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Rosenzweig JL, Li Volsi CA, de Man T, Ahearn WH. Examining Procedural Variations of Delivering Competing Stimuli in the Treatment of Stereotypy. Behav Modif 2024; 48:420-448. [PMID: 38390868 DOI: 10.1177/01454455241232574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Competing stimulus assessments (CSA) are effective tools for identifying stimuli that compete with automatically reinforced behavior. However, Jennett et al. suggests there are cases for which non-contingent access to competing stimuli are insufficient at decreasing target responding and additional treatment components may be necessary. The purpose of the current study was to examine procedural variations (i.e., rotating competing items and prompted engagement) when presenting competing stimuli on increasing functional engagement and decreasing stereotypy. Following a functional analysis, a CSA was conducted to identify competing stimuli for four individuals with autism. Items identified were then used with two procedural variations. Levels of stereotypy, functional engagement, and item contact were measured. Results showed that for two participants both treatments were effective, while for the other two participants prompting functional engagement was more effective. Prompting functional engagement is likely a productive strategy for enhancing engagement with competing stimuli for automatically reinforced problem behavior as it may result in functional engagement becoming reinforcing in and of itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Rosenzweig
- The New England Center for Children, Western New England University, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - Catlyn A Li Volsi
- The New England Center for Children, Western New England University, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - Tiago de Man
- The New England Center for Children, Western New England University, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - William H Ahearn
- The New England Center for Children, Western New England University, Southborough, MA, USA
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2
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Garcia A, Crosland K, Reyes C, Del Vecchio M, Pannone C. Prevention and Intervention Strategies for the Sexual Abuse and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Who Run Away from Foster Care: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2024:1-29. [PMID: 38910372 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2363821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Literature on human trafficking suggests the vulnerability to commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) and child sexual abuse (CSA) changes by the prevalence of certain risk factors (e.g., runaway), trafficker-used lures (e.g., isolation), and the environmental conditions present at the time of victimization (e.g., foster care). Often, youth in foster care are at high risk for CSEC and CSA victimization associated with runaway instances. This scoping review aims to identify prevention and intervention strategies for CSEC/CSA of youth who run away from foster care. PRISMA scoping review guidelines were followed to review the literature across two search parameters (CSEC; CSA). An electronic review was conducted between August 2022 and January 2023 across four databases: PubMed, SAGE Journals Online, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. The CSEC and CSA search parameters comprised three domains (sexual exploitation, foster care, and runaway; sexual abuse, foster care, and runaway, respectively). Literature published between 2012 and 2022 was included regardless of the methodological approach. Literature not concerning youth who run from foster care was excluded. Database searches yielded 206 publications for CSEC and 351 for CSA, reduced to 185 and 212, respectively, after removing duplicates. Seventy-one articles were identified, of which, 64 articles (28 CSEC, 36 CSA) were categorized as prevention strategies and seven (five CSEC, two CSA) as interventions. The intersection and dual victimization of CSEC and CSA of youth who run away from foster care are discussed. This paper also discusses applied behavior analysis principles for developing function-based interventions.
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3
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Graber A, Maguire A. Clinical Informed Consent and ABA. Behav Anal Pract 2024; 17:389-400. [PMID: 38966258 PMCID: PMC11219615 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The practice of clinical informed consent in America is governed by over 100 years of case law. Although predominant ethics resources for behavior analysts offer some guidance regarding the provision of clinical informed consent, such guidance remains limited. The goal of this article is thus to expand the contemporary literature on clinical informed consent in behavior analysis by providing a historical and contemporary guide to relevant case law. The article will highlight seminal moments in the history of case law regarding clinical informed consent, discuss their applicability to the process of clinical informed consent in behavior analysis, and provide an enhanced understanding of the ethical and legal obligations related to informed consent in the therapeutic context. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40617-023-00902-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Graber
- Division of Bioethics, Nisonger Center Affiliate Faculty, Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, Wexner College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Allison Maguire
- Department of Athletics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
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4
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Iovannone R, Duble Moore T, Williams JM, Sanchez S, Kauk N. Are We on Course Yet? Functional Behavior Assessment and Behavior Intervention Plan Technical Adequacy in Schools. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:466. [PMID: 38920798 PMCID: PMC11200863 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been more than two decades since the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; 1997) included language about the use of functional behavior assessments (FBAs) and behavior intervention plans (BIPs) to address the challenging behaviors of students with disabilities in schools. It has been more than ten years since three technical adequacy studies were published that evaluated school-based FBAs' and BIPs' inclusion of essential components and found them to be significantly lacking. The aims of this study were to expand upon the previous research by (a) establishing the psychometric properties of the FBA/BIP Technical Adequacy Evaluation Tool (TATE), (b) evaluating the technical adequacy of 135 completed FBAs and 129 BIPs from 13 school districts across a single state, and (c) comparing the findings to previous studies. The results showed that (a) the TATE has moderate but acceptable internal consistency, excellent inter-rater reliability, and good content validity, (b) the technical adequacy scores of the evaluated products ranged between 40% and 50% of the total components, and (c) most of the BIPs had similar flaws to those seen in the previous research; however, improvement was noted in the FBA components. The implications for practice and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Iovannone
- Department of Child and Family Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.M.W.); (S.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Tobey Duble Moore
- Department of Educational Psychology, Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Jeffrey M. Williams
- Department of Child and Family Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.M.W.); (S.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Sindy Sanchez
- Department of Child and Family Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.M.W.); (S.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Nycole Kauk
- Department of Child and Family Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.M.W.); (S.S.); (N.K.)
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5
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Kranak MP, Rooker G, Smith-Hicks C. Behavioural phenotype of SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024. [PMID: 38783394 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SYNGAP1- related intellectual disability (SYNGAP1-ID) is a rare genetic disorder presenting with intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, maladaptive behaviours and communication challenges. To date, few studies have assessed the context in which these maladaptive behaviours occur. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of problem behaviours, characterise the behavioural phenotype and use well-validated measures to explore variables that maintain the behaviours. METHODS Our sample includes 19 individuals diagnosed with SYNGAP1-ID and their parents. Parents provided information on behaviours that their children engage in, as well as their general behavioural dispositions. Well-validated measures (e.g., the Repetitive Behaviour Scale-Revised, Sensory Profile-2 and Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale) were used. A subset of individuals underwent further direct experimental assessment of their problem behaviour to identify the variables maintaining those problem behaviours. Parental reports were analysed using nonparametric statistical analysis; the direct assessments of individuals' problem behaviour were analysed using visual analysis and validated supplemental measures. RESULTS All 19 individuals engaged in some form of maladaptive problem behaviour. Ratings of ritualistic, sameness and restricted behaviours measured by the RBS-R were commensurate with individuals diagnosed with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder (ASD) while self-injurious behaviours were endorsed at a higher level in SYNGAP1-ID when compared with idiopathic ASD. The problem behaviours in our cohort of patients with SYNGAP1-ID were maintained by automatic reinforcement and social attention and are positively correlated with atypical sensory responses. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with SYNGAP1-ID engage in problem behaviours commensurate with other populations (e.g., those with ASD), they exhibit atypical response to sensory stimuli. Problem behaviours were frequently maintained by automatic reinforcement, which may result from a dysregulated sensory system. Children with SYNGAP1-ID may benefit from strategies used in persons with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kranak
- Oakland University Center for Autism, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - G Rooker
- Neurobehavioral Unit Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Smith-Hicks
- Neurology and Developmental Medicine Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Greer BD, Shahan TA, Irwin Helvey C, Fisher WW, Mitteer DR, Fuhrman AM. Resurgence of destructive behavior following decreases in alternative reinforcement: A prospective analysis. J Appl Behav Anal 2024. [PMID: 38742859 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Basic and retrospective translational research has shown that the magnitude of resurgence is determined by the size of the decrease in alternative reinforcement, with larger decreases producing more resurgence. However, this finding has not been evaluated prospectively with a clinical population. In Experiment 1, five participants experienced a fixed progression of reinforcement schedule-thinning steps during treatment of their destructive behavior. Resurgence occurred infrequently across steps and participants, and when resurgence did occur, its clinical meaningfulness was often minimal. In Experiment 2, five new participants experienced these same schedule-thinning steps but in a counterbalanced order. Resurgence occurred most often and was generally largest with larger decreases in alternative reinforcement programmed earlier in the evaluation. Large decreases in alternative reinforcement may be more problematic clinically when they occur earlier in treatment. Whether larger transitions can be recommended in the clinic following the success of smaller ones will require additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Greer
- Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Casey Irwin Helvey
- Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel R Mitteer
- Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ashley M Fuhrman
- Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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7
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Weber J, Fahmie T, Walker S, Lambert J, Copeland B, Freetly T, Zangrillo A. Exploring factors that influence the efficacy of functional communication training. J Appl Behav Anal 2024. [PMID: 38698667 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding factors that influence the efficacy of functional communication training has both practical and conceptual benefits. The current study extended research in this area by exploring data from 95 consecutive applications of functional communication training with extinction across two independent clinics. We selected candidate predictor variables based on conceptual analysis, conducted preliminary exploratory analyses, and then selectively applied quantitative methods that are used in precision medicine to examine their accuracy and predictive utility. Treatment outcomes were better when challenging behavior was maintained by a single function than they were when it was maintained by multiple functions; however, these differences were most apparent among cases with an escape function. We also analyzed within-session responding to explore the potential influence of unprogrammed establishing operations on decrements in treatment efficacy. Our within-session measure only distinguished responders from nonresponders when escape was one of the multiple functions. Additional research is needed to validate these findings with an independent sample and to address a number of clinical conceptual issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Weber
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tara Fahmie
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Seth Walker
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Joseph Lambert
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bailey Copeland
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas Freetly
- Applied Behavioral Science Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Amanda Zangrillo
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
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8
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Luehring MC, Romani PW, Ariefdjohan M. Preliminary evaluation of behavior technician burnout when working with boarded and traditional psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with developmental disabilities. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2024; 37:e12461. [PMID: 38564318 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PROBLEM The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a youth mental health crisis, with research demonstrating an increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, and disruptive behavior in youth compared to pre-pandemic years. Consequently, the insurgence of emergency psychiatric evaluations has increased the demands for extended inpatient stay (or patient boarding) at various licensed treatment facilities. Questions remain about the extent of burnout being experienced by behavior technicians who are caring for these patients. METHODS The Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure was used to evaluate symptoms of burnout of behavior technicians practicing at a specialized psychiatric inpatient unit. Comparisons were made for instances of caring for boarded (meeting criteria for discharge but unable to be discharged due to disposition) and traditional patients (short-term treatment). FINDINGS Behavior technicians caring for boarded patients reported significantly higher scores in overall stress, physical exhaustion, cognitive fatigue, and emotional exhaustion than those managing patients getting traditional care. CONCLUSIONS Extensive burnout can have adverse impacts at both the personal level (staff well-being, individual staff-patient interactions) and clinic level (daily operations and service, general quality of care). Efforts need to be made to address this issue to prevent staff turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew C Luehring
- Department of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Pediatric Mental Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Patrick W Romani
- Department of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Pediatric Mental Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Merlin Ariefdjohan
- Department of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Division, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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9
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Shawler LA, Castaneda-Velazquez G, Lafo G. Toward Maximizing Assessment Efficiency: A Synthesized Trial-Based Functional Analysis and Competing Stimulus Assessment. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:372. [PMID: 38785863 PMCID: PMC11118102 DOI: 10.3390/bs14050372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of the standard functional analysis (FA), some limitations to conducting an FA in practice include time, resources, ecological relevance, and safety, which have led to the development of procedural adaptations such as trial-based and synthesized FA formats. The purpose of this case study was to identify the function(s) of self-injurious behavior (SIB) for a 3-year-old female with developmental disabilities using a brief trial-based FA with ecologically relevant synthesized contingencies, based on caregiver input, to minimize opportunities for SIB. We identified that positive physical attention likely functioned, at least in part, as a reinforcer for SIB, in less than 42 min. Overall harm to the child as a result of the synthesized trial-based FA was minimal, and the caregiver viewed the modified conditions favorably. We then assessed the role of competing stimuli on SIB rates with the child's mother and identified two potential items that may compete with attention as a reinforcer for SIB. Our findings highlight the utility and importance of individualized assessment as the first step in the safe treatment of severely challenging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A. Shawler
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (G.C.-V.)
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10
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Starbrink M, Eikeseth S, Eldevik S, Edervall J. Experimental assessment of seizure-like behaviors in a girl with Rett syndrome. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2024; 26:100666. [PMID: 38681818 PMCID: PMC11052899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2024.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Contextual events are recognized to affect seizure-like behaviors, yet there is limited research on procedures assessing contextual control. This study aimed to examine the utilization of a brief experimental precursor functional analysis within a clinical team assessment. Furthermore, the study explored if telehealth supervision could guide a parent administered replication of the functional analysis. The participants were a young female with Rett syndrome and a history of epilepsy as well as non-epileptic seizures and her mother. The functional analysis procedures consisted of the systematic alternations of contextual conditions that were hypothesized to either prevent or evoke seizure-like behaviors. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of behavioral precursors that were identified to consequently signal subsequent seizure-like behaviors. In addition, procedure fidelity and interobserver agreement data were obtained alongside parent rating of the procedure's social validity. The clinical functional analysis clearly suggested that the seizure-like behaviors served the function of access to attention and preferred activities. A parent administered functional analysis replicated clinical functional analysis findings. The parent's fidelity to procedures was high and scores in social validity were excellent. The results show that functional analysis procedures could provide essential information in assessment of non-epileptic seizures. Strengths and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Starbrink
- Oslo Metropolitan University. P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway1
- Swedish National Center for Rett Syndrome and Related Disorders, Box 601, 832 23 Frösön, Sweden2
| | - Svein Eikeseth
- Oslo Metropolitan University. P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway1
| | - Sigmund Eldevik
- Oslo Metropolitan University. P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway1
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11
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Weber JK, Brown KR, Retzlaff BJ, Hurd AM, Anderson HJ, Smallwood K. Retrospective consecutive controlled case series of outcomes for functional analyses of severe destructive behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2024. [PMID: 38619210 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Functional analysis methods allow clinicians to determine the variable(s) that maintain destructive behavior. Previous reviews of functional analysis outcomes have included large samples of published and unpublished data sets (i.e., clinical samples). The purpose of this review was to conduct a large retrospective consecutive controlled case series of clinical functional analyses. We sought to identify the prevalence of differentiation, procedural modifications for undifferentiated and differentiated cases, and identified function(s) of destructive behavior. In addition, we extended the existing literature by determining whether functional analysis differentiation and function varied when single or multiple behavior topographies were consequated in the functional analysis. We discuss our findings considering previously published functional analysis reviews, provide avenues for future research, and offer suggestions for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie K Weber
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Alyssa M Hurd
- Psychology Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Heather J Anderson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kendra Smallwood
- University of Nebraska-Kearney, Communication Disorder Studies, Kearney, NE, USA
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12
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Angley SM, Mitteer DR, Greer BD, Elwasli OM, Fisher WW. A demonstration of incorporating discriminative stimuli into an AAC device during functional communication training. Augment Altern Commun 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38588641 DOI: 10.1080/07434618.2024.2333380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) is an effective intervention for teaching communication responses and reducing challenging behavior. One limitation of FCT is that frequent reinforcement may be impractical or impossible in many situations. Recently, Mitteer et al. published a tutorial in the journal AAC that provided video models on how to implement an empirically supported strategy for thinning reinforcement during FCT, known as FCT with discriminative stimuli, when teaching with an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device. However, no study has empirically evaluated the approach described in that tutorial. This paper details a case study using several single-case experimental designs to teach a non-vocal autistic adult who did not use speech to communicate requests only when reinforcement was signaled to be available by the color of the AAC icons. We demonstrated the efficacy of this approach with unique pairs of discriminative stimuli for tangible and edible items, thinning reinforcement for each stimulus class independently. We then rapidly transferred stimulus control to new icons and integrated both classes of stimuli into a single AAC grid. This first demonstration of embedding discriminative stimuli into an AAC device represents a promising advancement for individuals who do not use speech and may not readily respond to delay or denial cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Angley
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel R Mitteer
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brian D Greer
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Omar M Elwasli
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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13
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Muething C, Cariveau T, Bottini S, Slocum S, Williams C, Gillespie S, Scheithauer M. Descriptive characteristics of extinction bursts: A record review. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:372-382. [PMID: 38226687 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Procedural extinction is sometimes associated with a temporary increase in responding known as an extinction burst. Extinction bursts present unique challenges in the context of treating behavior targeted for reduction. The present study updates the prevalence of extinction bursts using a clinical sample (N = 108) receiving treatment for targeted behavior. The prevalence of extinction bursts in our sample (24%) was consistent with that in prior literature. The extinction-burst magnitude decreased across sessions after extinction was contacted during treatment, but this sample did not demonstrate decreased persistence or magnitude of extinction bursts across successive transitions from baseline to treatment. We also examined the prevalence and magnitude of extinction bursts based on the function and topography of targeted behavior and treatment components and found no consistent relation among these variables. These findings should lead clinicians to prepare for transient extinction bursts when implementing extinction-based treatment for challenging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Muething
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tom Cariveau
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Summer Bottini
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Slocum
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine Williams
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott Gillespie
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mindy Scheithauer
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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14
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Rahaman JA, Fahmie TA, Melanson IJ, DeBrine JE, Zangrillo AN. A concise review of the correspondence between the traditional functional analysis and alternative assessment formats. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:515-520. [PMID: 38361442 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The functional assessment of challenging behavior (e.g., self-injurious behavior) has evolved over many years of research and practice. This concise review summarizes the positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of common procedural adaptations reported to improve functional assessment safety and efficiency. We conclude with suggestions for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid A Rahaman
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tara A Fahmie
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Isaac J Melanson
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jordan E DeBrine
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amanda N Zangrillo
- Severe Behavior Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Omaha, NE, USA
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15
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Joslyn PR, Morris SL. Using Risk Ratios to Quantify Potential Behavior-Environment Relations. Perspect Behav Sci 2024; 47:167-196. [PMID: 38660501 PMCID: PMC11035511 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Behavior-environment functional relations are the units of explanation in applied behavior analysis (ABA). Whether hypothesized experimentally or descriptively, quantification of putative functional relations improves our ability to predict and influence behavior. Risk ratios are an accessible, straightforward quantitative analysis that can serve this purpose. They have been employed to great effect in other fields (e.g., medicine, public health), but are rarely used within ABA. In this tutorial, we describe risk ratios and how they are calculated, discuss why risk ratios are well suited for quantifying behavior-environment relations, and illustrate their utility and applicability across five demonstrations from real clinical cases. Recommendations for the use of risk ratios in research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Raymond Joslyn
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Samuel L. Morris
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
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16
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Fernandez N, Frank-Crawford MA, Hanlin C, Benson R, Falligant JM, DeLeon IG. Examining patterns suggestive of acquisition during functional analyses: A consecutive controlled series of 116 cases. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:426-443. [PMID: 38438321 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The functional analysis approach described by Iwata et al. (1982/1994) has been used widely to determine the variables evoking and maintaining challenging behavior. However, one potential concern with conducting functional analyses is that repeated exposure to contingencies may induce a novel functional relation. To examine the likelihood of these potential iatrogenic effects, we evaluated social test conditions of the functional analysis for 116 participants and searched for patterns of responding indicative of acquisition. Patterns suggestive of acquisition occurred in 13.70% of tangible reinforcement conditions; however, the prevalence was only slightly lower in the attention condition (8.75%). Much lower prevalence was observed for the escape condition (2.13%). When grouped by quotient score, a pattern of acquisition was just as likely to be observed in the attention condition as in the tangible condition. Additionally, patterns indicative of acquisition were no more likely to be observed with participants who emitted automatically reinforced challenging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fernandez
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle A Frank-Crawford
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Hanlin
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Benson
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John M Falligant
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Iser G DeLeon
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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17
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Nuhu NN, Muething C, Gillespie SE, Mevers JL, Scheithauer M. Individualized Parent-Mediated Behavioral Treatment for Challenging Behavior: A Program Description. Behav Modif 2024; 48:111-127. [PMID: 37864323 DOI: 10.1177/01454455231201957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Past research suggests behavioral treatments are effective for challenging behavior in children and young adults with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, access to these services can be limited and require substantial resources. To address this issue, the current study provides a programmatic description of an individualized parent-mediated service model targeting moderate challenging behavior. In the program, therapists coached parents to implement functional analyses and individualized function-based treatment packages. Forty-one families of children and young adults with neurodevelopmental disorders participated. Most clients (75.6%) met all admission treatment goals and parents reported significant decreases in frequency and severity of challenging behaviors at discharge. Parents also reported less stress at discharge. Outcomes of the study suggest this parent-mediated treatment model is a viable option to treating moderate challenging behavior in children and young adults with intellectual and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadrat N Nuhu
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colin Muething
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Joanna Lomas Mevers
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mindy Scheithauer
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, USA
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18
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Muething C, Ritchey CM, Call NA, Hardee AM, Mauzy CR, Argueta T, McMahon MXH, Podlesnik CA. A retrospective analysis of the relation between resurgence and renewal of behavior targeted for reduction. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:455-462. [PMID: 38438320 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) is an evidence-based treatment for behavior targeted for reduction that often combines extinction for target responses and arranges functionally equivalent reinforcement for alternative behavior. Long-term effectiveness of FCT can become compromised when transitioning from clinic to nonclinic contexts or thinning reinforcement schedules for appropriate behavior. Such increases in targeted behavior have been conceptualized as renewal and resurgence, respectively. The relation between resurgence and renewal has yet to be reported. Therefore, the present report retrospectively analyzed the relation between renewal and resurgence in data collected when implementing FCT with children diagnosed with developmental disabilities. We found no relation when evaluating all 34 individuals assessed for resurgence and renewal or a subset of individuals exhibiting both resurgence and renewal. These findings suggest that one form of relapse may not be predictive of another form of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Muething
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Nathan A Call
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Hardee
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Courtney R Mauzy
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tracy Argueta
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meara X H McMahon
- Marcus Autism Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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19
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Norris HM, Greer BD. Relative preference for distinct reinforcers maintaining destructive behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:358-371. [PMID: 38131231 PMCID: PMC10984786 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The literature offers few recommendations for sequencing exposure to treatment conditions with individuals with multiply maintained destructive behavior. Identifying relative preference for the functional reinforcers maintaining destructive behavior may be one means of guiding that decision. The present study presents a preliminary attempt at developing a robust relative preference and reinforcer assessment for individuals with multiply maintained destructive behavior. Guided and free-choice trials were implemented in which participants chose between two multiple-schedule arrangements, each of which programmed signaled periods of isolated reinforcer availability and unavailability. Consistent participant choice and responding during free-choice trials was then used to thin the corresponding schedule of reinforcement. The results demonstrated a strong preference for one of the two functional reinforcers for all four participants, yet preferences differed across participants and were not well predicted by responding in prior analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle M. Norris
- Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Applied Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Brian D. Greer
- Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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20
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Araiba S. The Evolution of the Conceptually Systematic Dimension and Its Current Functions in Applied Behavior Analysis. Perspect Behav Sci 2024; 47:1-27. [PMID: 38660509 PMCID: PMC11035531 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-024-00396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
What does it mean to be conceptually systematic in contemporary applied behavior analysis (ABA) research and practice? To answer this question, the present study conducted a historical analysis of ABA scholars' interpretations of the conceptually systematic dimension of ABA over the last 55 years. The present article found the current characteristics of the conceptually systematic dimension are indeed sufficient to suggest ABA's conceptual independence from the experimental analysis of behavior or any other subdisciplines of behavior analysis. Based on this finding, this article addresses the challenges in contemporary ABA field such as ABA's own basic and applied continuum, translational research, and its relationship with other disciplines' research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Araiba
- University of Hawaii, 1645 Ala Wai Blvd., Honolulu, HI 96815 USA
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21
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Falligant JM, Kranak MP, Piersma DE, Benson R, Schmidt JD, Frank-Crawford MA. Further evidence of renewal in automatically maintained behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:490-501. [PMID: 38239100 PMCID: PMC10984774 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Renewal is a relapse phenomenon that refers to the recurrence of a previously reduced behavior following a change in stimulus conditions. Muething et al. (2022) examined the phenomenology of renewal among individuals with automatically maintained challenging behavior treated at an outpatient clinic. We replicated their findings by retrospectively examining renewal across various topographies of automatically maintained behavior treated at an inpatient hospital, and we extended their work by also examining differences across subtypes of automatically maintained self-injurious behavior. The prevalence of renewal was comparable to that observed by Muething et al., supporting the notion that automatically maintained challenging behavior is susceptible to relapse phenomena. Furthermore, renewal was twice as likely to occur for individuals with Subtype 2 versus Subtype 1 self-injurious behavior, providing additional evidence of behavioral differentiation between subtypes. Our findings suggest that even after apparent stability in treatment, practitioners should remain vigilant for the recurrence of automatically maintained behavior during generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Michael Falligant
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael P. Kranak
- Department of Human Development and Child Studies, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
- Center for Autism, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Drew E. Piersma
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Benson
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Schmidt
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle A. Frank-Crawford
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Lerman DC, Fritz JN. Brian A. Iwata, PhD: A Life Well Lived. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:15-17. [PMID: 38078884 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea C Lerman
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer N Fritz
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Fisher WW. In Memoriam: Brian A. Iwata: A Mentor by Proxy. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:21-24. [PMID: 37974455 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Fisher
- Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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24
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Mace FC. Brian A. Iwata: In Memorial. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:19-20. [PMID: 38105643 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
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25
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Bailey JS. Brian Iwata: My First Student, Who Shaped on My Behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:10-14. [PMID: 38086696 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Bailey
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Panama City, Florida, USA
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26
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Thomas BR, Ludwig NN, Falligant JM, Kurtz PF, Smith-Hicks C. Severe behavior problems in SYNGAP1-related disorder: A summary of 11 consecutive patients in a tertiary care specialty clinic. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 150:109584. [PMID: 38096660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
SYNGAP1-related disorder (SYNGAP1-RD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is commonly associated with epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and disruptive behaviors. In this study, behavior problems in 11 consecutive patients with SYNGAP1-RD are described and quantified based on a behavioral screening conducted within the context of a multi-disciplinary tertiary care specialty clinic visit. The behavioral phenotype was then compared to published samples of behavior problems in ASD and other genetic cause of epilepsy occurring in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders using results from the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C), an empirically derived outcome measure. We report common antecedent and consequent events surrounding problem behavior across individuals. Additionally, we report on the management approach of caregivers and the impact of problem behaviors on the family. Our results suggest a number of commonalities between behavioral profiles in SYNGAP1-RD with ASD and other genetic causes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, and also highlight severe behavior problems as a specific behavioral phenotype of SYNGAP1-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Thomas
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Natasha N Ludwig
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - John Michael Falligant
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Patricia F Kurtz
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Constance Smith-Hicks
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
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27
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Call NA, Bernstein AM, O’Brien MJ, Schieltz KM, Tsami L, Lerman DC, Berg WK, Lindgren SD, Connelly MA, Wacker DP. A comparative effectiveness trial of functional behavioral assessment methods. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:166-183. [PMID: 38049887 PMCID: PMC10843530 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians report primarily using functional behavioral assessment (FBA) methods that do not include functional analyses. However, studies examining the correspondence between functional analyses and other types of FBAs have produced inconsistent results. In addition, although functional analyses are considered the gold standard, their contribution toward successful treatment compared with other FBA methods remains unclear. This comparative effectiveness study, conducted with 57 young children with autism spectrum disorder, evaluated the results of FBAs that did (n = 26) and did not (n = 31) include a functional analysis. Results of FBAs with and without functional analyses showed modest correspondence. All participants who completed functional communication training achieved successful outcomes regardless of the type of FBA conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Call
- Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alec M. Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew J. O’Brien
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kelly M. Schieltz
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Loukia Tsami
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dorothea C. Lerman
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wendy K. Berg
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Scott D. Lindgren
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mark A. Connelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - David P. Wacker
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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28
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Gifford MR, Valdovinos MG. Wearable Technology-Another Tool in the Assessment and Treatment of Challenging Behavior Toolbox. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2348911. [PMID: 38127355 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.48911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
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29
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Suchowierska-Stephany M. Functional analysis: what have we learned in 85 years? POSTEPY PSYCHIATRII NEUROLOGII 2023; 32:188-199. [PMID: 38559604 PMCID: PMC10976622 DOI: 10.5114/ppn.2024.135277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Even though the term "functional analysis" (FA) is prevalent in the current behavioral literature, the concept and process have roots in the early days of basic research in behavior analysis. Furthermore, the methodology developed in the field of FA has been one of the most significant advances in research on challenging behaviors over the past four decades. The current article reviews the history of the term "functional analysis" and research related to experimental FA. The aim is to summarize what the field of behavior analysis has learned about this powerful methodology. Views FA is considered a gold standard of functional assessment. However, several arguments about limitations relating to methodological issues in FA and its ecological validity have been put forward. Some of these shortcomings include constraints on the time available for assessment, the risk posed by severe problem behavior, and the inability to exert tight control over environmental conditions. Conclusions The literature on the subject clearly shows that refinements have been aimed not only at improving some of the methodological characteristics of FA but also at adapting the strategy for real-world application. Practical functional assessment (known as interview-informed synthesized contingency analysis [IISCA]) is a contemporary approach to assessing and treating problem behavior. Recent research on IISCA offers empirical support for the practical functional assessment and skill-based treatment model, confirming that it can obtain sustainable and socially meaningful reductions in problem behavior. Nevertheless, more research is needed to address procedural variations in, and the utility and social validity of, IISCA.
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30
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Kim D. Latent Class Analysis on Types of Challenging Behavior in Persons with Developmental Disabilities: Focusing on Factors Affecting the Types of Challenging Behavior. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:879. [PMID: 37998626 PMCID: PMC10669221 DOI: 10.3390/bs13110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to analyze the latent classes of challenging behaviors among persons with developmental disabilities and examine the effects of related variables. To this end, the Korea Employment Agency for Persons with Disabilities collected data from the Survey on the Work and Life of Persons with Developmental Disabilities from 3000 households that included at least one family member with a developmental disability aged ≥15 years, surveying the persons themselves as well as their caregivers. As a result of the analysis, four latent classes were derived based on the types of challenging behavior and named as follows: overall challenging behavior, aggressive behavior, socially inappropriate behavior, and no challenging behavior. The main disability, disability grade, presence of multiple disabilities, disability status, activities of daily living, reading skills, writing skills, and situational awareness were significant factors affecting each latent class in the type of challenging behavior. Significant factors differed among the groups. This study identified the types of challenging behaviors and their influencing factors in a large sample of individuals with developmental disabilities and analyzed the correlation between their challenging behaviors and activities of daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyong Kim
- Department of Behavior Analysis and Intervention, Konyang Cyber University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
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31
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Morris SL, Pizzuto A. Secondary and within-session analyses to improve the feasibility and precision of assessments of sociability. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:853-868. [PMID: 37665333 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has improved the feasibility and precision of assessments of sociability, but further progress is warranted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate secondary measures and within-session analyses to further improve the feasibility and precision of assessments of sociability. We reanalyzed previously published assessment results to evaluate whether initial and conditional (i.e., on therapist movement) approach and avoidance may approximate established continuous measures. Results indicated that both measures were strongly correlated with the percentage of session on the social side and may provide a more feasible approximation for use in clinical practice. We also conducted within-session analyses of these assessment results to evaluate whether they may improve precision or clarity. Correlational and matching-based analyses of the within-session data suggest that clear conclusions may be drawn from the results of a single session and facilitate a richer understanding of sociability. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Morris
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Adelaide Pizzuto
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA
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32
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Morris C, McCormack JV, Perrin J. Multiple Isolated Functions of Problematic Behavior: A Case Study. Behav Anal Pract 2023; 16:873-878. [PMID: 37680337 PMCID: PMC10480105 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple isolated functions of problematic behavior are distinct from synthesized functions. Limited research has focused on the considerations of assessing and treating multiple isolated functions of problematic behavior. This case study utilized traditional functional analysis procedures to identify the functions of the targeted problematic behavior and a multiple baseline across functional contexts design to evaluate a function-based treatment. The nuances of assessing and treating multiple isolated functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Morris
- Department of Psychology, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, RI 02840 USA
| | - Jocelyn V. McCormack
- Department of Psychology, Salve Regina University, 100 Ochre Point Avenue, Newport, RI 02840 USA
- Pathways Strategic Teaching Center, Coventry, RI USA
| | - Jesse Perrin
- Pathways Strategic Teaching Center, Coventry, RI USA
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33
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Dimian AF, Estes AM, Dager S, Piven J, Wolff JJ. Predicting self-injurious behavior at age three among infant siblings of children with autism. Autism Res 2023; 16:1670-1680. [PMID: 37439184 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Existing research suggests that self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a relatively common interfering behavior that can occur across the lifespan of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously reported that SIB or proto-injurious SIB at 12 months was related to increased risk of SIB at 24 months among a preschool sample of children with a high familial likelihood for ASD (Dimian et al., 2017). In the present study, we extend these findings, examine SIB occurrence, and associated potential risk factors at 36 months. The present sample included 149 infants with an older sibling with ASD (65.8% male) who completed assessments at ages 12, 24, and 36 months. Descriptive analyses and binary logistic regression models were utilized. SIB was more prevalent among those children who received a diagnosis of ASD. Logistic regression indicated that presence of SIB, stereotypy, hyper- and hypo- sensory responsivity, and lower intellectual functioning at age 12 months significantly predicted the occurrence of SIB at 36 months. These findings have implications for understanding developmental processes culminating in persistent SIB and may inform prevention programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele F Dimian
- Institute on Community Integration, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Annette M Estes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph Piven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason J Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Metras RL, Hanley GP, Carbone MJ. Distance-Based Collaborations for Assessing and Treating Challenging Behavior. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06085-5. [PMID: 37620690 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
An interview-informed synthesized contingency analysis (IISCA; Hanley et al. in J Appl Behav Anal 47:16-36, 2014) and related skill-based treatment process can result in socially valid outcomes for clients exhibiting severe challenging behavior when implemented by professionals and then transferred to parents (e.g., Santiago et al. in J Autism Dev Disord 46:797-811, 2016). However, many families do not have access to professionals trained to implement functional analyses or function-based treatments (Deochand & Fuqua Behav Anal Pract 9:243-252, 2016). Experimenters in the present study coached three parents of children with autism exhibiting severe challenging behavior through implementing an IISCA and resulting skill-based treatment process through distance-based collaborative consulting. All parents achieved differentiated functional analyses, taught their children to emit functional replacement skills, and reduced challenging behavior relative to baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Metras
- Virginia Institute of Autism, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Curriculum, Instruction, & Special Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Gregory P Hanley
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
- FTF Behavioral Consulting, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Carbone
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
- FTF Behavioral Consulting, Worcester, MA, USA
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35
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Hagopian LP, Falligant JM. Application of the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics to severe challenging behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:729-744. [PMID: 37614037 PMCID: PMC10591871 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics (ETBD) is a genetic algorithm that applies the Darwinian principles of evolutionary biology to model how behavior changes dynamically via selection by contingencies of reinforcement. The ETBD is a complexity theory where low-level rules of selection, reproduction, and mutation operate iteratively to animate "artificial organisms" that generate emergent outcomes. Numerous studies have demonstrated the ETBD can accurately model behavior of live animals in the laboratory, and it has been applied recently to model automatically maintained self-injury. The purpose of the current series of studies was to further extend the application of the ETBD to model additional functional classes of challenging behavior and clinical procedures. Outcomes obtained with artificial organisms generally corresponded well with outcomes observed with clinical cases sourced from consecutive controlled case series studies. Conceptual and methodological considerations on the application of the ETBD to model challenging behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P. Hagopian
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Michael Falligant
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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36
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McCabe LH, Greer BD. Evaluations of heart rate during functional analyses of destructive behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:777-786. [PMID: 37608399 PMCID: PMC10696488 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has examined the predictive validity of heart rate on destructive behavior; however, such research has yet to improve clinical practice or enhance our understanding of the relation between physiology and destructive behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive validity of heart rate on varying topographies and functions of destructive behavior while controlling antecedent and consequent events through functional analysis. We first demonstrated the reliability of the Polar H10 heart rate monitor and assessed the feasibility of its use in simulated functional analysis sessions. However, across four consecutively enrolled patients, heart rate was not found to be a reliable predictor of destructive behavior, regardless of its topography or function. Instead, functional reinforcer presence and absence was sufficient to predict socially reinforced destructive behavior. This study may provide a framework for the future assessment of other biological measures in relation to destructive behavior occurrence and nonoccurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam H. McCabe
- Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Department of Applied Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Brian D. Greer
- Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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37
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Irwin Helvey C, Fisher WW, Greer BD, Fuhrman AM, Mitteer DR. Resurgence of destructive behavior following differential rates of alternative reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:804-815. [PMID: 37477560 PMCID: PMC10592362 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral momentum theory (BMT) suggests that resurgence of destructive behavior may be at least partly determined by the rate of alternative reinforcement, with lean schedules of reinforcement producing less resurgence than dense schedules. Findings from basic and translational studies have been mixed, and the effects of alternative reinforcement rate on resurgence remain unclear. In the current study, we conducted a within-subject evaluation of resurgence during extinction with four children following functional communication training using dense and lean (BMT-informed) schedules of alternative reinforcement. We observed no reliable differences in resurgence across the dense and lean conditions. We discuss implications of these findings in relation to future research using quantitative analyses to evaluate the relative effects of alternative reinforcement rate and other BMT-based strategies for mitigating resurgence in applied settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Irwin Helvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
| | - Wayne W. Fisher
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Brian D. Greer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Daniel R. Mitteer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
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38
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Frank-Crawford MA, Hagopian LP, Schmidt JD, Kaur J, Hanlin C, Piersma DE. A replication and extension of the augmented competing stimulus assessment. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:869-883. [PMID: 37464543 PMCID: PMC10592346 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Augmenting competing stimulus assessments by embedding tactics to increase stimulus engagement and disrupt challenging behavior can improve outcomes of treatments for automatically maintained self-injurious behavior, even for treatment-resistant subtypes. This study replicated and extended research on augmented competing stimulus assessments by reporting outcomes for 16 consecutively encountered cases with automatically maintained self-injurious behavior (19 total applications); six participants had treatment-responsive Subtype 1 and 10 had treatment-resistant Subtypes 2 or 3. Fewer high-competition stimuli were identified for individuals with treatment-resistant subtypes. When response-promotion and disruption tactics were applied and withdrawn, outcomes improved for six of eight applications. At least one high-competition stimulus was still effective when maintenance probes were conducted for a subset of participants. Ultimately, at least one high-competition stimulus was identified for each participant. Although augmenting tactics may not be necessary for all individuals, these findings provide additional support for their efficacy with treatment-resistant self-injurious behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Frank-Crawford
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Louis P. Hagopian
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Schmidt
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jasmeen Kaur
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Courtney Hanlin
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Drew E. Piersma
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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39
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Selekman J, Monforto K, Selekman D. Violence Toward and by Youth: Part I: Looking for the "Whys". NASN Sch Nurse 2023; 38:187-193. [PMID: 37403823 DOI: 10.1177/1942602x231154549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Violence is a public health crisis. It is especially concerning when it involves youth, whether they be victims, perpetrators, or observers. Part 1 of this two-part series categorizes the types of violence toward and by youth. There is a great deal of information on the prevalence of violence, mostly related to school shootings. However, the literature provides limited information on the antecedents of violent behaviors, and there is a dearth of information on "why" youth engage in violence. This is the unanswered question that drives Part 1 of this series. The beginning steps to understand "why" are viewed through the lens of a modified ABC Model (antecedent, behavior, consequence). Interventions for youth violence will be explored in Part 2.
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40
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Hagopian LP, Falligant JM, Frank-Crawford MA, Yenokyan G, Piersma DE, Kaur J. Simplified methods for identifying subtypes of automatically maintained self-injury. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:575-592. [PMID: 37249167 PMCID: PMC10330447 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Subtypes of automatically maintained self-injurious behavior (SIB) have been defined based on response patterns observed during the functional analysis, which are thought to reflect each subtype's distinct mechanisms. Current practice for identifying subtypes involves using structured criteria to identify whether SIB is automatically maintained, followed by the application of additional criteria to identify the subtype. We describe a series of studies directed at simplifying these methods to facilitate wider application of the subtyping model in research and practice. In Studies 1 and 2, we demonstrate the accuracy of modified criteria using the level of differentiation of SIB across the play and no-interaction conditions at distinguishing between two subtypes (i.e., Subtypes 1 and 2). We then demonstrate visual analysis (without structured criteria) can accurately identify SIB as automatically maintained in Study 3, which can be used in combination with level of differentiation to enable application of the subtyping model in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Hagopian
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Michael Falligant
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle A Frank-Crawford
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gayane Yenokyan
- School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew E Piersma
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jasmeen Kaur
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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41
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Perone M, Lerman DC, Peterson SM, Williams DC. Report of the ABAI Task Force on Contingent Electric Skin Shock. Perspect Behav Sci 2023; 46:261-304. [PMID: 37425985 PMCID: PMC10323060 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00379-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As a task force appointed by the Executive Council of the Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI), we investigated the clinical use of contingent electric skin shock (CESS) in behavior analytic treatments for severe problem behavior. We studied how CESS is used in contemporary behavior analysis, reinforcement-based alternatives to CESS, and current ethical and professional guidelines for applied behavior analysts. We recommended that ABAI uphold clients' right to receive CESS when it is restricted to extreme cases and used under rigorous professional and legal oversight. Our recommendation was rejected by a vote of the full members of ABAI, who instead endorsed an alternative recommendation, developed by members of the Executive Council, that opposed the use of CESS under any condition. Here we present for the record our report and initial recommendations, the formal statement that was rejected by the members of ABAI, and the statement that was endorsed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Perone
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-6040 USA
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42
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Lloveras LA, McKeown CA, Lichtenberger SN, Sellers TP, Vollmer TR. Recommendations Regarding Use of the Term " Ignore" in Applied Behavior Analysis. Perspect Behav Sci 2023; 46:399-408. [PMID: 37425990 PMCID: PMC10322799 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ignore is a common term used in behavioral assessment, behavior intervention plans, textbooks, and research articles. In the present article, we recommend against the typical usage of the term in most applications of behavior analysis. First, we briefly outline some history of the use of the term in behavior analysis. Then, we describe six main concerns about ignore and the implications for its continued use. Finally, we address each of these concerns with proposed solutions, such as alternatives to the use of ignore.
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43
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Sivaraman M, Fahmie T, Garcia A, Hamawe R, Tierman E. An Evaluation of Ethnicity-Matching for Caregiver Telehealth Training in India. Behav Anal Pract 2023; 16:573-586. [PMID: 37187850 PMCID: PMC10169975 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telehealth has become an increasingly viable service delivery option for function-based treatment of problem behavior (Lindgren et al., 2016). However, few applications have occurred with participants outside the United States and little research exists evaluating the role that culture plays in service delivery. In the current study, we compared functional analyses and functional communication training delivered via telehealth by ethnically matched and ethnically distinct trainers to six participants in India. We measured the effectiveness using a multiple baseline design while collecting supplemental measures of sessions to criterion, cancellations, treatment fidelity, and social validity. We directly assessed preference for the ethnically matched and ethnically distinct trainers using a concurrent chains arrangement. Sessions with both trainers were effective in reducing problem behavior and increasing functional verbal requests for participating children, and treatment fidelity was high across training modalities. There were no major differences in sessions-to-criterion or cancellations across trainers. However, all six caregivers demonstrated greater preference for sessions with the ethnically matched trainer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maithri Sivaraman
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tara Fahmie
- Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | | | - Rima Hamawe
- Family Model Behavior Therapy, Los Angeles, CA USA
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44
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Rotta K, Essig L, Davis J, Poling A. Functional analyses of undesirable behavior by nonhumans: A concise review. J Appl Behav Anal 2023. [PMID: 37115738 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed 13 articles that used functional analysis in the assessment of undesirable behavior emitted by dogs, cats, a baboon, a lemur, a chimpanzee, and a vulture. The functional analysis produced a clear outcome for 32 of 33 subjects, demonstrating its efficacy with nonhumans. We propose several avenues for further examination of its application to nonhumans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Rotta
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Lindsay Essig
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Jade Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan Poling
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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45
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Laureano B, Fernandez N, Hagopian LP. Efficacy of competing stimulus assessments: A summary of 35 consecutively encountered cases. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:428-441. [PMID: 36855029 PMCID: PMC10329484 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Competing stimulus assessments (CSAs) are designed to identify stimuli that reduce challenging behavior through competition with its maintaining reinforcers. Recently, Haddock and Hagopian (2020) found that over 92% of CSAs described in published studies identified at least one high-competition stimulus (i.e., a stimulus correlated with at least an 80% reduction in challenging behavior). The current study describes the outcomes of CSAs in a retrospective consecutive controlled case series study of 35 cases (individuals) admitted to an inpatient setting. Findings on the limited relation between the level of stimulus engagement and reductions in challenging behavior were replicated; however, the efficacy of CSAs was lower (only 47% of CSAs were successful in identifying one or more high-competition stimuli). Discrepant findings across studies on the efficacy of CSAs are discussed in terms of differences in the sample participants and how outcomes are reported, which vary depending on the study's research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Laureano
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Nathalie Fernandez
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Louis P. Hagopian
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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46
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Layman LN, Dufrene BA, Ackley MM, Weaver CM, Schneider DE, LaBrot ZC, Taylor CN, Rahaman JA, Tawney KN, Hart T, Olmi DJ. Interview-Informed Synthesized Contingency Analyses on Challenging Problem Behavior: a Single-Case Meta-analysis. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-023-00357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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47
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Morris SL, Lucia SM. Applying the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics to model the subtypes of automatically reinforced self-injurious behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:442-457. [PMID: 36922699 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The delineation of the subtypes of automatically reinforced self-injurious behavior improved the utility of functional analysis results in predicting treatment efficacy. However, the mechanisms underlying subtype differences remain unclear and difficult to study in clinical populations. Morris and McDowell (2021) attempted to elucidate subtype differences by developing and evaluating models of the subtypes within the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics. In the current study, we applied techniques from precision medicine to further evaluate the models developed by Morris and McDowell. This evaluation highlighted shortcomings of the existing models and suggested ways they could be improved. Thus, we conducted more extended modeling within the framework of precision medicine to identify models that were more quantitatively similar to available clinical data. Improved models that more closely approximate clinical data were identified. The implications of these models for research, practice, and further applications of the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Morris
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Sarah M Lucia
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, United States
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48
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Melanson IJ, Fahmie TA. Functional analysis of problem behavior: A 40-year review. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:262-281. [PMID: 36892835 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Extensive reviews of functional analysis literature were conducted 10 (Beavers et al., 2013) and 20 (Hanley et al., 2003) years ago; we expanded this review to capture the vast and innovative functional analysis research that has occurred over the past decade. Our review produced 1,333 functional analysis outcomes from 326 studies on the functional analysis of problem behavior between June 2012 and May 2022. Some characteristics of functional analysis studies were similar across the current and previous two reviews (e.g., child participants, developmental disability diagnosis, use of line graphs depicting session means, differentiated response outcomes). Other characteristics deviated from the previous two reviews (e.g., increase in autistic representation, outpatient settings, use of supplementary assessments, the inclusion of tangible conditions, and multiple function outcomes; decrease in session durations). We update previously reported participant and methodological characteristics, summarize outcomes, comment on recent trends, and propose future directions in the functional analysis literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Melanson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Severe Behavior Department, Omaha, United States
| | - Tara A Fahmie
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute, Severe Behavior Department, Omaha, United States
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49
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Graber A, Graber J. Applied Behavior Analysis and the Abolitionist Neurodiversity Critique: An Ethical Analysis. Behav Anal Pract 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37363652 PMCID: PMC9979895 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavior analytic literature on neurodiversity remains limited. This article aims to begin filling the lacuna. We will introduce the neurodiversity perspective and demonstrate an important congruence between the behavior analytic and neurodiversity perspectives on autism. Despite this congruence, applied behavior analysis is often targeted for criticism by proponents of the neurodiversity perspective. A central concern raises questions about the aims of behavior analytic interventions for clients with autism. Is it appropriate to teach clients with autism to behave as if they were neurotypical? Concerns about the aims of behavior analytic interventions mirror concerns that have been raised about the aims of language education in schools. Drawing on the literature regarding linguistically diverse classrooms, we will critically evaluate the abolitionist neurodiversity critique of ABA. We conclude by considering both concrete and theoretical implications for the ethics of behavior analytic work with autistic clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Graber
- Division of Bioethics, Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, Nisonger Center Affiliate Faculty, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Jessica Graber
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Columbus, OH USA
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50
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Elliott TCC, Zawoyski AM, Ayres KM. Using Direct and Indirect Functional Assessments to Guide the Selection of Individualized Academic Interventions. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL EDUCATION 2023:1-37. [PMID: 37359173 PMCID: PMC9979893 DOI: 10.1007/s10864-023-09511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
When teachers work with students exhibiting academic failure, they may look to factors outside of instruction such as a student's home life or perceived disability as explanations. Placing the locus of control outside of the instructional context becomes a convenient way to escape culpability for unsatisfactory outcomes. A more functional approach to addressing academic deficits allows educators to determine environmental factors responsible for the lack of progress and then create interventions designed to address these functions of academic failure. Although experimental analyses serve as the gold standard for evaluating functional relations between behavior and environment, educators may not always have the ability to systematically test all behavior-environment relations. Indirect assessments provide one means to develop hypotheses about environment-behavior relations that can then be validated with experimental analyses. In this study, researchers developed an indirect tool (Academic Diagnostic Checklist - Beta; ADC-B) based on the function of academic performance deficits (Daly et al. in School Psychology Review 26:554, 1997) and validated the use of the ADC-B by comparing interventions that were suggested (indicated) and those non-suggested (contraindicated) by the ADC-B. Researchers used the ADC-B with four participants and found that for three of the four participants, the suggested intervention was the most efficacious at improving accuracy with the target skills. One limitation is that we did not evaluate the full technical adequacy of the ADC-B, which should be a focus of future research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10864-023-09511-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler-Curtis C. Elliott
- Center for Autism and Behavioral Education Research, University of Georgia, Rivers Crossing, 850 College Station Rd Bldg. 2, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | | | - Kevin M. Ayres
- Center for Autism and Behavioral Education Research, University of Georgia, Rivers Crossing, 850 College Station Rd Bldg. 2, Athens, GA 30605 USA
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