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Oei A, Li D, Chu CM, Ng I, Hoo E, Ruby K. Disruptive behaviors, antisocial attitudes, and aggression in young offenders: Comparison of Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) typologies. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 141:106191. [PMID: 37084615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) are associated with many deleterious outcomes in young offenders. There is a dearth of studies examining its effects on young offenders' antisocial attitudes, disruptive behaviors and aggression, risk factors for delinquency and reoffending. OBJECTIVE This study examined ACE patterns and their association with the above factors in young offenders. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 1130 youth offenders (964 males; Mage = 17.57 years), provided self-reports on ACEs, antisocial attitudes, disruptive behavior ratings and aggression. METHOD Latent Class Analysis was performed on 12 self-reported ACEs, followed by Analyses of Covariance on each of the measures. RESULTS Four classes - Low ACE, Indirect Victims, Abusive Environment, and Polyvictimized - were identified. Polyvictimized youths had the highest levels of conduct problems (M = 70.35, ps < .05) and proactive aggression (M = 0.45, ps < .05) but did not differ from youths in Abusive Environment in reactive aggression (M = 1.02, p = .69), oppositional problems (M = 65.15, p = .18), and antisocial attitudes (M = 26.95, p = .21). Indirect Victims had lower levels of conduct problems (M = 64.80, p < .05) and antisocial attitudes (M = 24.35, p < .05) than Polyvictimized youths but higher levels of these outcomes than the Low ACE group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that ACEs patterns vary in their effects on antisociality and disruptive behaviors. The novel finding was that childhood victimization does not have to be direct, as indirect victimization significantly impacted factors important to delinquency and reoffending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Oei
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Department of Social Work & Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Blk AS3, Level 4, 3 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Dongdong Li
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Department of Social Work & Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Blk AS3, Level 4, 3 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore
| | - Chi Meng Chu
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Policy Research Office, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 512 Thomson Road, MSF Building, #07-00, 298136, Singapore
| | - Irene Ng
- Department of Social Work & Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Blk AS3, Level 4, 3 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore
| | - Eric Hoo
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, #01-02, 279621, Singapore
| | - Kala Ruby
- Probation and Community Rehabilitation Services, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 1 Kay Siang Road, #01-10, 248922, Singapore
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Martínez-Catena A, Redondo S. Treatment and Therapeutic Change of Individuals Imprisoned for Child Abuse in the Barcelona Study on Sex Offenders. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17709-NP17737. [PMID: 34275380 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211028310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sexual abuse of children is a serious social problem that must be prevented through distinct measures. Among them is the application of treatments to those who have already committed sex crimes in order to prevent them from committing a new one. To assess the efficacy of sexual offense treatment, the most common method has been to compare the recidivism rates of treated and untreated groups. Several meta-analyses in this regard-as well as some specific studies in Spain-have shown that the application of treatment is associated with lower recidivism rates. However, the analysis of the subjects' recidivism alone does not reveal the therapeutic changes that the treatment may elicit in them. Some international studies have evaluated the therapeutic improvements resulting from the application of treatments to men who had sexually abused children. In this context, this study explores the therapeutic changes experienced by a sample of subjects imprisoned for child abuse (N = 145), after participating in the treatment program applied in the Spanish prison system. Nine therapeutic variables were assessed (such as anxiety, cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and social self-esteem), before and after treatment, using an instrument named the Psychological Assessment Scale for Sex Offenders (PASSO). The obtained results show that most of the assessed therapeutic variables improved after treatment, with strong correlations between them. The implications of the results for treatment practice are discussed, as well as the main methodological limitations of this research.
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Chopin J, Fortin F, Paquette S. Childhood victimization and poly-victimization of online sexual offenders: A developmental psychopathology perspective. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105659. [PMID: 35525035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on childhood victimization of individuals involved in online sexual offending during adulthood is scarce. Studies focusing on adverse childhood of individuals involved in offline child abuse suggested that childhood trauma was associated with an increased probability of sexual offending during adulthood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to explore the role that childhood victimization may have in the development of risk factors that increase the likelihood of being involved in online sexual offending. PARTICIPANTS This comparative study analyzed the characteristics of 127 individuals involved in online sexual offending who did not experience childhood victimization and 77 individuals involved in online sexual offending who experienced childhood victimization. METHODS Bivariate and regression analyses were conducted to identify variables associated with the presence of victimization and polyvictimization during childhood. Next, structural equation modeling analysis was used to identify the direct and indirect relationships between childhood (poly)victimization and the development of risk factors. RESULTS Results showed that individuals who experienced childhood victimization presented different risk factors and cognitions compared to those who did not. Depending on the type of victimization experienced, criminogenic cognitions, antisocial behaviors, and sexual interests for children were more likely to be developed. CONCLUSIONS For individuals involved in online sexual offending during adulthood, childhood abuse is directly associated with the development of offense-supportive cognitions, substance abuse, and youth engagement in sexual offending, while sexual interests for children and sense of loneliness are indirect consequences of childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Chopin
- University of Montreal, International Centre for Comparative Criminology, Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology, Canada; Laval University, School of Social Work and Criminology, Canada.
| | | | - Sarah Paquette
- Sex Offenders Coordination Section, Sûreté du Québec, Laval University, School of Social Work and Criminology, Canada.
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Pammenter A, Woodford ELE, Harris DA. Adverse childhood experiences in Australian youth adjudicated for sexual offences and non-sexual violent offences. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105678. [PMID: 35675724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the differential childhood adversities experienced by two samples of Australian adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system: male youth who had been adjudicated for sexual offences and their counterparts who had been adjudicated for nonsexual violence. The sample is comprised of clients referred to a service that explicitly prioritises cases identified to be high risk, high need, and living in rural or remote areas. Male youth who had committed a sexual offence were more likely than their counterparts to have experienced emotional and sexual abuse and neglect in their childhoods. Alternatively, the childhoods of the comparison group were marked by characteristics of more general household dysfunction. Potential explanations for these findings are provided. The onset of sexual offending is presented as a possible consequence of poor attachment and emotional dysregulation and the impact of vicarious violence, and a chaotic family life are considered in the development of subsequent nonsexual violence. The implications of these findings for both clinical practice and future research are discussed.
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DeLisi M, Drury AJ, Elbert MJ. The p factor, crime, and criminal justice: A criminological study of Caspi et al.'s general psychopathology general theory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2022; 81:101773. [PMID: 35026441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The general psychopathology general theory or p Factor is an influential theoretical development in the social and behavioral sciences, but has yet to gain traction in criminology and criminal justice. Drawing on data from a sample of 1722 federal pretrial defendants, we created a 22-item composite indicator or additive index of the p Factor containing externalizing, internalizing, substance use, paraphilic, and forensic indicators. Negative binomial regression models found that age, sex, and diverse forms of trauma exposure are associated with higher p Factor scores. Higher p scores strongly predicted total, violent, sexual, property, weapon, and drug arrest charges net the effects of demographic features and adverse childhood experiences. There is broad heterogeneity in psychopathology within this sample with nearly 29% of clients exhibiting zero psychopathology, nearly 61% showing average psychopathology or less, and nearly 40% evincing average to exceedingly high psychopathology. As a general theory, the p Factor has considerable potential to inform the assorted morbidities that often accompany criminal activity, including self-harm, reduced global functioning, substance use, and social dysfunction and thus is a parsimonious conceptual framework to understand the overlapping and systemic personal problems that typify chronic and serious criminal offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt DeLisi
- Iowa State University, 510 Farm House Lane, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America.
| | - Alan J Drury
- United States Probation and Pretrial Services, Southern District of Iowa, United States of America.
| | - Michael J Elbert
- United States Probation and Pretrial Services, Southern District of Iowa, United States of America.
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Lateef R, Jenney A. Understanding Sexually Victimized Male Adolescents With Sexually Abusive Behaviors: A Narrative Review and Clinical Implications. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:1169-1180. [PMID: 32153250 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020906558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A high percentage of adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors have been found to have a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). The purpose of this review is to synthesize literature specific to adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors who have histories of CSA. This review will explore characteristics of this subset of adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors, risk factors, etiological theories that aim to explain the pathway from childhood sexual victimization to sexually abusive behavior in adolescence, and the clinical implications of this literature. Using Kiteley and Stogdon's narrative review framework, findings from 66 peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2017 that included male adolescent participants with sexually abusive behaviors were integrated to inform the purpose of this review. The literature presented that different characteristics of CSA experiences, such as a younger age at the time of abuse and a longer period of abuse, were more prevalent among adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors. The CSA experiences of these adolescents could act as triggers for their sexual offenses, and the Trauma Outcome Process Assessment model addresses the importance of processing past trauma in treatment with adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors. This review concludes with clinical recommendations for how the reviewed literature could be applied within trauma-informed interventions with adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors with a history of CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusan Lateef
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Oei A, Chu CM, Li D, Ng N, Yeo C, Ruby K. Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and substance use in youth offenders in Singapore. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 117:105072. [PMID: 33892413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences are associated with worse outcomes in delinquency and substance use. OBJECTIVE Current research is overwhelmingly from Western perspectives, leaving a gap in non-Western, low crime-rate jurisdictions. Moreover, there exists a gap in characterizing the effect of ACE frequency on delinquency. We extend existing research by examining relationships between ACE and substance use in youth offenders in Singapore. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study included 790 youth offenders (669 males, Mage = 17.59 years) from a longitudinal study on youth offending. METHODS Multiple regression was performed to examine relationships between self-reported ACEs and substance use. Latent Class Analysis was conducted to identify classes of substance use onset. The relationship between these classes and cumulative ACEs and ACE frequency were then tested using multiple regression. RESULTS Youth offenders who consume alcohol (B = 0.66, p = .002) and illicit drugs (B = 0.38, p = .02) had more cumulative and more frequent ACEs than those who do not. Moreover, we found a positive relationship between ACEs and substance use frequency. Those who started taking substances in childhood had significantly more ACEs and had worse drug dependency problems than those who started later (t = 5.93, p < .0001). Additionally, there was a positive relationship between ACEs and drug use dependency (B = 0.11, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of ACEs as risk factors for substance use. This underscores the need for comprehensive screening and treatment of ACEs and substance use in the rehabilitative context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Oei
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, Ulu Pandan Community Building, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, The Shaw Foundation Building, Blk AS7, Level 3, #03-22, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Chi Meng Chu
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, Ulu Pandan Community Building, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Policy Research Office, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 512 Thomson Road, MSF Building, #07-00, 298136, Singapore.
| | - Dongdong Li
- Translational Social Research Division, National Council of Social Service, 170 Ghim Moh Road, Ulu Pandan Community Building, #01-02, 279621, Singapore; Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, The Shaw Foundation Building, Blk AS7, Level 3, #03-22, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Nyx Ng
- Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, The Shaw Foundation Building, Blk AS7, Level 3, #03-22, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Carl Yeo
- Social Service Research Centre, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, The Shaw Foundation Building, Blk AS7, Level 3, #03-22, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Kala Ruby
- Probation and Community Rehabilitation Services, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 1 Kay Siang Rd, #01-10, 248922, Singapore.
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Naidoo L, Van Hout MC. Child Sex Offender Mind-Set and Grooming Strategies: A Discourse Analysis of Sex Offender Narratives from South Africa. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2021; 30:616-635. [PMID: 33719911 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2021.1890296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Violence against children, particularly sexual violence continues to threaten South African society. Whilst severely under-reported, the perpetration of child sexual abuse (CSA) against boys and girls is a significant societal concern, underpinned by adverse childhood familial instability, childhood abuse in particular sexual abuse, violence, inequality and wider structural forces. The research base is growing, despite low disclosure rates and significant barriers to access. In order to better understand unique trajectories of perpetration of CSA, particular to the South African context, we conducted an in-depth qualitative study with twelve male child sex offenders who were attending a therapeutic, rehabilitation programme. They provided open discourse on the forms of enticement, exploitation or entrapment of child victims, including threats of harm, used to elicit compliance into sexual activities. They disclosed trauma dictated fantasy, and that they felt powerful and in control, when they sexually abused their victims. Most of the offenses took place in their own home. By delving into the strategies and mind set of the offender who sexually abuse children, this study provides evidence of a distinct and deliberate, 'grooming process' used by offenders; and emphasizes the cyclic patterns of offending. Understanding these truths explores its potential for the prevention of the CSA. In its entirety, the research deconstructs the strategies of the offender and examines their actual role in the onset of sexually offending behavior against children; in order to draw out the implications of these complexities for policy, practice, crime prevention, particularly in terms of the prevention of CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Naidoo
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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9
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Cunningham KA, Edyburn KL, Lexcen F. Profiles of juveniles with sex offense charges referred for competence evaluations. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1829-1840. [PMID: 33895999 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Juveniles referred for adjudicative competence evaluations make up a subset of youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Among those referred for adjudicative competence evaluations, a significant number involve youth with current or past charges for sexual offenses. This study examines the profiles of youth with sexual offense charges who have been referred for competence evaluations at a state psychiatric hospital for children and adolescents. Differences between the characteristics of youth with and without sexual offenses were explored, and predictors of competence opinions were examined among the subset of youth with current or prior sexual charges (juveniles with sexual offenses, or JSOs). Findings indicated that youth with sexual offenses have several demographic, cognitive, clinical, and legal differences from youth without sexual offenses. Although youth with sexual offenses were less likely to be opined competent, presence of a sexual offense was not a predictor of competence opinions after controlling for other factors. Predictors of competence among JSOs were found to be similar to those among youth referred for competence evaluations in general. Primary diagnosis of an autism-related disorder was a unique predictor of being opined not competent among the JSO subgroup, but not the overall sample. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Cunningham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly L Edyburn
- School of Education, School Psychology Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Children's Equity Project, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Fran Lexcen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Child Study & Treatment Center, Lakewood, WA, USA
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Ahlin EM. Risk Factors of Sexual Assault and Victimization Among Youth in Custody. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP2164-2187NP. [PMID: 29451424 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518757226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that youth are at higher risk of sexual assault and victimization while in custody than adult inmates. However, compared with adult inmates, very little is known about the risk factors associated with such violence among youth in custody. Without sufficient research on risk factors associated with sexual assault and victimization among youth in custody, practitioners and policy makers may be reliant on the adult literature when making decisions about how to address and prevent such violence among juveniles. This article seeks to determine if extrapolating data from the substantial prison literature is appropriate by assessing the parallels between risk factors of sexual assault and victimization among youth in custody and those identified for adult inmates. This study uses data of 8,659 youth from the second administration of the National Survey of Youth in Custody (NSYC-2) to assess correlates of sexual assault and victimization during periods of detention. Study findings show that experiences with assault and victimization prior to the present period of detention were stronger indicators of sexual assault and victimization while in custody than youth characteristics and demographics and other experiences with assault and victimization. Further, there are differences in risk factors associated with sexual assault and victimization among youth in custody compared to adult inmates, which emphasizes the risk of prior sexual assault and victimization in the community and prior custodial settings.
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Noll JG. Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2021; 17:439-464. [PMID: 33472010 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analytic, population cohort, prospective, and clinical studies provide systematic evidence that child sexual abuse accounts for unique variation in several deleterious outcomes. There is strong evidence for psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and mixed evidence for personality disorders. Evaluation of sex-specific outcomes shows strong evidence for teenage childbearing, sexual revictimization, and sexual dysfunction and mixed evidence for heightened sexual behaviors and sexual offending. This review further demonstrates not only that survivors suffer the noxious impact of traumatic sexualization but that additional transdiagnostic mechanisms, including the biological embedding of stress, emotion dysregulation, avoidance, and insecure attachment, converge to compound risk for deleterious outcomes. A road map to enhance the rigor of future research is outlined, and specific recommendations for evidence-based policy making to boost prevention efforts and increase access to treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie G Noll
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16803, USA;
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12
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Drury AJ, Elbert MJ, DeLisi M. The dark figure of sexual offending: A replication and extension. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2020; 38:559-570. [PMID: 33200444 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the dark figure of sexual offending using federal correctional clients reported significant evidence of previously unknown or hidden sexual violence, often among clients with no official criminal history. Unfortunately, research has produced variable estimates of how large the dark figure is. The current study sought to replicate recent studies of federal sexual offenders about the dark figure of sexual offending. We also extended the knowledge base by providing additional correlational analyses to see whether self-reported and official sexual offending have shared or divergent correlates. Overall, 73.8% of federal sexual offenders reported prior contact victims, which is higher than, but generally consistent with, prior prevalence estimates of 55-69% in studies of federal correctional clients. In the current data, clients convicted of child pornography possession or receipt and who had no official record of sexual abuse nevertheless reported contact sexual offenses in more than 59% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Drury
- United States Probation and Pretrial Services, Southern District of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael J Elbert
- United States Probation and Pretrial Services, Southern District of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
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Drury AJ, Elbert MJ, DeLisi M. Childhood sexual abuse is significantly associated with subsequent sexual offending: New evidence among federal correctional clients. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 95:104035. [PMID: 31252352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences are associated with multiple negative behavioral outcomes and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is particularly damaging. There is controversial evidence that CSA has a specialized effect on subsequent sexual offending. OBJECTIVE The current study tested the hypothesis that CSA is associated with sexual offending. METHOD Using a near-population of correctional clients on supervised release in the Midwestern United States, we examined the hypothesis with hierarchical negative binomial regression models. RESULTS CSA was significantly associated with official charges for rape/sexual abuse despite controls for sex, race, age, arrest onset, total arrest charges, total adverse childhood experiences, Antisocial Personality Disorder, sexual sadism, and pedophilia. Age of onset of CSA was also inversely associated with sexual offending with effect sizes ranging between 2-5 standardized z-scores. CONCLUSION The current study provides significant evidence that CSA is associated with later sexual offending even when accounting for powerful clinical and criminological covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Drury
- United States Probation, Southern District of Iowa, United States
| | - Michael J Elbert
- United States Probation, Southern District of Iowa, United States
| | - Matt DeLisi
- Iowa State University, 203A East Hall, 510 Farm House Lane, Ames, IA, 50011-1070, United States.
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Norton-Baker M, Wolff JM, Kolander TW, Evans M, King AR. Childhood Sexual Abuse and Lifetime Aggression. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2019; 28:690-707. [PMID: 31180815 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2019.1607963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study of college undergraduates (N = 873) examined three hypotheses regarding associations between childhood sexual abuse and lifetime aggression: 1) childhood sexual abuse was expected to account for unshared variance in the lifetime aggression indicators after controlling for the potential effects of parental physical abuse, sibling physical abuse, exposure to intimate partner violence, peer bullying, and respondent age; 2) childhood sexual abuse associations were expected to be relatively stronger among the women than the men; 3) childhood sexual abuse links to lifetime aggression were expected to vary as a function of age of victimization (adolescent < childhood < dual-age victims). Aggression histories varied widely with over 20% reporting prior injuries inflicted on others (3.2% > five injuries). Sexual abuse links to aggression tended to be stronger (p < .001) for the women than the men, and rates of aggression were higher when sexual abuse recurred across both childhood and adolescence. Partial support was found for all three hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Norton-Baker
- a Psychology Department, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , ND , USA
| | - Jenna M Wolff
- a Psychology Department, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , ND , USA
| | - Tyler W Kolander
- a Psychology Department, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , ND , USA
| | - Matthew Evans
- a Psychology Department, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , ND , USA
| | - Alan R King
- a Psychology Department, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , ND , USA
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Dillard R, Beaujolais B. Trauma and Adolescents Who Engage in Sexually Abusive Behavior: A Review of the Literature. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2019; 28:629-648. [PMID: 30977720 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2019.1598528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While recent research has established the abuse and victimization histories of youth who engage in sexually abusive behavior, there is still debate regarding the significance of trauma and abuse as developmental antecedents to sexual offending in adolescence. Moreover, research has not conclusively identified the types, context, and timing of adverse experiences that act as catalysts for subsequent sexual perpetration. The present comprehensive literature review has one primary aim: Explore the adverse childhood experiences of youth who engage in sexually abusive behavior, considering whether trauma may be a consistent developmental antecedent to offending. Search method, inclusion criteria, and screening protocol are described, and the articles included in the review (N = 13) are qualitatively analyzed using thematic coding. Findings indicate that traumatic experiences and symptoms may be of developmental and etiological significance for subsequent sexually abusive behavior in adolescence. Implications for research, treatment, and policy are discussed, with the hope the findings will act as impetus to develop and deliver targeted treatment and prevention programs to sexually abusive youth who have histories of victimization.
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DeLisi M, Drury AJ, Elbert MJ. The etiology of antisocial personality disorder: The differential roles of adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 92:1-6. [PMID: 31079021 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a severe personality disorder with robust associations with crime and violence, but its precise etiology is unknown. Drawing on near-population of federal correctional clients in the Midwestern United States, the current study examined antecedent background factors spanning adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Greater adverse childhood experiences were associated with ASPD diagnosis with physical abuse showing associations with ASPD symptoms and sexual abuse with lifetime diagnosis for ASPD. Conduct Disorder was strongly linked to ASPD; however, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and ADHD had null associations. Given the role of environmental factors in the development of ASPD, greater criminological attention should be devoted to understanding how assorted forms of abuse and neglect coupled with childhood psychopathology contribute to ASPD especially given its linkages to severe criminal offending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt DeLisi
- Iowa State University, United States of America.
| | - Alan J Drury
- U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services, United States of America
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17
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Is childhood maltreatment associated with murderous ideation and behaviors in adolescents in China? Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:467-473. [PMID: 30321835 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has revealed associations between childhood maltreatment (CM) and adverse health behaviors. However, little is known about the relationship between CM and adolescent murderous ideation and behaviors. A total of 5726 middle and high school students completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form and the Murderous Ideation and Behaviors Questionnaire. The findings revealed that the prevalence rates for murderous ideation, plans, preparation, and attempts were 9.9%, 2.8%, 1.3%, and 0.6%, respectively. The results of multinomial logistic regression models indicated that adolescents who experienced CM were more likely to exhibit murderous ideation and behaviors, with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) ranging from 2.55 to 22.31. Additionally, a significant dose-response relationship was found between the number of CM types experienced and murderous ideation and behaviors (AORs ranging from 1.52 to 2.45). The odds of participants who had experienced three or five types of CM were significantly associated with murderous ideation and behaviors, with AORs ranging from 4.55 to 28.30 and from 5.26 to 85.45, respectively. The findings highlighted that adolescents who engaged in murderous ideation and behaviors were more likely to have a personal history of CM and revealed a dose-response relationship between the number of CM types and murderous ideation and behaviors.
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18
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DeLisi M, Drury AJ, Elbert MJ. Parent Exposure to Drugs: A “New” Adverse Childhood Experience With Devastating Behavioral Consequences. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042618805738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Household drug abuse is one of the seminal forms of adverse childhood experiences, but it does not fully capture the severity of parents that actively provide or even administer drugs to their children. Drawing on a near population of federal supervised release offenders, the current study examined this “new” adverse childhood experience and its association with antisociality. Multiple analytical techniques (e.g., correlation, binary and multinomial logistic regression, and negative binomial regression) indicated that parent exposure to drugs was significantly associated with current drug status while on supervision, three forms of drug offending, and Cannabis, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Opiate, and Alcohol Dependence even while controlling for age of arrest onset, sex, race, and current age. We concur with other scholars that more conceptualization and measurement-refinement of adverse childhood experiences is needed to fully understand how early-life trauma shapes the contours of the criminal career.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan J. Drury
- United States Probation and Pretrial Services, Des Moines, USA
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19
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Debowska A, Boduszek D, Willmott D. Psychosocial Correlates of Attitudes Toward Male Sexual Violence in a Sample of Financial Crime, Property Crime, General Violent, and Homicide Offenders. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 30:705-727. [PMID: 29188756 DOI: 10.1177/1079063217691966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although those currently serving prison sentences for sexual violence can be identified and receive treatment, the number of prisoners with a history of sexual violence against female partners is unknown. Methods to identify prisoners with a proclivity for such violence and accurately assess the risk they pose before and after incarceration are therefore required. Here, we aimed to assess the level of sexually violent attitudes within dating relationships and to examine their associations with experiences of child abuse and neglect (CAN), psychopathic personality traits, prisonization, number of incarcerations, age, years of schooling, relationship status, and parenting among different types of offenders (financial crime, property crime, general violent, and homicide offenders). Data were collected among a large systematically selected sample of adult male inmates ( N = 1,123). We demonstrated that sexual violence-supportive attitudes appear to be a function of child sexual abuse and psychopathic personality traits, and may be developed through early socialization experiences as well as incarceration. Practical implications of current findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Boduszek
- 2 University of Huddersfield, UK
- 3 SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
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20
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Abstract
Various psychological theories exist in the literature to explain the behavior of men who commit child sex offences, including the belief that child sexual abuse (CSA) is a predisposing factor for the transition from victim to offender. These theories are, however, unable to explain the fact that while most victims of CSA are female, most perpetrators of CSA are male. The sex specificity of CSA in terms of victims and offenders suggests that the experience of CSA and its psychosocial effects may be different for boys, compared to girls. We hypothesize that CSA experiences may involve risk factors that affect the development of sexually abusive behavior for boys, rather than girls. Our aim was to determine whether the literature provides evidence of a cycle of abuse from victim to offender, and, if so, to document its characteristics. We undertook a comprehensive literature review of studies on both victims and offenders, including studies which revealed the following: age of onset of CSA, duration of abuse, gender of the abuser, the relationship between victim and abuser, grooming behaviors, the types and severity of abuse, and disclosure of abuse. While we found no evidence for the existence of a cycle of abuse for female CSA victims, we discovered evidence to support the existence of a cycle of abuse for male CSA victims who had experienced particular abuse characteristics. As an original contribution to the literature, we identified four factors that may be associated with a boy's transition from victim to offender as well as the methodological issues to be addressed in future research. Based on criminological theories, we argue that these four factors share a common theme, that is, that they represent experiences of power (for the abuser) and powerlessness (for the victim).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malory Plummer
- 1 Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Annie Cossins
- 1 Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Vallières F, Hyland P, Murphy J, Hansen M, Shevlin M, Elklit A, Ceannt R, Armour C, Wiedemann N, Munk M, Dinesen C, O’Hare G, Cunningham T, Askerod D, Spitz P, Blackwell N, McCarthy A, O’Dowd L, Scott S, Reid T, Mokake A, Halpin R, Perera C, Gleeson C, Frost R, Flanagan N, Aldamman K, Tamrakar T, Louison Vang M, Sherwood L, Travers Á, Haahr-Pedersen I, Walshe C, McDonagh T, Bramsen RH. Training the next generation of psychotraumatologists: COllaborative Network for Training and EXcellence in psychoTraumatology (CONTEXT). Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1421001. [PMID: 29372015 PMCID: PMC5769806 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1421001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we present a description of the Horizon2020, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Action funded, research and training programme CONTEXT: COllaborative Network for Training and EXcellence in psychoTraumatology. The three objectives of the programme are put forward, each of which refers to a key component of the CONTEXT programme. First, we summarize the 12 individual research projects that will take place across three priority populations: (i) refugees and asylum seekers, (ii) first responders, and (iii) perpetrators and survivors of childhood and gender-based violence. Second, we detail the mentoring and training programme central to CONTEXT. Finally, we describe how the research, together with the training, will contribute towards better policy, guidelines, and practice within the field of psychotraumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Vallières
- Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip Hyland
- Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland
| | - Maj Hansen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mark Shevlin
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland
| | - Ask Elklit
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ruth Ceannt
- Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cherie Armour
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland
| | - Nana Wiedemann
- International Federation of the Red Cross Centre for Psychosocial Support hosted by Danish Red Cross, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Munk
- International Federation of the Red Cross Centre for Psychosocial Support hosted by Danish Red Cross, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Dinesen
- International Federation of the Red Cross Centre for Psychosocial Support hosted by Danish Red Cross, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tracey Reid
- Police Service of Northern Ireland, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | | | - Camila Perera
- Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- International Federation of the Red Cross Centre for Psychosocial Support hosted by Danish Red Cross, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Gleeson
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland
- Spirasi, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel Frost
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland
- Dublin Rape Crisis Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natalie Flanagan
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Spirasi, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kinan Aldamman
- Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- International Federation of the Red Cross Centre for Psychosocial Support hosted by Danish Red Cross, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trina Tamrakar
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Police Service of Northern Ireland, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Maria Louison Vang
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland
- Danish Children’s Centres, Odense, Denmark
| | - Larissa Sherwood
- Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Police Service of Northern Ireland, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Áine Travers
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Probation Board of Northern Ireland, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ida Haahr-Pedersen
- Centre for Global Health, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Danish Children’s Centres, Odense, Denmark
| | - Catherine Walshe
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland
- Dublin Rape Crisis Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tracey McDonagh
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Probation Board of Northern Ireland, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Rikke Holm Bramsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Howell KH, Cater ÅK, Miller-Graff LE, Schwartz LE, Graham-Bermann SA. The relationship between types of childhood victimisation and young adulthood criminality. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2017; 27:341-353. [PMID: 27105014 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that some types of childhood abuse and neglect are related to an increased likelihood of perpetrating criminal behaviour in adulthood. Little research, however, has examined associations between multiple different types of childhood victimisation and adult criminal behaviour. AIMS We sought to examine the contribution of multiple and diverse childhood victimisations on adult criminal behaviour. Our central hypothesis was that, after controlling for gender, substance use and psychopathy, each type of childhood victimisation - specifically experience of property offences, physical violence, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and witnessed violence - would be positively and independently related to criminal behaviour in young adults. METHODS We examined data from a large, nationally representative sample of 2244 young Swedish adults who reported at least one form of victimisation, using hierarchical regression analysis to also account for gender, substance use and psychopathy. RESULTS Experiences of physical assaults, neglect and witnessing violence as a child were significantly associated with adult criminal behaviour, but not experiences of property, verbal or sexual victimizations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings help to identify those forms of harm to children that are most likely to be associated with later criminality. Even after accounting for gender, substance misuse and psychopathology, childhood experience of violence - directly or as a witness - carries risk for adulthood criminal behaviour, so such children need targeted support and treatment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn H Howell
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 356 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN, 38152-3230, USA
| | | | | | - Laura E Schwartz
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 356 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN, 38152-3230, USA
| | - Sandra A Graham-Bermann
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1043, USA
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23
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DeLisi M, Beauregard E. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Criminal Extremity: New Evidence for Sexual Homicide. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:484-489. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matt DeLisi
- Criminal Justice; Iowa State University; 203A East Hall Ames IA 50011-1070
| | - Eric Beauregard
- School of Criminology; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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24
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Papalia NL, Luebbers S, Ogloff JRP, Cutajar M, Mullen PE. Exploring the longitudinal offending pathways of child sexual abuse victims: A preliminary analysis using latent variable modeling. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 66:84-100. [PMID: 28104290 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Very little research has been conducted to show the way in which criminal behavior unfolds over the life-course in children who have been sexually abused, and whether it differs from the 'age-crime' patterns consistently documented in the criminology literature. This study investigated the temporal pathways of criminal offending between the ages of 10-25 years among medically confirmed cases of child sexual abuse (CSA), and considered whether abuse variables, offense variables, and the presence of other adverse outcomes, were associated with heterogeneity in offending pathways among CSA survivors. This study utilized data gathered as part of a large-scale study involving the linkage of forensic examinations on 2759 cases of medically ascertained CSA between 1964 and 1995, to criminal justice and public psychiatric databases 13-44 years following abuse, together with a matched comparison sample of 2677 individuals. We used the subsample of 283 offending individuals (191 victims; 92 comparisons) for whom complete offending data were available. We compared the aggregate age-crime curves for CSA victims and comparisons, and applied longitudinal latent class analysis to identify distinct subgroups of offending pathways between ages 10-25 years within the abuse sample. Four latent pathways emerged among sexually abused offenders, labeled: Early-Onset/High-Risk/Adolescence-Limited; Intermediate-Onset/Low-Risk/Adolescence-Limited; Late-Onset/Low-Risk/Slow-Declining; and Early-Onset/High-Risk/Persistent offenders. Age at abuse, the nature and frequency of offending, and mental health problems, were associated with the offending pathway followed by CSA victims. Consistent with criminological literature, findings indicate considerable heterogeneity in the longitudinal offending patterns of offenders exposed to CSA. Implications for clinical practice and directions for research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Papalia
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), 505 Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill, 3068 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Stefan Luebbers
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), 505 Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill, 3068 Victoria, Australia.
| | - James R P Ogloff
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), 505 Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill, 3068 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Margaret Cutajar
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), 505 Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill, 3068 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul E Mullen
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), 505 Hoddle Street, Clifton Hill, 3068 Victoria, Australia.
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25
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Adverse Childhood Experiences, Commitment Offense, and Race/Ethnicity: Are the Effects Crime-, Race-, and Ethnicity-Specific? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14030331. [PMID: 28327508 PMCID: PMC5369166 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences are associated with an array of health, psychiatric, and behavioral problems including antisocial behavior. Criminologists have recently utilized adverse childhood experiences as an organizing research framework and shown that adverse childhood experiences are associated with delinquency, violence, and more chronic/severe criminal careers. However, much less is known about adverse childhood experiences vis-à-vis specific forms of crime and whether the effects vary across race and ethnicity. Using a sample of 2520 male confined juvenile delinquents, the current study used epidemiological tables of odds (both unadjusted and adjusted for onset, total adjudications, and total out of home placements) to evaluate the significance of the number of adverse childhood experiences on commitment for homicide, sexual assault, and serious persons/property offending. The effects of adverse childhood experiences vary considerably across racial and ethnic groups and across offense types. Adverse childhood experiences are strongly and positively associated with sexual offending, but negatively associated with homicide and serious person/property offending. Differential effects of adverse childhood experiences were also seen among African Americans, Hispanics, and whites. Suggestions for future research to clarify the mechanisms by which adverse childhood experiences manifest in specific forms of criminal behavior are offered.
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26
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Abstract
Sexual offending by juveniles accounts for a sizable percentage of sexual offenses, especially against young children. In this article, recent research on female juvenile sex offenders (JSOs), risk factors for offending in juveniles, treatment, and the ways in which these youth may differ from general delinquents will be reviewed. Most JSOs do not go on to develop paraphilic disorders or to commit sex offenses during adulthood, and as a group, they are more similar to nonsexual offending juvenile delinquents than to adult sex offenders. Recent research has elucidated some differences between youth who commit sex offenses and general delinquents in the areas of atypical sexual interests, the use of pornography, and early sexual victimization during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen P Ryan
- Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Commonwealth Center for Children and Adolescents, Staunton, VA, USA.
| | - Joseph M Otonichar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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27
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Thibaut F, Bradford JMW, Briken P, De La Barra F, Häßler F, Cosyns P. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the treatment of adolescent sexual offenders with paraphilic disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 17:2-38. [PMID: 26595752 PMCID: PMC4743592 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1085598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of these guidelines was to evaluate the role of pharmacological agents in the treatment of adolescents with paraphilic disorders who are also sexual offenders or at-risk of sexual offending. Psychotherapeutic and psychosocial treatments were also reviewed. Adolescents with paraphilic disorders specifically present a different therapeutic challenge as compared to adults. In part, the challenge relates to adolescents being in various stages of puberty and development, which may limit the use of certain pharmacological agents due to their potential side effects. In addition, most of the published treatment programmes have used cognitive behavioural interventions, family therapies and psychoeducational interventions. Psychological treatment is predicated in adolescents on the notion that sexually deviant behaviour can be controlled by the offender, and that more adaptive behaviours can be learned. The main purposes of these guidelines are to improve the quality of care and to aid physicians in their clinical decisions. These guidelines brought together different expert views and involved an extensive literature research. Each treatment recommendation was evaluated and discussed with respect to the strength of evidence for efficacy, safety, tolerability and feasibility. An algorithm is proposed for the treatment of paraphilic disorders in adolescent sexual offenders or those who are at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Thibaut
- University Hospital Cochin, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, INSERM U 894 CPN,
Paris,
France
| | - John M. W. Bradford
- University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Clinical Director, Forensic Treatment Unit, Brockville Mental Health Centre, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group,
Brockville,
Ontario,
Canada
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,
Hamburg,
Germany
| | - Flora De La Barra
- East Psychiatry and Mental Health Department, University of Chile,
Clinica Las Condes,
Chile
| | - Frank Häßler
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Medicine of Rostock,
Rostock,
Germany
| | - Paul Cosyns
- University Forensic Centre (University Hospital of Antwerp),
Belgium
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