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25
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Li F, McCulloh KA, Sun S, Bao W. Linking leaf hydraulic properties, photosynthetic rates, and leaf lifespan in xerophytic species: a test of global hypotheses. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1858-1868. [PMID: 30449045 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Leaf venation and its hierarchal traits are crucial to the hydraulic and mechanical properties of leaves, reflecting plant life-history strategies. However, there is an extremely limited understanding of how variation in leaf hydraulics affects the leaf economic spectrum (LES) or whether venation correlates more strongly with hydraulic conductance or biomechanical support among hierarchal orders. METHODS We examined correlations of leaf hydraulics, indicated by vein density, conduit diameter, and stomatal density with light-saturated photosynthetic rates, leaf lifespan (LLS), and leaf morpho-anatomical traits of 39 xerophytic species grown in a common garden. KEY RESULTS We found positive relationships between light-saturated, area-based photosynthetic rates, and vein densities, regardless of vein orders. Densities of leaf veins had positive correlations with stomatal density. We also found positive relationships between LLS and vein densities. Leaf area was negatively correlated with the density of major veins but not with minor veins. Most anatomical traits were not related to vein densities. CONCLUSIONS We developed a network diagram of the correlations among leaf hydraulics and leaf economics, which suggests functional trade-offs between hydraulic costs and lifetime carbon gain. Leaf hydraulics efficiency and carbon assimilation were coupled across species. Vein construction costs directly coordinated with the LLS. Our findings indicate that hierarchal orders of leaf veins did not differ in the strength of their correlations between hydraulic conductance and biomechanical support. These findings clarify how leaf hydraulics contributes to the LES and provide new insight into life-history strategies of these xerophytic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China, 610041
| | | | - Sujing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China, 610041
| | - Weikai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China, 610041
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Messier J, Violle C, Enquist BJ, Lechowicz MJ, McGill BJ. Similarities and differences in intrapopulation trait correlations of co-occurring tree species: consistent water-use relationships amid widely different correlation patterns. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1477-1490. [PMID: 30216410 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY General relationships among functional traits have been identified across species, but the forces shaping these relationships remain largely unknown. Adopting an approach from evolutionary biology, we studied similarities and differences in intrapopulation trait correlations among locally co-occurring tree species to assess the roles of constraints, phylogeny, and the environmental niche in shaping multivariate phenotypes. We tested the hypotheses (1) that intrapopulation correlations among functional traits are largely shaped by fundamental trade-offs or constraints and (2) that differences among species reflect adaptation to their environmental niches. METHODS We compared pairwise correlations and correlation matrices of 17 key functional traits within and among temperate tree species. These traits describe three well-established trade-off dimensions characterizing interspecific relationships among physiological functions: resource acquisition and conservation; sap transport and mechanical support; and branch architecture. KEY RESULTS Six trait pairs are consistently correlated within populations. Of these, only one involves dimensionally independent traits: LMA-δ13 C. For all other traits, intrapopulation functional trait correlations are weak, are species-specific, and differ from interspecific correlations. Species intrapopulation correlation matrices are related to neither phylogeny nor environmental niche. CONCLUSIONS The results (1) suggest that the functional design of these species is centered on efficient water use, (2) highlight flexibility in plant functional design across species, and (3) suggest that intrapopulation, local interspecific, and global interspecific correlations are shaped by processes acting at each of these scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Messier
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CNRS, CEFE UMR 5175, Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry-EPHE, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87501, USA
| | | | - Brian J McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
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27
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Moore TE, Schlichting CD, Aiello-Lammens ME, Mocko K, Jones CS. Divergent trait and environment relationships among parallel radiations in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae): a role for evolutionary legacy? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:794-807. [PMID: 29749630 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits in closely related lineages are expected to vary similarly along common environmental gradients as a result of shared evolutionary and biogeographic history, or legacy effects, and as a result of biophysical tradeoffs in construction. We test these predictions in Pelargonium, a relatively recent evolutionary radiation. Bayesian phylogenetic mixed effects models assessed, at the subclade level, associations between plant height, leaf area, leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per area (LMA), and five environmental variables capturing temperature and rainfall gradients across the Greater Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Trait-trait integration was assessed via pairwise correlations within subclades. Of 20 trait-environment associations, 17 differed among subclades. Signs of regression coefficients diverged for height, leaf area and leaf nitrogen content, but not for LMA. Subclades also differed in trait-trait relationships and these differences were modulated by rainfall seasonality. Leave-one-out cross-validation revealed that whether trait variation was better predicted by environmental predictors or trait-trait integration depended on the clade and trait in question. Legacy signals in trait-environment and trait-trait relationships were apparently lost during the earliest diversification of Pelargonium, but then retained during subsequent subclade evolution. Overall, we demonstrate that global-scale patterns are poor predictors of patterns of trait variation at finer geographic and taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Moore
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA
| | - Carl D Schlichting
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA
| | | | - Kerri Mocko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA
| | - Cynthia S Jones
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA
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28
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Are endemics functionally distinct? Leaf traits of native and exotic woody species in a New Zealand forest. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196746. [PMID: 29718966 PMCID: PMC5931660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have concluded that native and invasive species share a common set of trait relationships. However, native species in isolated regions might be functionally constrained by their unique evolutionary histories such that they follow different carbon capture strategies than introduced species. We compared leaf traits relating to resource investment, carbon return, and resource-use efficiency in 16 native (endemic) and three non-native (invasive) species in a temperate forest in Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. Trait differences were more closely associated with leaf habit than nativity. Deciduous species (including invaders) exhibited greater maximum photosynthetic rates at similar resource costs, which resulted in greater nitrogen- and energy-use efficiencies than evergreen natives. Leaf area was the only trait that differed significantly by nativity (over two-fold larger in invaders). Invaders and deciduous natives both occupied the 'fast return' end of the leaf economics spectrum in contrast to the native evergreens which had comparatively slow return on investment. Dominant woody invaders in this forest are physiologically distinct from many New Zealand endemic species, which are overwhelmingly evergreen. It remains unclear whether these trait differences translate to an ecological divergence in plant strategy, but these results suggest that ecophysiological tradeoffs are likely constrained by biogeography.
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Anderegg LDL, Berner LT, Badgley G, Sethi ML, Law BE, HilleRisLambers J. Within‐species patterns challenge our understanding of the leaf economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:734-744. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leander D. L. Anderegg
- Department of Biology University of Washington Box 351800 Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science 260 Panama StStanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Logan T. Berner
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University 330 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
- School of Informatics, Cumputing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University 1295 S. Knoles Drive Flagstaff AZ, 86011 USA
| | - Grayson Badgley
- Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science 260 Panama StStanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Meera L. Sethi
- Department of Biology University of Washington Box 351800 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Beverly E. Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University 330 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
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30
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Orwin KH, Mason NW, Jordan OM, Lambie SM, Stevenson BA, Mudge PL. Season and dominant species effects on plant trait-ecosystem function relationships in intensively grazed grassland. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Herben T, Klimešová J, Chytrý M. Effects of disturbance frequency and severity on plant traits: An assessment across a temperate flora. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Herben
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceCharles University Praha Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of BotanyCzech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Milan Chytrý
- Department of Botany and ZoologyMasaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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32
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Roucou A, Violle C, Fort F, Roumet P, Ecarnot M, Vile D. Shifts in plant functional strategies over the course of wheat domestication. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Roucou
- CEFE; CNRS; Univ. Montpellier; Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3; EPHE, IRD; Montpellier France
- LEPSE; Univ Montpellier; INRA; SupAgro Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE; CNRS; Univ. Montpellier; Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3; EPHE, IRD; Montpellier France
| | - Florian Fort
- CEFE; Montpellier SupAgro; CNRS; Univ. Montpellier; Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3; EPHE, IRD; Montpellier France
| | - Pierre Roumet
- AGAP; Univ Montpellier; CIRAD; INRA; Montpellier SupAgro; Montpellier France
| | - Martin Ecarnot
- AGAP; Univ Montpellier; CIRAD; INRA; Montpellier SupAgro; Montpellier France
| | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE; Univ Montpellier; INRA; SupAgro Montpellier; Montpellier France
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33
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van der Sande MT, Arets EJMM, Peña‐Claros M, Hoosbeek MR, Cáceres‐Siani Y, van der Hout P, Poorter L. Soil fertility and species traits, but not diversity, drive productivity and biomass stocks in a Guyanese tropical rainforest. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masha T. van der Sande
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra)Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research‐UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Eric J. M. M. Arets
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra)Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marielos Peña‐Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel R. Hoosbeek
- Department of Soil QualityWageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
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34
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Shiflett SA, Zinnert JC, Young DR. Functional traits of expanding, thicket‐forming shrubs: contrasting strategies between exotic and native species. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheri A. Shiflett
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Julie C. Zinnert
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
| | - Donald R. Young
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
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35
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Thomas FM, Vesk PA. Are trait-growth models transferable? Predicting multi-species growth trajectories between ecosystems using plant functional traits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176959. [PMID: 28486535 PMCID: PMC5423618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant functional traits are increasingly used to generalize across species, however few examples exist of predictions from trait-based models being evaluated in new species or new places. Can we use functional traits to predict growth of unknown species in different areas? We used three independently collected datasets, each containing data on heights of individuals from non-resprouting species over a chronosquence of time-since-fire sites from three ecosystems in south-eastern Australia. We examined the influence of specific leaf area, woody density, seed size and leaf nitrogen content on three aspects of plant growth; maximum relative growth rate, age at maximum growth and asymptotic height. We tested our capacity to perform out-of-sample prediction of growth trajectories between ecosystems using species functional traits. We found strong trait-growth relationships in one of the datasets; whereby species with low SLA achieved the greatest asymptotic heights, species with high leaf-nitrogen content achieved relatively fast growth rates, and species with low seed mass reached their time of maximum growth early. However these same growth-trait relationships did not hold across the two other datasets, making accurate prediction from one dataset to another unachievable. We believe there is evidence to suggest that growth trajectories themselves may be fundamentally different between ecosystems and that trait-height-growth relationships may change over environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya M. Thomas
- School of BioSciences, ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter A. Vesk
- School of BioSciences, ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Wu J, Chavana-Bryant C, Prohaska N, Serbin SP, Guan K, Albert LP, Yang X, van Leeuwen WJD, Garnello AJ, Martins G, Malhi Y, Gerard F, Oliviera RC, Saleska SR. Convergence in relationships between leaf traits, spectra and age across diverse canopy environments and two contrasting tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1033-1048. [PMID: 27381054 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf age structures the phenology and development of plants, as well as the evolution of leaf traits over life histories. However, a general method for efficiently estimating leaf age across forests and canopy environments is lacking. Here, we explored the potential for a statistical model, previously developed for Peruvian sunlit leaves, to consistently predict leaf ages from leaf reflectance spectra across two contrasting forests in Peru and Brazil and across diverse canopy environments. The model performed well for independent Brazilian sunlit and shade canopy leaves (R2 = 0.75-0.78), suggesting that canopy leaves (and their associated spectra) follow constrained developmental trajectories even in contrasting forests. The model did not perform as well for mid-canopy and understory leaves (R2 = 0.27-0.29), because leaves in different environments have distinct traits and trait developmental trajectories. When we accounted for distinct environment-trait linkages - either by explicitly including traits and environments in the model, or, even better, by re-parameterizing the spectra-only model to implicitly capture distinct trait-trajectories in different environments - we achieved a more general model that well-predicted leaf age across forests and environments (R2 = 0.79). Fundamental rules, linked to leaf environments, constrain the development of leaf traits and allow for general prediction of leaf age from spectra across species, sites and canopy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Cecilia Chavana-Bryant
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Neill Prohaska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, New York, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Loren P Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Willem J D van Leeuwen
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Anthony John Garnello
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Giordane Martins
- Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brasil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - France Gerard
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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37
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de la Riva EG, Violle C, Pérez-Ramos IM, Marañón T, Navarro-Fernández CM, Olmo M, Villar R. A Multidimensional Functional Trait Approach Reveals the Imprint of Environmental Stress in Mediterranean Woody Communities. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Carscadden KA, Cadotte MW, Gilbert B. Trait dimensionality and population choice alter estimates of phenotypic dissimilarity. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2273-2285. [PMID: 28405291 PMCID: PMC5383497 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecological niche is a multi-dimensional concept including aspects of resource use, environmental tolerance, and interspecific interactions, and the degree to which niches overlap is central to many ecological questions. Plant phenotypic traits are increasingly used as surrogates of species niches, but we lack an understanding of how key sampling decisions affect our ability to capture phenotypic differences among species. Using trait data of ecologically distinct monkeyflower (Mimulus) congeners, we employed linear discriminant analysis to determine how (1) dimensionality (the number and type of traits) and (2) variation within species influence how well measured traits reflect phenotypic differences among species. We conducted analyses using vegetative and floral traits in different combinations of up to 13 traits and compared the performance of commonly used functional traits such as specific leaf area against other morphological traits. We tested the importance of intraspecific variation by assessing how population choice changed our ability to discriminate species. Neither using key functional traits nor sampling across plant functions and organs maximized species discrimination. When using few traits, vegetative traits performed better than combinations of vegetative and floral traits or floral traits alone. Overall, including more traits increased our ability to detect phenotypic differences among species. Population choice and the number of traits used had comparable impacts on discriminating species. We addressed methodological challenges that have undermined cross-study comparability of trait-based approaches. Our results emphasize the importance of sampling among-population trait variation and suggest that a high-dimensional approach may best capture phenotypic variation among species with distinct niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Carscadden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto‐ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto‐ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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39
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Muir CD, Conesa MÀ, Roldán EJ, Molins A, Galmés J. Weak coordination between leaf structure and function among closely related tomato species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1642-1653. [PMID: 28164333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Theory predicts that natural selection should favor coordination between leaf physiology, biochemistry and anatomical structure along a functional trait spectrum from fast, resource-acquisitive syndromes to slow, resource-conservative syndromes. However, the coordination hypothesis has rarely been tested at a phylogenetic scale most relevant for understanding rapid adaptation in the recent past or for the prediction of evolutionary trajectories in response to climate change. We used a common garden to examine genetically based coordination between leaf traits across 19 wild and cultivated tomato taxa. We found weak integration between leaf structure (e.g. leaf mass per area) and physiological function (photosynthetic rate, biochemical capacity and CO2 diffusion), even though all were arrayed in the predicted direction along a 'fast-slow' spectrum. This suggests considerable scope for unique trait combinations to evolve in response to new environments or in crop breeding. In particular, we found that partially independent variation in stomatal and mesophyll conductance may allow a plant to improve water-use efficiency without necessarily sacrificing maximum photosynthetic rates. Our study does not imply that functional trait spectra, such as the leaf economics spectrum, are unimportant, but that many important axes of variation within a taxonomic group may be unique and not generalizable to other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Muir
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Miquel À Conesa
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Emilio J Roldán
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Arántzazu Molins
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5 E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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40
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John GP, Scoffoni C, Buckley TN, Villar R, Poorter H, Sack L. The anatomical and compositional basis of leaf mass per area. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:412-425. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace P. John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA90095 USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA90095 USA
| | - Thomas N. Buckley
- Plant Breeding Institute Sydney Institute of Agriculture The University of Sydney 12656, Newell Hwy Narrabri NSW2390 Australia
| | - Rafael Villar
- Área de Ecología Universidad de Córdoba Edificio Celestino Mutis Campus de Rabanales 14071 Córdoba Spain
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH D‐52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles 621 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles CA90095 USA
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41
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Ameztegui A, Paquette A, Shipley B, Heym M, Messier C, Gravel D. Shade tolerance and the functional trait: demography relationship in temperate and boreal forests. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Ameztegui
- Centre for Forest Research (CFR) Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM) Montreal QuebecH3C 3P8 Canada
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès08193 Spain
- Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CEMFOR‐CTFC) Ctra. Sant Llorenç km. 2 25280 Solsona Spain
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research (CFR) Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM) Montreal QuebecH3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Bill Shipley
- Département de biologie Université de Sherbrooke 2500 Boul. de l'université Sherbrooke QuébecJ1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Michael Heym
- Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan Technische Universität München Freising Germany
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest Research (CFR) Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM) Montreal QuebecH3C 3P8 Canada
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée (ISFORT) Département des Sciences Naturelles Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO) Ripon QuebecJ0V 1V0 Canada
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie Université de Sherbrooke 2500 Boul. de l'université Sherbrooke QuébecJ1K 2R1 Canada
- Département de biologie Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR) Rimouski Quebec Canada
- Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science Montreal Quebec Canada
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42
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Global resource acquisition patterns of invasive and native plant species do not hold at the regional scale in Mediterranean type ecosystems. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Larson JE, Funk JL. Seedling root responses to soil moisture and the identification of a belowground trait spectrum across three growth forms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:827-38. [PMID: 26765506 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Root trait variation and plasticity could be key factors differentiating plant performance under drought. However, water manipulation and root measurements are rarely coupled empirically across growth forms to identify whether belowground strategies are generalizable across species. We measured seedling root traits across three moisture levels in 18 Mediterranean forbs, grasses, and woody species. Drought increased the root mass fraction (RMF) and decreased the relative proportion of thin roots (indicated by increased root diameters and decreased specific root length (SRL)), rates of root elongation and growth, plant nitrogen uptake, and plant growth. Although responses varied across species, plasticity was not associated with growth form. Woody species differed from forbs and grasses in many traits, but herbaceous groups were similar. Across water treatments, trait correlations suggested a single spectrum of belowground trade-offs related to resource acquisition and plant growth. While effects of SRL and RMF on plant growth shifted with drought, root elongation rate consistently represented this spectrum. We demonstrate that general patterns of root morphology and plasticity are identifiable across diverse species. Root trait measurements should enhance our understanding of belowground strategy and performance across growth forms, but it will be critical to incorporate plasticity and additional aspects of root function into these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Larson
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Dr., Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Jennifer L Funk
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Dr., Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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44
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Funk JL, Larson JE, Ames GM, Butterfield BJ, Cavender‐Bares J, Firn J, Laughlin DC, Sutton‐Grier AE, Williams L, Wright J. Revisiting the
H
oly
G
rail: using plant functional traits to understand ecological processes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1156-1173. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Funk
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University 1 University Drive Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Julie E. Larson
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University 1 University Drive Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Gregory M. Ames
- Department of Biology Duke University Box 90338 Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Bradley J. Butterfield
- Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Box 5640 Flagstaff AZ 86011 USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender‐Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1475 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology Gardens Point Brisbane Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - Daniel C. Laughlin
- Environmental Research Institute and School of Science University of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton 3240 New Zealand
| | - Ariana E. Sutton‐Grier
- National Ocean Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1305 East‐West Highway Silver Spring MD 20910 USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland 5825 University Research Ct #4001 College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Laura Williams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1475 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Justin Wright
- Department of Biology Duke University Box 90338 Durham NC 27708 USA
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45
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Funk JL, Standish RJ, Stock WD, Valladares F. Plant functional traits of dominant native and invasive species in mediterranean-climate ecosystems. Ecology 2016; 97:75-83. [PMID: 27008777 DOI: 10.1890/15-0974.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The idea that dominant invasive plant species outperform neighboring native species through higher rates of carbon assimilation and growth is supported by several analyses of global data sets. However, theory suggests that native and invasive species occurring in low-resource environments will be functionally similar, as environmental factors restrict the range of observed physiological and morphological trait values. We measured resource-use traits in native and invasive plant species across eight diverse vegetation communities distributed throughout the five mediterranean-climate regions, which are drought prone and increasingly threatened by human activities, including the introduction of exotic species. Traits differed strongly across the five regions. In regions with functional differences between native and invasive species groups, invasive species displayed traits consistent with high resource acquisition; however, these patterns were largely attributable to differences in life form. We found that species invading mediterranean-climate regions were more likely to be annual than perennial: three of the five regions were dominated by native woody species and invasive annuals. These results suggest that trait differences between native and invasive species are context dependent and will vary across vegetation communities. Native and invasive species within annual and perennial groups had similar patterns of carbon assimilation and resource use, which contradicts the widespread idea that invasive species optimize resource acquisition rather than resource conservation. .
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46
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Ostler U, Schleip I, Lattanzi FA, Schnyder H. Carbon dynamics in aboveground biomass of co-dominant plant species in a temperate grassland ecosystem: same or different? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:471-484. [PMID: 26694950 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of individual organisms in whole-ecosystem carbon (C) fluxes is probably the biggest current challenge in C cycle research. Thus, it is unknown whether different plant community members share the same or different residence times in metabolic (τmetab ) and nonmetabolic (i.e. structural) (τnonmetab ) C pools of aboveground biomass and the fraction of fixed C allocated to aboveground nonmetabolic biomass (Anonmetab ). We assessed τmetab , τnonmetab and Anonmetab of co-dominant species from different functional groups (two bunchgrasses, a stoloniferous legume and a rosette dicot) in a temperate grassland community. Continuous, 14-16-d-long (13) C-labeling experiments were performed in September 2006, May 2007 and September 2007. A two-pool compartmental system, with a well-mixed metabolic and a nonmixed nonmetabolic pool, was the simplest biologically meaningful model that fitted the (13) C tracer kinetics in the whole-shoot biomass of all species. In all experimental periods, the species had similar τmetab (5-8 d), whereas τnonmetab ranged from 20 to 58 d (except for one outlier) and Anonmetab from 7 to 45%. Variations in τnonmetab and Anonmetab were not systematically associated with species or experimental periods, but exhibited relationships with leaf life span, particularly in the grasses. Similar pool kinetics of species suggested similar kinetics at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Ostler
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Department für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, D-85354, Germany
| | - Inga Schleip
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Department für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, D-85354, Germany
| | - Fernando A Lattanzi
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Department für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, D-85354, Germany
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Department für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, D-85354, Germany
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Mason CM, Goolsby EW, Humphreys DP, Donovan LA. Phylogenetic structural equation modelling reveals no need for an 'origin' of the leaf economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 2015; 19:54-61. [PMID: 26563777 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economics spectrum (LES) is a prominent ecophysiological paradigm that describes global variation in leaf physiology across plant ecological strategies using a handful of key traits. Nearly a decade ago, Shipley et al. (2006) used structural equation modelling to explore the causal functional relationships among LES traits that give rise to their strong global covariation. They concluded that an unmeasured trait drives LES covariation, sparking efforts to identify the latent physiological trait underlying the 'origin' of the LES. Here, we use newly developed phylogenetic structural equation modelling approaches to reassess these conclusions using both global LES data as well as data collected across scales in the genus Helianthus. For global LES data, accounting for phylogenetic non-independence indicates that no additional unmeasured traits are required to explain LES covariation. Across datasets in Helianthus, trait relationships are highly variable, indicating that global-scale models may poorly describe LES covariation at non-global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase M Mason
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric W Goolsby
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Devon P Humphreys
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lisa A Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Ashbacher AC, Cleland EE. Native and exotic plant species show differential growth but similar functional trait responses to experimental rainfall. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00059.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Mason CM, Donovan LA. Evolution of the leaf economics spectrum in herbs: Evidence from environmental divergences in leaf physiology acrossHelianthus(Asteraceae). Evolution 2015; 69:2705-20. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chase M. Mason
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602
| | - Lisa A. Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602
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Bai K, He C, Wan X, Jiang D. Leaf economics of evergreen and deciduous tree species along an elevational gradient in a subtropical mountain. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv064. [PMID: 26056133 PMCID: PMC4571104 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ecophysiological mechanisms underlying the pattern of bimodal elevational distribution of evergreen tree species remain incompletely understood. Here we used leaf economics spectrum (LES) theory to explain such patterns. We measured leaf economic traits and constructed an LES for the co-existing 19 evergreen and 15 deciduous species growing in evergreen broad-leaved forest at low elevation, beech-mixed forest at middle elevation and hemlock-mixed forest at high elevation in Mao'er Mountain, Guangxi, Southern China (25°50'N, 110°49'E). Leaf economic traits presented low but significant phylogenetic signal, suggesting trait similarity between closely related species. After considering the effects of phylogenetic history, deciduous species in general showed a more acquisitive leaf strategy with a higher ratio of leaf water to dry mass, higher leaf nitrogen and phosphorous contents, higher photosynthetic and respiratory rates and greater photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. In contrast, evergreen species exhibited a more conservative leaf strategy with higher leaf mass per area, greater construction costs and longer leaf life span. With the elevation-induced decreases of temperature and soil fertility, both evergreen and deciduous species showed greater resource conservation, suggesting the increasing importance of environmental filtering to community assembly with increasing elevation. We found close inter-specific correlations between leaf economic traits, suggesting that there are strong genetic constraints limiting the independent evolution of LES traits. Phylogenetic signal increased with decreasing evolutionary rate across leaf economic traits, suggesting that genetic constraints are important for the process of trait evolution. We found a significantly positive relationship between primary axis species score (PASS) distance and phylogenetic distance across species pairs and an increasing average PASS distance between evergreen and deciduous species with increasing elevation, implying that the frequency of distantly related evergreen and deciduous pairs with wide spreading of leaf economic values increases with increasing elevation. Our findings thus suggest that elevation acts as an environmental filter to both select the locally adapted evergreen and deciduous species with sufficient phylogenetic variation and regulate their distribution along the elevational gradient based on their coordinated spreading of phylogenetic divergence and leaf economic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundong Bai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China Institute of New Forest Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Chengxin He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Institute of New Forest Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Debing Jiang
- Guangxi Mao'er Mountain National Nature Reserve, Guilin 541316, China
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